Chapter

Animal Kingdom
4
Classification is a system of categorizing living things. mouth for intake of food and anus for egestion of undigested
food. It is found in Coelentrates and flatworms.
(c) Tube within a tube plan: In this, the body has two tubes;
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION one formed by the body wall and other formed within it by
the digestive tract.
It is of two types: Protostomic plan and Deuterostomic plan.
1. Levels of Organisation
(i) Protostomic Plan: In this type of plan, mouth develops
Organisation is the structural differentiation of animal body. Based first and anus later on in the embryo. The animals which
on organization of cells, it is divided into three levels: possess this body plan are called protostomes. It occurs in
(a) Cellular level of organization: In this, the cells are arranged Roundworms, annelids, mollusks and arthropods.
as loose cell aggregates. (ii) Deuterostomic plan: In this type of plan, anus develops
Examples:Poriferans (Sponges). first and mouth later on in the embryo. The animals which
(b) Tissue level of organization: In this, the cells performing possess this plan are called deuterostomes. It is found in
the same functions are arranged into tissues. Echinodermates, hemichordates and chordates.
Examples: Coelenterates and Ctenophores.
(c) Organ level of organization: In this type, the tissues 3. Body Symmetry
are grouped together to form organs and the organs are Based on symmetry, animals are two types: Asymmetrical and
associated to form organ systems. Each system performs a Symmetrical.
specific physiological function. It is the arrangement of similar body parts on two sides of main
Examples: All higher animals (from Platyhelminthes to axis of body.
chordates). (a) Asymmetrical: In this, body cannot be divided into equal
Organ systems of different animals show complexities. halves through median plane. The simplest animals have no
Examples: symmetry.
² Digestive system of cnidarians and Platyhelminthes Examples: Sponges, Snails etc.
is incomplete i.e. it has only a single opening which (b) Symmetrical: In this, body can be divided into two similar
serves as both mouth and anus. Complete digestive parts. It is of two types.
system has 2 openings i.e. mouth and anus. (i) Radial symmetry: Body can be divided into 2 similar
² Circulatory system is of 2 types: Open and closed. parts by any plane along oral \aboral axis of body.
♦ In open type, blood is pumped out through heart. Examples: Some Poriferans, Cnidarians, Ctenophores
Cells and tissues are directly bathed in it. and Echinoderms.
♦ In closed type: Blood is circulated through (ii) Bilateral symmetry: Body can be divided into two
vessels. identical right and left halves by a section passing
through the longitudinal axis.
2. Body Plan
Examples: Annelids, arthropods and all vertebrates.
Animals have three types of body plans. The body of bilaterally symmetrical animal has an
(a) Cell Aggregate Plan: In this, the body consists of upper or vertebral dorsal side, a lower ventral side,
aggregation of cell. It is usually found in Sponges. left and right lateral sides, anterior (cephalic) side and
(b) Blind sac Plan: In this, the body has a single cavity with posterior (anal) side.
one opening to the outside. The single opening act as both
 Animal Kingdom 69

(a) Acoelomate: They have no coelom. The space between

body wall and digestive cavity is filled with matrix
(parenchyma).
Examples: Poriferans to Platyhelminthes.
(b) Pseudocoelomate: They have no true coelom. They have a
body cavity partially surrounded by mesoderm. Mesoderm
is present in scattered pouches between ectoderm and
endoderm.
Example: Aschelminthes.
Fig. (a) Radial Symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry (c) Coelomate (True coelomate or Eucoelomate): They have
body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm. Coelom is
lined by peritoneal layer and is filled with coelomic fluid.
4. Germ layers
Examples: Annelids to chordates.
y These are layers of gastrula from which all the body organs
are formed.
y All cells of the adult organism can be traced to one of
the three germ layers. Some animals have only the inner
and outer germ layers but more complex animals have
mesoderm as well.
Three types of germ layers:
(a) Ectoderm - It is the inner layer which gives rise to the outer
covering of the animal (skin, hair, nails, feathers, and scales)
and the nervous system.
(b) Mesoderm - It gives rise to muscles, skeleton, circulatory
system, kidney, reproductive system
(c) Endoderm - It gives rise to digestive tract and associated
organs.
Fig. 4.3 Diagrammatic sectional view of: (a) coelomate
y Based on the number of germ layers, animals are two types-
(b) Pscduocoelomate (c) Acoelomate
Diploblastic and Triploblastic.
(i) Diploblastic animals: Cells are arranged in two germ y Haemocoelomates: Here, the true coelom is reduced and is
layers- outer ectoderm and inner endoderm. Mesoglea may filled with blood. Examples: In Arthropods and molluscs
be present in between ectoderm and endoderm y Functions of coelom:
Examples:Sponges and Coelenterates. ² It accommodates visceral organs
(ii) Triploblastic animals: They have three germ layers- Outer ² Coelomic fluid gives moist environment to visceral
ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm. organs, thereby reducing the friction.
Examples: Platyhelminthes (Flat worms) to Chordates ² It acts as shock absorber.
(mammals). y True coelom is of two types: Schizocoelom and
Ectoderm Enterocoelom.
Mesoglea (i) Schizocoelom: It develops as a split in the mesoderm sheet.
Endoderm
It occurs in Annelids, Arthropods, and Molluscs.
(ii) Enterocoelom: In this, the mesoderm arises from the wall
of the embryonic gut as hollow outgrowths. It occurs in
Echinoderms, Chordates.

6. Segmentation (Also known as Metamerism)

y Segmentation is the division or differentiation of the body
(a)
Mesoderm
(b) into distinct proportions called segments.
y Examples: Annelids, Arthropods.In vertebrates: only
Fig. Germinal layers: (a) Diploblastic (b) Triploblastic internal metamerism is seen.
y It is of two types:
5. Coelom (Body cavity) (a) Metameric segmentation (True metamerism): In this,
the body is often divided both externally and internally into
y It is the space between body wall and gut wall. Coelom number of segments (metameres). E.g. Annelids, arthropods
separates the muscles of gut and body wall. and chordates.
y On the basis of nature of coelom, animals are of 3 types:
Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, and Eucoelomate.
 70 BIOLOGY

(b) Pseudometamerism (False metamerism): In this, the body 11. Fertilization

is not internally divided. For e.g. the proglottids (segments
of tapeworms) are budded off from the neck and are not of y Fertilization is the union of male and female gametes. It is
embryonic origin. of two types:
(a) External fertilization: When fertilization occurs outside
7. Notochord the female body, it is called external fertilization. For e.g.
y Notochord is a rod-like structure formed during embryonic Starfish, frog etc.
development on the dorsal side. (b) Internal fertilization: When fertilization occurs inside the
y It is mesodermally derived. female body, it is called external fertilization. E.g. Reptiles,
y Animals with notochord are called chordates while those birds, mammals.
without notochord are called non-chordates.
12. Development
8. Digestive tract
y It is the changes that an organism undergoes from its
y It is the passage where food is taken for digestion, absorption beginning to maturity. It is of two types:
and elimination. It is of two types: (a) Direct development: In this, the young ones resemble
(a) Incomplete digestive tract: It has a single opening called the adults in all respects except colour, size. There is no
mouth that takes food as well as eliminates the undigested intermediate stage in direct development. E.g. Hydra,
food. It is found in Cnidarians and Platyhelminthes.
Earthworm and silver fish.
(b) Complete digestive tract: It has two openings; mouth for
(b) Indirect development: In this, the young ones do not
intake of food and anus for elimination of undigested food.
It is found in Nemathelminthes to chordates. resemble the adults. The young ones usually pass through
one or more intermediate stages before obtaining the shape
9. Digestion of the adults. E.g. Silk moth, housefly, frog.
Metamorphosis: It is the phenomenon of passing through
y Digestion is the breaking down of complex food molecules
into simple organic form. different juvenile stages before attaining the adult form. E.g.
It is of two types: Silk moth, housefly, Frog, Butterfly
(a) Intracellular digestion that occurs within the cells. In this,
the digestive enzymes are poured into the food vacuoles,
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
where digestion of food takes place. It occurs in protozoans
and sponges. Characteristic features of kingdom Animalia:
(b) Extracellular digestion that occurs outside the cell in y All animals belonging to kingdom Animalia are multicellular
a cavity. In this the digestive enzymes are poured into
eukaryotes.
the cavity for digestion to take place. It occurs in higher
y They have heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
invertebrates and all vertebrates.
y Almost all animals are mobile and they move about in search
10. Excretion of food or for other needs, except for sponges and corals.
They are sedentary.
y It is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body.
y It is most diverse group than the plant kingdom.
y Animals are classified into three types on the basis of
removal of nitrogenous wastes. Broad classification of kingdom Animalia based on
(a) Ammonotelic animals: They excrete ammonia. E.g. common fundamental features
Amoeba, Hydra, Sycon, Earthworm, Crocodiles etc.
(b) Urotelic animals: They excrete urea. E.g. Cartilaginous
fishes, semi-aquatic amphibians, turtles, alligators, mammals
including man.
(c) Uricotelic animals: They excrete uric acid. E.g. Most
insects, some land crustaceans, land snails, lizards, snakes
and birds.
(d) Aminotelic animals: They excrete excess amino acids. E.g.
some mollusks like Limnaea, Unio, some echinoderms
(Asterias).
(e) Guanotelic animals: They excrete guanine. E.g. Spider
 Animal Kingdom 71

PHYLUM PORIFERA (Animals Bearing Pores- The dispersed spongin fibres and number spicules. It also
contains Amoebocytes. They carry nutrients to other
Sponges) cells, aid in reproduction, and produce chemicals that
help make up the spicules of sponges.
y Members of this phylum are also called sponges.
² Canal system:In water canal system, water enters
y Habit and Habitat: They are mainly marine, aquatic
through minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a
animals. They are sedentary.
central cavity (spongocoel), from where it goes out
y Body form: Sponges have a porous body wall. The pores
through osculum. Three types of canal systems are
or holes allow water to pass through this animal. Floating
found in sponges.
food particles are caught once they are inside the sponge.
(a) Asconoid type: It is the simplest type of canal system
The pores are of two types: Inhalent pores are called ostia
which is found in Leucosolenia and a few other
while exhalent pores are called oscula.
sponges.
y Levels of organization: They show cellular level of orga-
(b) Syconoid type: It is more complex than the ascon
nization. The body is little more than a mass of specialized
type. It is found in sycon and some other sponges.
cells, not organized into tissues.
y Germ layers: The sponges are diploblastic, which means
they have two germ layers. No mesoderm is present.
y Symmetry: They are asymmetrical, which mean no definite
shape.
y Coelom: Poriferans are acoelomate. (c) Leuconoid type: It is most complex canal system
y Body wall: The body of sponges consists of three layers: which is found in Spongilla and some other sponges.In
² Pinacoderm: It is an outer layer of flattened contractile class Demospongia the leuconoid condition is derived
epithelial cells called pinacocytes. from a larval stage called rhagon.
² Choanoderm: It is an inner layer of flagellated collar
cells (choanocytes) that circulate sea water within and
through the sponge to bring in food and reproductive
products and help discharge waste products.
² Mesohyl layer: It is a non-cellular layer found in
between Pinacoderm and choanoderm. It has fine

Fig.: Types of canals system found in sponges

y Skeleton: Almost all sponges possess an internal skeleton. y Circulatory system: Circulatory system is absent. Distri-
It may consist of calcareous or siliceous spicules or fine bution of food from the ingesting cells to others is brought
sponging fibres or of both, location in the mesohyl layer. about by wandering amoebocytes of mesohyl layer.
y Digestion and Digestive system: Digestive system is y Respiratory system: Respiratory system is absent.
absent. Digestion is intracellular. They have water canal Exchange of gases occurs by diffusion through the plasma
system to gather food. membranes of the cells as in protozoans.
 72 BIOLOGY

y Excretory system: Excretory system is absent. Removal ectoderm is the outside layer while the endoderm is found
of metabolic wastes also occurs by diffusion through the on the inside layer. A jellylike material is found between
plasma membranes of the cells as in protozoans. Ammonia these 2 layers.
is chief excretory waste. y Symmetry: They have radial symmetry. This means that
y Nervous system: It is absent. they can be divided along any plane, through a central axis,
y Reproductive system: into roughly equal halves.
² Asexual reproduction is quite common, and occurs y Coelom: They are acoelomate.
in one of two ways: y Body wall: The body wall consists of two layers of
♦ Fragmentation: Fragments that break off from the cells-outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis. Epidermis
parent animal may become new sponges OR consists of Cnidoblasts or stinging cells.A cnidoblast has
♦ Gemmules: Collections of amoebocytes within a nematocysts, a stinging organ which is used for defence
hard, protective outer layer. and offence.
² Sponges are hermaphrodites. This means male y Digestive system:
and female sex organs are seen in same individual. ² The digestive system is incomplete which means
But produce eggs and sperm at different times to that coelenterates have just one opening to the
avoid self-fertilization. This is called sequential digestive cavity. This single opening serves as both
hermaphroditism. its mouth and anus. Digestion is both intracellular
² Fertilization is internal. and extracellular.
² The development is indirect and includes a free ² Food is digested in a gut (gastrovascular cavity) and
swimming larva, the amphiblastula (in sycon) or the resulting particles are absorbed by cells. This
parenchymula (in Leucosolenia) for dispersal of the allows the animal to digest something larger than its
species. own cells. The extracellular digestion of food is an
y Other features: evolutionary development.
² Millions of minute pores (ostia) are present. ² The single opening (mouth/anus) is a two-way
² Spongocoel (body cavity) and canals are lined with digestive system.
choanocytes(collar cells). y Mode of nutrition:
² Body wall is supported by a skeleton made of spicules ² They are carnivores which capture food with tentacles
and spongin fibres. surrounding the mouth. They capture their prey using
y Examples: nematocysts.
Leucosolenia (Simplest colonial sponge) ² A nematocyst is a capsule that contains a coiled,
Sycon (Scypha), threadlike tube. The tube can be sticky or barbed. It
Spongilla (freshwater sponge) also may contain toxic substances. Nematocysts are
Euspongia (Bathsponge) located in cells on the tentacles.
Euplectella (The Venus’Flower basket) ² Cnidocytes (stinging cells) on the tentacles paralyze
Hyalonema (The glass rope sponge) prey which is then brought into the mouth.Cnidoblasts
Cliona (The Boring sponge) are certain ectodermal defensive cells with a capsule
Chalina (The deadman’s Fingers or The Mermaid’s called nematocyst containing poisonous fluid. They
gloves) are present on the tentacles and the body and is used
for anchorage, defense and to capture prey.
y Respiratory system: It is absent.
PHYLUM COELENTERATA (Cnidaria) y Circulatory system: It is absent.
y Excretory system: Waste products are removed through
y Members of this phylum are also called Cnidarians.
the body surface.
y Habit and Habitat: They are mostly marine, aquatic
y Nervous system: A cnidarian has a simple nervous
animals. They are usually marine, sessile or free-
system. It does not have a control center or brain such as
swimming.
other animals. The nervous system consists of a nerve net
y Body forms: It varies considerably. Most of them are
that conducts impulses to and from all parts of the body.
polymorphic. Occurrence of more than one type of
Statocyst is a sense organ for balance which is first time
individuals in their colonies performing different functions
developed in cnidarian.
is called polymorphism. E.g. Obelia. Obelia is trimorphic,
y Skeleton: In coelenterates, body is supported by calcareous
having three kinds of zooids- polyps, blastostyles and
exoskeleton or endoskeleton.
medusa.
y Reproductive system:
y Levels of organization:Cnidarians have tissue level of
organization. ² Reproduction is both by asexual (budding) and
y Germ layers: They are diploblastic. Their body wall is sexual methods. The cnidarian life cycle begins with
made of 2 cell layers called the ectoderm and endoderm. The the larval form, known as the planula, which is a
 Animal Kingdom 73

small, free-swimming ciliated organism. Following y Germ layers: They are diploblastic, having ectoderm and
this stage, some cnidarians go through a polyp and a endoderm.
medusa stage. During the polyp stage they produce y Symmetry: They show biradial (Radial + bilateral)
asexually, whereas during the medusa stage they symmetry. The arrangement of comb plates gives the
produce sexually. These various stages allow the appearance of radial symmetry while the tentacles and
cnidarians to have rapid asexual reproduction (by branching of gastrovascular canals are of bilateral type.
the polyp), dispersal and genetic recombination (by y Coelom: They are acoelomate.
the medusa), and habitat selection (by the planula y Digestive system: Digestive system is incomplete.
larva). Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular.
² Polyp reproduces asexually (budding) and medusa y Respiratory system: Respiratory system is absent.
sexually. y Circulatory system: It is absent.
² Sexes are separate as in jellyfish but lower cnidarians y Excretory system: Removal of waste products occurs
like the hydra show asexual (budding) as well. Hydra through body surface.
has a great power of regeneration. y Locomotion: comb like eight ciliary plates called comb
² Fertilization is external. plates are present on the body. The cilia of these plates help
² Development is indirect. in swimming. Hence, ctenophores are called comb jellies.
y Other features: y Nervous system: They have only a network of neurons.
² Corals have a skeleton made up of calcium y Reproductive system:
carbonate. ² They are hermaphrodite (monoecious).
² They have a central gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) ² They show only sexual reproduction.
with a single opening (mouth) on hypostome. ² Fertilization is external.
² Coelenterates exhibit two body forms: polyp and ² Development is indirect with a ciliated spherical
medusa e.g., Hydra, Aurelia. cydippid larva.
♦ Polyp is tubular attached form, with upwardly y Other features:
directed mouth and tentacles. It represents the ² Body has eight vertical external rows of ciliated comb
asexual stage. (e.g., sea anemone). plates for locomotion.
♦ Medusa is umbrella shaped body called a bell. It ² They have tentacles present.
is free-swimming form, with downwardly directed ² They show bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is the
mouth and tentacles. It represents the sexual stage. property of living organism to emit light from body.
e.g., jellyfish. y Example: Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia (The sea gooseberry),
² They exhibit polymorphism and alternation of Hormiphora (The sea walnut).
generation between body forms. This phenomenon
is called as Metagenesis. It occurs in Obelia where
polyp produces medusae asexually and medusae form PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (Flat Worms)
the polyps sexually.
y Specialized Cells: y Members of this phylum are also called as ‘flat worms’.
² Most coelenterates have tentacles that contain stinging These animals are given their name because of their flattened
cells (Cnidoblasts)that are used for protection and bodies.
capturing food. y Habit and Habitat: They are mostly endoparasites. Some
² Their bodies contain a nerve network that allows are free living. Flatworms (e.g., planaria) can be found in
movement of the tentacles and body. marine or aquatic environments, as well as damp terrestrial
y Examples: Hydra, Obelia (Sea fur), Physalia (Portugese habitats. They are mostly endoparasites in animals including
man of war), Aurelia (The jellyfish), Adamsia (Seaanemone), human beings.
Pennatula (Sea pen)), Gorgonia (Sea fan), Astraea (The star y Body forms: the body is dorso-ventrally flattened and is
coral), Meandrina sinuosa (The brain coral), Pennatula (The without true segments.
sea pen or sea feather) etc. y Levels of organization: This phylum shows the first
appearance of organs - a group of tissues that function
as one unit. Thus, they show organ system level of
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA organization.
y Germ layers: They are triploblastic. Flatworms have 3
y They are also called as sea walnuts or comb jellies.
distinct tissue layers called the ectoderm, endoderm, and
y Habit and Habitat: They are exclusively marine. They are
mesoderm or middle layer. Each layer gives rise to the
solitary and pelagic.
various organs and systems of this animal.
y Body form: Body form is variable.
y Levels of organization: They show tissue level of y Symmetry: Flatworms have bilateral symmetry and they
organization. have a definite head and tail region. Bilateral symmetry
allows both the specialization of different body parts and
74 BIOLOGY

cephalization. Cephalization allows animals to move ² The knob-shaped head of a tapeworm is called a
through and experience their environment head first. scolex. The tapeworm’s body is made of detachable,
y Coelom: They are acoelomate (without coelom). individual sections called proglottids. A proglottid
y These acoelomates have a thin body to allow diffusion of contains muscles, nerves, flame cells, and male and
gases and nutrients. femalereproductive organs.
y Digestive system: In free-living species of flatworms y Specialized Structures
the digestive system is incomplete which means that the ² The planaria has a pair of eyespots at its anterior
digestive cavity has only a single opening. The parasitic or front end. These eyespots detect light which
tapeworm has no need for a digestive system because it the planaria avoids so they are less visible to their
absorbs nutrients that are already digested by the host in predators.
which it lives. ² The tapeworm like other parasitic worms has a thick
y Respiratory system: It is absent. protective cuticle on the outside of its body. The cuticle
y Circulatory system: It is absent. protects the worm from being digested by the strong
y Excretory system: Excess water is removed from the digestive enzymes of its host.
planarian’s body by a system of flame cells. The water y Examples:Taenia solium (Tape worm), Fasciola (Liver
from flame cells collects in tubules and leaves the body fluke), Planaria.
through pores on the body surface. Thus, flame cells helps
inexcretion and Osmoregulation
y Nervous system: Nervous system is ladder like. It consists PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES (Roundworms)
of the brain and two main longitudinal nerve cords connected
at intervals by transverse commissures. y They are also called ‘round worms’.
y Sensory organ: y Habit and Habitat: They are free living, aquatic and
² At the head, eyespots can detect the presence or terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.
absence of light. Primitive eye spots allow planarians y Body form: They appear circular in cross section. Hence,
to distinguish light and dark. known as round worms. They are unsegmented. Their
² Sensory cells detect chemicals and movement in water. cylindrical bodies are tapered at both ends and are covered
On each nerve cord, near the head, is a small swelling by a protective cuticle.
called a ganglion (plural, ganglia). The ganglion y Levels of organization: They show organ system level of
receives messages from the eyespots and sensory cells. organization
The ganglion then communicates with the rest of the y Germ layers: They are tripoloblastic as they have three
body along the nerve cords. Messages from the nerve tissue layers; ecto, endo and mesoderm.
cords trigger responses in a planarian’s muscle cells. y Symmetry:They show bilateral symmetry with an anterior
y Reproductive system: end and a posterior end.
² Planarians can reproduce asexually. If a planarian is y Coelom: Roundworms have a pseudocoelom, a fluid-filled
damaged, it has the ability to regenerate, or regrow, bodycavity partly lined with mesoderm.
new body parts. y Digestive system: Roundworms have a complete digestive
² Regeneration is the replacement or regrowth of system with well-developed muscular pharynx. Their
missing body parts. Missing body parts are replaced digestive tract has 2 openings; a mouth to ingest food and
through cell division. an anus to egest waste.Having a separate mouth and anus
² Planarians are sexual hermaphrodites with the creates a one-way digestive system.
reproductive system only appearing during mating y Respiratory system: It is absent.
season. y Circulatory system: It is absent.
² Fertilization is internal. y Excretory system: Wastes are removed through excretory
² Development is indirect with many larval stages. In pore. In Ascaris, renette cell is present.
liver fluke miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, y Nervous system: It is present.
and metacercaria larvae are present. In tapeworm, y Reproductive system:
onchosphere, hexacanth and cysticercus larvae are ² Sexual reproduction with separate sexes
found. (Dioecious).
y Other features ² Fertilization is internal.
² Some members like Planaria have high regeneration ² Development may be direct (where young ones
capacity. resemble the adult) or indirect. Filariform larva is
² Members have unsegmented, dorso-ventrally flattened present in Ancylostoma (hook worm), microfilaria
body (except in tape worms). larva is found in Wuchereria (filarial worm) and
² Hooks and suckers are present in parasitic forms.
Rhabditiform larva is present in Ascaris and Enterobius
² Some of them absorb nutrients from the host through
(pin worm).
their body surface.
 Animal Kingdom 75

y Other features y Excretory system: Nephridia are excretory structures that

² They have syncytialepidermis. eliminate metabolic wastes from nearly every segment.
² They have thick cuticle. y Nervous system: Neural system consists of paired ganglia
² Members belonging to this phylum show sexual (sing. ganglion) connected by lateral nerves to a double
dimorphism, where male and female show ventral nerve cord. Nerve cords connect the brain to nerve
morphological difference. Often females are longer centers that are found in each segment of the worm. These
than males. nerve centers are called ganglia.
Examples y Locomotory organs are setae (in earthworm) or parapodia
y Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm), Ancylostoma (in Neries).
duodenale (Hookworm), Wuchereria bancrofti (Filarial y Reproductive system:
worm), Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm). ² Annelids show sexual reproduction.
y Trichinella (The Trichina worm): It is found in the small ² Nereis is dioecious and aquatic annelid while
intestine of human beings. The disease caused by them is earthworm and leeches are monoecious.
called trichinosis. ² Development is indirect. It includes trochophore
larva.
² Some annelids show separate sexes while some are
PHYLUM ANNELIDA (The segmented animals) hermaphrodites.
y Other features
y They are also called as “segmented worms”. Body is
² Annelids show true segmentation.
metamerically segmented, hence the phylum name Annelida
² Animals have longitudinal and circular muscles in
(Latin, annulus: little ring).
both body wall and the wall of the alimentary canal
y Habit and Habitat: They may be aquatic or terrestrial,
for locomotion.
free-living or parasitic.
² They have haemoglobin in the plasma.
y Body Plan: They have metameric segmentation. Annelids
y Examples
have similar shape as the roundworm but the body is
² Neanthes (Nereis), Pheretima (Earthworm),
segmented both internally and externally which allows for
Hirudinaria granulosa. (Blood sucking cattle
a quicker response for movement. Each segment has its
Leech).
own muscles and are called metameres. By using these
separated muscles, a worm can shorten and lengthen its
body to move. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (Animals with jointed legs)
y Segmentation also allows for specialization of body tissues.
Groups of segments work together for a particular purpose or y Numbers: Arthropods are the most successful of any animal
function. Certain segments have adaptations or modifications group. This is mainly due to the success of insects, which
for sensing surroundings and for reproduction. has more than a million different species.
y The evolutionary advantage is that by changing one y Adaptations for success:
segment, it can create a new body part without affecting ² Segments have specialized functions.
other parts. ² Well defined head with excellent sensory apparatus.
y Although segmentation is continued through all other phyla ² Jointed appendages. Some are sensory while some are
(including humans) it is not always obvious. Examples of for feeding, manipulating, and moving.
segmentation in humans are seen in muscles and in the ² Exoskeleton.
spine. ² Waste from the blood is excreted as solid crystals.
y Levels of organization: They show organ system level of y Habit and Habitat: They are cosmopolitan. Arthropods
organization. are found in all habitats and are the most numerous and
y Germ layers: They are triploblastic. diverse of invertebrates.
y Symmetry: They have Bilateral symmetry: anterior and y Body form: Arthropods have a segmented body with paired
posterior ends; dorsal and ventral surfaces. jointed appendages. The body consists of head, thorax and
y Coelom: They are coelomate. They are the first animal to abdomen.
have a true schizocoelomic coelom. y Levels of organization: They have organ system level of
y Digestive system: Segmented worms have a complete organisation.
digestive system and this set-up is often referred to as a y Germ layers: They are triploblastic.
tube-within-a-tube body plan. y Symmetry: They show bilateral symmetry.
y Respiratory system: They have cutaneous respiration y Coelom: The true coelom is greatly reduced and is filled
(skin). Some have branchial (gill) respiration. with blood. They are haemocoelomates.
y Circulatory system: Circulatory system is closed. There is y Exoskeleton:The exoskeleton is rigid and made of chitin. It
no real heart but the muscular sections of some blood vessels provides protection and limits water loss. The exoskeleton is
are the beginnings of a more advanced system. strong but its weight limits the size of arthropods. To become
76 BIOLOGY

larger, animals require a strong, flexible endoskeleton. A y Other features

disadvantage is that the exoskeleton does not grow.An ² This is the largest phylum of kingdom Animalia.
exoskeleton must be shed periodically. Shedding the old ² Jointed appendages are a major advancement because
exoskeleton is called moulting. they can be specialized for different functions.
y Digestive system: Digestive system is complete and well ² Body is covered by chitinous cuticle (exoskeleton).
developed. Arthropods show a wide variety of feeding ² Sensory organs (antennae, compound &simple eyes,
strategies that are dependent on their feeding appendages. statocysts or balance organs) are present.
y Mouth parts: The mouth parts of most arthropods include y Examples: Palamneus (Scorpion), Aranea (Spider),
one pair of jaws called. The mandibles are adapted for Palaemon (Prawn), Peripatus (The walking worm): It is a
holding, chewing, sucking, or biting the different foods connecting link between annelida and arthropoda.
eaten by arthropods. Economically important insects: Apis (honey bee), Bombyx
y Respiratory system: Respiration takes place either by gills, (silk worm),Laccifer (lac insect).
book gills, lungs or tracheal system. Vectors: Mosquitoes (Anopheles, Culex and Aedes),
² Aquatic arthropods (crustaceans) use gills to get Housefly etc.
oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide Gregarious pest: Locusta (Locust).
into the water. Living fossil: Limulus (King crab). Horseshoe crabs
² Land arthropods either have a system of tracheal (Limulus) are considered to be living fossils.
tubes or book lungs. Most insects have tracheal Trilobites are fossil arthropods, about 600 million years
tubes, a network of hollow air passages that carry air old.
throughout the body. Muscle activity helps pump the
air through the tracheal tubes. Air enters and leaves
the tracheal tubes through openings on the thorax and PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (Soft Bodied Animals)
abdomen called spiracles.
² Arachnids (like spider) exchange gases through a y The members of this phylum are also known as soft-bodied
simple lung. animals.
y Circulatory system: Circulation is open type. y Common features found in all molluscs: Bilateral
y Excretory system: Excretion occurs either by Antennary symmetry, a coelom, a digestive tract with two openings, a
glands or Malpighian tubules or coxal glands. muscular foot, and a mantle.
y Nervous system:Well-developed overall.A nerve ring y Habit and Habitat: They are generally aquatic. Few are
followed by a double ventral ganglionated nerve cord terrestrial.
² Crustaceans are able to detect tiny vibrations in the y Body Plan: Molluscs have a soft, unsegmented body
water and have compound eyes able to form crude and often move with a strong muscular foot on its ventral
images. surface. All molluscs, except for the bivalves, show clear
² Insects have highly developed sensory gear and cephalization. The heavy shell makes these animals largely
most can detect stimuli outside the human range of sessile so cephalization is not required. Neopiliana is a
detection. Most have a few simple eyes and a pair of segmented mollusc.
compound eyes which enable them to form images. y Levels of organization: They show organ system level of
They cannot focus well but are excellent for detecting organisation.
movement. Some insects have tiny hairs which detect y Germ layers: They are triploblastic.
air vibrations. y Symmetry: They show bilateral symmetry. In some
y Endocrine system: Endocrine glands are present which mollusks like Pila due to torsion (twisting) during growth,
secrete hormones. Some arthropods particularly insects the adults become asymmetrical.
excretes pheromones. Pheromones are chemicals released y Coelom: Coelom is greatly reduced. They are
by one individual to affect the behaviour of another Haemocoleomates.
individual. Sex pheromones are used to attract a mate. y Nutrition: Snails and many other mollusks use a radula
y Reproductive system: to obtain food. A radula is a structure located in the mouth
² Sexes are separate. of mollusks. Similar to a rough file, the radula is a tongue
² External fertilization in aquatic forms. Internal fertil- like organ with rows of teeth. Molluscs use their radulas
ization in land forms. Mostly oviparous. Development to drill, scrape, grate, and even to cut food. Octopuses and
is director indirect. In indirect development, there is squids capture food with their tentacles. They use their
metamorphosis. radulas to tear up the food they have caught. Some mollusks
y Parthenogenesis: It is the process of development of an are grazers. Others, including bivalves, are filter feeders.
egg into a complete individual without fertilization by a They do not have radulas. Instead, they filter their food
sperm. E.g. Male honey bees (Drones) are produced by from the water.
parthenogenesis. y Digestive system: Digestive system is complete and well
developed.
Animal Kingdom 77

² The longer digestive tract with specialized organs teeth and is used to scrape food from the surface of
allows better digestion and more diverse food. plants and rocks. It is absent in bivalves.
² Gastropods scrape food from surfaces. Bivalves ² The mantle: The mantle is a fold of skin that surrounds
use the gills to filter food particles from the water. the body organs. The mantle acts like a gland because
Cephalopods are predators with a hard beak for tearing it is capable of secretion. These secretions harden to
and biting. help form the shells of mollusks.
y Respiratory system: They have gills (ctenidia) in aquatic ² Body is covered by calcareous shell. It is unsegmented
forms and pulmonary sac in terrestrial forms.Gills are over visceral hump.
specialized parts of the mantle. They are a system of tiny ² Shell is secreted by mantle. Mantle is the soft and
strands that contain a rich supply of blood for transporting spongy layer of skin, which covers visceral hump. The
gases. Gills increase the surface area where carbon dioxide mantle encloses a cavity called mantle cavity.
and oxygen are exchanged. In snails and slugs that live on y Examples: Pila (Apple Snail), Achatina (Land snail),
land, the mantle cavity appears to have become a primitive Pinctada (Pearl Oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid),
lung. Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia (Sea Hare), Dentalium
y Circulatory system: Circulatory system is open type. (Elephant’s Tusk shell),Chaetopleura (Chiton), Unio (Fresh
² A large body cavity requires the development of a water Mussel),
circulatory system. A fluid (often blood) is circulated Neopilina is a connecting link between annelida and
by the contraction of a muscular heart (or hearts). mollusca
Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries
wastes and carbon dioxide away.
² Only cephalopods (cuttle fish) have a closed circulatory PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA (The Spiny Skinned
system with a heart and blood vessels. The other Animals)
molluscs have an open circulatory system.
² Blood is usually blue due to the presence of copper y They are also known as spiny bodied organisms.
containing blue respiratory pigment called haemo- y Habit and Habitat: All are exclusively marine living
cyanin. mainly on the ocean floor.
y Excretory system: excretory organs are one or two pairs y Echinoderms are deuterostomes. Echinoderms have a
of sac like kidneys. Gills are also excretory in function. close relationship to chordates because chordates are also
Ammonia is chief excretory matter. deuterostomes.
y Nervous system: Molluscs have simple nervous systems. y Body:The body is star shaped, spherical or cylindrical. It
² The nervous system is highly developed in cephalopods lacks head. Echinoderms have an internal, limy skeleton
because they are predators. They have a highly and a spiny outside surface or skin. These structures give
developed brain which allows them to learn and solve both support and protection.
problems. Their image-forming eyes give them quite y Levels of organization: They show organ system level of
good vision. organisation.
² Octopuses have complex eyes that are similar to the y Germ layers: They are triploblastic.
eyes of humans. In some mollusks, eyes are present y Symmetry: The adults are radially symmetrical but larvae
over stalks called ommatophores. are bilaterally symmetrical.
² Osphradium is present in some molluscs for testing y Coelom: They are coelomate animals.They have true
chemical and physical nature of water. enterocoelic coelom.
y Reproductive system: y Pedicellariae and Spines: Echinoderms bear spines and
² Most molluscs show sexual reproduction with separate pedicellariae. Spines are protective in function while
sexes. pedicellariae keep the body surface clear of debris and
² Development is indirect. It includes a characteristic minute organisms.
larva, veliger, trochophore or glochidium. y Digestive system: Digestive system is complete. Mouth
² They are oviparous. is present on the lower (ventral) side and anus on upper
² Young care is highly developed in the octopus. (dorsal) side.
y Other Features y Respiratory system: Respiratory organs are dermal
² Molluscs are second largest phylum of animals and branchiae (gills) or papulae and tube feet.
second most successful land animals, next to insects. y Circulatory system: Circulatory system is reduced and
There are more terrestrial molluscs than terrestrial open type.
vertebrates. y Excretory system: Excretory system is absent. Diffusion
² They have univalve or bivalve calcareous shell. through gills. Ammonia is the chief excretory matter.
² The radula: Molluscs are well known for their tongue- y Nervous system: An echinoderm has a simple nervous
like organ called the radula which has many rows of system. It consists of a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth.
 78 BIOLOGY

Echinoderms do not have heads or brains. Nerves extend y Reproductive system:

from the nerve ring down into each ray. Nerves in the rays ² It is mostly sexual.
are called radial nerves. The radial nerves branch out into ² Sexes are separate.
a network of nerves. This nerve network provides sensory ² Fertilization external.
information to the animal. ² Development is indirect through a free swimming
y Reproductive system: tornaria larva.
² Sexes are separate. y Examples: Balanoglossus (Tongue worm), Saccoglossus,
² Fertilization is external. Rhabdopleura.
² Development is indirect with free swimming larva.
y Other Features
² Calcareous Endoskeleton (ossicles) present. PHYLUM CHORDATA
² The skeleton of all echinoderms is mostly calcium
Characteristic Features
carbonate, the compound that makes up limestone.
² A thin epidermis, or outer layer of skin, covers the y Habit and Habitat: They are marine, freshwater, or
endoskeleton. terrestrial.
² All echinoderms have water vascular system for y Symmetry: Chordates have bilateral symmetry.
locomotion, respiration, food capture and transport. y Characteristic features of chordates:
² Water-vascular System (Ambulacral system): ² Chordates have a flexible, supporting rod or notochord
Echinoderms like sea stars and sea urchins are well
on their dorsal side. In the invertebrates the notochord
known for their water-vascular system which consists
of water-filled tubes that run through their body. By remains stiff and flexible. In the vertebrates, cartilage
moving water in and out of these tubes echinoderms or bone replaces the notochord to form a supporting
can move on “jets” of water or use their tubed feet backbone.Notochord is a flexible rod located in the
as suction cups. In water vascular system, sea water mid dorsal line between the alimentary canal and the
enters through a porous plate called madreporite. It nerve cord in the embryo.
consists of radiating canals and tube feet (podia) filled ² They have dorsal hollow nerve cord.
with water. ² They have paired pharyngeal gill slits.
² Echinoderms have great power of autotomy and ² Heart is ventral.
regeneration. ² They have post anal tail.
y Examples: Asterias (Starfish), Echinus (Sea Urchin),
Echinocardium, Antedon (Sea Lily), Cucumaria (Sea
Cucumber), Ophiura (Brittle Star).

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
y It consists of small worm-like organisms.
y Hemichordates were earlier placed as a sub-phylum under
Phylum Chordata. Fig. Chordata characteristics
y Habit and Habitat: The members belonging to this group
are exclusively marine. Differences between Chordata and Non-Chordata
y Body form: Body is cylindrical, and composed of an
Chordata Non chordata
anterior proboscis, acollar and a long trunk.
y Levels of organization: They have organ system level of Notochord is found in embryonic Notochord is absent.
organization. stage
y Germ layers: They are triploblastic. Central nervous system is dorsal, Central nervous system is ventral,
y Symmetry: They have bilateral symmetry. hollow and single. solid and double.
y Coelom: Hemichordates are enterocoelous. Pharyngeal gill slits are present. Pharyngeal gill slits are absent.
y Digestive system: Digestive system isComplete.
Chordates have ventral heart. They have dorsal heart. (If present).
y Respiratory system: Respiration takes place through
gills. Post anal tail is present. Post anal tail is absent.
y Circulatory system: Circulatory system is open type. Phylum Chordate is Divided into Three Sub Phyla: Urochordata,
y Excretory system: Excretory organ is proboscis gland. Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
y Nervous system: Nervous system is simple.
 Animal Kingdom 79

1. Sub Phylum: Urochordata (Also known as Classification of sub phylum Vertebrata

Tunicata; uro:tail) Vertebrata

Division
Characteristic Features
y Habit and Habitat:They are exclusively marine. Agnatha Gnathostomata
(lacks jaw) (bears jaw)
y Notochord is present only in larval tail.
y Body is covered by test made up of tunicin Super Class
y They show retrogressive metamorphosis. Tetrapoda
Pisces
Note: Transformation of a larva into an adult is known as (bear fins) (bear limbs)
metamorphosis. If the adult loses some advanced characters
Class Class Class
of the larva, it is called retrogressive metamorphosis. 1. Cyclostomata 1. Chondrichthyes 1. Amphibia
y Reproduction: They are hermaphrodite (Male and female 2. Osteichthyes 2. Reptilia
3. Aves
sex organs are seen in same individual). 4. Mammals
y Examples: Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum, Herdmania (Sea
squirt), Ciona, Botryllus (colonial Urochordata), Pyrosoma Sub phylum Vertebrata has 2 divisions- Agnatha and Gnathostomata
etc. A. Sub Division: Agnatha (Jawless Vertebrates)
y Pyrosoma is bioluminescent colonial Urochordata.
Includes 1 class: Cyclostomata
2. Sub Phylum: Celphalochordata (Cephalo: head) Class : Cyclostomata (Circular mouthed fishes)
Characteristic Features
Characteristic Features
y Habit and Habitat: All members of the class live as
y Notochord extends from head to tail region and is persistent ectoparasites on some fishes.
throughout the life. y They have elongated body.
y Habit and Habitat: They are exclusively marine. y They have sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
y They are fish-like. y Body is devoid of scales and paired fins.
y Their cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
y Coelom: They have no definite coelom.
y Respiratory system: Cyclostomes have 6-15 pairs of gill
y Sexes are separate. slits for respiration.
y Examples: Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet) y Circulatory system: Circulation is of closed type.
y Endoskeleton: Endoskeleton is cartilaginous.
3. Sub Phylum: Vertebrata y Reproduction: They are usually marine, but migrate for
spawning to fresh water. After spawning, they die. Their
Characteristic Features larvae, after metamorphosis,return to ocean.
y All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not y Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).
vertebrates.
B. Sub Division: Gnathostomata (The Jawed Vertebrates)
y Notochord: They possess notochord only during the
embryonic period. Notochord gets replaced by a cartilaginous Includes 2 super classes: Pisces and Tetrapoda
or bony vertebral columnin the adult. i. Super Class: Pisces (Fishes- Bear Fins):
Super class Pisces has 2 classes: Chondrichthyes and
y Coelom:Coelom is well developed.
Osteichthyes.
y Cephalization: There is high degree of cephalization.
(a) Class Chondrichthyes (The cartilaginous fishes)
y Digestive system: Digestive tract is complete
y Habit and Habitat:They are usually marine animals.
y Circulatory system: It is closed type. It consists of blood
y General Characters:
vascular and lymphatic systems. They have ventral muscular
² They have a superior, streamlined design for
heart.
swimming.
y Respiratory system: Respiratory organs may be gills, skin, ² They have cartilaginous endoskeleton.
buccopharyngeal cavity or lungs. ² They have heterocercal caudal fin.
y Excretory organ: They have kidneys for excretion and ² They have gill slits and without operculum, except
osmoregulation. Chimaeras.
y Skeletal system: They all have paired appendages which ² Skin is tough with placoid scaled that are dermal in
may be fins or limbs. origin.
² Jaws are well developed. Mouth is located ventrally.
 80 BIOLOGY

Development of the moveable jaw allowed these huge surface area. Water is then forced out slits in the
animals to eat larger prey and become top predators. side of the throat.
² Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly ² Heart is 2 chambered (1 auricle + 1 ventricle).
directed. ² Kidneys are mesonephric. Ammonia is the chief
² They lack air bladder.Thus, they have to swim nitrogenous waste.
constantly to avoid sinking. ² The lateral line system is well-developed.
² They are cold blooded animals (Poikilotherms). Cold ² The nervous system is quite developed to allow for
blooded animals lack the capacity to regulate the body some complex behaviours and movement.
temperature. ² Although their vision is not great, they have quite a
² Heart is 2-chambered. (1 Auricle + 1 Ventricle). Blood good sense of smell.
that no longer has oxygen flows into one chamber ² Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external.
of the heart from the body tissues. The second heart ² They are mostly oviparous and development is
chamber pumps blood directly to the capillaries located direct.
in the fish’s gills. Oxygen is picked up from the water ² Examples:
passing over the gills. ♦ Marine fishes: Exocoetus(flying fish),
² They have very keen sense of smell. They can detect Hippocampus (sea horse), Sardine,Mackeral,
a drop of blood in 100 L of sea water. Tuna,Echeneis(suckerfish), Pomfret,Cybium,
² The lateral line - a series of small pits along the Lophius (Angler fish).
animal’s body allow the animals to detect vibrations in ♦ Fresh water fishes: Labeo (Rohu),Catla (Katla),
the water. The sound receptors of terrestrial vertebrates Clarias (Magur), Anguilla, Mystus, Heteropneustes,
may have evolved from these organs. Tilapia, Anabas (Climbing perch)
² Sexes are separate. In males, pelvic fins bear claspers, ² Lung fishes have three chambered heart. (2 auricles
which are used for copulation. + 1 ventricle).
² Fertilization is internal which is advanced for a fish.
² Many of them are viviparous. Eggs generally develop Super class: Tetrapoda (Bear Limbs)
inside the female’s body, and young are born alive. It has 4 classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia
² Some of them have electric organs (e.g. Torpedo), and
some possess poison sting (e.g. Trygon). (a) Class Amphibia (amphi: dual, bios: life)
² Examples: Scoliodon (Dogfish), Pristis (Saw fish), y Characteristic features:
Trygon (Sting ray), Torpedo (Electric ray), Rhinobatus y Amphibians are the first tetrapods to invade the land. The
(Guitar fish), Chimaera, etc. juvenile phase of the life cycle is dependent on water,
where gas exchange occurs through gills. The adult phase
(b) Class Osteichthyes (The Bony fishes) is less dependent on water and gas exchange occurs through
y Habit and Habitat:They include both marine and fresh lungs.
water fishes. y Amphibians have aquatic larval life and terrestrial adult
y Characteristic features: life.
² Bony fishes developed a heavy skeleton made y They require a watery environment for breeding.
completely of bone. A backbone surrounds the spinal y Body is divisible into head and trunk.
cord and the brain is fully encased in a protective y Skin is moist without scales.
skull. y Eyes have eyelids.
² They have homocercal caudal fin. y A tympanum represents ear.
² Mouth is terminal. y Two pairs of limbs are used for locomotion except for
² They have four pairs of gills covered by an operculum caecilians.
on each side. y Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts opens into
² Skin is covered with cycloid, ctenoid and ganoid a Cloaca which opens to exterior.
scales. y They are Poikilotherms (cold blooded animals).
² They have air bladder which regulates buoyancy. y Respiration is by gills (in larva), lungs and skin (in
² Their swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that allows the adults).
animal to float at any depth in the water (sharks must y Amphibians have a three-chambered heart (2 auricles + 1
move through the water to avoid sinking). ventricle). Blood from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) goes
² The body is covered with a layer of mucous to to one atrium while blood from the body (systemic circuit)
facilitate gliding through the water and to protect goes to the other atrium. Both atria empty into the ventricle
from parasites. where the blood is mixed.
² Gills extract dissolved oxygen from the water around y The advantage of this system is that there is higher pressure
them. Water is brought in through the mouth and passes in vessels that lead to both the lungs and body.
over filaments rich in blood vessels which provide a y Kidneys are mesonephric. Larvae and tailed amphibians
 Animal Kingdom 81

(e.g. salamanders) are ammonotelic. Frogs and toads are tissues. Land animals require more energy than aquatic
ureotelic. animals.
y Fertilisation is external. However in Salamander and ² Crocodiles are ammonotelic. Turtles and alligators
Ichthyophsis fertilization is internal. areureotelic. Lizards and snakes are uricotelic.
y They are mostly oviparous, except for Salamandra ² Most have a good sense of smell but poor eyesight.
salamandra, which is viviparous. ² Snakes and lizards also have a keen sense of smell.
y Development is indirect. The Jacobson’s organ is a pit like structure located
y External fertilization requires that sperm swim through in the roof of the mouth in both snakes and lizards.
water to the egg so the animals must stay in or near water Special cells in the Jacobson’s organ help the animal
for reproduction. identify and differentiate the smells found in the air
y The eggs do not have an outer covering or shell and therefore molecules.
are not protected against drying out. ² Snake do not possess ears. Most do not have hearing
y Adaptations to live on land as we think of it. They have membranes on the sides
² Legs for movement and to support body weight. of the head to detect vibrations.
² Lungs replaced gills because the thin filaments of the ² Most reptiles reproduce by laying eggs on dry land.
gills would clump together out of water. Some snakes give live birth to well-developed
² Improved heart to deliver more oxygen to walking young.
muscles. ² All reptiles have internal fertilization.
² Eggs are laid in water to prevent them drying out. ² They are oviparous.The amniotic egg is encased in a
² Most species live close to water to prevent the skin water-tight, leathery shell covering.
from drying out. ² Development is direct.
y Examples: Bufo (Toad), Rana(Frog), Hyla (Treefrog), ² Most reptiles do not care for their young.
Salamandra(Salamander),Ichthyophis(Limblessamphibi Examples: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon
a),Ambystoma (Tigersalamander), Rhacophorus (Flying (Treelizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile),
frog), Necturus (Mud puppy), Amphiuma (Congo eel), Alligator, Gavialis (gharial), Hemidactylus (Walllizard),
Salamandra, Siren (Mud eel), Ambystoma, Triturus Sphenodon (Tautara), Draco (flying dragon or flying lizard),
(newt),Uraeotyphlus, Ichythyopis (Blind worm) etc. Phrynosoma (hornedlizard), Varanus (monitor).
(b) Class Reptilia (Latin. Repre: to crawl-Creeping Poisonous snakes: Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera
vertebrates) (Viper), Crotalus (rattle snake), Enhydrina (sea snake)
etc.
y Habit and habitat: They are mostly terrestrial. Non-poisonous snakes: Python,Typhlos (blind snake),
y Characteristic features: Dryophis (tree snake).
² Reptilians first evolved during the Carboniferous
time (c) Class Aves (Latin. Avis:bird)
² Mesozoic Era is called the Age of Reptiles y Habit and Habitat: They are mostly terrestrial.
² They have creeping and crawling mode of locomo- y Characteristic features:
tion. ² They have spindle shaped body to offer minimum
² Body is covered by dry and cornified skin, and resistance to the wind.
epidermal scales or scutes. ² Members of this class have feathers. Most of them
² Tympanum represents ear can fly except for few birds. Birds that cannot fly are
² Limbs are 2 pairs (if present). known as flightless birds. Example: Ostrich, Emu,
² They are poikilotherms (cold blooded animals). Kiwi and Penguin.
² Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast. ² Their success is derived from the development of
² Reptiles have more efficient lungs than amphibians. the feather which allows them to fly. Feathers are
lightweight, modified protein scales. Feathers provide
Reptiles do not need to use their skin for gas exchange
insulation and enable a bird to fly. Birds frequently run
because the lungs are sufficient.
their bills or beaks through their feathers. This process,
² They have a thick, scaly skin with keratin that makes called preening, keeps the feathers in good condition
skin impermeable to water and gases. for flight. When it preens, a bird also rubs oil from a
² Most reptiles, like amphibians, have three-chambered gland located near the tail onto the feathers. Water
hearts. birds must do this in order to waterproof their feathers.
² Some reptiles, including crocodiles and alligators, ² Scales on their legs and feet and claws on their toes
have four chambered hearts. A four-chambered are reptilian characteristics. These are made of keratin.
heart completely separates the supply of blood with ² The beak and feet are adapted to suit the bird’s
oxygen from the blood that does not have oxygen.
lifestyle.
This separation allows more oxygen to reach body
² Forelimbs are modified into wings.
82 BIOLOGY

² Hind limbs have scales and are modified for walking, ² The skeleton is made of hollow bones to reduce
swimming, or clasping tree branches. weight.
² Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the ² The breastbone is enlarged for attachment of strong
base of the tail. flight muscles.
² Birds have no teeth.Birds eat small amounts of food ² Females have only one ovary.
often and digestion is very fast to minimize the y Fossil Record: Archaeopteryx is the earliest known bird in
weight during flight. Birds must consume enough the fossil record. It is considered the possible link between
food to provide the energy needed for endothermy birds and reptiles.
and flight. Examples: Corvus (Crow),Columba (Pigeon),Psittacula (Parrot),
² Digestive tract has additional chambers- the crop and Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Gullus (Fowl), Bubo, (Owl),
Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture), Apteryx (Kiwi), Rhea,
gizzard.
Dromaius (Emu) etc.
² Respiration is by lungs. Air sacs are connected to lungs
to supplement respiration. (d) Class Mammalia (Latin. Mamma:breast)
² They have bony endoskeleton.
Characteristic Features
² Bones are long, hollow and pneumatic, which assist
in flying. y These animals have mammary glands (milk producing
² They are homoiotherms (warm-blooded animals). glands) to nourish young ones.Young are born relatively
Homoiotherms can maintain a constant body helpless but are fed milk and cared for by one or both
parents. Most young are born live.
temperature.
y Milk is 95% water but is rich in fat, sugar, protein.
² Birds have a double circulatory system with 2 atria
y They are homoiotherms (warm blooded animals).
and 2 ventricles. y They have 2 pairs of limbs adapted for walking, running,
² They don’t have urinary bladder, except for Rhea. climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying.
² Nervous system is highly developed with excellent y All mammals have hair. Mammal hair is made of the protein
vision. This is required for flight. keratin. Hair may have evolved from scales.
² Smell and taste are not as good although hearing is y Functions of hair:
excellent. y Hair provides insulation and waterproofing, which conserve
² The well-developed cerebrum allows for complex body heat. If body heat becomes too high, mammals have
behaviour and learning. The cerebellum is also well- internal mechanisms that signal the body to cool off.
developed to allow the complex muscle movements y Note that marine mammals have blubber in addition to
required for flight. or instead of hair. The lack of hair minimizes drag in the
² Birds have internal fertilization and produce hard- water.
shelled, amniotic eggs. y It provides camouflage.
² Development is direct. y Whiskers function as sensory structures.
y It may serve as defensive weapons as in porcupines.
² Birds exhibit complex behaviour including parental
y Mammals cool by panting and through the actions of sweat
care.
glands. Panting releases water from the nose and mouth, this
² T.H. Huxley said “birds are glorified reptiles”. result in a loss of body heat. Sweat glands secrete moisture
² The bird Albatross can fly throughout the day without onto the surface of the skin. As the moisture evaporates, it
flapping its wings even once. transfersheat from the body to the surrounding air.
y Anatomical features related to flight y Mammals have a diversity of teeth for different kinds of
² Forelimbs have developed into wings and feathers foods.
provide lift. Flight muscles are called pectorals and y They have different types of teeth in jaw- Heterodont,
are attached to wing and keeled sternum. thecodont, diphyodont. Fish, amphibians, and reptiles have
² The breast bone is called the sternum. The sternum teeth that are all similar
supports the thrust and power that the muscles produce y Mammals walk more efficiently than reptiles because their
when the wings move to get the bird off the ground. legs are positioned further under their body.
Feathers and wings are adaptations that allow birds y Respiration is by lungs.More efficient breathing results from
to fly. the diaphragm muscle.
² Furculum or wish bone is a fused collarbone that y Mammals have a four chambered heart. Renal portal system
is absent.
stabilizes bird in flight.
y Mammals have well-developed sense organs and a large
² The bony or cartilaginous tail has been replaced by
brain with a large cerebrum.
feathers.
Animal Kingdom 83

y They have external ear (Pinnae) to some mouse and wolf relatives in Australia. Marsupial
y Sexes are separate. young begin development in the female’s body.
y Fertilisation is internal. (iii) Placental mammals give birth to well-developed young.
y They are viviparous (except for Echidna and Platypus). Nutrients, water, and oxygen pass from mother to foetus
Echidna and Platypus are egg laying mammals. while wastes pass from foetus to mother.
y Development is direct. Examples: Ornithorhynchus (Platypus), Macropus (Kangaroo),
y Types of mammals: Pteropus (flyingfox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus
(i) Monotremes (one hole) are egg-laying mammals which (Rat), Canis (dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse),
include the duck-billed Platypus and spiny anteater. Delphinus (Common Dolphin), Pantheratigris (Tiger), Panthera
(ii) Marsupials (marsupium, L - pouch) are pouched-mammals leo (lion).
which includes opossums, kangaroos, and koalas in addition
 84
Animal Kingdom

Protozoa Metazoa
These are unicellular These are multicellular
organism, performs all organism with differen-
the biological activities tiated tissues. It comprises
like multicellular all animals other than
organism. protozoan and sponges.

Platyhelminthus Acoelomata
It includes flat worms They are without body
ex-Taniasolium, etc. cavity. Mesozoa Parazoa Eumetazoa
These are enigmate, These are ancestral sub Animals with a digestive
Nemathelminthus Pseudocoelomata minuscule, worm like kingdom of animals, tract or cavity, includes
round worms, etc. They have false body parasites of marine which are out group of all animals except
cavity. invertebrate. animal phylogenetic tree protozoa, mesozoa and
that they do not tissues parazoa.
Annelida Eucoelomata Porifera and organs. The only
ex-Nereis, etc. ex-Sponges, etc. surving are sponges.
They are true coeloms.

Mollusc Colenterata
Hemichordata Radiata Bilateria
ex-Octopus, etc. ex-Hydra, etc.
ex-Balanoglossus, etc. In animals where body In animals, where body
can be divided into two can be divided into two
Arthropoda Urochordata Ctenophora identical halves by passing equal halves on only one
Spider, Centrepede, etc. ex-Ascidia, salpa, etc. ex-Hormiphora, Beroe, etc. any plane through central plane.
axis.
Cephalochordata
ex-assymetron, etc.
Protostomes Deuterostomes
Vertebrata Acraniata Mouth develops from Anus develops first from
Notochord is partially blastopore region. blastopores.
These are protochordates,
replaced by vertebrate small, found in sea.
Echi nodermata Chordata
Craniata
Agnatha Placodermi Gnathostamata ex-Star fish, sea, urchine, Vertebrates like, fish,
These are eurochordates
etc. amphibians, birds, etc.
higher chordates.
Pisces Tetrapodo
Ostrachodermi Cyclostomata
Ambphibia Reptillia Aves Mammalia
Osteichthyes Chondrichthyes
BIOLOGY
 Animal Kingdom 85

1. Which of the protozoan is considered as connecting link 13. Spicules and amoebocytes in a sponge occur in its
between plants and animals ? (a) Pinacoderm (b) Choanoderm
(a) Entamoeba (b) Paramoecium (c) Mesenchyme (d) Spongocoel
(c) Euglena (d) Monocystis 14. Hydra is a coelenterate because it has –
2. In Platyhelminthes (a) tentacles
(a) The embryonic layers, ectoderm and endoderm, are (b) mesogloea
separated by mesoglea (c) coelenteron and cnidoblast
(b) The body is asymmentrical (d) hypostome
(c) There is tissue level of organization 15. "Portuguese man of war" is –
(d) The body cavity is absent (a) soldier of world war I
(b) portuguese soldier
3. Which one of the following organisms as diploblastic ?
(c) a sponge
(a) Pennatula (b) Paramoecium
(d) a polymorphic, colonial, colenterata
(c) Polystomella (d) Entamoeba
16. Which one of the following is Coelentrate ?
4. Radial symmetry occurs in
(a) Sea cow (b) Sea cucumber
(a) fishes (b) molluscs
(c) Sea fan (d) Sea horse
(c) star fishes (d) sponges
17. Given are the four matches of phyla with their characteristic
5. In coelomates, the problem of diffusion of food from gut to cells
tissues is solved by A. Coelenterata - Nematocytes
(a) the presence of coelomic fluid B. Porifera - Choanocytes
(b) churning the food within the body cavity C. Ctenophora - Solenocytes
(c) developing a circulatory system D. Platyhelminthes - Nephrocytes
(d) developing gut associated glands Mark the option that has both correct matches
6. Which of the following is a fresh water sponge? (a) A, B (b) B, C
(a) Sycon (b) Euspongia (c) C, D (d) B, D
(c) Spongilla (d) Pleurobrachia 18. Filaria worm is –
7. Comb jellies belong to (a) Trichuris (b) Wauchereria bancrofti
(a) Porifera (b) Cnidaria (c) Ascaris lumbricoides (d) Ancylostoma
(c) Ctenophora (d) Corals 19. Which of the following is commonly called ‘Pearl oyster’
8. Which one of the sponge part corresponds to the mouth of (a) Limulus (b) Pinctada
other animals ? (c) Dentalium (d) Chaetoplenura
(a) Osculum (b) Incurrent canal 20. Following organism is triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical
(c) Ostia (d) Excurrent canal and marine, and respires through gills
9. Bath sponge is common name of – (a) Echinus (b) Hirudinaria
(a) Spongilla (b) Euspongia (c) Balanoglossus (d) Physalia
(c) Euplectella (d) Leucosolenia
10. Classification of porifera is based upon – 21. Which of the following does not belong to phylum
(a) spicules (b) canal system Coelenterata ?
(c) amoebocytes cells (d) nutrition (a) Sea pen (b) Sea feather
11. Cellular grade organisation is found in – (c) Sea cucumber (d) Sea fan
(a) helminthes (b) coelenerata 22. The members of following phylum are exclusively marine,
(c) porifera (d) all of these radially symmetrical and diploblastic
(a) Porifera (b) Echinodermata
12. The members of the following phylum are mostly marine and
(c) Ctenophora (d) Hemichordata
asymmetrical
23. Planaria, Liver fluke and Taenia solium are
(a) Ctenophora (b) Coelenterata
(c) Porifera (d) Echinodermata (a) All segmented (b) All found in the gut
(c) All have coelom (d) All are flatworms
 86 BIOLOGY

24. Diploblastic acoelomate condition is found in 37. The following group is not a subphylum of Chordata
(a) Planaria (b) ascaris (a) Urochordata (b) Tetrapoda
(c) Rotifer (d) sea anemone (c) Cephalochordata (d) Vertebrata
25. Annelids are – 38. Member of Echinodermata has a specific system, which is
(a) Radially symmetrical (b) Externally segmented not found in other phylum, it is –
(c) Triploblastic (d) Pseudocoelomate (a) canal system (b) water vascular system
26. Which statement regarding Nereis is wrong ? (c) respiratory system (d) reproductive system
(a) It has nephridium for excretion 39. Which of the following is found in both coelenterates and
(b) It is metamerically segmented echinoderms in adult stage ?
(c) It is monoecious (a) Coelenteron (b) Radial symmetry
(d) It has parapodia for swimming (c) Tube-feet (d) Bilateral symmetry
27. Example of living fossil in Arthropoda is : 40. The animal with tube-feet is –
(a) Cimex (b) Triarthus (a) star-fish (b) jelly-fish
(c) Peripatus (d) Eupagurus (c) silver-fish (d) cray-fish
28. Following is an oviparous mammal
41. Water vascular system is found in –
(a) Delphinus (b) Ornithorhynchus
(a) Hydra (b) Leech
(c) Macropus (d) Elephas
(c) Fish (d) Star-fish
29. Which of the following feature of bony fish is missing in
42. Salpa and Doliolum belong to
cartilaginous fishes
(a) Operculum (b) Placoid scales (a) Cephalochordata (b) Hemichordata
(c) Poekilothermic (d) Paired fins (c) Tunicata (d) Cyclostomata
30. What distinguishes an insect from a crustacean ? 43. Antedon is commonly called :-
(a) Number of eye (a) Sea lily (b) Brittle star
(b) Arrangement of nerve cord (c) Sea-star (d) Sea-cucumber
(c) Number of appendages 44. One character is given wrongly for phylum chordata mark
(d) Presence of wings it –
31. Which of the following characteristic is shared by all (a) Presence of notochord
Arthropods ? (b) Presence of vertebral column
(a) Complete metamorphosis (b) Wings (c) Paired gill slits
(c) Jointed appendages (d) Asexual reproduction (d) A central nervous system dorsal to digestive canal
32. Mark the correct match of the animal and its common name 45. Which of the following is a chordate feature, not shared by
(a) Trygon – dog fish the non-chordates ?
(b) Ascidia – lancelet (a) Metamerism (b) Axial organization
(c) Pterophyllum – flying fish (c) Bilateral symmetry (d) Pharyngeal gill slits
(d) Myxine – hagfish 46. In which of the following class of Annelida, one pair ovaries
33. Which of the following is a limbless amphibian and several pair testes are found ?
(a) Salamander (b) Ichthyophis (a) Archiannelida (b) Hirudinea
(c) Pristis (d) Cucumaria (c) Oligochaeta (d) Polychaeta
34. Chelone is commonly known as 47. Annelida and mollusca resemble in many embryonic features
(a) Garden lizard (b) Tortoise because both have
(c) Flying lizard (d) Turtle (a) spiral cleavage and mesoderm formation
35. Sharks do not have (b) identical conspicuous segmentation in body, muscles and
(a) Teeth (b) Claspers nervous system
(c) Air bladder (d) Ventral mouth (c) meroblastic cleavage and ectoderm formation
36. Which of the following animal is cold blooded and has 4 - (d) special types of mouth parts
chambered heart 48. The scientific name of Ostrich is
(a) Salamander (b) Ornithorhynchus (a) Neophron (b) Aptenodytes
(c) Crocodile (d) Calotes (c) Pavo (d) Struthio
Animal Kingdom 87

49. The members of which group do not exhibit metamerism 63. In which of the following animal post anal tail is found ?
(a) Pisces (b) Aves (a) Earthworm (b) Lower invertebrate
(c) Arthropoda (d) Mollusca (c) Scorpion (d) Snake
50. Gambusia is a – 64. In which of the following notochord is present in embryonic
(a) parasitic fish stage ?
(b) pest of fish (a) All chordates (b) Some chordates
(c) fish predator of mosquitos larva (c) Vertebrates (d) Non-chordates
(d) mosquito spreading yellow fever 65. In which animal nerve cell is present but brain is absent ?
51. Sea Hare is
(a) Sponge (b) Earthworm
(a) Sepia (b) Teredo
(c) Cockroach (d) Hydra
(c) Aplysia (d) Pila
66. One of the following is a very unique feature of the mammalian
52. Jaws are absent in –
body –
(a) protochordata
(b) protochordata and cyclostomata (a) Presence of diaphragm
(c) Amphioxus and Balanoglossus (b) Four chambered heart
(d) Herdmania and Myxine (c) Rib cage
53. Scales in chondrichthyes are – (d) Homeothermy
(a) placoid (b) ganoid 67. An egg laying mammal is –
(c) cycloid (d) sesamoid (a) Kangaroo (b) Platypus
54. Which one of the following is a cartilaginous fish? (c) Koala (d) Whale
(a) Silver fish (b) Dog fish 68. The early stage human embryo distinctly possesses
(c) Cray fish (d) Star fish (a) Gills (b) Gill slits
55. Heart of fishes is (c) External ear (pinna) (d) Eye brows
(a) one chambered (b) two chambered 69. In Hydra, egestion of undigested food and excretion of
(c) three chambered (d) four chambered nitrogeneous wastes occur through –
56. Hippocampus (Sea Horse) belongs to the class (a) mouth and tentacles
(a) Agnatha (b) Chondrichtyes (b) mouth and body wall
(c) Osteichthyes (d) Mammalia (c) mouth and mouth
57. Fishes are (d) body wall and body wall\
(a) homoiothermic (b) poikilothermic 70. Which one of the animal of amphibia has no tongue?
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (a) Amphiuma (b) Ichthyophis
58. Which of the following is characteristic feature of fishes ? (c) Necturus (d) Salamander
(a) Tail and venous heart 71. Which of the following is not found in birds ?
(b) Venous heart and gills (a) Hind limb (b) Fore limb
(c) Epidermal scales and tail (c) Pelvic girdle (d) Pectoral girdle
(d) Epidermal scales and gills 72. Which type of respiratory organs are present in spiders and
59. Which one of the following has an open circulatory system ? scropions ?
(a) Periplaneta (b) Hirudinaria (a) Book lungs (b) Gills
(c) Octopus (d) Pheretima (c) Gill books (d) Lungs
60. Similarity between fish and tadpole is 73. Flight muscles of bird are attached to
(a) legs (b) fins (a) clavicle (b) coracoid
(c) lateral line (d) scales (c) keel of sternum (d) scapula
61. What is the true for mammalia ? 74. Flippers of seal are modified
(a) Platypus is oviparous (a) Fins (b) Hind limb
(b) Bats have feather (c) Forelimb (d) Gills
(c) Elephant is an ovo-viviparous 75. Which character is not same in aves and mammals ?
(d) Diaphragm is absent in them (a) Single systemic arch
62. Which of the following character is not found in all the (b) Metanephric kidney
chordates ? (c) Seven cervical vertebrae
(a) Diaphragm (b) Coelom (d) Homoiotherms
(c) Pharyngeal gill slits (d) Dorsal nerve cord
 88 BIOLOGY

1. Which one of the following characters is not typical of the (a) Presence of wings (b) Presence of antenna
class Mammalia? (c) Type of coelom (d) Type of symmetry
(a) Thecodont dentition 11. Lamprey is not a fish since it does not have
(b) Alveolar lungs (a) Closed blood vascular system
(c) Ten pairs of cranial nerves (b) Fins
(d) Seven cervical vertebrae (c) Body scales
2. From the following statements select the wrong one. (d) Cranium and vertebral column
(a) Prawn has two pairs of antennae 12. The presence of compound eyes is characteristics of the
(b) Nematocysts are characteristic of the Phylum Cnidaria phylum
(c) Millipedes have two pairs of appendages in each segment (a) nematoda (b) molluska
of the body (c) echinodermata (d) arthropoda
(d) Animals belonging to Phylum Porifera are exclusively 13. Absence of head, unsegmented body and endoskeleton of
marine dermal calcareous plate are the characters of
3. Few cnidarians like corals have a skeleton composed of (a) mollusca (b) arthropoda
__________. (c) echinodermata (d) none of these
(a) calcium hydroxide (b) calcium sulphate 14. Polyp phase is absent in
(c) calcium carbonate (d) sodium bicarbonate (a) Hydra (b) Aurelia
4. In contrast to Annelids the Platyhelminths show: (c) Physalia (d) Obelia
(a) Absence of body cavity (b) Bilateral symmetry
15. Bioluminescence is exhibited by
(c) Radial symmetry (d) Presence of pseudocoel
(1) Chlorella (2) Hirudinaria
5. Two common characters found in centipede, cockroach and
(3) Chlamydomonas (4) Ceratium
crab are
16. Which one of the following groups of structures/organs have
(a) Jointed legs and chitinous exoskeleton
similar function ?
(b) Green gland and tracheae
(a) Typholosle in earthworm, intestinal villi in rat and
(c) Book lungs and antennae
(d) Compound eyes and anal cerci contractile vacuole in Amoeba
6. When any plane passing through the central axis of the body (b) Nephridia in earthworm, malpighian tubules in cockroach
divides the organism into two identical halves, the organism and urinary tubules in rat
is called (c) Antennae of cockroach, tympanum of frog and clitellum
(a) Radially symmetrical of earthworm
(b) Bilaterally symmetrical (d) Incisors of rat, gizzard (proventriculus) of cockroach and
(c) Asymmetrical tube feet of starfish
(d) Metamerically segmented 17. Which one of the following sets of animals belongs to the
7. Which of the following organism is correctly matched with same class of a phylum ?
its common name ? (a) Hydra, jelly fish, cray fish
(a) Aurelia -comb jelly (b) Adamsia -sea anemone (b) Bat, pigeon, whale
(c) Ancylostoma - pin worm (d) Aplysia - sea mouse (c) Spider, scorpion, centipede
8. Choanocytes perform (d) Whale, otter, kangaroo
(a) nutrition (b) excretion 18. Ornithorynchus is a
(c) reproduction (d) secretion of spicules (a) fossil bird
9. In chordates the notochord is (b) flightless bird
(a) Mesodermal and dorsal to nerve cord (c) connecting link between reptiles and birds
(b) Endodermal and dorsal to nerve cord (d) mammal
(c) Mesodermal and ventral to nerve cord 19. Poisonous fangs of a snake are modified
(d) Endodermal and ventral to nerve cord (a) Mandible (b) Maxillary teeth
10. A student has identified a triploblastic coelomate segmented (c) Canines (d) Nasals
animal as an arthropod. Which additional character the student 20. Meandrina (Brain coral) belongs to phylum -
should have verified before identifying that animal as an (a) Porifera (b) Coelenterata
arthropod ? (c) Ctenophora (d) Platyhelminthes
 Animal Kingdom 89

21. In which one of the following sets of animals do all the four 31. Which one of the following phyla is correctly matched with
give birth to young ones? its two general characteristics?
(a) Platypus, Penguin, Bat, Hippopotamus (a) Arthropoda - Body divided into head, thorax and
(b) Shrew, Bat, Cat, Kiwi abdomen and respiration by
(c) Kangaroo, Hedgehog, Dolphin, Loris tracheae
(d) Lion, Bat, Whale, Ostrich (b) Chordata - Notochord at some stage and
22. Biradial symmetry and lack of cnidoblasts are the characteristics separate anal and urinary openings
of to the outside
(a) Ctenoplana and Beroe (b) Aurelia and Paramecium (c) Echinodermata - Pentamerous radial symmetry
(c) Hydra and starfish (d) Starfish and sea anemone and mostly internal fertilization
23. In ctenophora, the body bears ___________ external rows of (d) Mollusca - Normally oviparous and
ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion. development through a
(a) five (b) six trochophore or veliger larva
(c) seven (d) eight 32. Which of the following are economically important insects?
24. Flame cells present in platyhelminthes, are specialised in - (a) Bombyx and Apis (b) Laccifer and Anopheles
(a) respiration aond absorption (c) Locusta and Limulus(d) All of these
(b) osmoregulation and circulation 33. Ascaris is characterized by
(c) respiration and excretion (a) absence of true coelom but presence of metamerism
(d) osmoregulation and excretion (b) presence of neither true coelom nor metamerism
25. Metameric segmentation is the characteristic of (c) presence of true coelom but absence of metamerism
(a) Echinodermata and Annelida (d) presence of true coelom and metamerism
(b) Annelida and Arthropoda (metamerisation)
(c) Mollusca and Chordata 34. Which one of the following groups of three animals each is
(d) Platyhelminthes and Arthropoda correctly matched with their one characteristic morphological
26. Which one of the following is a matching set of a phylum and feature?
its three examples ?
Animals Morphological feature
(a) Platyhelminthes - Planaria, Schistosoma, Enterobius
(a) Liver fluke, Sea - Bilateral
(b) Mollusca - Loligo, Teredo, Octopus
anemone, Sea symmetry
(c) Porifera - Spongilla, Euplectella, Pennatula
cucumber
(d) Cnidaria - Bonellia, Physalia, Aurelia
(b) Centipede, Prawn, - Jointed appendages
27. What is common about Trypanosoma, Noctiluca, Monocystis
Sea urchin
and Giardia ?
(c) Scorpion, Spider, - Ventral solid central
(a) They have flagella
Cockroach nervous system
(b) They produce spores
(d) Cockroach, - Metameric
(c) These are all parasites
Locust, Taenia segmentation
(d) These are all unicellular protists
28. Annual migration does not occur in the case of 35. A file like rasping organ for feeding, called radula present in
(a) Siberian crane (b) Salamander phylum-
(c) Arctic tern (d) Salmon (a) Arthropoda (b) Mollusca
29. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of phylum (c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata
Annelida? 36. Which one of the following groups of animals is bilaterally
(a) Closed circulatory system (b) Segmentation symmetrical and triploblastic?
(c) Pseudocoelom (d) Ventral nerve cord (a) Aschelminthes (round worms)
30. Which one of the following is the true description about an (b) Ctenophores
animal concerned? (c) Sponges
(a) Earthworm - The alimentary canal con sists of a (d) Coelenterates (Cnidarians)
sequence of pharynx, oesophagus, 37. Which one of the following pairs of animals comprises
stomach, gizzard and intestine ‘jawless fishes’?
(b) Frog - Body divisible into three regions - (a) Mackerals and Rohu (b) Lampreys and hag fishes
head, neck and trunk (c) Guppies and hag fishes (d) Lampreys and eels
(c) Rat - Left kidney is slightly higher in 38. One example of animals having a single opening to the outside
position than the right one that serves both as mouth as well as anus is:
(d) Cockroach - 10 pairs of spiracles (2 pairs on thorax (a) Octopus (b) Asterias
and 8 pairs on abdomen) (c) Ascidia (d) Fasciola
 90 BIOLOGY

39. In which of the phylum, excretory organs like proboscis gland (c) Pteropus (i) Skin possesses hair Mammalia
is present? (ii) Oviparous
(a) Hemichordata (b) Chordata (d) Aurelia (i) Cnidoblasts Coelenterata
(c) Echinodermata (d) Annelida (ii) Organ level of
40. Which one of the following statements about all the four of organization
Spongilla, Leech, Dolphin and Penguin is correct? 48. In which of the following possesses poison sting belong to
(a) Penguin is homeothermic while the remaining three are class chondrichthyes?
poikilothermic (a) Labeo (b) Myxine
(b) Leech is a fresh water form while all others are marine (c) Clarias (d) Trygon
(c) Spongilla has special collared cells called choanocytes, 49. Which one of the following statements is totally wrong about
not found in the remaining three the occurrence of notochord, while the other three are correct?
(d) All are bilaterally symmetrical (a) It is present only in larval tail in Ascidians
(b) It is replaced by a vertebral column in adult frog
41. Which one of the following kinds of animals are triploblastic?
(c) It is absent throughout life in humans from the very
(a) Flat worms (b) Sponges
beginning
(c) Ctenophores (d) Corals
(d) It is present throughout life in Amphioxus
42. Which one of the following statements about certain given 50. Frogs differ from humans in possessing:
animals is correct? (a) paired cerebral hemispheres
(a) Round worms (Aschelminthes) are pseudocoelomates (b) hepatic portal system
(b) Molluscs are acoelomates (c) nucleated red blood cells
(c) Insects are pseudocoelomates (d) thyroid as well as parathyroid
(d) Flat worms (Platyhelminthes) are coelomates 51. In which one of the following the genus name, its two charcters
43. What will you look for to identify the sex of the following? and its phylum are not correctly matched, whereas the
(a) Female Ascaris- Sharply curved posterior end remaining three are correct ?
(b) Male frog- A copulatory pad on the first digit of the hind
Genus name Two characters Phylum
limb
(c) Female cockroach-Anal cerci (a) Body Segmented
(a) Pila Mollusca
(d) Male shark-Claspers borne on pelvic fins Mouth with radula
44. Which of the followings possesses electric organs belong to
(b) Spiny Skinned
class chondrichthyes? (b) Asterias Echinodermata
(a) Torpedo (b) Petromyzon Water vascular system
(c) Trygon (d) Exocoetus (c) Pore bearing
45. Which one of the following have the highest number of species (c) Sycon Porifera
Canal system
in nature?
(a) Fungi (b) Insects (d) Jointed appendages
(d) Periplaneta Arthropoda
(c) Birds (d) Angiosperms Chitinous exoskeleton
46. Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly
matched with its one characteristic feature without even a 52. In class of Amphibia, respiration occurs through-
single exception ? (a) gills (b) lungs
(a) Reptilia : possess 3 - chambered heart with one (c) skin (d) All of these
incompletely divided ventricle 53. Which one of the following pairs of animals are similar to
(b) Chordata : possess a mouth provided with an upper and each other pertaining to the feature stated against them?
lower jaw (a) Pteropus and Ornithorhyncus - Viviparity
(c) Chondrichthyes : possess cartilagious endoskeleton (b) Garden lizard and Crocodile - Three chambered heart
(d) Mammalia : give birth to young one. (c) Ascaris and Ancylostoma - Metameric segmentation
47. In which one of the folllowing, the genus name, its two (d) Sea horse and Flying fish - Cold blooded (poikilothermal)
characters and its class/phylum are correctly matched? 54. Which one of the following categories of animals, is correctly
Genus Two characters Class/ described with no single exception in it?
name phylum (a) All sponges are marine and have collared cells.
(a) Ascaris (i) Body segmented Annelida (b) All mammals are viviparous and possess diaphragm for
(ii) Males and females breathing.
distinct
(c) All bony fishes have four pairs of gills and an operculum
(b) Salamander (i) A tympanum Amphibia
on each side.
represents ear
(d) All reptiles possess scales, have a three chambered heart
(ii) Fertilization is
and are cold blooded (poikilothermal).
external
 Animal Kingdom 91

55. In amphibians, heart is ___________ chambered. 63. Which one of the following groups of animals reproduces
(a) two (b) three only by sexual means?
(c) four (d) none of these (a) Ctenophora (b) Cnidaria
56. Heart is three - chambered in reptiles, exception is - (c) Porifera (d) Protozoa
(a) Turtle (b) Chameleon 64. Sharks and dogfishes differ from skates and rays by
(c) Naja (cobra) (d) Crocodile (a) Their pectoral fins distinctly marked off from cyclindrical
57. Which group of animals belong to the same phylum? bodies
(a) Earthworm , Pinworm, Tapeworm (b) Gill slits are ventrally placed
(b) Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta (c) Head and trunk are widened considerably
(c) Sponge, Sea anemone, Starfish (d) Distinct demarcation between body and tail
(d) Malarial parasite, Amoeba, Mosquito 65. Ectoderm
Mesoglea
58. Match the name of the animal (column I), with one character- Endoderm
istics (column II), and the phylum/class (column III) to which
it belongs :
Column I Column II Column III
(a) Ichthyophis terrestrial Reptilia
(b) Limulus body Pisces
covered by Mesoderm
chitinous A B
exoskeleton The above diagram shows the germs layer. The animals having
(c) Adamsia radially Porifera structures shown in the figures A and B are respectively called–
symmetrical (a) Diploblastic, Triploblastic
(d) Petromyzon ectoparasite Cyclostomata (b) Triploblastic, Diploblastic
59. Which of the following are correctly matched with respect to (c) Diploblastic, Diploblastic
their taxonomic classification? (d) Triploblastic, Triploblastic
(a) Centipede, millipede, spider, scorpion-Insecta 66. Animal A and B show symmetry –
(b) House fly, butterfly, tse tse fly, silverfish-Insecta
A B
(c) Spiny anteater, sea urchin, sea cucumber-Echinodermata
(d) Flying fish, cuttlefish, silverfish-Pisces
60. One of the representatives of phylum Arthropoda is :
(a) Silverfish (b) Pufferfish
(c) Flying fish (d) Cuttlefish
61. The characteristics of class Reptilia are :
(a) Body covered with dry and cornified skin, scales over
the body are epidermal, they do not have external ears
(b) Body covered with moist skin which is devoid of scales,
(a) Bilateral, Asymetrical respectively
the ear is represented by a tympanum, alimentary canal, (b) Radial, Bilateral respectively
urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common (c) Bilateral, Bilateral respectively
cloaca (d) Radial, Radial respectively
(c) Fresh water animals with bony endoskeleton, air-blad- 67. Match Column I with Column II
der to regulate buoyancy Column I Column II
(d) Marine animals with cartilaginous endoskeleton, body A. Limbless reptiles 1. Elephant
covered with placoid scales B. Jawless vertebrates 2. Lamprey
62. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with C. Flightless bird 3. Ichthiophis
its one characteristics and the taxon? D. Largest 4. Ostrich
Animal Characteristic Taxon terrestrial animal
(a) Duckbilled Oviparous Mammalian platypus E. Blind worm 5. Cobra
(b) Millipede Ventral nerve Arachnida 6. Penguin
cord (a) A ® 2; B ® 5; C ® 4; D ® 1; E ® 3
(c) Sea Anemone Triploblastic Cnidaria (b) A ® 5; B ® 2; C ® 4; D ® 1; E ® 3
(d) Silverfish Pectoral and Chordata (c) A ® 5; B ® 2; C ® 1; D ® 4; E ® 3
Pelvic fins (d) A ® 5; B ® 4; C ® 2; D ® 4; E ® 3
 92 BIOLOGY

68. Match Column I with Column II 71. Which of the following statements are true/false?
Column I Column II (1) In Torpedo the electric organs are capable of generating
(Organism) (Excretory structure) strong electric shock to paralyze the prey.
A. Cockroach 1. Nephridia (2) Bony fishes use pectoral, pelvic, dorsal anal and caudal
B. Cat fish 2. Malpighian tubules fins in swimming.
C. Earthworm 3. Kidneys (3) Amphibian skin is moist and has thick scales.
D. Balanoglossus 4. Flame cells (4) Birds are poikilothermous animals.
E. Flatworm 5. Proboscis gland (5) The most unique mammalian characteristic is the
(a) A ® 1; B ® 3; C ® 2; D ® 4; E ® 5 presence of milk producing mammary glands by which
(b) A ® 3; B ® 1; C ® 2; D ® 5; E ® 4 the young ones are nourished.
(c) A ® 2; B ® 1; C ® 3; D ® 5; E ® 4 (a) (1), (2) and (3) are true; (4), E are false
(d) A ® 2; B ® 3; C ® 1; D ® 5; E ® 4 (b) (1), (2) and (5) are true; (3) and (4) are false
69. Match Column I with Column II (c) (1), (4) and (5) are true; (2) and (3) are false
Column I Column II (d) (1), (2) and (4) are false; (3) and (5) are true
(Scientific name) (Common name) DIRECTIONS for Qs. 72 to 75 : Each questions contain
(A) Psittacula 1. Crow STATEMENT-1 (Assertion) and STATEMENT-2 (Reason).
(B) Paro 2. Vulture Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(C) Aptenodytes 3. Peacock ONLY ONE is correct.
(D) Meophron 4. Penguin
(a) Statement- 1 is True, Statement-2 is True, Statement-2 is a
(E) Corvus 5. Parrot
correct explanation for Statement -1
(a) A ® 3; B ® 5; C ® 4; D ® 2; E ® 1
(b) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True ; Statement-2 is
(b) A ® 5; B ® 3; C ® 4; D ® 2; E ® 1
NOT a correct explanation for Statement - 1
(c) A ® 5; B ® 3; C ® 2; D ® 4; E ® 1
(c) Statement - 1 is True, Statement- 2 is False
(d) A ® 5; B ® 4; C ® 3; D ® 2; E ® 1
70. Which of the following statements is/are not true ? (d) Both the Statements are False.
(1) In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail. 72. Statement 1 : Blood is colourless in the insects.
(2) In cephalochordata, notochord extends from head to tail Statement 2 : Insect blood has no role in O2 transport.
region. 73. Statement 1 : Sponges belong to Porifera.
(3) Branchiostoma belongs to Hemichordata. Statement 2 : Sponges have canal system.
(4) Only one class of living members, class cyclostomata 74. Statement 1 : Birds have one ovary.
represents the super class agnatha Statement 2 : This reduces the body weight for flight.
(a) (1), (2) and (4) only (b) (3), (4) and (1) only 75. Statement 1 : Bats and whales are classified as mammals.
(c) (3) only (d) (1) and (4) only Statement 2 : Bats and whales have four-chambered heart.

Exemplar Questions (c) Crocodiles, Lizards, Turtles

1. In some animal groups, the body is found divided into (d) Lizards, Mammals, Birds
compartments with at least some organs. This characteristic 4. Which of the following pairs of animals has non-glandular
feature is called skin?
(a) Segmentation (b) Metamerism (a) Snake and frog (b) Chameleon and turtle
(c) Metagenesis (d) Metamorphosis (c) Frog and pigeon (d) Crocodile and tiger
2. Given below are types of cells present in some animals. Which 5. Birds and mammals share one of the following characteristics
of the following cells can differentiate to perform different as a common feature.
functions? (a) Pigmented skin (b) Pneumatic bones
(a) choanocytes (b) interstitial cells (c) Viviparity (d) Warm blooded body
(c) gastrodermal cells (d) nematocytes 6. Which one of the following sets of animals belong to a single
taxonomic group?
3. Which one of the following sets of animals share a four
(a) Cuttlefish, jellyfish, silverfish, dogfish, starfish
chambered heart?
(b) bat, pigeon, butterfly
(a) Amphibian, Reptiles, Birds
(c) Monkey, chimpanzee, man
(b) Crocodiles, Birds, Mammals
(d) Silkworm, tapeworm, earthworm
 Animal Kingdom 93

7. Which one of the following statements is incorrect? NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions

(a) Mesoglea is present in between ectoderm and endoderm
14. Which group of animals belong to the same phylum?
in Obelia
(a) Earthworm , Pinworm, Tapeworm [2013]
(b) Asterias exhibits radial symmetry
(b) Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta
(c) Fasciola is a pseudocoelomate animal
(c) Sponge, Sea anemone, Starfish
(d) Taenia is a triploblastic animal
(d) Malarial parasite, Amoeba, Mosquito
8. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
15. Match the name of the animal (column I), with one character-
(a) In cockroaches and prawns excretion of waste material
istics (column II), and the phylum/class (column III) to which
occurs through malpighian tubules.
it belongs: [2013]
(b) In ctenophores, locomotion is mediated by comb plates.
Column I Column II Column III
(c) In Fasciola flame cells take part in excretion
(a) Ichthyophis terrestrial Reptilia
(d) Earthworms are hermaphrodites and yet cross fertilisation
(b) Limulus body Pisces
take place among them.
covered by
9. Which one of the following is oviparous?
chitinous
(a) Platypus (b) Flying fox (bat)
exoskeleton
(c) Elephant (d) Whale
(c) Adamsia radially Porifera
10. Which one of the following is not a poisonous snake?
symmetrical
(a) Cobra (b) Viper
(d) Petromyzon ectoparasite Cyclostomata
(c) Python (d) Krait
16. Which of the following are correctly matched with respect to
11. Match the following list of animals with their level of
their taxonomic classification? [2013]
organisation.
(a) Centipede, millipede, spider, scorpion-Insecta
Division of Labour Animal
(b) House fly, butterfly, tse tse fly, silverfish-Insecta
(i) Organ level A. Pheretima
(c) Spiny anteater, sea urchin, sea cucumber-Echinodermata
(ii) Cellular aggregate level B. Fasciola
(d) Flying fish, cuttlefish, silverfish-Pisces
(iii) Tissue level C. Spongilla
17. One of the representatives of phylum Arthropoda is :
(iv) Organ system level D. Obelia
(a) Silverfish (b) Pufferfish [2013]
Choose the correct match showing division of labour with (c) Flying fish (d) Cuttlefish
animal example.
18. The characteristics of class Reptilia are : [NEET Kar. 2013]
(a) (i)-B, (ii)-C, (iii)-D and (iv)-A
(a) Body covered with dry and cornified skin, scales over
(b) (i)-B, (ii)-D, (iii)-C and (iv)-A
the body are epidermal, they do not have external ears
(c) (i)-D, (ii)-A, (iii)-B and (iv)-C
(b) Body covered with moist skin which is devoid of scales,
(d) (i)-A, (ii)-D, (iii)-C and (iv)-B
the ear is represented by a tympanum, alimentary canal,
12. Body cavity is the cavity present between body wall and gut urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common
wall. In some animals the body cavity is not lined by
cloaca
mesoderm. Such animals are called
(c) Fresh water animals with bony endoskeleton, air-blad-
(a) Acoelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate
der to regulate buoyancy
(c) Coelomate (d) Haemocoelomate
(d) Marine animals with cartilaginous endoskeleton, body
13. Match the column I with column II and choose the correct
covered with placoid scales
option.
19. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with
Column I Column II
its one characteristics and the taxon? [NEET Kar. 2013]
A. Porifera 1. Canal system
Animal Characteristic Taxon
B. Aschelminthes 2. Water vascular system
(a) Duckbilled Oviparous Mammalian
C. Annelida 3. Muscular Pharynx
platypus
D. Arthropoda 4. Jointed appendages
(b) Millipede Ventral nerve cord Arachnida
E. Echinodermata 5. Metameres
(c) Sea Anemone Triploblastic Cnidaria
Codes
(d) Silverfish Pectoral and Pelvic fins Chordata
A B C D E
20. Which one of the following groups of animals reproduces
(a) 2 3 5 4 1
only by sexual means? [NEET Kar. 2013]
(b) 2 5 3 4 1
(a) Ctenophora (b) Cnidaria
(c) 1 3 5 4 2 (c) Porifera (d) Protozoa
(d) 1 5 3 4 2
 94 BIOLOGY

21. Sharks and dogfishes differ from skates and rays by (a) Muscular tissue (b) Arthrodial membrane
[NEET Kar. 2013] (c) Cartilage (d) Cementing glue
(a) Their pectoral fins distinctly marked off from cyclindrical 31. Which of the following characteristics is mainly responsible
bodies for diversification of insects on land? [2015 RS]
(b) Gill slits are ventrally placed (a) Bilateral symmetry (b) Exoskeleton
(c) Head and trunk are widened considerably (c) Eyes (d) Segmentation
(d) Distinct demarcation between body and tail 32. Metagenesis refers to: [2015 RS]
22. Select the taxon mentioned that represents both marine and (a) Alteration of generation between asexual and sexual
fresh water species: [2014] phases of an organisms
(a) Echinoderms (b) Ctenophora (b) Occurrence of a drastic change in form during post-
(c) Cephalochordata (d) Cnidaria embroyonic development
23. Which one of the following living organisms completely lacks (c) Presence of a segmented body and parthenogenetic mode
a cell wall? [2014] of reproduction
(a) Cyanobacteria (b) Sea – fan(Gorgonia) (d) Presence of different morphic forms
(c) Saccharomyces (d) Blue–green algae 33. Which of the following featrues is not present in the Phylum
24. Planaria possesses high capacity of: [2014] - Arthropoda ? [2016]
(a) Metamorphosis (a) Chitinous exoskeleton (b) Metameric segmentation
(b) Regeneration (c) Parapodia (d) Jointed appendages
(c) Alternation of generation 34. Which of the following characteristic features always holds
(d) Bioluminescence true for the corresponding group of animals? [2016]
25. A marine cartilaginous fish that can produce electric current (a) Cartilaginous endoskeleton Chondrichthyes
is: [2014] (b) Viviparous Mammalia
(a) Pristis (b) Torpedo (c) Possess a mouth with an Chordata
(c) Trygon (d) Scoliodon upper and a lower jaw
26. Which of the following animals is not viviparous? (d) 3 - chambered heart Reptilia
(a) Elephant (b) Platypus [2015 RS] with one incompletely
(c) Whale (d) Flying fox (Bat) divided ventricle
27. Which of the following represents the correct combination 35. Which one of the following characteristics is not shared by
without any exception? [2015 RS] birds and mammals ? [2016]
Characteristics Class (a) Ossified endoskeleton (b) Breathing using lungs
(a) Mouth ventral, gills without Chondrichthyes (c) Viviparity (d) Warm blooded nature
operculum; skin with placoid 36. An important characteristic that hemichordates share with
scales; persistent notochord chordates is : [2017]
(b) Sucking and circular mouth; Cyclostomata (a) Ventral tubular nerve cord
jaws absent, integument (b) Pharynx with gill slits
without scales; paired (c) Pharynx without gill slits
appendages (d) Absence of notochord
(c) Body covered with feathers; Aves 37. Which among these is the correct combination of aquatic
skin moist and glandular; mammals? [2017]
fore-limbs form wings; lungs (a) Dolphins, Seals, Trygon(b) Whales, Dolphins, Seals
with air sacs (c) Trygon, Whales, Seals (d) Seals, Dolphins, Sharks
(d) Mammary gland; hair on body; Mammalia 38. In case of poriferans, the spongocoel is lined with flagellated
pinnae; two pairs of Limbs cells called: [2017]
28. A jawless fish, which lays eggs in fresh water and whose (a) oscula (b) choanocytes
ammocoetes larvae after metamorphosis return to the ocean (c) mesenchymal cells (d) ostia
is: [2015 RS] 39. Frog’s heart when taken out of the body continues to beat for
(a) Myxine (b) Neomyxine sometime. [2017]
(c) Petromyzon (d) Eptatretus Select the best option from the following statements.
29. Body having meshwork of cell, internal cavities lined with (A) Frog is a poikilotherm.
food filtering flagellated cells and indirect development are (B) Frog does not have any coronary circulation.
the characteristics of phylum. [2015 RS] (C) Heart is “myogenic” in nature.
(a) Porifera (b) Mollusca (D) Heart is autoexcitable
(c) Protozoa (d) Coelenterate Options:
30. The terga, sterna and pleura of cockroach body are joined (a) Only (D) (b) (A) and (B)
by : [2015 RS] (c) (C) and (D) (d) Only (C)
 Animal Kingdom 95

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 62. (a) Diaphragm is not found in all the chordates.
63. (d) 64. (a)
1. (c) Euglena is considered as the connecting link between
65. (d) Hydra nerve cell is present but brain is absent.
plants and animals.
66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (b)
2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 69. (b) In Hydra, undigested residues are egested from
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) colenteron through mouth and body wall.
9. (b) Bath sponge is common name of Euspongia. 70. (b) Icthyophis is a limbless amphibian showing parental care.
10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (c) It has no tongue.
14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a) 71. (b) In birds, forelimbs are modified as wings for flying.
18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c) Therefore, the forelimb is not found in birds.
21. (c) Sea cucumber is the common name of Cucumaria. It is 72. (a) In scorpion and spiders the respiratory organs are book
belong to phylum Echinodermata. lungs. They are named so because their folds resemble
22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (c) the leaves in a book. In this the exchange of gases takes
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (a) place between the air of interlamellar spaces and the
30. (c) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (b) venous blood through the thin membranous walls of the
34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (b) lamellae.
73. (c) 74. (c)
38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a)
75. (c) Except a few, only mammals possess seven cervical
41. (d) Water vascular system is found in Star-fish.
(neck) vertebrae.
42. (c) 43. (a)
44. (b) Vertebral column is present in the vertebrates only. It is EXERCISE - 2
not present in all the chordates. 1. (c) Mammals have 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
45. (d) Chordates show the presence of nerve cord, notochord 2. (d) Animals belonging to Phylum Porifera are mostly marine
and pharyngeal gill slits. except a few which are found in fresh water- e.g.
46. (b) One pair of ovary and 11 pairs of testis are found in Leech Spongilla, Euspongia.
or Hirudinea. 3. (c)
47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (d) 4. (a) Platyhelminthes includes flat warms. There is no body
50. (c) 51. (c) cavity. The animals are therefore acoelomates. Annelids
also have bilateral symmetry. They are coelomate having
52. (b) Cyclostomata is a class of group Agnatha, where paired
a perivisceral cavity divided into compartments.
appendages girdles and jaw are absent. Some workers
5. (a) Jointed legs & chitinous exoskeleton are the common
include even the protochordates in Agnatha.
characters found in centipede, cockroach & crab.
53. (a) Placoid scale has a disc like basal plate. It resembles a
tooth. These scales are found in cartilaginous fishes 6. (a) 7. (b)
(chondricthyes) – 8. (a) Digestion in sponges is intracellular like protozoans. It
54. (b) Elasmobranchii (dog fish) is an alernative name for takes place in choanocytes.
cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyes. The name refers to 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d)
the fact that the gill-slits are exposed and not covered by 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b)
an operculum. 17. (d) Because they are belong to the class mammalia.
55. (b) One auricle and one ventricle. 18. (d) Ornithorynchus or duck bill is an egg laying mammal.
56. (c) Sea horse (Hippocampus) belongs to the class 19. (b) 20. (b)
osteichthyes (due to bony skeleton) of super class pisces. 21. (c) Penguin, Kiwi & Ostrich all belong to class Aves of
57. (b) Pisces, amphibia and reptiles are unable to maintain chordata (i.e. birds) and they do not give birth to their
constant body temperature hence, are called as young ones, they are oviparous while Kangaroo,
poikilothermic or cold blooded animal. Hedgehog, Dolphin, Loris all belong to class mammalia
58. (b) Fishes have two chambered heart one auricle and one and are viviparous.
ventricle, which receives only venous blood and pump 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (d)
it to gills for purification. 25. (b) Metameric segmentation means body is divided
59. (a) externally as well as internally. This characteristic is
60. (c) Lateral line system in a fish and some aquatic larvae present in annelida (e.g. earthworm) and arthropoda (e.g.
(Tadpole) is made up of neuromast organs. It detects cockroach). Their body is divided externally and
vibrations and pressure changes in water. internally as well.
61. (a) 26. (b)
 96 BIOLOGY

27. (d) Trypanosoma, Noctiluca, Monocystis & Giardia are 43. (d) A male shark possesses a pair of claspers which are
unicellular protists i.e. unicellular eukaryotes. inserted into a female shark’s cloaca (an opening on the
28. (b) Salamander does not undergo any annual migration as it underside of the body) at the time of mating. Claspers
occurs in Siberian crane, Arctic tern and Salmon mainly are located on the inner edge of the pelvic fins near the
for the search of food or for breeding. male’s cloaca. The function of claspers is to introduce
29. (d) Cockroach belongs to phylum-Arthropoda. It has 10 pairs sperm into a female shark’s body for the purpose of
of Spiracles (2 pairs on thorax and 8 pairs on abdomen). fertilizing her eggs. Female sharks do not have claspers.
30. (d) Mollusca mostly oviparous and a few viviparous. The 44. (a)
development may be direct or indirect with trochophore, 45. (b) In nature insects have the highest number of species (30
velliger and glochidium. million). Fungi have 100,000, angiosperms have 260,000
31. (c) Pseudocoelomate is any invertebrate animal whose body and birds have 10,000 species.
cavity is a pseudocoel, a cavity between the gut and the 46. (c) Chondrichthyes are the cartilaginous fish with a flexible
outer body wall derived from a persistent blastocoel, skeleton made of cartilage rather than bone.
rather than a true coelom. Pseudocoelomate animal 47. (c) The characteristics and phylum of Pteropus is correct.
include the Rotifera and Nematoda. 48. (d)
32. (d) 49. (c) Notochord is a flexible rod like structure that forms the
33. (b) Ascaris is a common parasite found in the large intestine main support of the body in the lowest chordates. It is
of man. It is world wide in distribution. The number of not absent in humans through out their life. Notochord
worms may be 500 or more in a single host. Ascaris is is present in embryonic stage and get changed or replaced
characterised by presence of neither true coelom nor by vertebral column in the adult.
metamerism. 50. (c) Human possesses enucleated RBC in mature state. But
34. (c) Scorpion, spider and cockroach have ventral solid central frog blood has both white and red blood cells which are
nervous system. All three belongs phylum-Arthopoda. nucleated. Frog cells do not lack platelets.
– Spider belongs to class-Archnida 51. (a) Molluscans are soft bodied animals. Their body is
– Scorpion belongs to class-Archnida unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and
– Cockroach belongs to class-Insecta visceral hump. In Pila the buccal cavity contains a
35. (b) resping organ, the radula with transverse rows of teeth.
36. (a) Aschelminthes is bilaterally symmetrical and
52. (d)
triploblastic. These are mostly aquatic, free living or
53. (d) Sea horse and flying fish are cold blooded animals.
parasitic. Their body is three layered which is ectoderm,
Ornithorhyncus is oviparous. Crocodile has four
mesoderm and endoderm.
chambered heart. Ascaris and Ancylostoma are
37. (b) Lampreys and hag fishes are unusual, jawless fish that
segmented roundworms.
comprise the order Cyclostomata, so named because of
54. (a) All sponges are marine and have collared cells without
the circular shape of the mouth. The brains of lampreys
any exception. Sponges are animals of the phylum
and hagfishes differ a lot, but they also show a large
Porifera. They are multicellular organisms which have
number of similarities, as do all craniate brains.
38. (d) Fasciola, a flatworm has a single body cavity to the bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to
outside that serves both as mouth for ingestion and anus circulate through them.
for egestion of undigested food. This is known as blind 55. (b) 56. (d)
sac plan. 57. (b) Prawn , Scorpion and Locusta belong to phylum
39. (a) Arthropoda. This is the largest phylum of Animalia, over
40. (c) Spongilla is a fresh water sponge that belongs to phylum two-thirds of all named species on earth are Arthropoda.
porifera. It has special collared cells called choanocytes. Phylum is named so due to presen ce of join ted
Choanocytes are not found in leech, dolphin and penguin. appendages (arthros = jointed, poda = appendages) in
41. (a) Triploblastic condition can be seen in flat worms. body of members of this phylum.
Ctenophores, sponges and corals are diploblastic. 58. (d) Ichthyophis – Amphibian
42. (a) Acoelomates are animals that have no body cavity or Limulus – Arthropoda
coelom. The examples are poriferans, coelenterates, Adamsia – Cnidaria
ctenophore, platyhelminthes. Pseudo-coelomates are Petramyzon – Jawless vertebrate & ectoparasite,
animals that has false or pseudo coelom. Examples are cyclostomate
aschelminthes. Coelomates are animals that have true 59. (b) House fly, butterfly, tse tse fly, silverfish all belongs to
coelom enclosed by mesoderm on both sides. Examples: insecta.
from annelida to arthropoda are coelomates. Hence, 60. (a) Representive of Phylum Arthropoda is silverfish.
roundworms are pseudocoelomates, molluscs and insects Arthropoda is the largest phylum of Animalia, which
are coelomates while flatworms are acoelomates. covers two-thirds of all named species.
 Animal Kingdom 97

61. (a) In option (a) all the characteristics belong to class Rep- 2. (b) Interstitial cells are the totipotent cells in the body of
tilia. In options (b), (c) and (d) the characteristics belong cnidarians that are capable of giving rise to any kind of
to the classes Amphibia, Osteichthyes and specialised cells in order to perform different functions.
Chondrichthyes respectively. Choanocytes or collar cells are associated with filtering
62. (a) Duckbilled platypus is oviparous and comes under phy- of nutrients in sponges.
lum mammalia. Millipede belongs to the phylum Gastrodermal cells or the cnidocyst are used for
arthropoda. Sea-anemone is diploblastic belongs to phy- attachment and defence in cnidarians.
lum cnidaria. Silver-fish is an insect belongs to phylum Nematocyst are capsules that are the specialised cells in
arthropoda, having long antennae, no wings and move cnidarians, that act as a paralysing sting and are used for
in a wiggling motion that resembles the movement of a defence purpose.
fish.
3. (b) Crocodiles, birds, and mammals have four-chambered
63. (a) In Ctenophora, sexes are not separate. Reproduction
heart.
takes place only by sexual means. In Cnidaria, which
exist in both forms, polyps produce medusae asexually Heart is usually three chambered in reptiles with an
and medusae form the polyps sexually. Porifera (sponge) exception in crocodiles, which possess four chambered
reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by heart. The division in their heart is due to the incomplete
formation of gametes. Protozoans come under protista interventricular septum.
which reproduce asexually and sexually by cell fusion Heart in birds and mammals is four chambered and there
and zygote formation. is a complete division of interventricular septum.
64. (a) Sharks and dogfishes have cylindrical body while skates Amphibians possess a three chambered heart in which
and rays have flattened body with winglike pectoral fins the ventricles are not divided thus 2 atria and one ventricle
which are not distinct from body. is present.
65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (b) 68. (d) 4. (b) Chameleon and turtle belong to class–Reptillia and
69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (c) possess dry and non-glandular skin with scales.
72. (b) Insect blood is colourless and does not play any role in Frog, pigeon and tiger possess modifications in their skin
transport of oxygen. Insects have tracheal respiration. according to the adaptations in their respective habitats.
73. (b) Sponges belong to Porifera and they have characteristic 5. (d) Warm blooded animals are capable of maintaining
canal system. constant body temperature, irr espective of the
74. (a) Birds have many adaptations for flight. They have surrounding environment, i.e., their body temperature is
pneumatic bones and only one ovary which reduces the fixed. Warm blooded body is the characteristic feature
body weight. in birds and mammals. This characteristic was first
75. (b) Bats and whales are the members of class Mammalia. evolved in higher reptiles. Birds and mammals have
The bats are the only mammals which have wings and acquired this feature from higher reptiles during
can really fly while whales are the largest animals in evolution.
existence. Both bats and whales have four chambered Pigmented skin is the adaptive feature seen in mammals
heart but birds and crocodiles also have four chambered and not present in birds. Pneumatic bones are found only
heart. in birds as their flight adaptation. These reduce body
weight for flight. Viviparity is shown by mammals and
EXERCISE - 3
not by birds as they are oviparous (lay eggs).
Exemplar Questions 6. (c) Monkey, chimpanzee and man belong to a single
1. (b) Metamerism is the external and internal division of taxonomic group, i.e. mammals because all of them
animal body into segments with a serial repetition of at possess the following characters.
least some organs. e.g., annelids (earthworm). (i) Two pairs of limbs.
Segmentation refers to the division of animal's body into (ii) Presence of external ears.
a series of repetitive segments. It is external in arthropods, (iii) Viviparity
and internal in vertebrates. (iv) Skin possessing hair.
Metagenesis is the phenomenon in which one generation (v) Milk producing mammary glands.
of certain animals and plants reproduce asexually, Animal Group Taxonomic Group
followed by a sexually reproducing generation, i.e., Cuttle fish Phylum-Mollusca, Class-Cephalopoda
alternation of generation (e.g. Obelia). Jelly fish Phylum-Cnidaria
Metamorphosis is the developmental process in an Silver fish Class-Insecta, Order-Thysanura,
organism through which it changes from one life form Phylum-Arthropoda
to another.
Dog fish Phylum-Chordata, Class-Chondrithyes
 98 BIOLOGY

Starfish Phylum-Echinodermata, 13. (c) The body of porifera (sponges) is organised in a manner
Class-Asteroidea so that they form a complex system of pores and canals
called canal system. This system helps in regulating the
Animal Group Taxonomic Group flow of water within them e.g., Sycon.
Bat Phylum-Chordata, Class-Mammalia Aschelminthes possess jointed appendages e.g., Ascaris.
Pigeon Phylum-Chordata, Class-Aves Annelidans possess metameric segmentation in body e.g.,
earthworm.
Butterfly Phylum-Arthropoda, Class-Insects,
Order-Lepidoptera Arthropodans possess jointed appendages in each
segment of their body e.g., cockroach. Echinoderms
Animal Group Taxonomic Group possess water vascular system or ambulacral system e.g.,
Asterias or starfish.
Silkworm Phylum-Arthropoda, Class-Insecta
Order-Lepidoptera NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
Tapeworm Phylum-Platyhelminthes, 14. (b) Prawn, Scorpion and Locusta belong to phylum
Class-Cestoda Arthropoda. This is the largest phylum of Animalia, over
Earthworm Phylum-Annelida, Class-Oligochaeta two-thirds of all named species on earth are Arthropoda.
7. (c) Fasciola does not possess body cavity hence, it is an Phylum is named so due to presen ce of join ted
acoelomate. appendages (arthros = jointed, poda = appendages) in
Mesoglea is an undifferentiated layer and is a body of members of this phylum.
characteristic of diploblastic and triploblastic animals 15. (d) Ichthyophis – Amphibian
present along with ectoderm and endoderm. Limulus – Arthropoda
Symmetry in which the body can be divided into two Adamsia – Cnidaria
equal identical halves from any plane passing through Petramyzon – Jawless
the central axis, is called radial symmetry as shown by vertebrate &
Asterias. ectoparasite,
Taenia is a triploblastic animal. It possesses three germinal cyclostomate
layers, i.e., ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. 16. (b) House fly, butterfly, tse tse fly, silverfish all belongs to
8. (a) The statement (a) is incorrect because malpighian tubules insecta.
are excretory structures in most of the insects, including 17. (a) Representive of Phylum Arthropoda is silverfish.
cockroach, but green glands perform excretory functions Arthropoda is the largest phylum of Animalia, which
in crustaceans like prawns, whereas all the other covers two-thirds of all named species.
statements are true. 18. (a) In option (a), all the characteristics belong to class
9. (a) Platypus is a primitive mammal which displays many Reptilia. In options (b), (c) and (d) the characteristics
characters of their reptilian descent, such as ovaparity. belong to the classes Amphibia, Osteichthyes and
(they lay eggs.) Chondrichthyes respectively.
10. (c) Except Python, all other snakes are highly poisonous in 19. (a) Duckbilled platypus is oviparous and comes under
nature. Python due to its large size, kills its prey by
phylum mammalia. Millipede belongs to the phylum
constriction of their body.
arthropoda. Sea-anemone is diploblastic and belongs to
11. (c) Pheretima possesses organ system level of organisation. phylum cnidaria. Silver-fish is an insect belonging to
Fasciola possesses organ level organisation. Spongilla phylum arthropoda, having long antennae, no wings and
possesses cellular aggregate level of organisation.
move in a wiggling motion that resembles the movement
Obelia possesses tissue level of organisation
of a fish.
12. (b) Body cavity not completely lined by the mesoderm,
20. (a) In Ctenophora, sexes are not separate. Reproduction
instead present in the form of scattered pouches, in
takes place only by sexual means. In Cnidaria, which
between ectoderm and endoderm, is called
exist in both forms, polyps produce medusae asexually
pseudocoelomate, e.g., roundworm.
and medusae form the polyps sexually. Porifera (sponge)
The animals in which coelom is completely absent, e.g.,
reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by
flatworms are acoelomates.
formation of gametes. Protozoans come under protista
Coelomates have their body cavity lined by mesoderm
which reproduce asexually and sexually by cell fusion
and hence have true coelom, e.g., annelids, molluscs,
and zygote formation.
arthropods, etc.
21. (a) Sharks and dogfishes have cylindrical body while skates
Haemocoelomates are the animals in which body cavity
and rays have flattened body with winglike pectoral fins
is filled with haemolymph, e.g., arthropods, molluscs.
which are not distinct from body.
 Animal Kingdom 99

22. (d) Members of Ctenophora, Cephalochordata and 33. (c) All arthropods possess a stiff exoskeleton (external
Echinodermata are exclusively marine. skeleton) composed primarily of chitin. Arthropod bodies
23. (b) Gorgonia ( sea-fan) is an animal. All animals lack cell are divided into segments. Parapodia are paired, lateral
wall. appendages extending from the body segments.
24. (b) Planaria is a flatworm which possesses a high capacity Arthropod appendages may be either biramous
of regeneration. (branched) or uniramous (unbranched). They do not
25. (b) Torpedo is a sluggish fish. It is carnivorous. The prey is possess jointed appendages.
killed due to electric shock. The shock can also be 34. (a) Chondrichthyes always have cartilaginous endoskeleton.
harmful for human beings. Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to young.
26. (b) Platypus is an oviparous (egg laying animal). It belongs However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses
to class-mammalia. and the echidnas, lay eggs. Chordates have jawless
27. (a) (i) Aves possess dry skin, without glands except oil animals (Agnatha) as well. Most reptiles have 3
gland near the base of tail. chambered heart. Crocodilians have 4 chambered hearts.
(ii) Pinnae are not found in aquatic animals and egg Turtles have 3 chambered heart but with an incomplete
laying mammals. wall in the single ventricle, so their hearts are functionally
(iii) In cyclostomes, unpaired appendages (joints) are 4 chambered.
found. 35. (c) Giving birth to young that develop within the mother’s
28. (c) Petrormyzon marinus, commonly known as sea lamprey body rather than hatching from eggs. All mammals except
lays eggs in fresh water and its larvae, after the monotremes are viviparous.
metamorphosis, return to the ocean (saline water). 36. (b) Pharyngeal gill slits are present in hemichordates and in
29. (a) The given characteristic features define the phylum chordates. Notochord is present in chordates only. Ventral
porifera. tubular nerve cord is present in non-chordates.
37. (b) Sharks and Trygon (sting ray) are the members of
30. (b) Between the various sclerite, a flexible membrane exists
cartilaginous fish while whale, dolphin and seals are
which is known as arthrodial membrane.
aquatic mammals belong to class mammalia.
31. (b) The exoskeleton of insects consists of chitinous cuticle.
38. (b) In poriferans (sponges) choanocytes (collar cells) form
It gets hardened due to deposition of calcium. It prevents
lining of spongocoel. Flagella present in collar cells
dessication and gives protection.
provide circulation to water in water canal system.
32. (a) Metagenesis is defined as alternation of generation found
39. (c) The vertebrates process myogenic heart which is self
in phylum cnidaria (eg. Obelia). In this phenomenon one
contractile system or autoexcitable; it will thus keep
generation of an organism reproduces asexually, followed
working outside the body for some time.
by a sexually reproducing generation.