EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & ARDUINO

PROJECTS

Presented by:-
GulshAn Kumar
 CONTENTS

• 1. Introduction
•Importance ofEmbedded Systems
•Goals of the Project Report

2. Embedded Systems Overview

•DefinitionofEmbedded System
•Features (Task-Specific, Real-Time, Low Power)
•Examples (Microwave Oven, Traffic Light, Smartwatch)
•Components (Sensors, Actuators, Memory, Power, Microcontroller)
•Why Learn Embedded Systems?

3. What is Arduino?
•Introduction to Arduino
•Why Arduino for Embedded Projects?
•Components of Arduino UNO Board
•Technical Specs of Arduino UNO (Microcontroller, Voltage, Pins, Memo

4. Arduino Pins & Connections

•Input/OutputPin Description
•Analog vs Digital Pins
•PWM Pins and Use
•Component-to-Pin Mapping Table (LED, Buzzer, LDR, MQ Sensor, TM

5. Key Arduino Functions Used

•pinMode(),digitalWrite(), analogRead(), analogWrite()
•Serial Monitor Functions (Serial.begin(), Serial.print())

6.Project Reports Section

• LED Blink UsingArduino
• Traffic Light System
• RGB LED with PWM
• Alcohol Detector (MQ-3 Sensor)
• LDR Light Detection Sensor
• Fire Alarm System
Introduction
Thisreportpresents a series of foundational Arduino-based projects
aimed at understanding digital output, sensor integrationbasic,
and automation. These projects provide practical insights
into microcontroller programming, circuit design, and real-
world problem-solving using embedded systems. Each
project focuses on different core concepts like digital signal
control, PWM, analog sensing, and environmental
monitoring insights into microcontroller programming,
circuit design, and real-world problem-solving using
embedded systems. Each project focuses on different core
concepts like digital signal control, PWM, analog sensing,
and environmental monitoring

Embedded system
Embedded systems areintelligent computingsystemsthat
perform dedicated functions within a larger system. They
consist of both hardware (microcontrollers, sensors, etc.)
and software (firmware or control logic.

An embedded system is a computer system built into a

device to perform a specific task or function.
It’s called “embedded” because it is part of a larger
system—not a general-purpose computer like a laptop.
 Key Features of Embedded Systems:

Feature Description
Task-specific Designedto do one job
(e.g., control a washing
machine).
Responds quickly and
Real-time operation reliably to inputs or
changes.
Compact and energy
Low power & size efficient for small devices.
Combination of Hardware
Runs code (firmware) on
+ Software microcontrollers.

Common Examples of Embedded Systems:

•Microwave Oven – Timer and heat control.
•Traffic Light Controller – Controls lights based on timing or
sensors.
•Smartwatch – Tracks time, heart rate, steps.
•Automatic Washing Machine – Controls water flow, spin
speed, time.
•Car Airbags – Detect crash and deploy airbags instantly.
 Components of an Embedded System:

1.Sensors (e.g., temperature, light, gas)

2.Actuators (e.g., motors, LEDs, buzzers)
3.Memory (for storing code)
4.Power Supply
5.Microcontroller/Microprocessor (e.g., Arduino, ARM)

Why Learn Embedded Systems?

•Used in IoT devices, robotics, smart homes, medical
tech.
•Helps in automation and making smart devices.
•A key part of modern electronics and computer
science.

How It Works (Example: Traffic Light System)

In our Arduino-based traffic light project, Arduino acts

as the embedded controller. It:
•Turns LEDs ON/OFF in sequence.
•Does this automatically using a fixed code.
•No user interaction is needed—it runs the same task
in a loop.
 What is Arduino?
Arduino, a popular open-sourceembeddedplatform, plays a vital
role in the learning and development of such systems due to its
simplicity, flexibility, and powerful capabilities. It allows students
and hobbyists to create interactive electronics projects with ease.

Components of Arduino:
• Microcontroller
• The “brain” of the Arduino (e.g., ATmega328P on Arduino
• UNO)
Executes code and controls inputs/outputs.
• Digital & Analog Pins
• Digital Pins: ON/OFF control for components like LEDs or
• buzzers.
Analog Pins: Read sensor data like temperature or light.
• Power Supply
• Powered via USB or external battery/power adapter (5V or
9V).
• USB Interface
• Connects to PC for uploading code and serial
communication.
• Reset Button
• Restarts the code execution.
 Arduino UNO Features and Technical Specs

Arduino UNO Features and Technical Specs

No. Parameter Name Parameter Value

1 Microcontroller ATmega328P

2 Clock Speed (Crystal) 16 MHz

3 Operating Voltage 5V
4 Input Voltage 7V – 12V
5 (Recommended) 14 Pins (D0 to D13)
6 Digital I/O Pins 6 Pins (A0 to A5)
Analog Input Pins
7
PWM Pins 6Pins(D3,D5,D6,D9,
8 D10, D11)
Power Pins
5V, 3.3V, GND, Vin
Component Connected To
LED Digital Pin (e.g., 13) + GND via
resistor
Buzzer Digital Pin (e.g., 7) + GND
Analog Pin (e.g., A0) + Resistor +
LDR
5V
MQ Sensor Analog Pin (e.g., A0), 5V, GND
TMP36 (Temp Sensor) Analog Pin (e.g., A1), 5V, GND
Ultrasonic Sensor Trig → D11, Echo → D12, VCC →
5V, GND
RGB LED
PWM Pins (e.g., 9,10,11), GND

Importance of Arduino in
Embedded Systems:

•Helps to prototype real-world applications.

•Acts as a learning tool for understanding

microcontroller programming.

•Supports a wide range of Sensor and actuators.

•Can be programmed in C/C++ using the Arduino IDE
 Key Features of Arduino:

Feature Description The brain of

Arduino
(e.g., ATmega328)
Microcontroller
controls inputs/outputs
via code.
Free hardware designs
and software available
Open-Source for everyone to use and
modify.
Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development
User-Friendly IDE Environment) is simple
for beginners.
Connect to a computer
Plug & Play via USB; power it and
upload code easily.
Understanding Inputs, Outputs, Analog and Digital in Arduino Projects
Introduction
This report explains the use of various Arduino concepts such as input, output, analog,
and digital signals. It is based on a practical project involving gas and temperature
detection using sensors, LED, and a buzzer.
Input and Output in Arduino
In Arduino, everypin can beused as input or output depending on the need. You define
the behavior of each pin using the `pinMode()` function inside the `setup()` block.
- INPUT: Used when connecting sensors (like gas or temperature sensors) that send
data to the Arduino.
- OUTPUT: Used when connecting devices (like LED or buzzer) that Arduino controls.
Analog vs Digital Pins
Arduinoboardshaveboth digital and analog pins:

-Digital Pins (e.g., D2 to D13): These can only read or write HIGH (1) or LOW (0).
-Analog Pins (e.g., A0 to A5): These can read a range of values from 0 to 1023.

Use analog pins when you want to measure varying values (e.g., gas levels,
temperature). Use digital pins when you only need to check ON/OFF states (e.g., switch,
LED control).

Key Arduino Functions Used

- `analogRead(pin)`:Readsthe analog voltage on a pin and returns a value from 0 to
1023.
- `digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW)`: Sends either a HIGH or LOW signal to the pin.
- `analogWrite(pin, value)`: Sends PWM signal to control devices with variable output
like brightness or speed. Only works on PWM pins.
- `pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT)`: Sets the mode of the pin.
- `Serial.begin(9600)`: Starts serial communication with baud rate 9600 for monitoring
values.
- `Serial.print() / println()`: Prints values to the Serial Monitor for debugging.
When to Use digitalWrite() and analogWrite()
- Use `digitalWrite()` when you want simpleON/OFF control (e.g., LED, buzzer).
- Use `analogWrite()` when you want to control brightness, speed, or intensity (e.g., fan,
dim LED). This only works on PWM-supported pins like 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on Arduino
Uno.
 Project Report: LED Blink using
Arduino

Introduction
• Inthe world of embedded systems, learning how to control basic electronic
components through programming is a fundamental step. The LED blink
project is often considered the "Hello World" of Arduino programming. It
introduces the concept of digital output and timing delays, using the Arduino
UNO to turn an LED on and off at fixed intervals
• This report explains the objective, components used, circuit connection, and
code of the LED blink project implemented using Arduino

Objective
• ToblinkanLEDconnectedtotheArduinoUNOataone-second interval
using digital output pins and basic timing control in code

Components Required
•Arduino UNO Board
•1 x LED (any color)
•1 x Resistor (220Ω)
• Breadboard
•jumper Wires
•USB Cable for Power
 Circuit Description
T• he longer leg (anode) of the LED is connected to digital pin 13 on the
Arduino via a 220Ω resistor.
• shorter leg (cathode) is connected to GND (ground) on the Arduino
The
•When pin 13 is set to HIGH, current flows through the LED and it lights up.

Arduino Code

int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn the LED on
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn the LED off

delay(1000);
}
 LED BLINK

Working Principle
•The setup() functionruns once to configure pin 13 as an
output.
•The loop() function continuously turns the LED on and off
with a 1-second delay between each state.
•The delay(1000) function pauses the program for 1000
milliseconds (1 second), controlling the blinking rate.

• Applications
• Basic testing of Arduino board
functionality.
• Learning timing functions and pin
control.
• Visual indicators in larger embedded
systems

• Conclusion
The LED blink project is a simple yet powerful way to
• understand digital output and timing in embedded
systems using Arduino. It sets the foundation for more
complex projects involving sensors, actuators, and
communication modules
 Project Report: Traffic Light System using Arduino

• Introduction
Traffic light systems are essential components of road safety
• and traffic control. This project demonstrates how to
simulate a basic traffic signal using Arduino and LEDs. The
traffic light follows a Red → Yellow → Green sequence with
defined delays, showcasing digital output control through
multiple pins.

• Objective
•
Tocreateamini traffic light system using three LEDs and Arduino
UNO, simulating the behavior of real world traffic signals.

Components Required
• Arduino UNO Board
• 1 x RedLED
• 1 x Yellow LED
• 1 x Green LED
• 1 x Resistor (220Ω)
• Breadboard
• jumper Wires
• USB Cable for Power
 Circuit Description
Red LED connected to pin 13 via a resistor
•
Yellow LED connected to pin 12 via a resistor.
•
Green LED connected to pin 11 via a resistor.
•
All cathodes connected to Arduino GND.
•

Arduino Code
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT)
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(12, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(11, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
 Traffic light

•Working Principle
•The Red,Yellow,and Green LEDs are turned on and
off sequentially using delays
•Demonstrates real-world traffic signal control logic..
•Helps understand how multiple digital outputs can be
controlled from one Arduino board.

• Applications
•Traffic signal simulation for learning.
• LED sequencing demonstration.
• Foundational concept for advanced real-
time control systems

• Conclusion
• Thistraffic light project serves as a great example of how
to simulate real-life systems using Arduino. It enhances
understanding of sequential logic, timing control, and
multiple output management
 Project Report: RGB LED using
Arduino

Introduction
• RGB LEDs combine red, green, and blue light to create various colors throu
color mixing. This project demonstrates how to control an RGB LED using t
Arduino UNO board and produce different colors by varying the intensity o
each color component using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

RGB LED Types and Structure

RGB LEDs have three LEDs inside them and usually , these three internal LEDs share eith
a common anode or a common cathode especially in a through - hole package . So basica
we can categorize RGB LEDs as either common anode or common cathode type just like
seven segment displays .

Objective
• Tocreatemultiple color outputs using an RGB
LED by controlling the PWM signals from the
Arduino.
Components Required
• • Arduino
••• UNOBoard
• 1x RGB LED (Common Cathode)
3x Resistors (220Ω)
Breadboard
Jumper Wires
USB Cable for Power
 Circuit Description
• Red terminal of RGB LED connected to pin 9 via 220Ω resistor.

• Green terminal to pin 10 via 220Ω resistor.

• Blue terminal to pin 11 via 220Ω resistor.

• Common cathode connected to GND of Arduino.

int ledPin = 13;

Arduino Code void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIG // Define RGB pins
int redPin = 9;
int greenPin = 10;
int bluePin = 11;
// Function to set RGB color
void setColor(int redVal, int greenVal, int blueVal) {
analogWrite(redPin, redVal);
analogWrite(greenPin, greenVal);
analogWrite(bluePin, blueVal);
}
void setup() {
pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
setColor(255, 0, 0); // Red
delay(1000);
setColor(0, 255, 0); // Green
delay(1000)); // Turn the LED on
setColor(0, 0, 255); // Blue
delay(1000);
setColor(255, 255, 0); // Yellow
delay(1000);
setColor(0, 255, 255); // Cyan
delay(1000);
setColor(255, 0, 255); // Magenta
delay(1000);
}
 RGB

•Working Principle
•The project usesPWMtocontrol the brightness of each color in the
RGB LED.
•By varying intensity values between 0 and 255, different colors are
generated.
•analogWrite() sets the PWM value for each pin, creating color
transitions

• Applications
•Decorative lighting and displays. •Color
indicators in smart devices •Learning timing
functions and pin control.
•Learning how to use PWM control with
Arduino

• Conclusion
• This RGB LED project showcases how to generate a wide
rangeofcolors using Arduino.Itserves asa hands-on
introduction to PWM, color mixing, and the practical use o
multi-channel output control
 Project Report: Alcohol Detector
using Arduino

Introduction
• Alcohol detection systems play a crucial role in ensuring road
safety and promoting responsible behavior. This project
demonstrates how to build an alcohol detector using an MQ-3
gas sensor with Arduino UNO. The system detects alcohol
concentration in the air and triggers visual and sound alerts if
the level is above a certain threshold

Objective
• To detect the presence of alcohol in the surrounding air using an MQ-3 sensor
and alert through an LED and buzzer

• Components Required
• Arduino UNO Board
• MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor
• 1x LED
• 1x Resistor (220Ω)
• 1x Buzzer
• Breadboard
• Jumper Wires
• USB Cable for Power
 Circuit Description
•MQ-3 sensor's VCC pin is connected to Arduino's 5V pin.
ND pin of MQ-3 goes to Arduino’s
•Analog output (AOUT) of MQ-3 connects to A0 pin of Arduino.
•LED's anode (long leg) is connected to pin 6 through a 220Ω
resistor,
and cathode to GND.

• Buzzer's positive terminal is connected to pin 4, and the

negative
terminal to GND.

•When alcohol vapor concentration increases, the analog value

from the MQ-3 sensor rises.
• If it crosses the defined threshold, the buzzer and LED turn
ON.

Working Principle
• The MQ-3 sensor continuously monitors the air and gives an analog
value based on the alcohol concentration

•If the analog reading exceeds a set value (e.g., 500), it triggers both
visual (LED) and sound (buzzer) alerts.

•Otherwise, both stay OFF.

 Arduino Code
int gasSensor = A0;
int gasValue = 0;
int led = 6;
int buzzer = 4;
void setup()
{

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); // Serial monitor for debugging
}
void loop()
{

gasValue = analogRead(gasSensor); // Read sensor value

Serial.println(gasValue); // Show value in Serial Monitor

if (gasValue < 500) { //Threshold level

digitalWrite(led, LOW);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
} else {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
}
delay(1000); // Delay for stability
}

Applications Conclusion
•Caralcoholdetection systems •Thisprojecteffectively
demonstrates how to build an
•Breath analyzers alcohol detection system using
Arduino and MQ-3 sensor. It
•Industrial safety systems. introduces interfacing of analog
sensors with microcontrollers
•Personal safety gadgets and controlling digital output
devices like LEDs and buzzers
based on sensor inputs.
 Project Report: LDR Sensor using
Arduino

Introduction
• This project demonstrates the use of an LDR (Light Dependent
Resistor) sensor to detectambientlight and controlan LED
accordingly using Arduino. The LED lights up in darkness and
turns off when enough light is detected. It showcases analog
input handling and conditional digital output

Objective
• Todetect light intensity using an LDR sensor and control an LED
based on brightness levels

• Components Required
• ArduinoUNO Board
• LDR Sensor1x LED
• 1 x LED
• 1 x 220Ohm Resistor
• Breadboard
• Jumper Wires
•
USB Cable for Power
 Circuit Description
• One leg of the LDR is connectedto5V on the Arduino.
• The other leg of the LDR is connected to A0 (analog input) and also to
GND through a 10kOhm resistor..

• The LED is connected to pin 12 through a 220Ohm resistor, and its

cathode goes to GND.

• When light intensity decreases (darker), the voltage at A0 changes,

triggering the LED ON

Arduino Code int ldrPin = A0;

int ledPin = 12;
int ldrStatus = 0;
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrPin);
if (ldrStatus < 1000) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
Serial.print("Current light intensity value is = ");
Serial.println(ldrStatus);
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
Serial.print("Current light intensity value is = ");
Serial.println(ldrStatus);
}
delay(1000);
}
 LDR Sensor

•Working Principle
•The LDR acts as a light sensor. When it receives light,

the resistance decreases, and the voltage at A0 increases.

When it's dark, the resistance increases, and voltage
drops. Arduino reads this analog value and controls the
LED based on a threshold.

• Applications

•Automatic street lights.

•Light-sensitive alarms.
•Energy-saving systems
•Smart home automation

• Conclusion
• This project isa beginner-friendly
example of using analog sensors with
Arduino. It demonstrates real-world
application of sensors and condition-
based automation effectively
 Project Report: Fire Alarm System using
Arduino

Introduction
• Fire detection systems are vital for preventing accidents and
ensuring safety in homes, offices, and industries. This projec
presents a simple fire alarm system using a flame sensor and
Arduino UNO. The system alerts users with a buzzer and an
LED when fire or heat is detected.

Objective
• To detect fire or a significant rise in temperature using a flame
or heat sensor and trigger an alarm using an LED and buzzer

• Components Required
• Arduino UNO Board

• Flame/Heat Sensor (Analog Output)1 x LED

• 1x LED

• Breadboard

• 1x Resistor (220Ω)USB Cable for Power

• 1x Buzzer

• Jumper Wires

• USB Cable for Power

 Circuit Description
• Flame Sensor Output (Analog) connected to A0 of Arduino..
• VCC of sensor to 5V, GND to GND of Arduino
• LED connected to pin 13 with a 220Ω resistor.
• uzzer connected to pin 7
•
Shared ground for all components.

int flameSensor = A0;

Arduino Code:- int flameValue = 0;
int led = 13;
int buzzer = 12;
void setup() {
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(flameSensor, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
flameValue = analogRead(flameSensor);
Serial.println(flameValue);
if (flameValue > 400) { // Adjust threshold as needed
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
}
delay(500);
}
 Fire Alarm System

•Working Principle

• The flame or temperature sensor outputs an analog voltage depending o

the intensity of light/ heat

• If the reading exceeds a defined threshold, the Arduino activates the buz
and LED to signal an alert.
• This project demonstrates basic analog sensor integration and safety
automation using Arduino.

• Applications
•Home and Office Fire Detection
•Industrial Fire Alarm Systems
•Safety Automation Projects

• Conclusion
• ThefirealarmsystemusingArduino isa practical
project to understand sensor interfacing and real-
time alert mechanisms. It introduces beginners to
the concepts of analog sensing and output control in
embedded systems.
Thank You