Participatory
planning
SPT-E3010
28.2.-7.4.2022
Marketta Kyttä
“We define public participation as any
process that involves the public in
problem-solving or decision-making and
that uses public input to make better
decisions”
International Association for Public Participation
Iap2, https://www.iap2.org/page/ethics
In this course the
focus will be
public
participation
in landuse and
transportation
planning
The rich terminology for
participatory planning
Traditional terminology
• Advocacy planning (Davidoff, 1965)
• Self-planning (Friedman, 1970),
• Transactive planning (Friedman, 1973)
• User-planning (Olivegren, 1975)
• Community action planning (Hamdi & Goerthert, 1997)
• Deliberative planning (Forester, 1999)
• Communicative or collaborative planning (Healey, 1997; Innes & Booher, 1999)
• Community planning and design (Sanoff, 1999)
• Agonistic pluralism (Mouffe, 1999)
Recent additions
• Self-organized planning
• Tactical urbanism
• DIY urbanism
Your own views
about
participatory
planning
Your pre-
course
individual
assignments
Pre-course individual
assignment
You were also asked to reflect your personal attitudes to public participation
Let’s discuss about these self-reflections
Form pairs
Interview your pair about his/her personal reflections, attitudes and
experiences regarding public participation in urban planning
Let’s discuss 10 min
Then you will be asked to introduce your pair
Reflect your personal
attitudes towards public
participation
Your personal attitudes towards public participation – SURVEY RESULTS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 n=37
Best participatory planning process is informal and spontaneous
The focus should be in the high quality outcome
The knowledge utilized in participatory planning should be produced
as a local knowledge building process
It is important that the knowledge is generalizable allowing
comparison with other contexts
It is important that the local activists are well represented in
participatory processes
It is important that people are able to express their collective
viewpoints
A planner should try to understand the variety of needs of people
New technology methods like online tools and social media are best
methods for participatory planning
Participants should be encouraged to self-organize participation
Participatory planning should focus on all levels of planning, also
general and regional planning
Experts and politicians are the ones who can make the final decisions
and find the solutions
Ideas about Public Participation (n=32)
People don’t like change and often that
The main concept of public can be seen in the way that people
participation is collective want to participate in resisting things
intelligence which could shape rather than creating things. But maybe
our society from many this is too negative, and I’ll see how my
perspectives. views on the topic change over the
Of course, the participatory
course.
process is much more than
just an user analysis. There
are many possible ways to
benefit from it, e.g.
I am quite critical collaborative design (co- I think it should make citizens understand
about planning designed urban spaces), that not everything is possible, that
professionals and community education, a projects have goals and that inside those
authorities defining long-term commitment to limitations, they should also think about
how participatory build a common language everyone. But once that is understood, it
planning processes and culture of light). can empower them and even boost the
should look like. most elemental democratic ideals.
Good and not so good practices
I believe that participatory planning can
However, at work in transport planning help significantly with transport equity
consulting, I have come across a few and disadvantage groups. Participatory
projects where public participation has planning needs an evolution in order to
been an integral part of the planning be able to become more inclusive. This
process. Public participation has been should allow different people to be
implemented with online surveys and heard so no planning will create more
on-site workshops, granting important inequality or segregation.
I believe single top-
local knowledge to take into down placemaking
consideration. is somehow
NIMBYs have shown that
negative.
sometimes participation is indeed
Inadequate public
not democratic, it is oligarchic. By
I have always failed to see public participation
this I mean that the lucky few that
participation campaigns driven by alienates sections of
already are homeowners in a
urban governments as very equal or the community,
region, often wealthy ones,
empowering, which is why my own undermines trust
indeed first highest bidders, are
experience of public participation has and is more likely to
able to block further development
revolved around informal, citizen-led result in poorly
from the area, so that more
incentives. informed decisions.
people cannot move in.
Methods
Participation should be made
In a survey the as simple and accessible as
For me, the favorite methods questions have to be
are those, where residents have possible. I feel that web
clear and the surveys are the best for this,
been met in person. I’m number of questions
probably old-fashioned, but I as they can easily reach large
cannot be too high amounts of people, and their
feel that meeting residents and so that the
residents meeting each other results are inherently digital,
respondent will which allows for easier data
creates a finish the survey.
community. processing.
I can only think of one example that would
come close to participatory planning. I think find myself lost in all the different tools
of the neighbourhood association and the that are being used by my city. I feel like
community. The municipality has the the process of participating residents in its
intention to develop further and the modern way has only recently emerged and
neighbourhood association shows them what the development is taking baby steps
is wrong or what can be improved. towards becoming a considerable tool.
Participants
It is important that the local people can tell their No poor people here,
viewpoints, as they have good knowledge of the life thanks, and there are not
in the area, what might be difficult to get otherwise enough parking spots! Be
included to the plans, especially if the plan is made ashamed you planners,
by some consultant or such. you don’t seem to The one area I felt
understand what we more strongly about
need!” was the inclusion of
all groups rather
than just the
An important addition to activists. Especially
the current processes, I think the interesting question those who may be
would be the about participation is that since a lot more disadvantaged
adknowledgement of of people do not care about planning and less readily
mulilingualism already in processes, then how it should be put available to
the early stages of the in place. There will be groups that participate but still
process, because it would are highlighted in participatory use the space or are
strengten local sense of process, but can planners speak affected by the
community and prevent behalf of those who are not willing project, need to be
exlusion efficiently . to participate? considered.
Issues Participatory planning
might be achievable in Going wrong with the
countries where the results of planning
While I believe that much good can be decision-making process, solutions has always a lot
gained from participation, I do not intentions, and results are to do with the lack of the
necessarily relate to the idea of transparent between proper ways of identifying
participatory planning being institutions and people. the users. The social groups
intrinsically good. In the end, residents differ and the needs
often struggle to coherently argue for variate by them.
their stances while participatory
processes can prove costly and lengthy.
While the Finnish planning system has public
Why isn’t participatory planning participation enshrined in law, in my opinion it’s
mentioned in school, when nothing but participation theater. The residents don’t
students are taught to vote and really have any influence and can only recommend
make themselves heard? Isn’t some superficial changes that barely affect the plan in
participatory planning also an question.
important way to make a change?
Own experiences/attitudes
In my life I have taken part in
many forms of participatory
In my opinion, there is no perfect planning planning processes, be it about
solution and there is no planning that can the decision how to allocate
satisfy everyone. Nor should we fall into the funds of the housing
illusion of pursuing perfection and satisfying association or raising your
everyone. As a relevant practitioner who can do voice in a city zoning process or
more to listen to users' demands, respect the about deciding where to meet
habits of most people and make sustainable for lunch with your classmates.
planning solutions is already very, very great!
I didn’t study much about I also have an (maybe naive) idea of partcipaton as an
participatory planning yet at evolving story where –over time- you get to share
university, but I understood that it knowledge, ideas and raise mutual understanding.
can be a difficult topic and should be This coherent concept of partcipaton I have not seen
used wisely. Therefore I would love executed in the projects I have been involved in.
to study more about it. And that’s
why I’m here
What you would like to learn
Although public participation is positive
for the urban planning process in many
aspects, I am still concerned about the
implementation efficiency of participatory I’m under the impression that
planning. How much of the participants’ most representatives of my
voices can influence the final urban future profession as
planning outcome? architect still see the human
environment as separated
from nature and nature as a
service provider. In this
course, I would like to
I’m especially interested in the results of public participation process. understand the process of
For me, a successful public participation process includes people of participatory planning better
various backgrounds, makes it easy for people to discuss interesting and find ways how to include
topics and of course provide planning solutions that take the results non-human entities in this
from public participation process into account. All needs cannot be process.
fulfilled, but some can be.
In Finland
The Finnish
Land Use and Building
act 2000
The law obliges Finnish
cities and other actors to
§
aims to ensure that everyone has
offer “anyone affected by
the plan” a possibility to the chance to participate
participate in an open
planning process.
Chapter 1 Chapter 8
General provisions Planning procedure and
interaction
Section 6 Section 62
Interaction and publication of planning Interaction in drawing up a plan
information
Plans must be prepared in interaction Planning procedures must be organized and
with such persons and bodies on whose the principles, objectives and goals and
circumstances or benefits the plan may possible alternatives of planning publicized
have substantial impact, as prescribed so that the landowners in the area and
below in this Act. those on whose living, working or other
conditions the plan may have a substantial
The authority preparing plans must impact, and the authorities and
publicize planning information so that corporations whose sphere of activity the
those concerned are able to follow and planning involves (interested party), have
influence the planning process. the opportunity to participate in preparing
the plan, estimate its impact and state their
opinion on it, in writing or orally.
In this course …
We will study the diverse,
sometimes contested
approaches and practices
In the field of
participatory planning
Varying THEORETICAL views –
Course literature and the lectures
This course:
The varying views concerning PP practises
PARTICIPATORY
PARTICIPANT PARTICIPATORY
DECISION
DATA & PLANNING
MAKING &
KNOWLEDGE PRACTICE
PLANNING
The varying views & course structure
PARTICIPANT DATA & ORGANIZING PUBLIC PLANNING
KNOWLEDGE PARTICIPATION & DECISION MAKING
Aija Staffans
Sirkku Wallin Mikko Rask
Marketta Kyttä
Maija Faenhle Johanna Palomäki
Maarit Kahila
Pilvi Nummi Lasse Peltonen
Damiano Cerrone
Eveliina Harsia
Kimmo Lapintie
Saana Rossi
Course assignment options:
RENEWED Participatory Planning Plan (PPP) (Osallistumis- ja arviointisuunnitelma, OAS)
Your own PPGIS-survey
Data & knowledge?
Scientifically valid and
Local knowledge building?
reliable knowledge?
Context spesific knowledge?
Generalizable knowledge?
Who participants?
Activists
Neighbourhood Random ”Super-people”?
unions? sampling?
Common good? Nimbyism?
How to organize?
Landuse and Self-organized
Informal? Formal?
planning act? participation?
Where is the focus?
Planning process? Content/ outcome?
Master planning? Strategic planning? Detailed planning?
When & how?
Implementation,
evaluation and
follow-up
Participatory Starting of a
planning can new project
be realized in
various
Decision
phases of the making and
accepting the
planning plan
process? Making plan
proposals
Who desides & makes the
final plans?
Closed profession Deliberative
planning
Which methods?
Traditional New technology
Participation tools/toolboxes
Action Catalogue:
http://actioncatalogue
Toolkit on Public
.eu/
Engagement with
International Science:
Association for Public https://toolkit.pe2020
Participation: .eu/toolkit/section-b-
http://www.iap2.org/ pe-methods-and- Participation
tools/b2-designing-pe- Compass:
initiatives/?rsrc=pe20 http://participationco
Participedia: 20-4 mpass.org/planning/i
https://www.participe ndex
dia.net/
Find your own: ?
Various methods
for participatory planning
Please visit: https://participatory.tools/
16 Analog (traditional) methods
16 Digital methods
METHODS FOR PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
Helps
to design the
participatory
planning process
From identification
of stakeholders to
the evaluation of the
process
METHODS FOR PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
Helps
tp pick a
suitable set of
mathods
METHODS FOR PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
Helps
to use various
methods, collect &
analyze data
The ladders of
participation by
Sherry Arnstein
(1969)
International
Association
for Public
Participation
https://www.iap2.org/
PHASES OF THE CYCLE OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
LEVELS OF Initiation Planning and Implementation Evaluation/ Maintenance
PARTICIPATION design Research
Community control Paper and pencil tests, Modeling, Contracted and self- Internal and Contracted or self-
visioning games, trade building external evaluation maintenance
offs
Partnership Future workshops, Planning Contracted and self- Self-evaluation
mapping, stakeholder workshopsCons building, training portfolios Collaborative
analysis ensus building workshops Citizen panels maintenance
Consultation Surveys, meetings/ Communication Displays POE Surveys,
Campaigns, and information ICT
demonstrations techniques (ICT)
Information Leaflets, lobbying Media Videos Traditional research Traditional
methods research methods
Horelli, 2002
The structure of the course
During (almost) all sessions…
• Each visiting lecturer recommends an article or two
• Please read the recommended article(s) before the session
• I will assign ”opponents” for each session who will lead the discussion
• You will be an opponent once during the course
• You are supposed to read the articles recommended by the teachers
also during the other sessions
Volunteers for the first opponent role?
Opportunities to follow
real life participatory planning Helsinki
Find participatory planning events:
https://www.hel.fi/helsinki/fi/kaupunki-ja-hallinto/osallistu-ja-vaikuta/hankkeet
Online 2.3: The park plan of the green area of Online event 30.3: New Western Helsinki
Kruunuvuori, Laajasalo
Find participatory planning events:
https://www.espoo.fi/fi/asuminen-ja-
Espoo
rakentaminen/kaupunkisuunnittelu/tutustu-ja-osallistu-
kaupunkisuunnitteluun
Onsite event 29.3: Kauklahti Onsite 5.4: Everyday life in Espoo in the future
Your course
work:
three options
Option 1
Create your own OAS 2.0/PPP 2.0
Participation and assessment schemes (PPP) are drawn up at the start of the
planning process, to define how citizens, organizations and other interest groups can
contribute to the whole process. Such co-operation begins during the initial phase of
the planning process, while alternatives are still open, to allow participants to
genuinely influence the plans.
• Select real or imaginary urban planning case
• Use course literature to justify your approach
• Sketch and write.
• Like in other options, the length of the work is about 5-10 pages or corresponding
amount of other material
Option 2
Design, realize and test a Public Participation survey
Aim: Learn how to design and realize PPGIS survey workself. Test your tool with a few participants.
Tool: Maptionnaire-service
Instructions:
1. Plan your survey by using course literature from this course or perhaps lessons
that you have learned in other courses.
2. Design PPGIS survey for a real or imaginary public participation process
3. Test your survey by collecting a small PPGIS dataset. A few participants are
enough. Analyse the findings.
4. Report your project by writing a short description.
Option 3
Participate and be a clerk (kirjuri)
Visit 2-3 real life Public Participation events in the city of Espoo and
write down the discussion
Instructions:
Pick two events from the series of “Our Espoo 20X0” sessions. Some of
the events are online, some onsite. You will receive detailed instructions
what to write down and observe in the events. This course work option
demands Finnish language skills. This course work would be good to start
early enough.
Grading of the course
The course is assessed with the scale 1-5. The
score is calculated based on the following rules:
20 % individual reflections
20 % active participation in classes
60 % individual course assignment
See you on
Thursday!
