Session: 2021-22

PREPARED BY:
MOHD. HASAN
Grade: XII ‘A’
Billabong High International
School, Bhopal

Submitted To:-
Mr. Rahul Dhakad
(The Faculty of Physics for the Certificate of ISC)
UID No. 7147178

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 Certificate
This is to certify that Mohd. Hasan of grade XII „A‟ of
Billabong High International School, Bhopal has completed
his Mathematics project under my guidance and supervision of
Mr. Rahul Dhakad (The Faculty of Physics for the Certificate of
ISC) during the Session 2021-22 in partial fulfillment of physics
practical examination conducted by CISCE.

MR. RAHUL DHAKAD MR. ASHISH AGRAWAL

(Teacher of Mathematics) (Principal)

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Signature…………… Signature ……………

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 Acknowledgment
It gives me immense pleasure to present the Physics Project on
“INCREASING & DECREASING FUNCTIONS”. It would
not have been possible without the kind support of Mr. Ashish
Agrawal and teacher in charge, M, under whose guidance and
constant supervision the project was brought to the present state.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents for their
kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in the
completion of this project.
I am also thankful to the CISCE for giving me such an amazing
opportunity for making this project, and giving suitable
instructions and guidelines for the project.
Last but not the least, I thank my friends who shared necessary
information and useful web links for preparing my project.
Thanks again to all.
MOHD. HASAN
Class: XII ‘A’
UID No. 7147178

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INDEX:

PAGE
TOPIC
NO.
INTRODUCTION 2

CONTENTS:
WHAT ARE INCREASING AND DECREASING
FUNCTIONS 3
INCREASING AND STRICTLY INCREASING
FUNCTIONS 4
THE FIRST DERIVATIVE AND STATIONARY
POINTS 5-9
DECREASING AND STRICTLY DECREASING
FUNCTIONS 10-14
INCREASING AND DECREASING
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 15
INCREASING AND DECREASING INTERVALS
OF A FUNCTION 16-23
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS AND ITS
INCREASING AND DECREASING INTERVALS 24

CONCLUSION 25

BIBLIOGRAPHY 26

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INTRODUCTION:
Function, in mathematics, an expression, rule,
or law that defines a relationship between one
variable (the independent variable) and another
variable (the dependent variable). Functions
are ubiquitous in mathematics and are essential
for formulating physical relationships in the
sciences.
A better understanding of real-life processes is
obtained by expressing them in the form of
functions of the known variables which control
those processes. Their analysis is then done by
analysing their behaviour when the variables
change.
Functions may increase or decrease
corresponding to the mathematical nature of the
variables in terms of which the function is
expressed. In order to explore this novel topic in
mathematics, the concept of increasing and
decreasing functions has been variously
analysed by mathematicians around the world.

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WHAT ARE INCREASING AND
DECREASING FUNCTIONS?
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function on an
interval (a, b). If for any two points
x1, x2 (a, b)
such that x1 < x2, there holds the inequality
f(x1) ≤ f(x2), the given original function is
called increasing (or non-decreasing) in this
interval.

Similarly, we define a decreasing (or non-

increasing) and a strictly decreasing function.

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INCREASING AND STRICTLY
INCREASING FUNCTIONS:
The functions f(x) such that
1) If x1 < x2 then f(x1) < f(x2) (or) if x1 > x2
then f(x1) > f(x2) then f is strictly
increasing functions.
2) If x1 ≤ x2 then f(x1) ≤ f(x2) (or) if x1 ≥ x2
then f(x1) ≥ f(x2) then f is increasing
function.
3) If f‟(x) > 0 then f(x) is strictly increasing
and f‟(x) ≥ 0 then f(x) is increasing
function.
Example:
f(x) = sin x
if 30o <60o then sin30o < sin 60o
∴ 1

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THE FIRST DERIVATIVE AND
STATIONARY POINTS:
The derivative of a function may be used to
determine whether the function is increasing or
decreasing on any intervals in its domain.
If f′(x) > 0 at each point in an interval I, then
the function is said to be increasing on I. f′(x) <
0 at each point in an interval I, then the function
is said to be decreasing on I. Because the
derivative is zero or does not exist only at
critical points of the function, it must be
positive or negative at all other points where the
function exists.
The first derivative:
The derivative, dy/dx, is the slope of the
tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point x. If
we know about the derivative, we can deduce a
lot about the curve itself.
Increasing functions:
If dy/dx > 0 for all values of x in an interval I,
then we know that the slope of the tangent to
the curve is positive for all values of x in I and
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so the function y = f(x) is increasing on the
interval I.
For example:
Let y = x3 + x
dy/dx = 3x2 + 1 > 0 for all values of x.
That is, the slope of the tangent to the curve is
positive for all values of x.
So, y = x3 + x is an increasing function for all
values of x.

Graph of y = x3+x (An increasing function)

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Similarly, we know that the function y = x2 is
increasing for x > 0. We can work this out from
the derivative.
If y = x2
dy /dx = 2x > 0 for all x > 0.
That is, the slope of the tangent to the curve is
positive for all values of x > 0. So, y = x2 is
increasing for all x > 0. The graph of y = x2.

Graph of y = x2 (An increasing function)

1
0
Strictly increasing functions:

Suppose that a function y =f(x) is differentiable

on an interval (a, b). In order for the function to
be strictly increasing in this interval, it is
necessary and sufficient that the following
conditions are satisfied:

1.f′(x) ≥ 0 x (a, b)

2. f′(x) is not identically equal to zero at any

interval [x1, x2] (a, b).

The condition 2 is required in order to exclude

the intervals of constancy, in which the
derivative of f(x) is identically zero.

In practice (when finding the intervals of

monotonicity), the sufficient condition for
a strictly increasing is commonly used.

If the condition f′(x) > 0 is satisfied for

all x (a, b), except perhaps only a few
distinct points where f′(x) = 0, then the

1
1
function f(x) is strictly increasing in this
interval.

Example:

The sinusoidal function in a defined interval for

dy/dx ≠ 0 in quadrant I and IV is a strictly
increasing function as demonstrated by the
graph.

Graph of y = sin x (A strictly increasing function)

1
2
DECREASING AND STRICTLY
DECREASING FUNCTIONS:
The function f(x) such that
1) If x1 < x2 then f(x1) > f(x2) (or) if x1 > x2
then f(x1) < f(x2) then f is strictly
decreasing function.
2) If x1 ≤ x2 then f(x1) ≥ f(x2) (or) if x1 ≥ x2
then f(x1) ≤ f(x2) then f is decreasing
function.
3) If f‟(x) < 0 then f(x) is strictly decreasing
and f‟(x) ≤ 0 then f(x) is decreasing
function.
Example:
f(x) = cos x
if 60o < 90o then cos 60o > cos 90o
∴
1

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Decreasing functions:
If dy/dx < 0 for all values of x in an interval I,
then we know that the slope of the tangent to
the curve is negative for all values of x in I and
so the function y = f(x) is decreasing on the
interval I.
Example:
Let y = −x3 – x
dy/ dx = −3x2 −1 < 0 for all values of x.

That is, the slope of the tangent to the curve is

negative for all values of x.
So, y = −x3 − x is a decreasing function for all
values of x.

Graph of y = -x3-x (A decreasing function)

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Similarly, we know that the function y = x2 is
decreasing for x < 0. We can work this out from
the derivative.
If y = x2
dy/dx = 2x < 0 for all x < 0.
That is, the slope of the tangent to the curve is
negative for all values of x < 0.
So, y = x2 is decreasing for all x < 0.

Graph of y = x2, x < 0 (A decreasing function)

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Strictly decreasing functions:
Suppose that a function y =f(x) is differentiable
on an interval (a, b). In order for the function to
be strictly decreasing in this interval, it is
necessary and sufficient that the following
conditions are satisfied:

1.f′(x) ≤ 0 x (a, b)

2.f′(x) is not identically equal to zero at any

interval [x1, x2] (a, b).

The intervals of constancy are excluded, in

which the derivative of f(x) is identically zero.

In practice, the sufficient condition for

a strictly decreasing is commonly used.

If the condition f′(x) < 0 is satisfied for

all x (a, b), except perhaps only a few
distinct points where f′(x) = 0, then the
function f(x) is strictly decreasing in this
interval.

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Examples of strictly decreasing function:

The function defined by f (x) = -x2+5x-7 is a

strictly decreasing function for all values of x
such that x < 0 and dy/dx ≠ 0.

Graph of y = -x2+5x-7 (A strictly decreasing function)

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INCREASING AND DECREASING
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

S.N TRIGONOMETRIC INCREASING DECREASING

O FUNCTION IN IN

1 f (x) = sin x Q1, Q4 Q2, Q3

2 f (x) = cos x Q3, Q4 Q1, Q2

3 f (x) = tan x Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4 -

4 f (x)= cot x - Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4

5 f (x) = cosec x Q2, Q3 Q1, Q4

6 f (x) = sec x Q1, Q2 Q3, Q4

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INCREASING AND DECREASING
INTERVALS OF A FUNCTION:

When a function is increasing, its derivative (its

"slope") is positive, and when the function is
decreasing, its derivative is negative.
So, if we want to find the intervals where a
function increases or decreases, we
differentiate it and find the intervals where its
derivative is positive or negative
In determining intervals where a function is
increasing or decreasing, we first find domain
values where all critical points will occur; then,
test all intervals in the domain of the function
to the left and to the right of these values to
determine if the derivative is positive or
negative. If f′(x) > 0, then f is increasing on the
interval, and if f′(x) < 0, then f is decreasing on
the interval. This and other information may be
used to show a reasonably accurate sketch of
the graph of the function.

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Example 1: For f(x) = x 4 − 8 x 2 determine all
intervals where f is increasing or decreasing.
The domain of f(x) is all real numbers, and its
critical points occur at x = −2, 0, and 2. Testing
all intervals to the left and right of these values
for f′(x) = 4 x 3 − 16 x, it is clear that

hence, f is increasing on (−2,0) and (2, ∞) and

decreasing on (−∞, −2) and (0,2).

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Example 2: For f(x) = sin x + cos x on [0,2π],
determine all intervals where f is increasing or
decreasing. The domain of f(x) is restricted to
the closed interval [0,2π], and its critical points
occur at π/4 and 5π/4. Testing all intervals to
the left and right of these values for f′(x) =
cos x − sin x, it is clear that

hence, f is increasing on [0, π/4], (5π/4, 2π) and

decreasing on (π/4, 5π/4).
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CALCULATION OF INTERVALS OF
INCREASE OR DECREASE:

To calculate the intervals of increase or

decrease function, we need to follow some
steps:
 First of all, we have to differentiate the
given function.
 Then solve the first derivative as equation
to find the value of x.
 The first derivative: f'(x) = 0.
 Form open intervals with the values of
the x which we got after solving the first
derivative and the points of discontinuity.
 Take a value from every interval and find
the sign they have in the first derivative.
 If f'(x) > 0 is increasing.
 If f'(x) < 0 is decreasing.
 Write the intervals of increase and
decrease:

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Example-1:
Determine the intervals in which the following
function is increasing or decreasing:

Our critical value is -1. Now, we need to

choose a number less than -1, and a number
greater than -1, and then plug them into the
derivative. If we get a positive number, f (x) is
increasing; a negative, and f (x) is decreasing.
As for the test number itself, it can be anything
you choose, as long as it falls in the correct
interval. Let's use -2 and 2:

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∴

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Example-2:
Determine the intervals in which the following
function is increasing or decreasing:

Our critical values are -3 and 2, so our intervals

are defined on the basis of the determined
critical points as follows:

Now, let's test these intervals to see if they are

increasing or decreasing:

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23
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION AND ITS
INCREASING AND DECREASING
INTERVALS:
Characteristics of the graph of the parent
function f(x)=log b (x):

 one-to-one function
 x-intercept: (1,0) and key point (b,1)
 y-intercept: none
 increasing if b>1
 decreasing if 0 < b < 1

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CONCLUSION:

These concepts can be formulated in a more

compact form. A function y = f(x) is called

 increasing on the interval (a, b) if

x1, x2 (a, b): x1 < x2 f(x1) ≤ f(x2)

 strictly increasing on the interval (a, b) if

x1, x2 (a, b): x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2)

 decreasing on the interval (a, b) if

x1, x2 (a, b): x1 < x2 f(x1) ≥ f(x2)

 strictly decreasing on the interval (a, b) if

x1, x2 (a, b): x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2).

 In order for the function y=f(x) to

be increasing on the interval (a, b)
f′(x) ≥ 0 x (a, b).

 In the case of a function that is decreasing

on the interval (a, b):
f′(x) ≤ 0 x (a, b).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]>Calculus

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

“Learning Mathematics from Basic to

Advanced” by G. Hardy.

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