M

O
H
A
M
M
ED
M
AT
H
EE
N
L
R
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

Contents

LICENSE 3

CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS 4

CHAPTER NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
10.1: Introduction to Computer Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
10.2: Evolution of Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

R
10.3: Types of Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
10.3.1 Personal Area Network (PAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

L
10.4: Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

N
10.5: Networking Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
What is a Topology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

EE
10.6: Identifying Nodes in a Networked Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10.7: Internet, Web, and the Internet of Things (IoT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.8: Domain Name System (DNS) . . . . . . . . . . .
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) 13

FILL IN THE BLANKS 28

M

2 MARKS QUESTIONS 30
ED

3 MARKS QUESTIONS 31
M

5 MARKS QUESTIONS 34
M

CHAPTER END EXERCISES 37

A
H
O
M

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
2
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

LICENSE

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Interna-
tional License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or
send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

“Karnataka Second PUC Computer Science Study Material / Student Notes” by L R Mohammed Matheen
is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

R
L
N
Figure 1: Licence

EE
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Interna-
tional License.

H
Portions of this work may include material under separate copyright. These materials are not covered by
AT
this Creative Commons license and are used by permission or under applicable copyright exceptions.

This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Interna-

M

tional License.
ED
M
M
A
H
O
M

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
3
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS

CHAPTER NOTES

10.1: Introduction to Computer Networks

What is a Network? A network is a group of interconnected entities. These can be: - People (like
in social networks) - Systems (like in mobile networks) - Devices (like in computer networks)

R
L
What is a Computer Network? A Computer Network is: - A system where two or more computers
or computing devices are interconnected. - Allows devices to share data and resources.

N
EE
Size and Scale

• Small networks may connect just a few computers in one room.

H
• Large networks can span buildings, cities, or countries.
AT
What Makes Up a Network?
M

• Hosts (nodes): Computers, laptops, mobile phones, servers, etc.

• Networking Devices: Switches, routers, modems, etc.
ED

• Communication Media:

– Wired (like cables)

M

– Wireless (like air/waves)

M

Data Transfer
A

• Data is broken into packets for transmission.

• Devices that send, receive, store, or forward data are called nodes.
H

• Examples of nodes include:

O

– Modem, hub, switch, router

M

– Computers, printers, phones

Benefits of Networks

• Information exchange through emails, calls, websites

• Resource sharing: Printers, files, and storage
• Personal Networks: Hotspots on mobile phones forming PANs (Personal Area Networks)

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
4
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

10.2: Evolution of Networking

Origin of Networking: ARPANET

• In the 1960s, the U.S. Department of Defence initiated a project called ARPANET through its
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
• Objective: Connect academic and research institutions for scientific collaboration.
• First message was transmitted between:

R
– University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
– Stanford Research Institute (SRI)

L
N
Key Milestones in Networking Evolution Here is a timeline of major events:

EE
Year Event

1961
H
Concept of ARPANET was proposed.
AT
1969 ARPANET became functional (UCLA ↔ SRI).
1971 Email (E-mail) developed by Ray Tomlinson;
M

introduced **@** symbol.

1974 Telenet launched as the first commercial version of
ED

ARPANET.
1982 The term “Internet” was coined.
M

1983 TCP/IP protocol introduced as the standard on

ARPANET.
M

1986 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network)

A

extended Internet access to more users.

H

1990 WWW (World Wide Web) invented by Tim

Berners-Lee using HTML, URL.
O

1997 First version of Wi-Fi (802.11 standard) introduced.

M

Try It Yourself Activity Suggestion:

Create a hotspot using a smartphone and connect other devices to experience a Personal Area Network.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
5
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

10.3: Types of Networks

Computer networks vary in size, coverage area, and data transfer speed. Based on these characteristics,
networks are broadly categorized as:

10.3.1 Personal Area Network (PAN)

• A smallest-sized network used for connecting personal devices.

R
• Range: Up to 10 meters.

L
• Can be wired (e.g., USB cable between phone and laptop) or wireless (e.g., Bluetooth between
smartphones).

N
Examples: - Smartphone connected to a printer via Bluetooth. - Laptop connected to phone using a USB

EE
cable.

10.3.2 Local Area Network (LAN)

H
AT
• Connects devices like computers, phones, tablets, and printers within a limited area.
• Common in homes, schools, labs, offices, or campuses.
M

• Uses Ethernet cables, fiber optics, or Wi-Fi.

Features: - Range: Up to 1 km. - High-speed data transfer: - Ethernet: 10 Mbps - Gigabit Ethernet:
ED

1000 Mbps - Secure: Only authorized users can access shared resources. - Devices can share printers,
access servers, and transfer files.
M

10.3.3 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

M

• Covers a city or a town.

• Data transfer speed: Comparable to LAN but slightly lower.
A

• Connects multiple LANs together.

H

Examples: - Cable TV networks - Broadband services in a city

O

Range: Up to 30–40 km
M

10.3.4 Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Largest network that spans countries and continents.

• Connects multiple LANs and MANs using wired/wireless media.

Examples: - The Internet: Largest example of a WAN - Large business or government networks linking
offices globally

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
6
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

Think About This: If you’re accessing your bank account from another city, what type of network is
enabling that access?
It’s a WAN.

10.4: Network Devices

To establish communication and functionality in a network, various hardware devices are used. Here’s

R
a breakdown of key devices:

L
10.4.1 Modem

N
• Full Form: MOdulator-DEModulator
• Purpose: Converts digital data (used by computers) to analog signals (used for transmission) and

EE
vice versa.
• Usage:

H
– At sender’s end: Converts digital → analog (modulation)
AT
– At receiver’s end: Converts analog → digital (demodulation)

Used in: Internet connections via telephone lines

M

10.4.2 Ethernet Card (NIC – Network Interface Card)

ED

• Installed in computers to enable wired networking.

• Each NIC has a unique MAC address to identify the device on the network.
M

• Supports data transfer from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps.

• Connected to the network using an Ethernet cable.
M
A

10.4.3 RJ-45 Connector

H

• Full Form: Registered Jack 45

O

• An 8-pin connector used with Ethernet cables.

• Standard interface used to plug network cables into devices.
M

10.4.4 Repeater

• A device used to regenerate weak or lost signals.

• Signals weaken after traveling ~100 meters.
• Repeaters amplify and resend these signals to extend the transmission range.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
7
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

10.4.5 Hub

• A basic device used to connect multiple computers in a network.

• Broadcasts incoming data to all connected devices.
• Limitation: If multiple data packets arrive simultaneously, they collide.

10.4.6 Switch

R
Smarter than a hub.
• Sends data only to the intended recipient using the destination address in the packet.

L
• More secure and efficient than hubs.
• Can filter corrupted data and ask for retransmission.

N
• Commonly used in homes and offices to create LANs.

EE
10.4.7 Router

•
H
Connects different networks, including LAN to the Internet.
AT
• Can analyze, alter, and repackage data as per the network type.
• May be wired or wireless.
• Home routers often work as a modem + router + switch.
M

10.4.8 Gateway
ED

• Acts as a gate between a local network and the outside world (e.g., the Internet).
• All incoming/outgoing data passes through the gateway.
M

• May be implemented using software, hardware, or both.

• Often combined with firewalls for security.
M

Example: Your home Internet provider acts as the gateway to the Internet.
A
H

10.5: Networking Topologies

O

What is a Topology?
M

• A topology is the arrangement or layout of computers and devices in a network.

• It determines how devices are interconnected and how data flows.

There are five common types of network topologies:

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
8
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

10.5.1 Mesh Topology

• Every device is connected to every other device in the network.

• High reliability and security.
• Multiple devices can communicate simultaneously.
• Disadvantage: Complex and expensive due to the high number of cables and connections.
𝑛(𝑛−1)
To connect n devices fully: [Number of connections = 2 ]

R
10.5.2 Ring Topology

L
• Each node is connected to two other nodes, forming a ring.
• Data travels in one direction (either clockwise or counterclockwise).

N
• Limitation: If one node fails, it can affect the whole network.

EE
10.5.3 Bus Topology

•
H
All nodes are connected to a single communication line (bus or backbone).
AT
• Cost-effective and easy to install.
• Data travels along the bus and is available to all connected devices.
M

• Limitation: If the bus fails, the entire network goes down.

• Less secure and less reliable compared to mesh or star.
ED

10.5.4 Star Topology

• Each device is connected to a central hub or switch.

M

• Data is routed through the central node.

M

• Advantages:

– Easy to troubleshoot and expand.

A

– Failure of one device does not affect others.

H

• Limitation: If the central hub fails, the whole network is down.

O
M

10.5.5 Tree or Hybrid Topology

• A hierarchical structure combining two or more topologies (e.g., star + bus).

• Common in WANs where multiple LANs are connected.
• Suitable for large and scalable networks.
• Data reaches the centralized device first, then travels to branches and nodes.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
9
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

Reflection:

How do bus and ring topologies behave when a node goes down? - In bus: The whole network may fail.
- In ring: Data cannot be passed beyond the failed node.

10.6: Identifying Nodes in a Networked Communication

To ensure data reaches the correct destination in a network, each node (device) must have a unique

R
identity. Two primary identifiers are used:

L
10.6.1 MAC Address (Media Access Control Address)

N
• Definition: A permanent, unique hardware address assigned to a device’s Network Interface

EE
Card (NIC).
• Also called: Physical Address or Hardware Address.
• Burned into the NIC during manufacturing and cannot be changed.

Structure: H
AT
• 12-digit hexadecimal number (48 bits)
M

• First 6 digits: Organisational Unique Identifier (OUI) – identifies the manufacturer.

• Last 6 digits: Serial Number – uniquely identifies the device.
• Example: 00:A0:C9:14:C8:29
ED

Use: Physically identifies a device within a local network.

M

10.6.2 IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)

M

• Definition: A logical address assigned to a device on a network that uses the Internet Protocol.
A

• Can change if the device connects to a different network (unlike MAC).

• Used globally to identify devices over the Internet.
H

Versions:
O
M

1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)

• 32-bit address
• Written as four decimal numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.0.178)
• Each part ranges from 0–255
• Limited to ~4.3 billion addresses

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
10
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)

• 128-bit address
• Written in 8 groups of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons
• Example: 2001:CDBA:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652
• Designed to support the growing number of devices on the Internet

Activity Suggestion: Explore how to find the MAC address of your computer system (e.g., using
ipconfig /all in Windows or ifconfig in Linux/macOS).

R
L
10.7: Internet, Web, and the Internet of Things (IoT)

N
10.7.1 The Internet

EE
• The Internet is a global network connecting billions of devices—like desktops, laptops, smart-
phones, tablets, routers, and smart appliances.
• These devices communicate using standardized protocols, allowing data to travel around the
world. H
AT
Examples of Internet-enabled devices: - Computers, printers, scanners - Smart devices: TVs, ACs,
refrigerators, lights, fans, security cameras - Modern IoT devices: drones, smart vehicles, door locks
M

How the Internet is Structured

ED

1. Your device connects to a modem/router.

2. The modem connects to a local ISP (Internet Service Provider).
3. The ISP connects to a national or regional network.
M

4. These regional networks connect together to form the Internet backbone.

M

So, the Internet is a multi-layered structure of interconnected networks.

A

10.7.2 The World Wide Web (WWW)

H

• The WWW is a collection of interlinked web pages and resources, stored on web servers and
O

accessed over the Internet.

M

• Invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.

• It allows users to access, share, and view content globally.

Key Technologies Behind the Web:

1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language):

• Language used to create webpages.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
11
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

• Ensures standard formatting and readability across systems.

2. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier):

• A unique address for each web resource.

• Often called URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
• Example: https://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm

3. HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol):

R
• A set of rules for retrieving linked pages from the web.
• HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP.

L
Internet ≠ Web: - Internet: The underlying network infrastructure (hardware + communication). - Web:

N
The content (documents, multimedia, etc.) shared and retrieved over the Internet.

EE
Discussion Prompt: What areas of life (like traffic management or health monitoring) do you think IoT
can improve?

H
AT
10.8: Domain Name System (DNS)

Why DNS is Needed Every website or server on the Internet is stored on a device with an IP address.
M

But IP addresses are strings of numbers, which are difficult to remember.

ED

Problem: Would you rather type 164.100.60.233 or ncert.nic.in?

That’s where Domain Names come in!

M
M

What is a Domain Name?

• A user-friendly name assigned to an IP address.

A

• Makes it easier to access websites.

H

• Works like a phonebook:

O

– Instead of remembering phone numbers, we remember names.

M

Example:

Domain Name IP Address

ncert.nic.in 164.100.60.233
cbse.nic.in 164.100.107.32

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
12
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

Domain Name IP Address

mhrd.gov.in 164.100.163.45
wikipedia.org 198.35.26.96

10.8.1 DNS Server What it does:

R
• Converts a domain name → IP address.

L
• This process is called Domain Name Resolution.

How it works:

N
EE
1. You type a URL in your browser (e.g., www.ncert.nic.in).
2. Your browser contacts a DNS server to find the IP address.
3. The DNS server replies with the correct IP (e.g., 164.100.60.233).
4. Your browser uses the IP to retrieve the webpage.
H
AT
Illustration:
M

User → HTTP request to DNS Server → Receives IP address → Connects to server

ED

DNS Server Hierarchy

• The DNS system is hierarchical.

M

• At the top are 13 root servers named A to M.

• These root servers are distributed globally:
M

– 10 in the US
A

– 1 in London
H

– 1 in Stockholm
– 1 in Japan
O

Maintained by: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

M

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. What is the main purpose of a computer network?

a) To perform calculations
b) To print documents

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
13
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) To share data and resources

d) To save power
Answer: c

2. Which of the following is NOT a type of computer network?

a) LAN
b) PAN
c) WAN

R
d) MANET
Answer: d

L
3. What does a modem do at the sender’s end?

N
a) Converts analog to digital
b) Converts digital to analog

EE
c) Stores data
d) Filters data
Answer: b
H
AT
4. In which year was the first version of Wi-Fi introduced?
a) 1990
M

b) 1997
c) 2001
d) 1986
ED

Answer: b

5. Which networking device regenerates weak signals?

M

a) Switch
b) Repeater
M

c) Router
A

d) Gateway
Answer: b
H

6. What is the full form of ARPANET?

O

a) Advanced Regional Protocol and Network

M

b) Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

c) Automated Routing and Protocol Network
d) Advanced Remote Processing Agency Network
Answer: b

7. What is the maximum distance typically covered by a LAN?

a) 10 meters
b) 1 kilometer

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
14
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) 10 kilometers
d) 100 kilometers
Answer: b

8. Which topology uses a single central device to connect all nodes?

a) Bus
b) Ring
c) Mesh

R
d) Star
Answer: d

L
9. Which device directs data between different networks and repackages it if needed?

N
a) Hub
b) Switch

EE
c) Router
d) Modem
Answer: c
H
AT
10. What is a node in a network?
a) A signal
M

b) A networking cable
c) A device that can send or receive data
d) A web browser
ED

Answer: c

11. Which of the following is used for a Personal Area Network (PAN)?
M

a) Coaxial cable
b) Wi-Fi
M

c) Bluetooth
A

d) Optical fiber
Answer: c
H

12. What does the MAC address help identify?

O

a) The IP range
M

b) The computer model

c) A computer in a network
d) The OS version
Answer: c

13. Which device sends data to all connected devices without checking destination?
a) Switch
b) Hub

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
15
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) Router
d) Gateway
Answer: b

14. Which protocol is used to transfer web pages on the Internet?

a) FTP
b) SMTP
c) HTTP

R
d) TCP
Answer: c

L
15. What is the main function of a DNS server?

N
a) Stores webpages
b) Blocks IPs

EE
c) Resolves domain names to IP addresses
d) Secures networks
Answer: c
H
AT
16. Which IP version provides 128-bit address space?
a) IPv2
M

b) IPv4
c) IPv6
d) IPv5
ED

Answer: c

17. What does RJ-45 refer to in networking?

M

a) A protocol
b) A wireless connector
M

c) An Ethernet connector
A

d) An IP address
Answer: c
H

18. Which topology connects every device to every other device?

O

a) Bus
M

b) Ring
c) Star
d) Mesh
Answer: d

19. Which of the following uniquely identifies a device on a local network?

a) DNS
b) IP address

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
16
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) MAC address
d) URL
Answer: c

20. What is the approximate range of a PAN?

a) 100 m
b) 10 m
c) 1 km

R
d) 5 km
Answer: b

L
21. Who invented the World Wide Web?

N
a) Vinton Cerf
b) Ray Tomlinson

EE
c) Tim Berners-Lee
d) Charles Babbage
Answer: c
H
AT
22. Which of these is an example of a MAN?
a) Home Wi-Fi
M

b) Cable TV network
c) Internet
d) Personal hotspot
ED

Answer: b

23. What type of network is the Internet?

M

a) PAN
b) LAN
M

c) MAN
A

d) WAN
Answer: d
H

24. What is the primary function of a switch in a LAN?

O

a) Repeat signals
M

b) Modulate data
c) Route data
d) Forward packets to the intended recipient
Answer: d

25. What is the role of a gateway in a network?

a) Strengthens signal
b) Stores data

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
17
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) Connects different networks

d) Blocks viruses
Answer: c

26. Which of the following is NOT true about MAC addresses?

a) They are permanent
b) They are 48-bit long
c) They can be changed

R
d) They are unique for each device
Answer: c

L
27. Which of the following is NOT part of a URL?

N
a) Protocol
b) Domain name

EE
c) MAC address
d) Resource path
Answer: c
H
AT
28. What is the use of HTTP?
a) Send emails
M

b) Access web pages

c) Format documents
d) Connect modems
ED

Answer: b

29. Which network device is responsible for connecting LANs to the Internet?
M

a) Repeater
b) Switch
M

c) Router
A

d) NIC
Answer: c
H

30. Which topology is cheapest and easiest to maintain?

O

a) Ring
M

b) Mesh
c) Star
d) Bus
Answer: d

31. Which topology is highly reliable and secure but costly?

a) Ring
b) Bus

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
18
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) Mesh
d) Star
Answer: c

32. Which device helps convert analog signals to digital data?

a) Router
b) Modem
c) Switch

R
d) Gateway
Answer: b

L
33. What is the purpose of an Ethernet card?

N
a) Generate webpages
b) Connect to the Internet

EE
c) Provide wired network interface
d) Encrypt data
Answer: c
H
AT
34. Which of the following is an example of a hybrid topology?
a) Ring
M

b) Star
c) Tree
d) Bus
ED

Answer: c

35. What does each DNS root server represent?

M

a) A country
b) A port
M

c) A name in the alphabet

A

d) A subnet
Answer: c
H

36. Which layer of DNS contains the top-level servers?

O

a) Regional
M

b) Local
c) Root
d) Secondary
Answer: c

37. What type of address is “192.168.0.178”?

a) MAC address
b) IP address (IPv4)

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
19
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) IP address (IPv6)
d) NIC address
Answer: b

38. In IPv4, each number in the address can range from:

a) 0–999
b) 0–255
c) 0–128

R
d) 0–63
Answer: b

L
39. How many bits are there in a MAC address?

N
a) 32
b) 48

EE
c) 64
d) 128
Answer: b
H
AT
40. What happens in a ring topology if one node fails?
a) Data is rerouted
M

b) Data is stored
c) Entire network is affected
d) Signals repeat
ED

Answer: c

41. What kind of protocol is TCP/IP?

M

a) Encryption
b) Transfer
M

c) Naming
A

d) Addressing
Answer: b
H

42. What is the unique identity of a web page on the WWW?

O

a) MAC address
M

b) URL
c) IP address
d) Hub
Answer: b

43. Which is more secure: HTTP or HTTPS?

a) Both are same
b) HTTPS

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
20
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) HTTP
d) Depends on device
Answer: b

44. The organisation maintaining DNS root servers is called:

a) ISRO
b) IANA
c) ICANN

R
d) IEEE
Answer: b

L
45. Which of the following is stored in a DNS server?

N
a) HTML files
b) MAC address

EE
c) Domain names and IP mappings
d) TCP headers
Answer: c
H
AT
46. What does the “www” in a URL indicate?
a) Protocol
M

b) Page name
c) World Wide Web
d) Device name
ED

Answer: c

47. What was the first message sent on ARPANET?

M

a) Hello
b) LOGIN
M

c) Email
A

d) Ping
Answer: b
H

48. What standard defines how devices connect in a LAN?

O

a) Ethernet
M

b) HTTP
c) DNS
d) USB
Answer: a

49. What is the difference between MAC and IP address?

a) MAC is permanent, IP is changeable
b) IP is permanent, MAC is changeable

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
21
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) Both are permanent

d) Both are changeable
Answer: a

50. What kind of address is “2001:CDBA:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652”?

a) IPv4
b) MAC
c) DNS

R
d) IPv6
Answer: d

L
51. Assertion (A): A modem converts analog signals to digital and vice versa.

N
Reason (R): Computers communicate using analog signals only.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

EE
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
H
AT
Answer: c

52. Assertion (A): A LAN can be used to share a single printer among multiple computers.
M

Reason (R): LANs allow high-speed data transfer between interconnected devices.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
ED

c) A is true, but R is false

d) A is false, but R is true
M

Answer: a

53. Assertion (A): Switches are more efficient than hubs.

M

Reason (R): Switches transmit data only to the intended device, while hubs broadcast data to all
A

devices.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
H

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

O

c) A is true, but R is false

d) A is false, but R is true
M

Answer: a

54. Assertion (A): A MAC address is a permanent address assigned to a device’s NIC.
Reason (R): MAC addresses are user-configurable in a network.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
22
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: c

55. Assertion (A): Star topology is more fault tolerant than ring topology.
Reason (R): In star topology, failure of a single peripheral node does not affect the network.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false

R
d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: a

L
56. Assertion (A): Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) refer to the same concept.

N
Reason (R): Both terms represent the collection of interconnected web pages.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

EE
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
H
AT
Answer: d

57. Assertion (A): IPv6 addresses provide a much larger address space than IPv4.
M

Reason (R): IPv6 uses 128 bits, while IPv4 uses only 32 bits for addressing.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
ED

c) A is true, but R is false

d) A is false, but R is true
M

Answer: a

58. Assertion (A): Ring topology allows simultaneous two-way communication between nodes.
M

Reason (R): Data flows in both directions in a ring topology.

A

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
H

c) A is true, but R is false

O

d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: c
M

59. Assertion (A): Repeaters are used to extend the range of data transmission in a network.
Reason (R): Signals weaken after traveling a certain distance over a cable.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
23
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

Answer: a

60. Assertion (A): Gateway is necessary to communicate between different networks.

Reason (R): Gateways manage only data storage and retrieval operations.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true

R
Answer: c

61. Assertion (A): WANs are suitable for connecting different offices across continents.

L
Reason (R): WANs use both wired and wireless media to connect geographically dispersed net-

N
works.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

EE
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
H
AT
Answer: a

62. Assertion (A): DNS converts a domain name to its corresponding IP address.
M

Reason (R): Browsers only understand numeric IP addresses to access websites.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
ED

c) A is true, but R is false

d) A is false, but R is true
M

Answer: a

63. Assertion (A): Ethernet is a wireless network communication standard.

M

Reason (R): Ethernet works with coaxial cables to connect devices in a LAN.
A

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
H

c) A is true, but R is false

O

d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: d
M

64. Assertion (A): Bus topology is cost-effective for small networks.

Reason (R): Bus topology requires less cabling and is easy to set up.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
24
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

Answer: a

65. Assertion (A): A NIC is necessary for a computer to join a network.

Reason (R): NIC provides a physical interface to the communication medium.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true

R
Answer: a

66. Assertion (A): PANs generally operate using routers and switches.

L
Reason (R): PANs cover a wide geographical area.

N
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

EE
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: c
H
AT
67. Assertion (A): Hybrid topology combines features of multiple basic topologies.
Reason (R): It provides scalability and flexibility in large networks.
M

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
ED

d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: a
M

68. Assertion (A): Domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses.
Reason (R): Humans can understand binary values better than text.
M

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true, but R is false
H

d) A is false, but R is true

O

Answer: c
M

69. Assertion (A): IP addresses change when a device connects to a different network.
Reason (R): IP addresses are static hardware addresses of the devices.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: c

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
25
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

70. Assertion (A): Routers can repackage data packets for different network types.
Reason (R): Routers always transfer data without any changes to the packet size.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: c

R
71. A university network connects all its departments and laboratories within the campus using
Ethernet cables and Wi-Fi. What type of network is best suited for this setup?

L
a) WAN
b) MAN

N
c) PAN

EE
d) LAN
Answer: d

H
72. A company has branch offices in different countries and wants to ensure real-time, secure
AT
communication between them. Which of the following network types and protocol combinations is
most appropriate?
a) PAN and FTP
M

b) LAN and HTTP

c) WAN and TCP/IP
ED

d) MAN and SMTP

Answer: c
M

73. If a DNS server fails, which of the following will most likely happen?
a) No emails can be sent
M

b) Devices will lose their MAC addresses

c) Users won’t be able to access websites using domain names
A

d) Routers will stop forwarding data

H

Answer: c
O

74. A user notices that their device has a new IP address every time they connect to a different
network, but the MAC address remains the same. What can be inferred from this?
M

a) IP addresses are permanent, MAC addresses are dynamic

b) Both IP and MAC addresses are permanent
c) MAC address is hardware-defined, IP address is network-assigned
d) Both addresses change with the network
Answer: c

75. Which device would be most essential for converting digital signals from a computer to analog

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
26
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

for Internet transmission over a telephone line?

a) Repeater
b) Router
c) Modem
d) Gateway
Answer: c

76. A network administrator wants to design a reliable network where even if one node fails, other

R
devices can still communicate directly. Which topology should they choose?
a) Bus

L
b) Ring
c) Star

N
d) Mesh

EE
Answer: d

77. During a network upgrade, the administrator replaces hubs with switches. What benefit is
most likely gained?
H
AT
a) Increased signal strength
b) Reduced collision and improved data direction
c) Increased number of connected devices
M

d) Automatic IP allocation
Answer: b
ED

78. Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the use of a gateway?

a) Boosting signals in a building
M

b) Connecting a school’s LAN to the global Internet

c) Creating personal Bluetooth file sharing
M

d) Assigning MAC addresses to devices

Answer: b
A

79. An e-commerce site moves from HTTP to HTTPS. What advantage does this bring?
H

a) Faster page loading

O

b) Free DNS hosting

c) Improved security for data exchange
M

d) Compatibility with IPv6 only

Answer: c

80. A student creates a mobile hotspot to connect a laptop and tablet. Which type of network is
formed, and what is the typical range?
a) MAN, up to 10 km
b) PAN, up to 10 meters

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
27
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

c) WAN, global
d) LAN, up to 10 km
Answer: b

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. A group of interconnected computers or devices is called a __________.

R
Answer: network

L
2. The device that converts digital signals to analog and vice versa is called a __________.
Answer: modem

N
3. A __________ is a network formed by interconnecting devices within 10 meters.

EE
Answer: Personal Area Network (PAN)

4. The interconnection of devices across countries or continents is called a __________.

Answer: Wide Area Network (WAN)
H
AT
5. The unique, permanent address assigned to a NIC is called the __________ address.
Answer: MAC
M

6. __________ is the protocol used to transfer web pages across the Internet.
Answer: HTTP
ED

7. The full form of ISP is __________.

Answer: Internet Service Provider
M

8. A device that forwards data only to the intended destination device is called a __________.
Answer: switch
M

9. The standard protocol suite used on the Internet is called __________.

A

Answer: TCP/IP
H

10. The full form of ARPANET is __________.

Answer: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
O

11. The unique address of a website used by users is called a __________ name.
M

Answer: domain

12. A device in a network that can create, receive, or forward data is called a __________.
Answer: node

13. The Internet is the largest example of a __________.

Answer: WAN

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
28
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

14. The Web was invented in the year __________.

Answer: 1990

15. HTML stands for __________.

Answer: HyperText Markup Language

16. A 128-bit logical address on the Internet is known as an __________ address.

Answer: IPv6

R
17. In __________ topology, each device is directly connected to a central hub or switch.
Answer: star

L
18. __________ cables and RJ-45 connectors are used in Ethernet-based networks.
Answer: Twisted pair

N
19. A __________ helps in finding the IP address for a given domain name.

EE
Answer: DNS server

20. Devices connected in a closed loop form a __________ topology.

Answer: ring
H
AT
21. A __________ is used to regenerate weakened signals in a network.
Answer: repeater
M

22. Data on a network is transferred in the form of small units called __________.
Answer: packets
ED

23. The arrangement or layout of devices in a network is called its __________.

Answer: topology
M

24. A __________ topology uses a single communication line shared by all devices.
M

Answer: bus

25. The DNS hierarchy is headed by __________ servers.

A

Answer: root
H

26. An Ethernet card is also known as __________.

O

Answer: Network Interface Card (NIC)

M

27. The protocol used to ensure secure data transfer over the web is called __________.
Answer: HTTPS

28. In a __________ topology, each device is connected to every other device.

Answer: mesh

29. The web address like “www.ncert.nic.in” is an example of a __________.

Answer: URL

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
29
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

30. __________ topology is a combination of two or more basic network topologies.

Answer: Hybrid

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What is a computer network?

A computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers or computing devices that

R
allows them to share data and resources.

L
2. What is the function of a modem in a network?
A modem converts digital data into analog signals for transmission and analog signals back to digital data

N
at the receiver’s end.

EE
3. Define the term ‘node’ in the context of a computer network.
A node is any device in a network that can receive, create, store, or transmit data to other nodes. It
includes computers, printers, modems, routers, etc.
H
AT
4. What is the role of the Internet Service Provider (ISP)?
An ISP provides services for accessing the Internet, acting as a gateway for users to connect to the global
network.
M

5. Name any two real-life examples of networks other than computer networks.
Social networks and airline reservation systems.
ED

6. Differentiate between LAN and MAN.

LAN covers a limited area like a school or building and offers high data speed, while MAN covers a city
M

or town and connects multiple LANs with moderate speed.

M

7. Write any two characteristics of a Personal Area Network (PAN).

A PAN connects personal devices within 10 meters and can be either wired (USB) or wireless (Blue-
A

tooth).
H

8. What is the primary purpose of a switch in a network?

O

A switch receives data packets and forwards them only to the intended recipient node, reducing network
traffic.
M

9. Distinguish between MAC address and IP address.

MAC is a permanent, hardware-specific address assigned to NIC; IP is a changeable logical address used
for identifying devices on a network.

10. What do you understand by Ethernet?

Ethernet is a set of rules that define how devices communicate through cables in a LAN, supporting data
transfer between 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
30
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

11. Define domain name resolution.

Domain name resolution is the process of converting a domain name into its corresponding IP address
using a DNS server.

12. What is the significance of HTML in the World Wide Web?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create and design web pages that can be read and dis-
played on any web browser.

13. Write any two differences between HTTP and HTTPS.

R
HTTP is a basic protocol used for data transfer over the web, whereas HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP
with data encryption.

L
14. What is a repeater used for in a network?

N
A repeater regenerates and amplifies weakened signals over cables to extend the range of the network.

EE
15. Differentiate between Bus and Star topology.
Bus topology connects all devices to a single backbone cable; Star topology connects all devices to a
central node like a switch or hub.
H
AT
16. What is a hybrid topology? Give an example.
Hybrid topology is a combination of two or more basic topologies such as star, ring, and bus; an example
is a tree topology used in WANs.
M

17. Define DNS and mention its role.

DNS (Domain Name System) is a system that translates human-readable domain names into machine-
ED

readable IP addresses using DNS servers.

18. What is the full form and function of NIC?

M

NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It allows a computer to connect to a network using Ethernet
cables and provides a unique MAC address.
M

19. How is the World Wide Web different from the Internet?
A

The Internet is the global network of interconnected devices; the Web is a collection of web pages acces-
H

sible over the Internet.

O

20. What is meant by packet in data communication?

A packet is a small chunk of data into which larger messages are divided for transmission over a net-
M

work.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the importance of computer networks in today’s world.

Computer networks allow computers and devices to share data, software, and hardware resources like

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
31
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

printers. They enable real-time communication, online collaboration, and resource sharing across the
globe, making tasks efficient and cost-effective.

2. Write a short note on ARPANET.

ARPANET was a project initiated in the 1960s by the U.S. Department of Defence to connect academic
and research institutions for collaboration. It was the first functional network to implement packet switch-
ing and became the foundation for the modern Internet.

3. What are the key differences between LAN, MAN, and WAN?

R
LAN covers a limited area like a building or campus and has high speed. MAN covers a city and connects
multiple LANs with moderate speed. WAN spans countries or continents and connects multiple LANs

L
and MANs, including the Internet.

N
4. What are the components of a computer network?

EE
Components include: 1. Nodes – Devices like computers and printers that send/receive data.
2. Networking devices – Modem, switch, router, etc.
3. Transmission media – Wired (cables) or wireless (air/waves).
4. Protocols – Rules for communication.
H
AT
5. What is the role of a router in a network?
A router connects different networks, analyzes data packets, repackages them if needed, and directs them
M

to the appropriate destination. It also links local networks to the Internet and supports both wired and
wireless connections.
ED

6. Describe the function and structure of an IP address.

An IP address uniquely identifies a device on a network.
- IPv4: 32-bit, written as four numbers (0–255) separated by dots.
M

- IPv6: 128-bit, written as eight hexadecimal groups separated by colons.

M

IP addresses can change when a device moves across networks.

7. Compare and contrast switches and hubs.

A

- Hub: Broadcasts data to all devices, causing collisions.

H

- Switch: Sends data only to the intended device, reducing traffic.

O

Switches improve efficiency and performance over hubs.

M

8. List three advantages of star topology over bus topology.

1. Easy to troubleshoot and expand.
2. Failure of one device doesn’t affect the network.
3. Better performance as data is directed to the right node.

9. What is the MAC address? Mention its structure and significance.

The MAC (Media Access Control) address is a 48-bit unique identifier hardcoded into the NIC. It is
divided into two parts: the first 24 bits represent the manufacturer (OUI), and the last 24 bits represent

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
32
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

the device’s serial number. It helps identify devices on a local network.

10. Explain the concept of domain name resolution with an example.

Domain name resolution is the process of converting a domain name like www.ncert.nic.in into its IP
address using DNS servers. The browser queries the DNS, which returns the corresponding IP to access
the correct web server.

11. How does a repeater help in a network?

A repeater strengthens weakened signals that travel over cables. It receives the weak signal, regenerates

R
it, and transmits it again, thereby extending the transmission range in wired networks.

L
12. Describe the structure and purpose of a DNS hierarchy.
The DNS hierarchy starts with 13 root servers (A–M) that direct queries to lower-level servers. These

N
include top-level domain servers (like .com, .org) and authoritative DNS servers. They store domain-

EE
to-IP mappings to resolve website names.

13. Explain the working and function of a hybrid topology.

H
Hybrid topology combines two or more basic topologies like star, ring, and bus. It is scalable and used
in large networks like WANs, where different LANs (each with its own topology) are interconnected.
AT
14. Why is mesh topology considered highly reliable?
Mesh topology connects every device to every other device. If one link fails, data can take alternate
M

routes, ensuring continuous communication. It also increases security as data between two nodes doesn’t
pass through others.
ED

15. What are the three key technologies developed by Tim Berners-Lee for the World Wide Web?
1. HTML: Used to structure web pages.
M

2. URI/URL: Provides unique addresses to web resources.

3. HTTP: Protocol for accessing and transferring web pages.
M

16. Mention three uses of a computer network in daily life.

A

1. Sending emails and making video/audio calls.

2. Sharing printers and storage across multiple systems.
H

3. Accessing websites, learning platforms, and social media.

O

17. How is data transmitted over a network?

M

Data is divided into packets. These packets are sent over the network through routers, switches, or hubs.
The receiving device reassembles the packets into the original message.

18. Write any three functions performed by a DNS server.

1. Maps domain names to IP addresses.
2. Maintains a database of domain-to-IP mappings.
3. Directs browsers to the correct server during web access.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
33
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

19. What does an Ethernet card do?

An Ethernet card (NIC) connects a computer to a wired network. It has a MAC address for identification
and allows data transmission between the device and the network.

20. Explain how the Internet is structured using ISPs.

Devices connect to a modem, which links to a local ISP. ISPs interconnect to form regional and national
networks. These networks collectively form the Internet backbone, connecting users globally.

R
5 MARKS QUESTIONS

L
1. Explain the classification of computer networks based on their geographical area. Provide ex-

N
amples for each type.

EE
Computer networks are classified as:
- PAN (Personal Area Network): Used for connecting personal devices like smartphones and laptops
within ~10 meters. Example: Bluetooth connection between a phone and a speaker.

H
- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small area such as a school, office, or campus. Devices are
AT
connected via cables or Wi-Fi. Example: Lab computers connected to a printer.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city or town, often connecting multiple LANs. Example:
M

Cable TV or city-wide broadband.

- WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects devices over large distances across countries or continents. The
Internet is the largest example of a WAN.
ED
M

2. Describe various networking devices and their functions: Modem, Switch, Router, Gateway,
M

and Repeater.
- Modem: Converts digital signals from computers to analog for transmission and vice versa.
A

- Switch: Connects multiple devices in a LAN and forwards data only to the intended recipient.
H

- Router: Connects different networks, analyzes packets, repackages data, and forwards it to other net-
O

works.
- Gateway: Acts as an entry and exit point in a network. Connects a private network to external networks
M

like the Internet.

- Repeater: Regenerates and amplifies weak signals to extend the transmission distance.

3. What is the Domain Name System (DNS)? Explain how it works and mention its hierarchy.
DNS translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. When a user enters a domain name in

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
34
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

a browser, the request goes to a DNS server which returns the corresponding IP address.
- The DNS hierarchy starts with 13 root servers (A to M).
- Below them are top-level domain servers (.com, .org, .in, etc.).
- Authoritative DNS servers store actual mappings.
This layered approach ensures that if one server doesn’t have the data, it can redirect the query to an-
other.

R
L
4. Describe five types of network topologies with advantages and limitations of each.
1. Mesh Topology: Each node connected to all others. High reliability and security but costly and

N
complex wiring.

EE
2. Ring Topology: Each node connects to two others, forming a ring. Simple and organized but fails if
one node is down.
3. Bus Topology: All nodes share a single communication line. Cost-effective but less secure and slower
as traffic increases.
H
AT
4. Star Topology: All nodes connect to a central hub. Easy to manage; if the hub fails, the entire network
is affected.
5. Hybrid/Tree Topology: Combines two or more topologies. Flexible and scalable but complex to
M

manage.
ED
M

5. Explain the concept of MAC and IP addresses. How do they differ in usage and characteristics?
- MAC Address: Permanent physical address assigned to a NIC. Format: 12-digit hexadecimal. Used
M

within local networks for device identification. Cannot be changed.

- IP Address: Logical address assigned by the network. Used for communication over the Internet. Can
A

be changed.
H

Difference: MAC is hardware-based and constant; IP is software-based and varies by network.

O
M

6. Describe the historical development of computer networking starting from ARPANET.

- 1960s: ARPANET was conceptualized to connect research institutes.
- 1969: First message sent between UCLA and SRI.
- 1971: Email developed by Ray Tomlinson using the @ symbol.
- 1974: Commercial use began with Telenet.
- 1982: The term “Internet” was coined.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
35
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

- 1983: TCP/IP became the standard protocol.

- 1990: World Wide Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
- 1997: First version of Wi-Fi (802.11) introduced.

7. What is the World Wide Web (WWW)? Mention the technologies that support it and differentiate

R
it from the Internet.
The WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and resources accessed via the Internet.

L
Key technologies:
- HTML: Structures web pages.

N
- URI/URL: Identifies each web resource.

EE
- HTTP/HTTPS: Protocols for web communication.
Difference: The Internet is the underlying network infrastructure; the Web is the collection of resources
(pages, files) hosted on that network.

H
AT
M

8. How does a DNS server resolve a domain name into an IP address? Use an example in your
explanation.
ED

When a user enters www.ncert.nic.in into a browser:

1. The browser sends a request to a DNS server.
2. If the server has the IP address in its database, it returns it.
M

3. If not, it forwards the request up the DNS hierarchy (to root, then top-level, then authoritative servers).
4. Once resolved, the browser uses the IP to fetch the website.
M

This process is known as domain name resolution.

A
H
O

9. Explain the process and advantages of resource sharing in a LAN.

M

In a LAN, multiple devices are connected within a limited geographical area.

- Process: Devices connect via Ethernet or Wi-Fi to a switch/hub. Shared resources like printers or storage
are accessed over the network.
- Advantages:
1. Reduces cost (shared devices).
2. Increases efficiency (file sharing, central backups).
3. Provides secure access to resources for authorized users.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
36
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

10. Write short notes on: NIC, RJ-45 connector, Ethernet, Packets, and Hotspot.
- NIC (Network Interface Card): Hardware allowing computers to connect to a network. Each NIC has
a MAC address.
- RJ-45: 8-pin connector used to connect Ethernet cables to NICs.
- Ethernet: Set of rules for connecting devices in a LAN using cables; supports high-speed data transfer.

R
- Packets: Data units into which information is broken for transmission over a network.
- Hotspot: A small wireless network formed using a device (e.g., smartphone) to share Internet access.

L
N
CHAPTER END EXERCISES

EE
1. Expand the following:
a) ARPANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
b) MAC – Media Access Control
H
AT
c) ISP – Internet Service Provider
d) URI – Uniform Resource Identifier
M
ED

2. What do you understand by the term network?

A network is a group of two or more computers or devices interconnected to share data and resources.
M
M

3. Mention any two main advantages of using a network of computing devices.

A

1. Sharing of hardware resources like printers and storage.

H

2. Communication and data exchange among users and systems.

O
M

4. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.

- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a limited area like a room, office, or campus. It offers high data
transfer speed.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographical areas like countries or continents. It connects
multiple LANs and MANs.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
37
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

5. Write down the names of few commonly used networking devices.

Modem, Switch, Router, Repeater, Gateway, Hub, Network Interface Card (NIC)

R
6. Two universities in different States want to transfer information. Which type of network they
need to use for this?

L
They should use a Wide Area Network (WAN) to connect across different geographical locations.

N
EE
7. Define the term topology. What are the popular network topologies?
Topology is the arrangement of devices in a network.
H
Popular network topologies: Mesh, Ring, Bus, Star, Tree (Hybrid)
AT
M

8. How is tree topology different from bus topology?

ED

Tree topology is hierarchical and combines star and bus topologies.

Bus topology uses a single communication line shared by all devices. Tree offers scalability, while bus
is simpler and cheaper.
M
M
A

9. Identify the type of topology from the following:

H

a) Each node is connected with the help of a single cable – Bus Topology
b) Each node is connected with central switching through independent cables – Star Topology
O
M

10. What do you mean by a modem? Why is it used?

Modem stands for Modulator-Demodulator. It converts digital data to analog for transmission and back
to digital at the receiver end. It is used to enable communication over telephone lines or cable.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
38
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

11. Explain the following devices:

a) Switch – Sends data to the intended recipient in a network, enhancing efficiency.
b) Repeater – Regenerates and amplifies weakened signals in a wired network.
c) Router – Connects different networks and forwards data to the appropriate path.
d) Gateway – Acts as an entry/exit point between internal networks and external networks like the Inter-
net.
e) NIC – A Network Interface Card allows devices to connect to a network and provides a unique MAC
address.

R
L
N
12. Draw a network layout of star topology and bus topology connecting five computers.

EE
(You can recreate this diagram by drawing the following:
- Star Topology: One central hub with 5 lines connecting to each of the 5 computers.
- Bus Topology: One horizontal line (bus) with 5 vertical lines branching to 5 computers.)

H
Star Topology (Each computer connected to a central switch/hub)
AT
[PC1]
M

|
[PC2] -- [SWITCH] -- [PC3]
ED

|
[PC4]
M

Bus Topology (All computers connected to a single common bus)

M

[PC1] [PC2] [PC3] [PC4] [PC5]

A

| | | | |
H

--------------------------------
BUS
O
M

13. What is the significance of MAC address?

MAC address is a unique hardware address assigned to a NIC. It helps to physically identify a device in
a local network and is required for data transmission at the data link layer.

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
39
STUDENT NOTES || CHAPTER 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS April 25, 2025

14. How is IP address different from MAC address? Discuss briefly.

MAC address is permanent and unique to the hardware, used within LAN. IP address is logical, can
change, and is used to identify devices on larger networks like the Internet.

15. What is DNS? What is a DNS server?

R
DNS (Domain Name System) converts domain names into IP addresses. A DNS server stores domain-
to-IP mappings and performs this translation for user requests.

L
N
EE
16. Sahil, a class X student, has just started understanding the basics of Internet and web technolo-
gies. He is a bit confused in between the terms “World Wide Web” and “Internet”. Help him in

H
understanding both the terms with the help of suitable examples of each.
- Internet is the global network connecting billions of devices (e.g., for sending emails, using apps).
AT
- World Wide Web is the collection of interlinked web pages accessible via the Internet (e.g., browsing
www.wikipedia.org).
M

Internet is the infrastructure; the Web is one of the services running on it.
ED

For more information Visit:

https://matheenhere.blogspot.com
M
M
A
H
O
M

L R MOHAMMED MATHEEN M.C.A., M.A., B.ED., UGC NET.,

LECTURER, PRIMUS PU COLLEGE, BANGALORE - 560 035
40