SCHEME OF SALT ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I.PRELIMINARY TESTS
a) Blue colour Co 2+
1. Colour of the substance
noted b) Pink colour Mn 2+
c) Dark brown Fe 3+
d) Colourless Absence of Co 2+, Mn 2+,Fe 3+
2. Odour:- A pinch of the a) Smell of ammonia Presence of NH 4+
substance is rubbed with b) Smell of vinegar Presence of CH3COO-
water or dil.H2SO4 c) No characteristic smell Absence of NH 4+ and CH3COO-
3. Solubility: - Soluble and the soluble Presence of NH4+
portions does not give a
a) Water: To a little of salt, precipitate with Na2CO3
water is added solution.
i) Soluble Absence of 1st group
b) Dil.HCl: - To a little of ii) Gives precipitate Presence of 1st group
salt, dil HCl is added Pb2+ + 2HCI PbCl2+ 2H+
4.Flame Test: - a) Brick red Presence of Ca 2+
A little of the salt made c) Crimson red Presence of Sr 2+
into paste with one or two d) Pale green Presence of Ba 2+
drops of con.HC1 in a e) no characteristic colour Absence of Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+
water glass. The paste is
brought to near a blue
flame.
5. Dry Heat Test: - a) Smell of vinegar CH3COO- present
A little of the salt is strongly b) Pungent smelling gas Presence of C1-
heat in a dry test tube giving white dense fumes
when a glass rod dipped in
NH4 OH shown to the
mouth.
c) Reddish brown vapours Presence of NO3-
with smell.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
II. ANALYSIS OF ANIONS
A. IDENTIFICATION OF
ANIONS
1. Action of dil. HCl: - To a Brisk effervescence with the Presence of CO32-
little of the salt 1 ml of dil. evolution of a gas which MCO3 + 2HCl
HCl added turns lime water milky. MCl2+CO2+H2O
Ca (OH)2+CO2
CaCO3+H2O
2. Action of dil H2SO4: -
A little of salt was rubbed Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO-
with dil. H2SO4 in a watch 2CH3COO- + 2H+
glass. 2CH3COOH
3. Action of conc. H2SO4: -
To a little of the salt add a) A colourless fuming gas Presence of C1-
con. H2SO4 and warmed. evolves gives dense fumes MCI2 + H2SO4 MSO4+ 2CI-
when a glass rod dipped in (as HCl gas)
NH4OH shown to the HCI + NH4OH NH4CI +
mouth. H2O
4.Action of conc. H2SO4
and paper: - To a little of Reddish brown gas is Presence of NO3 –
the substance add con. formed. MNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 +
H2SO4 and heat IT. To the HNO3
boiling solution a paper ball C+ 4 HNO3 4NO2 + 2 H2O
is introduced. + CO2
5.Action of BaCl2 :-
To a little of the substance A white precipitate insoluble Presence of sulphate (SO42-)
solution add BaCl2 solution in dil. HCl is formed MSO4+ BaCl2 MCI2+
BaSO4 ( ppt which is insoluble)
B. CONFIRMATORY FOR ANIONS:
CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR CO32-: -
1. BaCl2 solution : -
To a little of the salt solution A white precipitate obtained Presence of CO3- confirmed
add BaCI2 solution. which dissolves in dil. MCO3+BaCI2 BaCO3
HClwith brisk effervescence. +MCI2
BaCO3+ 2HCI
BaCI2+CO2+H2O
2. To about 1ml of solution add White precipitate Presence of CO3- confirmed
1ml MgSO4 solution. MCO3 + MgSO4
MSO4+ MgCO3
CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR CH3COO- : -
1.Neutral FeCl3 Test: A deep red coloured Presence of CH3COO- is
To a little of the salt precipitate is formed. confirmed. Drop red colour is due
solution added a few drops to the formation of ferric acetate.
of neutral FeCI3 Solution CH3COOH + FeCI3
and heat (CH3COO)3FE + 3HCI
2.Ester Formation Test:
To a little of the salt add Pleasant fruity smell is Presence of CH3COO-
con.H2SO4 and heat. To this obtained. Confirmed.
1ml ethyl alcohol is added CH3COOM+H2SO4
and shaken well and poured CH3COOH+MSO4
it of the test tube into a CH3COOH+C2H5OH
beaker containing water. CH3-COO-C2H5+H2O
(Ester)
3.CONFIRMATORY
TEST FOR Cl-
A. AgNO3 Test: - To a little A white curdy precipitate Presence of CI- is confirmed.
of the salt solution added dil. soluble in NH4OH in excess MCl + AgNO3
HNO3.Boiled, cooled and MNO3 + AgCl
added 1 drop of AgNO3 AgCl + NH4OH
(Silver nitrate) solution. [ Ag (NH3 ) 2] Cl +
Soluble cpx.H2O
B. MnO2 Test: -
To a little of the salt A greenish yellow gas with Presence of CI- is confirmed.
solution, is heated, cooled, pungent smell 2 MCl+MnO2 + 3H2SO4
and add a small quantity of MnSO4+2H2O + CI2.
MnO2 and con.H2SO4 added
4.CONFIRMATORY
TEST FOR NO3-
A.Brown Ring Test:-
To a Little of the salt A brown ring is formed at Presence of NO3- is confirmed.
solution added equal volume the junction of the two Brown ring is formed due to the
of freshly prepared ferrous layers formation of a compound nitro
sulphate solution shaken ferrous sulphate.
well and to this con. H2SO4 MNO3 + H2SO4
is added. MHSO4 + HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4+ 2HNO3
3Fe2(SO4)3+ 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO+ 5H2O
[Fe (NO) (H2O)5]SO4
(Brown ring)
B.A little of salt solution is Smell of NH3 is produced Presence of NO3- is confirmed
warmed with 1 ml of NaOH dense white fumes. When a
solution and Al powder glass rod dipped in HCl is
introduced.
5. CONFIRMATORY
TEST FOR SO42-
1.Lead acetate test: - Thick white precipitate Presence of SO42- is confirmed.
Lead acetate is added to which is soluble in excess of MSO4 + Pb (CH3COO)2
the salt solution. ammonium acetate is PbSO4 + 2 CH3COOM
obtained.
2.Action of BaCl2:- A white precipitate insoluble Presence of SO42- is confirmed.
To a little of the salt in dil.HCl is formed MSO4 + BaCl2
solution BaCl2 is added MCl2 +BASO4
( Insoluble precipitate)
C. GROUP ANALYSIS OF CATIONS
1. Little of the salt solution is Pungent smell of Presence of zero group (NH4+)
heated with NaOH Ammonia NH4+ + NaOH NH3 + H2O + Na+
solution
2. To the salt solution add White precipitate Presence of Group I (Pb2+)
dil. HCl Pb2++ HCl PbCl2 ↓ + H+
3. To a little of the salt Black colour Cu is formed with black colour.
solution add dil. HCl and obtained Presence of group Ⅱ (Cu2+)
H2S is added
4. To the salt solution add White gelatinous Presence of Group Ⅲ (Al3)
NH4Cl and NH4OH precipitate. Al3+ NH4OH→Al (OH)3↓+NH4+
5. To the salt solution add (a) Dirty white (a)Presence of group Ⅳ(Zn2+)
NH4, NH4OH & H2S ppt Zn2+ + H2S→ZnS↓ + H+
(b) Pale pink ppt (b)Presence of group Ⅳ (Mn2+)
Mn2+ + H2S→MnS↓+H+
6. To the salt solution add White ppt Presence of group Ⅴ (Ba2+, Ca2+ or Sr2+)
NH4, NH4OH & M2++(NH4)2CO3→MCO3↓ + NH4+
(NH4)2CO3
7. To the salt solution add White ppt Presence of Group Ⅵ (Mg2+)
Disodium hydrogen Mg2+ + Na2HPO4↓+2Na+
phosphate solution.
Group 0 NH4+
Group Ⅰ Pb2+
Group Ⅱ Cu , Cd2+
2+
Group Ⅲ Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+
Group Ⅳ Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+
Group Ⅴ Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
Group Ⅵ Mg2+
Confirmatory Test For Cations
1.Confirmatory Test For NH4+
A. NaOH: To an aqueous A colourless pungent smelling Presence of NH4+ confirmed.
solution of salt, a little of gas (NH3) is evolved which NH4+ +NaOH→Na+
NaOH solution is added gives white dense fumes with a +H2O+NH3↑NH3+H2I+NH4Cl
glass rod dipped in con. HCl
B. Nessler’s Reagent: - To a Brown coloured ppt is formed Presence of NH4+ confirmed.
little of the salt solution add K2 (HgI4) + NH3→ NH2.HgO.
Nessler’s Reagent. Hgl↓
2.Confirmatory Test For Pb2+
A. Potassium chromate test: -
Add K2CrO4 to the salt Yellow ppt. Presence of Lead confirmed.
solution Pb2++K2CrO4→PbCrO4↓+K+
B. Potassium Iodide Test: - Yellow ppt which is soluble in Presence of Lead confirmed.
Add potassium iodide to the hot water and reappears as Pb2++KI→PbI2↓+K+
salt solution golden spangles on cooling.
3.Confirmatory Test For Al3+
A. Lake Test: - To the salt Blue ppt floating on colourless Presence of Aluminium
solution add NH4Cl and solution. confirmed.
NH4OH. Dissolve the white Al (OH)3 + HCl→ AlCl3 +
ppt in dil. HCl. Add 2 drops of H2O
blue litmus solution. Then add AlCl3 + NH4OH→ Al (OH)3↓
NH4OH dropwise till the blue + NH4Cl
colour develops.
B. Ash Test: - To a little of the Blue ash Presence of Aluminium is
salt solution add few drops of confirmed.
con. HNO3 followed by adding Co (NO3)2→CoO +NO+O2
cobalt nitrate solution and boil. CoO + Al2O3→CoO.Al2O3
Dip a filter paper and burn to
ashes.
4.Confirmatory Test For Zn2+
A. NaOH Test: - To a little of A white ppt dissolved on Presence of Zn2+ confirmed
the salt solution add NaOH adding excess NaOH Zn2+ + NaOH→ Zn (OH)2↓ + Na+
solution dropwise. Zn (OH)2 +NaOH→ Na2ZnO2
+H2O soluble
B. Ash Test: - To a little of the Green tinted ash Presence of Zn2+
salt solution add few drops of ZnO +CaO→ ZnO COO
con. HNO3 followed by adding
cobalt nitrate solution and boil.
Dip a filter paper and burn to
ashes.
5.Confirmatory Test For Mn2+
A. NaOH Test: - To a little of White ppt turns brown on Presence of Mn2+ confirmed
the salt solution add NaOH standing. Mn2++ NaOH→Mn(OH2)↓+Na+
solution dropwise. Mn(OH2) + O2→MnO2 + H2O
B.Permagnic acid test:- Salt Pink colour Presence of Mn2+ confirmed
solution is boiled with conc Mn2++HNO3→Mn(NO3)2 + H+
HNO3 and PbO2 and then Mn(NO3)2+ HNO3+PbO2→
diluted with water. HMnO4+ Pb(NO3)2
6.Confirmatory Test For Ba2+
A. Potassium chromate test: - White ppt Presence of Barium Confirmed
Add K2CrO4 to the salt Ba2++ K2CrO4→ BaCrO4↓+K+
solution
B. Flame Test: - A little of the Green colour Presence of Barium Confirmed
salt made into paste with one
or two drops of con.HC1 in a
water glass. The paste is
brought to near a blue flame.
7.Confirmatory Test For Sr2+
A. Ammonium Sulphate White crystalline ppt. Presence of Sr2+ confirmed
Test: - To the salt solution add Sr2+ + (NH4)2SO4→ SrSO4↓ +
ammonium sulphate solution NH4+
B. Flame Test: - A little of the Crimson Red Presence of Sr2+ confirmed
salt made into paste with one
or two drops of con.HC1 in a
water glass. The paste is
brought to near a blue flame.
8.Confirmatory Test For Ca2+
A. Ammonium Oxalate Test: White ppt Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.
-To the salt solution add Ca2+ +(NH4)2C2O4→CaC2O4↓+
ammonium oxalate solution NH4+
B. Potassium chromate test: - No ppt formed Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.
Add K2CrO4 to the salt Ca2++ K2CrO4→ CaCrO4↓+K+
solution
C. Flame Test: - A little of the Brick red Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.
salt made into paste with one
or two drops of con.HC1 in a
water glass. The paste is
brought to near a blue flame.
.
9.Confirmatory Test For Mg2+
A. Ash Test: - To a little of the Pink Ash Presence of Magnesium
salt solution add few drops of Confirmed.
con. HNO3 followed by adding Co (NO3)2→CoO + NO+O2
cobalt nitrate solution and boil. CoO+MgO→CoO.MgO
Dip a filter paper and burn to
ashes.
