Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
MODULE 1:
Principle of Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication Environment
In conventional wireline communication systems, there is a single signal-propagation path
between the transmitter and the receiver, which is constrained by the propagation medium
such as a coaxial cable or a twisted pair. However, in wireless systems, the signal can
reach the receiver via direct, reflected, and scattered paths as shown in below Figure As a
Figure 1: Wireless Propogation Environment
result, at the receiver, there is a superposition of multiple copies of the transmitted signal.
These signal copies experience different attenuations, delays, and phase shifts arising from
the varied propagation distances and properties of the scattering media. Hence, at the
wireless receiver, there is interference of signals received from these multiplepropagation
paths, which is termed multipath interference.
One of the main objectives, therefore, in wireless-system design,is to develop
schemes to combat fading and ensure reliability of signal reception in wireless com-
munication systems (WCS).
Modelling of Wireless Systems
Let us start by considering the transmitted passband wireless signal S(t) as
S(t) = ℜ Sb (t)ej(2πf t+ϕ)
Where
• Sb (t) – complex baseband transmitted signal
• fc – Carrier signal
Let us consider a channel with L multipath components, wireless channel basically has
two characteristic properties.
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 1
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
1. It decays signal because of propogation distnace
2. There is a attenuation of signal arising because of scattering effect.
Let the signal attenuation and delay of the ith channel be denoted by the quantities ai
and τi respectively. For Linear Time Invariant(LTI) systems that the Impulse Response
of an LTI system which attenuates as signal by ai and delays it by τi is given as
hi (T ) = ai δ(τ − τi )
Hence, the above equation gives the impulse response of a single path of a wireless
communication system. since signal observe at receiver is sum of different multipath
signl. Therefor typical CIR of Multipath scattering based wireless channel is
L−1
X
h(τ ) = ai δ(τ − τi )
i=0
The above equation is called ”Tapped Delay Line Model”. Since L propogation path
arising from several reflection and scattering multipath NLOS and LOS components.
Each such ith path is characterised by two components, which are
• It decays signal because of propogation distnace
• There is a attenuation of signal arising because of scattering effect.
The received signal Y(t) is given by
Z ∞
y(t) = s(t) ∗ h(t) = h(τ )s(t − τ ) d(τ )
−∞
Z L−1
∞ X
= ai δ(τ − τi )s(t − τ ) d(τ )
−∞ i=0
L−1
X Z ∞
= ai δ(τ − τi )s(t − τ ) d(τ )
i=0 −∞
L−1
X
= ai s(t − τi ) d(τ )
i=0
Further, this expression for the received signal can be written in terms of the transmitted
baseband signal sb (t) is given by
(L−1 )
X
y(t) = ℜ ai sb (t − τi )ej(2πfc (t−τi ))
i=0
(L−1 )
X
y(t) = ℜ ai e−j2πfc τi sb (t − τi )ej2πfc t
i=0
From the above expression, it can readily be seen that yb (t), the complex baseband signal
equivalent of the received signal y(t),is simply given as
L−1
X
yb (t) = ai e−j2πfc τi sb (t − τi )}
i=0
th
Each such i multipath component is associated with the following three parameters.
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 2
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
1. The attenuation factor ai
2. The path delay τi
3. The phase factor e−j2πfc τi
The different signal copies for a typical baseband BPSK information signal sb (t) is
shown in below figure Figure
Figure 2: Multipath signal component at receiver
EXAMPLE : Consider a wireless signal with a carrier frequency of fc=850MHz, which is
transmitted over a wireless channel that results in L=4 multipath components at delays
of 201, 513, 819, 1223 ns and corresponding to received signal amplitudes of 1, 0.6, 0.3,
0.2 respectively. Derive the expression for the received baseband signal yb (t) if the trans-
mitted baseband signal is sb (t)
Solution: we know that, baseband received signal is given by
L−1
X
yb (t) = ai e−j2πfc τi sb (t − τi )}
i=0
6 ∗201∗10−9
f or, i = 0, a0 e−j2πfc τ0 = 1 ∗ e−j2π850∗10 = 0.59 + j0.81
−j2π850∗106 ∗513∗10−9
f or, i = 1, a1 e−j2πfc τ1 = 0.6 ∗ e = 0.57 − j0.19
−j2π850∗106 ∗819∗10−9
for, i=2, a2 e−j2πfc τ2 = 0.3 ∗ e = 0.18 − j0.24
−j2πfc τ3 −j2π850∗106 ∗1223∗10−9
for, i=3, a3 e = 0.2 ∗ e = −0.19 + j0.06
Hence expression for received baseband signal is
L−1
X
yb (t) = ai e−j2πfc τi sb (t − τi )}
i=0
= (0.59+j0.81)sb (t−201∗10−9 )+(0.57−j0.19)sb (t−513∗10−9 )+(0.18−j0.24)sb (t−819∗10−9 )
+ (−0.19 + j0.06)sb (t − 1223 ∗ 10−9 )
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 3
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
System Mpdel for Narrowband Signals:
For a sufficiently narrowband signal sb (t), the different delayed components sb (t − τi ) are
approximately equal to each other, i.e., sb (t − τi )=sb (t). Such a wireless channel is also
known as a flat-fading wireless channel.
For a narrowband transmit signal sb (t), the expression for the received baseband signal
yb (t) can be further simplified as
L−1
X
yb (t) = ai e−j2πfc τi sb (t)}
i=0
PL−1
where i=0 ai e−j2πfc τi is complex fading channel coefficient.
Hence, the output baseband signal yb (t) is related to the input baseband signal sb (t) by
a complex attenuation factor a ejϕ .
EXAMPLE : Consider a wireless signal with a carrier frequency of fc=850MHz, which
is transmitted over a wireless channel that results in L=4 multipath components at delays
of 201, 513, 819, 1223 ns and corresponding to received signal amplitudes of 1, 0.6, 0.3,
0.2 respectively. Derive the corresponding received signal with narrowband assumption.
Solution: For narrowband signal, received baseband signal is
L−1
X
yb (t) = ai e−j2πfc τi sb (t)}
i=0
= (a0 e−j2πfc τ0 + a1 e−j2πfc τ1 + a2 e−j2πfc τ2 + a3 e−j2πfc τ3 ) ∗ sb (t)
= ((0.59 + j0.81) + (0.57 − j0.19) + (0.18 − j0.24) + (−0.19 + j0.06)) ∗ sb (t)
= (1.15 + J0.44)*sb (t)
Rayleigh Fading wireless channel:
It is a statistical model used to represent wireless communication channels, particularly
when there is no direct LOS path between transmitter and receiver.
The complex fading coefficient h can be expressed in terms of its real and imaginary
components as,
L−1
X
h = aejϕ = (xi + Yi ) = X + iY
i=0
Thus,X,Y,which are the real and imaginary components of the fading coefficient aejϕ , are
derived from the summation of a large number of random multipath components xi , yi .
X,Y would be to assume that they are Gaussian and un-correlated. The above assump-
tion is valid as L→, i.e., the number of multipath components is fairly large.
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 4
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
Hence,X,Y are distributed as η (0,1/2) (assuming zero-mean and variance 1/2), which is
expressed as
2 2
fX,Y (x,y)= 1/π e(−x +y )
fading coefficient interms of amplitude and phase factors a, ϕ as
x=a cosϕ, y = asinϕ
T hejointdistributioncanbedef inedas
2
fA,ϕ (a,ϕ) = 1/π e−a JX,Y where a2 = x2 + y 2 JX,Y is Jocobian of X,Y
cosϕ sinϕ
JX,Y = =a
−asinϕ acosϕ
2
fA,ϕ (a,ϕ) = a/π e−a
The marginal distribution fA , fϕ with respect to amplitude and phase factor random
variable A, ϕ is
Rπ 2
fA (a) = −π fA,ϕ (a,ϕ)dϕ = 2ae−a 0 ≤ a < ∞
R∞ 2
fϕ (ϕ) = 0 fA,ϕ (a,ϕ)da = 1/2π e−a -π ≤ a < π
This is model for ”Rayleigh fading wireless channel”
This arises from distribution function of ampli-
tude factor a, which is well known as ”Rayleigh den-
sity” as shown in figure 3. Average power in am-
plitude a of Rayleigh fading channel coefficient ’h’
given as
E{h2 } = E{a2 } = E{X 2 + Y 2 } = 1
Random variables A, ϕ are independent is random
varying nature of phase factor of arriving signal is
independent of amplitude.
Figure 3: Rayleigh density for am-
Example: Derive the probability density function plitude factor a
(pdf) of channel power gain with E = {a2 } = 1
Solution: WKT, pdf of magnitude of channel coefficient ’a’ where E = {a2 }=1 is
2
rayleigh distribution as fA (a)= 2a e−a where a ≥ 0
define function ’w’ as g=w(a)=a2 , the pdf of random variable distribution of ’g’ is given
by
fG (g)= fa w−1 (g) dg /da
√
g=w(a)=a2 then w−1 (g) = a = g then
√ √
2 g∗e−g
fG (g)= fA g 2√g = 2√g = e−g
therefore powerR gain of wireless channel is fG (g) = e−g
∞
therefore Eg= 0 e−g =-e−g = 1
Example : In wireless Rayleigh channel, consider a transmit power Pt (dB)= 20dB,
what is the probability that power receiver is greater than Pr (dB) = 10 dB?
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 5
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
Solution: WKT, Pt (dB) = 10log10 (Pt )
Log10 = 10Pt (dB)/10 = 1020/10 = 100
LinearreceivedpowercorrespondingtoPr (dB) = 10
Pr (dB) = 10log10 (Pr ) => Pr = 10
W KT, Pr = gPt i.ereceivedpowerintermsof gain
HencereceivedpowerPr > 10, itnaturallyimpliedthat,
gPt > 10 => g R= 10/Pt = 10/20 R ∞ => g = 1/2
∞ −g
Pr (g > 1/2) = 1/2 fa (g)dg = 1 e dg = 0.61
The Wireless Channel : Basics of Wireless Channel
Modelling
We know that fading wireless
channel comprises several multi-
path components arising from the
presence of multiple Non-Line-Of-
Sight (NLOS) Signal-propagation
paths. These NLOS components
arise from the scattering effects
of objects in the wireless environ-
ment such as buildings, trees, ve-
hicles, water bodies, etc.
We know that impulse response Figure 4: figure of L=4 tap wireless channel profile
of the standard multipath wire-
less channel can be modelled as,
PL−1
h( t) = i=0 ai δ(t − τi )
where ai isattenuationassociatedwithdelayof τi
L−1
X
ϕ( t) = |ai |2 δ(t − τi )
i=0
L−1
X
ϕ( t) = gi δ(t − τi )
i=0
where g is power gain
As shown in figure power with gain g0 is received after a delay of τ0 ,while a gain of g1 is
received after a delay τ1 ,and so on, till the last path arriving at a delay of τL1 delivers
power with again of gL1 .
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 6
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
Delay Spread:-
The total power received in a multipath wireless channel occurs over a spread of
time referred to as the delay spread.
spread of the arriving power at
the wireless receiver is schemat-
ically shownin Figure. Observe
that this property of the wireless
channel is in contrast to that of a
wireline channel, in which all the
power is received at a single time
instant due to the presence of only
a single propagationpath. The
delay spread of a wireless channel
is a key parameter that character-
Figure 5: Schematic of a typical wireless channel
izes the nature of the wireless en-
power profile and delay spread
vironment and is denoted by the
parameter στ .
Gain Delay
|a0 |2 τ0
|a1 |2 τ1
|a2 |2 τ2
|a3 |2 τ3
Maximum Delay Spread: στmax
The maximum delay spread is simply defined as
στmax =τL−1 − τ0
Where L is Multipath component, τ0 is First path arriving with delay, τL−1 Last
path delay.
Example: Consider an L=4 multi-
path channel with the delays and last
arriving paths, given as τ0 , τL−1 cor-
responding to the first and last path
delay, Such a wireless-channel power
profile is shown schematically in Fig.
What is the maximum delay spread
corresponding to this wireless chan- Figure 6: delay spread
nel?
solution : wkt, στmax =τL−1 − τ0 5 µs − 0 µs = 5 µs
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 7
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
RMS Delay Spread: στRM S
The RMS delay spread is a more
realistic indicator of the spread
of the signal power in the arriv-
ing components. Further, since
it weights the delays of the sig-
nal components with respect to
the power in the arriving paths,it
is not susceptible to distortion in
scenarios with a large number of
trailing weak components, unlike
the maximum delay spread. Figure 7: Power profile with weak trailing paths of
Figure shows Power Profile with very low power
weak trailing paths of very low
power.
Therefore, Multipath power profile is given by
bi = g0 +g1g+g
i
L−0
Therefore Average Delay
τ̄ =
PbL−1
0 τ0 + b1 τ1 + ......bL−1 τL−1
= i=0 bi τi
= L−1
P
i=0 gi L−1 g τi
P
i=0 j
PL−1
b i τi
τ̄ = Pi=0
L−1
i=0 gj
Finally, the RMS delay spread στRM S can be computed as the standard deviation of the
power distribution, which is defined as
(στRM S )2 = b0 (τ0 − τ̄ )2 + b1 (τ1 − τ̄ )2 + .... + bL−1 (τL−1 − τ̄ )2
= L−1 − τ̄ )2
P
i=0 bi (τ
ri P
L−1 2
i=0 bi (τi −τ̄ )
(στRM S ) = PL−1
i=0 gj
sP
L−1 2 2
RM S i=0 |a |(τi − τ̄ )
(στ )= PL−1 2
i=0 |a |
ExAMPLE: Consider the multipath power
profile of a wireless channel shown in
Figure,comprising L=4 multipath compo-
nents.Compute the RMS delay spread στRM S for
this wireless channel.
Solution: Consider the first path correspond-
ing to τ0 = 0µ s.The power associated with
this path is g(dB)=20dB. Hence, linear power
can be obtained as
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 8
Figure 8: Power profile example
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
10 log10 g0 = 20
log10 g0 = 2
g0 = 10−2 = 0.01
Also,the amplitude a0 associated with this path
can be derived as
√
a0 = g0 = 0.1
√
τ dB gain g a= g
0µs -20dB 0.01 0.1
1µs -10dB 0.01 0.3162
3µs 0dB 1 1
5µs -10dB 0.1 0.3162
One Pcan now compute the mean delay for this channel as
τ̄ = L−1i=0 bi τi L−1 gj
P
i=0
= 0.01×0+0.1×1+1×3+0.1×5 0.01+0.1+1+0.1 µs
= 2.9752
TPhus, themeandelayis= 2.9752s.Employingtheexpression, theRM SdelayspreadcanbecomputedasστRM
L−1 2
i=0 bi (τi −τ̄ )
PL−1
i=0 gj
2 +0.1(12.9752)2 +1(32.9752)2 +0.1(52.9752)2
= 0.01(02.9752) 0.01+0.1+1+0.1
= 0.8573µs
RMS Delay Based on Average Power Profile
The average power associated with this delay can be defined as
ϕ(τ ) = E|h(τ )2 |
fractional power associated with the delay τ as
ϕ(τ )
f (τ ) = R ∞
0
ϕ(τ ) dτ
R∞
Average delay τ̄ = 0 τ f (τ )dτ
Finaly RMS
qR delay interms of power profile ϕ(τ ) is given by
RM S ∞
στ = 0
(τ − τ̄ )2 f (τ )d(τ )
ExAMPLE:
Consider the average power profile the RMS de-
−τ
lay spread ϕ(τ ) = αe β where α = 3dB, β =
1µs compute the RMS delay spread στRM S for
this profile which is schematically shown in Fig-
ure.
Solution: Given that α = 3dB => α = 2
To compute the normalized delay profile f(τ ) the
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 9
Figure 9: Power profile for example
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
normalization factor can be computed as
Z ∞ Z ∞
−τ
ϕ(τ )dτ = 2e β dτ
0 0
−τ ∞
= 2βe β = 2β
0
−τ −τ
then f(τ ) = 2e β /2β = (1/β) e β
Then average delay isgivenby
R∞ R∞ −τ
τ̄ = 0 τ f (τ )dτ = 0 (τ /β) e β d(τ ) = β = 1µs
To compute the RMS delay spread στRM S we begin with computation of E(τ 2 ) defined as
R ∞
E(τ 2 ) = 0 τ 2 f (τ )dτ = 2β 2
RM S
p
2 2
then
p στ = p ) − τ̄
E(τ
= 2β 2 − β 2 = β 2 = β = 1µs
Average Delay Spread in Outdoor Cellular Channel
Consider an out door cellular wireless communi-
cation scenario.The cell radii of typical cells are
in the range of1–5km,i.e.,out door wireless signal-
propagation distances are of the order of a few kilo-
metres. Consider two paths illustrated inFigure,
where the direct and scatter distances are given as
d0=2km, d1=3km respectively.
Hence,the propogation delays τ0 , τ1 are given by the
equations τ0 = 2Km/c and τ1 = 3Km/c
where c=3×108 m/s. Hence, the delay spread in this
case is given as στmax = ∆τ
= τ1 − τ0 = 3000−2000
3×108
= 3.33µs Figure 10: Typical delay spread in
Also, similarly, corresponding to indoor distances of outdoor cellular channels
around 10m, typical indoor delay spreads are of the
order of 10–50 ns.
Coherence Bandwidth in Wireless Communications
Coherence bandwidth is the frequency over
which a wireless channel response remains rel-
atively constant, allowing signals transmitted
within that range. It is approximately in-
verse of delay spread. Frequency response given
as R∞
H(f) = 0 h(τ )e−j2f πτ dτ where delay profile h(τ ) =
d(τ )
The corresponding frequency-response H(f) is
given R Figure 11: Coherence bandwidth of
∞
H(f) = 0 a0 δ(τ )e−j2f πτ dτ = 1 wireless-channel response
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 10
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
Thus,the impact of the frequency spectrum H(f)
of the wireless channel on the input signal x(t) can be summarized as
Bs ≤Bc = No distortion in received signal i.e. flat fading
Bs ≥Bc = Distortion in received signal ,i.e. , frequency selective fading
(a) Signal bandwidth Bs less than coher- (b) Signal bandwidth Bs greater than co-
ence bandwidth Bc implying no distortion herence bandwidth Bc leading to distortion
i.e Bc ≥ Bs in spectrum of received signal i.e Bs ≥ Bc
Relation Between ISI and Coherence Bandwidth
In this section,we will explore the relation between the Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
distortion at the receiver and the coherence bandwidth Bc of the wireless channel.
Consider a Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal x(t) of symbol time Ts transmitted
by the base station.
(a) Relation between ISI and de- (b) Severe ISI caused by multiple
lay spread scatter components
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 11
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
Let us now analyze the criterion for occurrence
of ISI. It can be seen that,the ISI at the receiver is
related to the interplay between the symbol time Ts
and delay spread Td. For instance, when the sym-
bol time Ts is much larger than the delay spread Td
as shown in Figure 4.17, there is no ISI. However,
as the delay spread Td becomes comparable to Ts,
it leads to ISI.
Figure 14: Negligible ISI when
Thus one can empirically state the criterion for ISI
στ << Ts
as
Td ≥ 1/2Ts
Thus,the criterion for inter-symbol interference interms of the bandwidths Bs , Bc as
Bs ≥Bc
Example: the approximate delay spread corresponding to out door channel swith a typ-
ical delay spread of 4 µs can be derived as
Bc = 1/delayspread = 1/4µs = 250KHz
Example:For 2G GSM signal bandwidth is 200KHz and for 3G Wideband CDMA
signal bandwidth is 5MHz. Determine 2G and 3G experience which type of fading
Solution: Since Bc = 250KHz,
1) For 2G GSM system Bs < Bc It experience Flat fading...
2) For 3G WCDMA system Bs > Bc It experience Frequency Selective fading...
Doppler Fading in Wireless Systems
0.1 DopplerShiftComputation
The Doppler shift associated with an electromag-
netic wave is defined as the perceived change in the
frequency of the wave due to relative motion be-
tween the transmitter and receiver.
Doppler shift is given by
v
fd = cos θ fc where, v = vel, θ = angle fc
c
= carrier freq, c= light vel
Figure 15: Doppler scenario
Example: Consider a vehicle moving at 60 miles per hour at an angle of =30 with
the line joining the base station. Compute the Doppler shift of the received signal at a
carrier frequency of fc = 1850MHz. Solution: wkt, fd = vc cos θ fc ,
60 mps = 60X1.61 Kmph = 26.8 mps
26.8 6
fd = 310 8 cos 30x185010
= 143 Hz.
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 12
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
Further, since the mobile user is moving towards the base station,the Doppler shift is
positive, frequency fc = 1850M Hz + 143KHz
Doppler Impact on a Wireless Channel
Initial propogation delay is given by τi = dci
After a small interval of time t, this distance decreases by vtcosθ, since vcosθ is the com-
ponent of the velocity in the direction of the base station. Hence, the delay of the ith
component after time t is correspondingly given as
τi (t) = (di − vt cos θ)/c
= di /c - (vt/c) cos θ = τ i − (vt/c) cos θ
The time-varying nature of the wireless channel is also termed time selectivity and the
time-varying wireless channel is termed as ”time-selective channel”.
Further,a channel can be both time-and frequency-selective.Such channels are termed
”doubly selective” wireless channels.
Coherence Time of the Wireless Channel
coherence time is the duration over which the wireless channel conditions (like amplitude
and phase) remain relatively constant, meaning the channel’s characteristics don’t change
significantly within that time period.
This time duration in which the channel changes significantly due to the mobility of the
user is termed the coherencetime,Tc . It is given by
1
Tc = wherefdmax = (v/c)fc
4fdmax
The coherence time Tc is the approximate duration of time for which the Wireless Channel
1
can be assumed to be constant. This can also be expressed as Tc = where Bd = 2fd
2Bd
EXAMPLE: Consider a vehicle moving at 60 miles per hour at an angle of =30 with
the line joining the base station. Compute the coherence time Tc at the carrier frequency
fc =1.85GHz.
SOLUTION: To compute the coherence time Tc , we start by computing the maximum
Doppler shift fmax
d corresponding to θ0 = 0
26.8
fd = 3x108 x 1850 x 106 = 165 Hz
max
Hence, the corresponding Doppler spread is given as Bd = 2fdmax = 330Hz Hence, the
coherence time Tc is calculated as
1
Tc = = 1.5ms
2Bd
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 13
Course: Wireless Communication System Module 1 notes BEC703
Table 1: Summary of fading parameters
Quantity If large If small
Delay spread τ If τ >> T then If τ << T then
frequency selec- freq flat
tive
Coherence Bandwidth Bc If 1/Bc ¡¡ T then If 1/Bc ¿¿ T
f requencyf lat then
f requencyselective
Doppler Spread fd = (v/c) cos θfc fc v ¿¿ c then fc v ¡¡ c then
fast fading slow fading
Coherence Time Tc Tc ¿¿ T then Tc ¡¡ T then
slow fading fast fading
Table 2: Important Equations
Parameter Equations
PL−1 −j2πfc τi
Baseband received sig- yb (t) = i=0 ai e sb (t − τi )
nal yb (t)
yb (t) = L−1 −j2πfc τi
P
Received signal for i=0 ai e sb (t)
narrowband signal
Rπ 2
Rayleigh fading fA (a) = −π fA,ϕ (a,ϕ)dϕ = 2ae−a
wireless channel
Maximum Delay στmax =τL−1 − τ0
Spread r PL−1 2
i=0 gi (τi −τ̄ )
RMS Delay Spread στRM S = PL−1
i=0 gj
1
Coherence Bandwidth Bc = στ
Bc
Frequency Flat Bc > Bs
Frequency selective Bc < Bs
Doppler Shift fd = vc cos θ fc
1 1
Coherence Time Tc Tc = 4f max orTc = 2Bd
d
Dr. S.K.Padaganur EC DEPT, BLDEA CET VIJAYAPUR 14
