2.
Hypsometry
Normalised
hypsometric curve
Ea = Hypsometric integral
Eh = Maximum concavity of the curve
I = Curve slope inflection point
Examples of normalised hypsometric curves
Sinha-
Roy, 2002
Hypsometry and relative terrain uplift
U = Z + Qs where U = Terrane uplift
h/H
Z = Elevation
Qs = Mass efflux (both
advective & diffusive)
Ea
Replace Z by hm ( mean elevation i.e.
Elevation covering a/A
Hypsometry of relative terrane
50% area normalized uplift
against max. height) Low relative uplift, high
denudation
Steady state landform
Replace Qs by (1-Ea) (where Ea = Hypsometric High relative uplift, low
Integral) denudation
Uplift equation becomes :
U = hm + (1-Ea)
Sinha-Roy, 2013
3. Topogarphic Profiles and Planation Surfaces
Sinha-Roy, 2013
4. Stream Sinuosity Index
SL
L
S = SL / L
Where
S = Stream Sinuosity Index
L = Straight line distance of stream
SL = Actual distance along the
stream
S > 1.0 High tectonic activity
(Slope-steepening due to
fault)
Sinha-Roy, 2013
5. Drainage Basin Asymmetry
AF = 100(Ar/At)
Basin boundary where
AF = Drainage basin asymmetry
Ar At At = Total basin area
Tilt Ar = Basin area on right bank
direction Fault trace
Lower the value of AF higher is the
Channel migration and avulsion tectonic tilting
due to
Channel block tilting
migration caused bychannels
and abandoned faulting of
Mangli river on GBF Footwall
F
GB
Sinha-Roy,
2006
6. Drainage Basin Relief Ratio
River
RR = (Ed – Ev) / L
Ed
Where
RR = Relief ratio
Ed = Elevation of the highest point L
Ev = Elevation of the lowest point
L = River length
Ev
Higher the RR value higher is the incision at
river mouth due to tectonically controlled
basin uplift
8. Stream Length Gradient Ratio
SL = (∆H/∆L)L
Basin boundary
where
SL = Stream length gradient ratio
∆H = Change of elevation of reach (A-B)
L ∆L= Length of reach
A L = Total length of the channel from ∆L
∆L mid-point of the reach where the
B
index is calculated to the highest
B
point of the channel
SL = < 50 : very low tectonic activity
= > 200 : very high tectonic activity
9. Valley Floor Width to Height Ratio
River channel Erd Vf = 2Vfw / [(Eld – Esc) + (Erd – Esc)]
Eld
Where
Vf = Valley floor width to height ratio
Vfw = Width of the valley floor
Elevation
Eld = Elevation of left-hand valley divide
looking downstream
Erd = Elevation of right-hand valley divide
Vfw looking downstream
Esc Esc = elevation of stream channel (valley floor)
Vf = < 1.0 : Very high tectonic activity
(V-shaped valley)
Distance = 1.0 – 1.5 : Moderate tectonic activity
= > 1.5 : Low tectonic activity (U-shaped
valley)
Deciphering reactivation of old faults using Smf, SL and Vf
indices
Tectonic Activity Rank (TAR) of indices
(Smf : >3.0 = very low, <1.4 = very high.
SL : <50 = very low, >200 = very high,
Vf : >1.5 = very low, <1.0 = very high
Relative Tectonic Activity (RTA)
(RTA = Sum of TAR / Total no. of geomorphic indices used)
5 RTA classes : very low (<1.5), low (1.5-2.0), moderate (2.0 2.5), high
(2.5-3.0), very high (>3.0)
Segments (numbered) of 6 Naenwa
Great Boundary Fault and ●
●
5 6
Banas Dislocation Zone used for
Smf, SL, Vf estimation for
4 5
comparison of Relative
Tectonic Activity Hindoli
3 ●
Jahazpur ● 4
2 ●
Bundi
1
3
● N
Kachola
4
2
3
2 1
● ● 0 10 Km
Bichor Bijolia
1
Sinha-Roy, 2013
Variation of Relative Tectonic Activity along Banas Dislocation Zone
80
●
●
Segment-6
Distance from SW end of BDZ toward
●
60
●
●
●
● Segment-5
●
●
4 ●
0 ● Segment-
●
● 4
● Segment-3
20
●
NE
●
● Segment-2
(Km) ● ●
● Segment-1
1
Increasing 2 Activity3
Tectonic 4 5 Relative Tectonic Activity
Sinha-Roy, 2013
Variation of Relative Tectonic Activity along Great Boundary Fault
160
●
●
●
● Segment-5
●
●
● Segment-
120 4
●
SECTOR-1
●
● Segment-
80 ● 3
● ●
●
● Segment-2
●
● Segment-
4 ● ●
● 1
0 ● Segment-4
●
SECTOR-2
(Km) ● Segment-3
●
● Segment-2
● ●
● Segment-1
Relative Tectonic Activity
4
Comparison between Relative Tectonic Activity along Great Boundary
Fault and
Banas Dislocation Zone based on Smf, SL and Vf data
160
Great Boundary
Distance from SW end of fault
Fault
Banas Dislocation
80 Zone SECTOR-1
(Km)
SECTOR-2
Very Low Very
Increasing Tectonic Activity High
Sinha-Roy, 2013
Neotectonic segmentation of older faults
10. Fault Scarp
Fault Scarp
Fault Scarp Geometry
Upslope Upslope
angle
Surface
offset Fault plane with slickenlines
Elevati
Scarp
height Midslope
angle
on
Footslope Downslope
angle
Distance Morphogenic dating of fault scarp
Extensional component of fault tanθ = a/√(πτ) + b (Avouac, 1993)
Where
e = d/tanθ (Wikins & Schultz, 2001) θ = Midslope angle
a = Half scarp surface offset
Where b = tan of upslope angle
e = Extension (m) τ = kt (where k = coefficient of mass
d = Fault scarp surface offset diffusion, t = oldest age of
θ = Scarp mid-slope angle scarp formation (faulting)
(k in tropical climate = 5 sq. m per yr)
Segmented nature of fault reactivation
deduced from morphogenic age
of fault-scarps Banas Dislocation Zone
Great Boundary Fault
● Hindoli
● Bundi Morphogenic age (ka)
of fault scarp (fault
reactivation oldest age)
N
<2
2 - 30
30-100
10 km 100- 300
300- 600
Sinha-Roy, 2013 > 600
Normal Fault
Strike-slip
Fault
σ1
Thrust Fault
Sinha-Roy, 2013
σ1
PDZ
Sinha-Roy, 2013
Geotectonic conclusion from
quantitative geomorphology
Thank you
