gRAPHING DATA

LESSON 2
 gRAPHING DATA
Graphing data means representing collected
information visually through charts, diagrams, or
plots. Instead of only reading numbers in a table,
graphs help people see patterns, relationships, and
comparisons more clearly. It transforms raw data
into a picture that is easier to interpret and
communicate.
 gRAPHING DATA
Graphing data means representing collected
information visually through charts, diagrams, or
plots. Instead of only reading numbers in a table,
graphs help people see patterns, relationships, and
comparisons more clearly. It transforms raw data
into a picture that is easier to interpret and
communicate.
 Types of Graphs Commonly
Used in Data Representation
 pie graph
A pie graph or pie chart is a circular chart divided into
slices. Each slice represents a category’s proportion of
the total.
This type of graph is most effective when showing
percentages or parts of a whole, such as the share of
different expenses in a family budget or the percentage
of time spent on daily activities.
Its strength is that it is very easy to understand at a
glance, although it becomes difficult to read when there
are too many categories.
pie graph
 bar graph
A bar graph represents data using rectangular bars whose
lengths or heights correspond to the values they represent.
Bars may be arranged vertically or horizontally, and
sometimes double bar graphs are used to compare two sets
of data side by side.
Bar graphs are very effective for comparing categories or
groups, such as the number of students who prefer different
school subjects.
They are clear and versatile, though they are not the best
choice for showing changes that occur continuously over
time.
bar graph
 line graph
A line graph is created by plotting points on a coordinate
plane and connecting them with lines.
It is used mainly to display trends or changes over time.
For instance, a line graph can show the growth of a
plant over several weeks or the change in daily
temperatures across a month.
Line graphs are powerful for spotting upward or
downward trends and even for predicting future values,
but they are not suitable for data that is not time-based
or continuous.
line graph
 stem-and-leaf
A stem-and-leaf plot is a numerical display that organizes
numbers by splitting them into stems, which represent the
leading digits, and leaves, which represent the last digit.
This type of graph is particularly useful because it shows the
distribution of data while keeping the original values intact.
For example, test scores of 72, 74, 75, 81, 82, and 85 would
be organized into two stems: stem 7 with leaves 2, 4, 5 and
stem 8 with leaves 1, 2, 5.
It is effective for detecting clusters, gaps, or outliers,
though it is less visually appealing compared to other
graphs.
 histogram
A histogram is very similar to a bar graph but is
specifically designed for continuous data grouped into
intervals or bins.
It is most often used to show frequency distributions. For
example, the heights of students can be grouped into
intervals such as 150–154 cm, 155–159 cm, and so on.
The height of each bar shows how many data values fall
into that interval. Histograms are valuable for identifying
the shape of data distribution, though the choice of
interval size can influence interpretation.
histogram
 frequency polygon
A frequency polygon is a line graph that is created
by connecting the midpoints of the tops of
histogram bars with straight lines.
It is particularly useful when comparing two or
more frequency distributions on the same graph.
For example, one could compare the test score
distributions of male and female students.
 pictogram
A pictograph uses pictures or symbols to represent
data. Each picture stands for a certain number of items,
making the graph very visual and engaging. For
example, a survey on favorite fruits can be shown using
apple symbols, where one apple icon equals five
students.
Pictographs are effective for younger audiences or for
presenting small sets of data, though they may become
misleading if the symbols are not scaled properly.
 Steps to Compute
Percentages for a Graph
1.Find the Total and Add up all the data values.
2.Find the Percentage of Each Category
For Pie Graphs
To draw the slices, you need to convert percentages
into angles: