Chapter 1 Introduction

A note on the use of these ppt slides:

Were making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). Theyre in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that you mention their source (after all, wed like people to use our book!) If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
All material copyright 1996-2009 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach ,

5th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, April 2009.

Introduction

1-1

Chapter 1: Introduction
Our goal:
get feel and

Overview:
whats the Internet? whats a protocol? network edge; hosts, access

terminology more depth, detail later in course approach: use Internet as example

net, physical media network core: packet/circuit switching, Internet structure performance: loss, delay, throughput security protocol layers, service models history
Introduction 1-2

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History
Introduction 1-3

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

PC server

millions of connected

Mobile network Global ISP

wireless laptop cellular handheld

hosts = end systems running network apps communication links

fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth routers: forward packets (chunks of data)

computing devices:

Home network Regional ISP

access points wired links

Institutional network

router

Introduction

1-4

Cool internet appliances

Web-enabled toaster + weather forecaster IP picture frame http://www.ceiva.com/

Worlds smallest web server http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html

Internet phones
Introduction 1-5

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

protocols control sending,

receiving of msgs

Mobile network Global ISP

Internet: network of
networks

e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet

Home network Regional ISP

loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet

Institutional network

Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
Introduction 1-6

Whats the Internet: a service view

communication

distributed applications: Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, file sharing communication services provided to apps: reliable data delivery from source to destination best effort (unreliable) data delivery
Introduction 1-7

infrastructure enables

Whats a protocol?
human protocols: whats the time? I have a question introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-8

Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi Hi
Got the time?

TCP connection request TCP connection response

Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

2:00

<file> time

Q: Other human protocols?

Introduction 1-9

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History
Introduction 1-10

A closer look at network structure:

network edge:

applications and hosts access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links network core:
interconnected routers network of networks

Introduction

1-11

The network edge:

end systems (hosts):

client/server model

run application programs e.g. Web, email peer-peer at edge of network client host requests, receives service from always-on server client/server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
Introduction 1-12

peer-peer model:

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access

networks (school, company) mobile access networks

Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per

second) of access network? shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-13

Dial-up Modem
central office telephone network Internet

home PC

home dial-up modem

ISP modem (e.g., AOL)

Uses existing telephony infrastructure Home is connected to central office up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) Cant surf and phone at same time: not always on

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

home phone
Existing phone line: 0-4KHz phone; 4-50KHz upstream data; 50KHz-1MHz downstream data

Internet

DSLAM

splitter DSL modem home PC central office

telephone network

Also uses existing telephone infrastruture up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) dedicated physical line to telephone central office

Residential access: cable modems

Does not use telephone infrastructure Instead uses cable TV infrastructure HFC: hybrid fiber coax

asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router homes share access to router unlike DSL, which has dedicated access

Introduction

1-16

Residential access: cable modems

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

Introduction

1-17

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend cable distribution network (simplified) home

Introduction

1-18

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

server(s)

cable headend cable distribution network home

Introduction

1-19

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

cable headend cable distribution network (simplified) home

Introduction

1-20

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

FDM (more shortly):
V I D E O
1

V I D E O
2

V I D E O
3

V I D E O
4

V I D E O
5

V I D E O
6

D A T A 7

D A T A 8

C O N T R O L 9

Channels

cable headend cable distribution network home

Introduction

1-21

Fiber to the Home

ONT Internet

optical fibers optical fiber ONT

OLT
central office

optical splitter
ONT

Optical links from central office to the home Two competing optical technologies: Passive Optical network (PON) Active Optical Network (PAN)

Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries

television and phone services

Ethernet Internet access

100 Mbps Institutional router

Ethernet switch 100 Mbps

To Institutions ISP

1 Gbps 100 Mbps

Typically used in companies, universities, etc 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet

server

switch

Wireless access networks

shared

network connects end system to router

wireless access

via base station aka access point

router base station

wireless LANs: 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps

wider-area wireless access provided by telco operator ~2Mbps over cellular system (EVDO, UMTS, HSPA) Next 4G: WiMAX (10s Mbps) and LTE over wide area

mobile hosts
Introduction

1-24

Home networks
Typical home network components: DSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point
to/from cable headend cable modem router/ firewall Ethernet wireless laptops wireless access point
Introduction 1-25

Physical Media
Bit: propagates between

transmitter/rcvr pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media:

Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires

signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax

Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100Mbps Ethernet

unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio

Introduction

1-26

Physical Media: coax, fiber

Coaxial cable:
conductors bidirectional baseband:

Fiber optic cable:

glass fiber carrying light

two concentric copper

pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation:

broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC

single channel on cable legacy Ethernet

high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10s100s Gps)

low error rate: repeaters

spaced far apart ; immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction

1-27

Physical media: radio

signal carried in

Radio link types:

terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN (e.g., Wifi) 11Mbps, 54 Mbps, 300 Mbps wide-area (e.g., cellular) 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps 4G cellular: ~ 21 Mbps satellite Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude Introduction 1-28

electromagnetic spectrum no physical wire bidirectional propagation environment effects:

reflection obstruction by objects interference

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History
Introduction 1-29

The Network Core

mesh of interconnected

routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Introduction 1-30

Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch

capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required

Introduction

1-31

Network Core: Circuit Switching

network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces
pieces allocated to calls resource piece dividing link bandwidth

not used by owning call

idle if

into pieces frequency division time division

(no sharing)

Introduction

1-32

Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

Example: FDM 4 users frequency time TDM

frequency time

Introduction

1-33

Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of

640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network?

All links are 1.536 Mbps Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit

Lets work it out!

Introduction

1-34

Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed
Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation

resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time

Node receives complete packet before forwarding

Introduction

1-35

Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing

A B
100 Mb/s Ethernet

statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mb/s

queue of packets waiting for output link

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing. TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
Introduction 1-36

Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L R takes L/R seconds to R R

transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link at R bps

entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)

store and forward:

Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps transmission delay = 15 sec

more on delay shortly

Introduction 1-37

Packet switching versus circuit switching

Packet switching allows more users to use network!
1 Mb/s link

each user: 100 kb/s when active active 10% of time

circuit-switching:

N users 1 Mbps link

packet switching:

10 users

with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than .0004

Q: how did we get value 0.0004?

Introduction

1-38

Packet switching versus circuit switching

Is packet switching a slam dunk winner?
great for bursty data

resource sharing simpler, no call setup excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
Introduction 1-39

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical
at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T,

Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals

Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Introduction

1-40

Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering

to/from customers

Introduction

1-41

Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other.

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Introduction

1-42

Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs last hop (access) network (closest to end systems)
local ISP Local and tier3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP

local ISP

local ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Introduction 1-43

Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP

Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!

local ISP

Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

local ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Introduction 1-44

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History
Introduction 1-45

How do loss and delay occur?

packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link

capacity packets queue, wait for turn

packet being transmitted (delay)

A
B

packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction

1-46

Four sources of packet delay

1. nodal processing: check bit errors determine output link 2. queueing time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router

A
B

transmission propagation

nodal processing

queueing
Introduction 1-47

Delay in packet-switched networks

3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R 4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very different quantities!
propagation

A B

transmission

nodal processing

queueing

Introduction

1-48

Caravan analogy
100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth Time to push entire 100 km

cars propagate at

100 km/hr toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (transmission time) car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth?

caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-49

Caravan analogy (more)

100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth Yes! After 7 min, 1st car 100 km

Cars now propagate at

1000 km/hr Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth?

at 2nd booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth. 1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router!

See Ethernet applet at AWL Web site

Introduction 1-50

Nodal delay
d nodal d proc dqueue d trans d prop
dproc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less
dqueue = queuing delay depends on congestion dtrans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links dprop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

Introduction

1-51

Queueing delay (revisited)

R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits) a=average packet

arrival rate

traffic intensity = La/R

La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be

serviced, average delay infinite!

Introduction

1-52

Real Internet delays and routes

What do real Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay

measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i:

sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes 3 probes

Introduction

1-53

Real Internet delays and routes

traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
Three delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic 8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms link 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms 16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
Introduction 1-54

Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has

finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all
A
B
buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted

packet arriving to full buffer is lost

Introduction 1-55

Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which

bits transferred between sender/receiver

instantaneous: rate at given point in time average: rate over longer period of time

link capacity server, with server sends bits pipe that can carry R s bits/sec fluid at rate file into pipe (fluid)of F bits R s bits/sec) to send to client

link capacity pipe that can carry Rfluid at rate c bits/sec R c bits/sec)
Introduction 1-56

Throughput (more)
Rs

< Rc What is average end-end throughput?

R s bits/sec
R c bits/sec

Rs

> Rc What is average end-end throughput?

R s bits/sec R c bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-57

Throughput: Internet scenario

per-connection
Rs

end-end throughput: min(Rc,Rs,R/10) in practice: Rc or Rs is often bottleneck

Rs
R Rc Rc

Rs

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec

Introduction 1-58

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History
Introduction 1-59

Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software

Question:
Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?

Introduction

1-60

Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing airplane routing

a series of steps
Introduction 1-61

Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
ticket

baggage (check)
gates (load)

baggage (claim
gates (unload)

baggage
gate

runway (takeoff)
airplane routing
departure airport

runway (land)
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
arrival airport

takeoff/landing
airplane routing

intermediate air-traffic control centers

Layers: each layer implements a service via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction 1-62

Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,

relationship of complex systems pieces layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-63

Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network

applications

FTP, SMTP, HTTP

application transport network

transport: process-process data

transfer

TCP, UDP

network: routing of datagrams from

source to destination

link physical

IP, routing protocols

link: data transfer between

neighboring network elements

PPP, Ethernet
Introduction 1-64

physical: bits on the wire

ISO/OSI reference model

presentation: allow applications to

interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, machinespecific conventions session: synchronization, checkpointing, recovery of data exchange Internet stack missing these layers! these services, if needed, must be implemented in application needed?

application presentation

session transport
network link physical

Introduction

1-65

source
message
segment
Ht M M

datagram Hn Ht M frame Hl Hn Ht M

application transport network link physical

Encapsulation

link physical switch

destination
M
Ht

M M M

Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht

application transport network link physical

Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht

M M

network link physical

Hn Ht

router

Introduction

1-66

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History
Introduction 1-67

Network Security
The field of network security is about: how bad guys can attack computer networks how we can defend networks against attacks how to design architectures that are immune to attacks Internet not originally designed with

(much) security in mind

users attached to a transparent network Internet protocol designers playing catch-up Security considerations in all layers!
Introduction 1-68

original vision: a group of mutually trusting

Bad guys can put malware into hosts via Internet

Malware can get in host from a virus, worm, or

trojan horse.

Spyware malware can record keystrokes, web

sites visited, upload info to collection site.

for spam and DDoS attacks.

Infected host can be enrolled in a botnet, used

Malware is often self-replicating: from an

infected host, seeks entry into other hosts

Introduction 1-69

Bad guys can put malware into hosts via Internet

Trojan horse Hidden part of some otherwise useful software Today often on a Web page (Active-X, plugin) Virus infection by receiving object (e.g., e-mail attachment), actively executing self-replicating: propagate itself to other hosts, users Worm: infection by passively receiving object that gets itself executed self- replicating: propagates to other hosts, users
Sapphire Worm: aggregate scans/sec in first 5 minutes of outbreak (CAIDA, UWisc data)

Introduction

1-70

Bad guys can attack servers and network infrastructure

Denial of service (DoS): attackers make resources

(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1.

select target

2. break into hosts

around the network (see botnet) 3. send packets toward target from compromised hosts

target

Introduction

1-71

The bad guys can sniff packets

Packet sniffing:
broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless) promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g., including passwords!) passing by

src:B dest:A

payload

Wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer

Introduction 1-72

The bad guys can use false source addresses

IP

spoofing: send packet with false source address

A
src:B dest:A payload

Introduction

1-73

The bad guys can record and playback

record-and-playback : sniff sensitive info (e.g., password), and use later password holder is that user from system point of view A C

src:B dest:A

user: B; password: foo

B
Introduction 1-74

Network Security
more throughout this course
chapter 8: focus on security

crypographic techniques: obvious uses and

not so obvious uses

Introduction

1-75

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security 1.7 History
Introduction 1-76

Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing

theory shows effectiveness of packetswitching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational

1972:

ARPAnet public demonstration NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes

Introduction

1-77

Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite

network in Hawaii 1974: Cerf and Kahn architecture for interconnecting networks 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC ate70s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Cerf and Kahns internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control define todays Internet architecture

Introduction

1-78

Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of new national networks:

TCP/IP 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IPaddress translation 1985: ftp protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control

Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks

Introduction

1-79

Internet History
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Early 1990s: ARPAnet

decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990s: commercialization of the Web

Late 1990s 2000s:

more killer apps: instant

messaging, P2P file sharing network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps

Introduction

1-80

Internet History
2007: ~500 million hosts Voice, Video over IP P2P applications: BitTorrent (file sharing) Skype (VoIP), PPLive (video) more applications: YouTube, gaming wireless, mobility

Introduction

1-81

Introduction: Summary
Covered a ton of material! Internet overview whats a protocol? network edge, core, access network packet-switching versus circuit-switching Internet structure performance: loss, delay, throughput layering, service models security history
You now have: context, overview, feel of networking more depth, detail to

follow!

Introduction

1-82