ONC la) Pointexa * “gpeiieis qua. dal Vatlebled that conzain dhe addraas % da ob Vostable - Xx The Vasile thatched daa. AkQ catted pointers. > ov 2} $B). im ace * lool tg dite oddregs % the Variable. a. & dia numorit. address, ckored fo He ancthal Vaulable ,b having address loan. . mamoty addresses ' °} adico | 5 b— lo20 Leos Advantages of _ poinkexs i= % poinkars fotsecseg the execution & paad of dha program - ; & Poi nlovs yeduces The lens and complexity Of a Pargsam . ; c : x Pointers enabh Us fo aceon @ Youiable thal 28 clog na cubside. ns Punckin, & polaters “cial wed ko pow infovrnael er back Bnd forth bebwen a funckion and its seperna Point. , »% Poinkers reduces waskage BE momry Lohile Adoring character Absngs.@ (2.12 yatfable. any yarfablo. Can be. add ¥o.35 Of; The. oddwoas A; dhe holp of tHe add vass Ope Accoasthg He accessed aifh Q. x The general oven By (Bratane | 4 bok an inkego- Vari ad @ quonaty Usntains Volso of angi Pre gnankity = 74 5 xThe address of, te Voriabla quanety Ba go& ky theo addroas oparctire QZ and aualgnad ko jan Inbagok Vaslable. P. 1 Eg). Variable. Vvobuo Add ross quanti dy Gat So e ay BRS £9). ZA, ex(sjeke- and Datiatining Pol ators : a Pll power Vasiable. declared before A is used fy dhe Program. x The generat dsc Ls Declaring wsk be— Jaketype xvartable +“y key whae , daketype - ype of de Vortable polriof by poinkey vartable ® ® Vartable— \yabtd o yartable Mame Riles i % Pointer Veuiables swould bo Valed © vaslaple Dame - Ee Askerbk Ge) a nok tee pouk pane but Le 2 ty denote tho Ayre of tha ak tho Variable Vasiabla as pointer, ve Dake typo wopors tothe type the Variable pointes by tye polmter Variable nes x Dritialy the pointer docs not pole bo ansptnthg bub she programa nuk axsigo ie Vole » } , Eg inink *o) —> dactaros tie var? yasfabia that polnks b 0 abla: Q as & pointer Integer Value: 2) dy Floak *b, Sdacaros the vatiable b as % poinkor Variable drat points t an Bloating poink variable, Gin SHE HELb yor Ark bw; D> declares quo Vertable, Q as potntor Variable that points ko an lino Variabla. b ax imply the Aype Tateager. - Gy) (Me xa, #B declares tha Vatiables a Woxiables thot points to an integor Vourable. Vk og or. Vasfable and and 6 ow poinkaradd vo 3s of ha Vadable = yariebla ca, Amigning Ate ge the ocldrass Tos ba gok wrth dae holp Of tte odadwoas | / ~The goneral Loren Bs pol Hear yotlable avedabie| pol neon variable, ohne , Polder vaiablie _ dectated g. —addra os porate Vastable — Orolo ates Yar able. operaksr g , | EQ) gy Soke KH Y js XF arex, Tho momery address of Ha variable » 2s porsigned Ro He «polnber Variable a. Ky, yooi is he address of The variable %) © gok whe value loo). (Ti) Ink #Y) ine bY be *Y The coukenk of the poinkor bo Ha Vatiabla b- Nok ua MoNoy address, ii) Bok aLlody prone oh Voul abla y fa anrsig nao ink’ #b pe 200 5. The memory addvoss of the “sth jam Fo tho ax ak arsignad Io dha palukar Yaulable 6. J f ones ShAccosstg a D Vas table. Herough fs pot nkoxz- , XT Value of a Variable can be Access ad uatag pointe Vastable , % Tha genaral torn B * Pointor varfable 5. WMe, x _ Inolerection operator Oeeeatel~ clectated pointer Vasiale. Vvasiabla! : Fg). int’ ex: —pdectate..xias poinker Vastable. ink ys Y = ao; Xo By, —> arslges the address of y to poi wet Vattabla x PHREL CWA” yx) —p prints 200TH value of Voutabley pink crdl DX) —> panks dro acthrest of Po VorPable yg Sample programs i- t i){wrie a rare ko display He. conkanks of & ' vifpoinke. vastable » stinclude . gpinclude < cxilo h7” : be Void madnts b _i) 4 int a} Srl xb; asloo; b= 2a ; prinkE tie | contonk of tka potnka be yol\o", #6), getcht) ; 3 | output: | Tha contort of ta Polaber, be 100 Write a program ko otis play Ane Contents and address of A poinkor Vadable . aefoclucta < ekdto, hz Aeincticke < conto hy org maiko) i fol a} int ¥b; 2100; p22oe prink(" Ha contenk of Sue polar b> zd ol, Xb); Pores the address oh, tia, polakor be Yao’, b); getcht ) 3 = ——— EE @ wp Pha Conkenk of jus ipointau: b # 10° tthe adldre as of eo. peineos b> R542 | Pointer expro Bsien '- pragsim Oo dine MPolwsor. ex and | Comb! nottt im of pointor Variables, vaslables op a x PE gives osttpar num ead | addrvess owl pul. | (2g). Apa +O, LPH » output oY we teop) pau , PEE. | Poi ntox agafgneent : L | eT gencral form “ha | | ‘ ‘Waaiable = poinkou expeassy | ror Voniaele wo Wnere yartabo — oxsinaey ox potreot , = aogier: opaatoy, | Bg), [Ue ass, bs folk #P V2 | po 2a ejee — Ge tbee Has epee - the Valua of b | ¥ ptto ane its value B IS> | jeielaties eer eee St cateatated by 4ho express218, Pointer ari Humelfe ‘- THE Polloutng four anfdtomatte. opal oy can bes. performed wit poi nkaws, add&icv, ++ Sdubbrackiol — Tocromartation +H docrontoxtabion — — 2 poiakor Poyorms ft Operabfun fo ‘ykea Of tia approprake Skovaga class cy Scala, Packt ov angi of dlotaclype. Prere monks and scale factor I % Preremonk moc adding one Jeo the pointer Variable . ! HPoinkor Variable contains tho adalwoss | other \afaplar, 8 adding one Moana changing dha odie. Ao he pox ee a tds chooge dower plc 2 torms oy | te sine Fe Rengtn 4 tre daka type catlect ‘gale — | |fattor. | Dakatype Scalater thoy Chouackor | byke_ ir On abyke floaks Ag ko Long Inbegor Habla ¢ Aouble Bbykoy,9/8 & 3 | 4 i Q), X2Yy are polubar Vasiahlos . Dn x, aaldvers Of Aue Vatiabla aq Zs Abor ed. Lok qua addross Of Variable BX tor, | A). Yo mt means scala faclar os Wego 4a) Rbyko be cated) ty times bo, dha. Value o& x ond Y poincor kateas tue Value [020+ @ ab) tore. b). ges maces dna acale Sacto’ ap apes 4) a byko i Authksoclo by Samos fo Jaa Value ob TES pointer Latees ua Valo jor -2 = (Ol&. C). Mt mec Hae Arale Lackor dey a byke Ls adcted bo Ho Val of x Bay (oped = (O22- dA) w—— moans deo rala factor jy, aby ko Fs | gunterct af Ao Wie. Value of pj By lone 2-118 Progra ank2 rps LWUYD wsrbhe , Rok ALG we Qo, az2zX.J & 2 ott ob deo polnso. Vatiane a) ye vat vay ao mand fy ond) Rabel Yala Ql. b). Yo Ma = Moats Y kates the Valet 26-1 21g voleos fia VYalus 2045 > 26 c). Ye Xayrmeanw Y kaos te Value 20-8 215 AY ye Ha —Si mean | Sample progroms: !- ie wy onto a prgran “oe ctr play ua, pointer add vo. bopore ond ofkor Fnerananbaktom -. oj 4 seincluda < akdto -h> | feincluda Void malo) 4 ine as Sok xby Q@x2looy | c baa} | PBREKL" mamwory yarn xb) bt+ > omonbalt Ponts (" manory address aybar in ° | yarn! eb) 5 adolress bepore revo manbaben | getche 3 7 32). oul puk * monuory addwoss before Jncramomalt mn 5422. Sry addlvess: after Fncromankalh ow 5424 wate a . program oe Aispley tuo conbenk Of © Polnzer variable bafore andl after adding % Volua 5 Hincluda 4 gbdio-h7 BP ocucta x oonlo-h7 Yoiel mafnc ) : L. hk ay Fnk xby Az\ooy -b2 kay : ‘ ponek content & b before, adting 5 = va \0', *b) 5 b2kb455 pir (Mconkent ob alba. adttG 5 = vd Ao! bd 30OG pointers and arrary j- ¥ PyTay name dah bo clofined 4s A eomcheny PF acer facts’ points to fio addrow a Sa fPrat elomerk Bn +o ones Disfeonw pat woon annoy nama and pol near * Array pornker pointeor bs a Voi able and cao APPear cu — Fhe Soft dafole % an aurigonmonk oporakor. d) BEL a conskank ond Ds connol- appoeow ct. Fhe Jopie siete of ar acestyrment Oporatavy . Pointers and one dimemional arvosy a Pay operation con ba dow by ave cod bo due with) poinber! 4 % Opaakm wing pointer Ba faker thon duak GB Buroy aabsuiphi rg. ' ' THE clomanks (ofa Qvroyy GAS dbored GmlBguowly and aro alt of ams. Saspe., only FW gaictvass of ra -fiyste clamenk Zs rweded bo access dO ontire awry, 5 mw Tho addveas of dia Livak olomarle & gx by Zafoy whore aA —Kame af Te cur veg, quis Lr assigned to a polnker Variable Kes Keka]. ot| ates.“ Leary gives us conkerk of ler) motor, or x2 2a0T The advo ss f ho ronatntng, Slomonta qua got by adding dre scale factor te dle peinkes VasioHo naz gives ao Bh) xa l gives dae adavour acd 3) of 2 sak OAdwegs gq alas and xXdn gives the act AYO at. 4 x Yee gives dhe content op ane fret ele mant eo aocond element daa conzent ag qua Accor AOJ and x[xdaj gives os faa. Vala ob ath eloment ary ang xCein) gir Clomrone. whe XK — pankor Jo Tha aremay & Eg). consid at cthran eftananto, ; Skauding adel ress op dna armay Bs loo, Foch olament 1 dia array occapfes ts bytes . Skatic nt abay = {a0 30,53 5 q Bole XX} Bole Y > mA A603 ACT 4&2 wo | 3] > joo. 102 boy > Pk poinks ora actd x3 ae Brak cloment A£o) 2b Loo £3 oxi grod Be dao’ painter variable X. Ki) x= 2a 2 i eddy : eeS|. : se weil Tp cre mont jan, Valun of | ale gator brow. loo bp (ea, cours 43 Jaa AA ra ) ok and. Qi), X>Rafey | Je xcoetty The Value Shore tn, tho locator a bis i | Amigo ed ko Ha Vattablo y st, y tacos tea Vetue 3o HW ee Vatay , | 8 Ye Mos The Value shared in due located on ated & adlelay [with 5 wad y taney ne Value bs. pPomple Prograns. ) y ud te a pro gran be dinplay na. “Cowkenks Of 20 array | i wasing Polnteay | Aeineliclec akelio. > fetoctucte < vonto- hy Void maint) 2 ; gt Bhakic Wwe aly: > Lio, 20,39, Wh; Loko ab J inte Lp ‘ “ey ia Lady rm PanttC' contents of sa oorrau\a) foc Ctz0 7 bch 7th) x { Punet(y¥d\a', cs J gtety 3oe | es oukpuk | lo 20 30 40 sho conkents of Om Write a& program ke Aun orrnay uating potnter . fefociude ime Pysums 07 bo 2a, . z o forlero 7 4 7EAd) 5 + dado 2 cum PR EHPD:, Banke yA\ol, an) 5 GokehU ys x oakpuk Ys vite 9 lo Oo. fied and wo Ainansional’ axrayy |. + Bowe Cle moWaoett excray He actcresr Ob deo first elemont 2 adsigned &o daa pointe \Vaxtable© ¥Th two G ahanianad avsay tha Brak olament jh) oddreas of to oth 0 2 OT Reoluy % anignas| do tne potnker Voulable. eg). Bkatic ink asy[sy >| fro, 20,333 , $y0,50,608 $710, 20,9285 5 fok #%) Kz LAID, Wi) X2a@ Jwogicar views 1— eS \ e © — lo | a 3o ! #o Sp bo es Puysteat ew \— 4 Kt B Kerb XS - Poinox sense Dene [oe Spee yet] To Be PAAr2ss ot lth bre APE At] - whore - base address Pddrass caletaion of cock array ellomor t+ | i} NTho addi & tio cloner APL L fe gok ty te forenla . x (corto wy] - 7 wchone , xo potntat | Variable - . : is ; KD - Number of Columns . _The actress of ACT CO Lr, =X FL(8 #19457 2 X+h Tho Volun Jghovakin den QUILT 2 ACH) +50 The addyeas of amino 2 xd [eseas 4) 2X97 The Yelua stored fo 2 al(2Icid *Cx4t]> so Relation between pol neo and Avsan Q). Tho array nama acts as painbox te dhe erey Besotf ond: polnts fo dia fits& element afr) , 23). kak al, The. momory representation & at acy 9029 TI), The actress jof dua, hae ehlomant At VOY 2 gos by AAG NerG ho array hana or tho octdress, of Aissk elomont gato} to tha pointer aby fy the Vrasianle - wy eed Sota Bz, dnt Bok wp, Pra wp. 2ace-ee (Bt he areas ob HE ee koe BO. AG. PETRLay are get by adcling Seale Ot Variable: ey, Lok alo); Sok xp; Pray i Pr] -addrvess of AGT | pre — actress of Ale) Prn — acllress of ate) (ly), *poinkor Variable gives tha content of fra Awst clement fan array * [polnver vasiasle +] gives dra_conkent “of dia secono} clement Apia jarrouy « Sn “5 a. . Ank aaj £10, 20,308 ¢ fink xP) _ Peas XPS giver the Value of QB yd to | | | *(PHI)> gives tre Value of ALi 4i 20 X(praysgives die. rabue ef 'acxy te 35) String mantpatation using pofatey + Fdking ba (Darray: ef. chointcers(2) Lountaated by a nut) chowcict ot ‘eo. mw Each Characker eccenpied tbybe Monit, be Bach cman: fo dea array con O% laacoused busing pointers . FG}. char 4A gy) char SHU? Romo” y a2 Rau! : ~ Choe ar 2stel Y Tod 2s c& pointey width poinks fio. seating actress of ya ading “geniot oO Do af 22 23 24 Whore 20,21, 22,25 224 — Adare gfos. Program \- a : ylwate a program. Ao dakine a abtng HVS peintar) and to pint ibs content: Srlocurde KekdlLo.h7 Pinu Voit matt) 1 aly wi Giioual mee terpoe) sabe) Srey ad a2"Reauv" » wwile(#a} 2 '\o') 4 Paneer ve"! 7A)» att} 3 Epeeht) * 3 ourNe _Reno ; . Wate a program, ko ting He, Seng ih gp given sbsrg. a nite FPinclu ce - filocactex conto: h> Veid matnt) aL \ - ’ char ali 2 Pak £2, cher ¥Py gebta) y Pz galeys Leo, ; 5s cohele(#p/=\0_) t Ltt y Ptr; Sere 3 prine€ (ideo an of ta. acti ayale Ws een dy a fost 2%} OGAveay Of polars deo aban ln The collection polteewa eor£ue poi wks raw oe * EpLorowe akiras Bs catlod array of potntowa fo Skvngs . =) Skatic Chat *atay > 4” NaAGeRcorc? Maprar’, Cormanrcce§ REACH polnker (points & a particutae peaing , alo a Tete mele delete (te eT ©] aby, | c\o ay RO]3.5 map Pie? D pep Tele program + lito a program ke ‘difina awsoy og poltkors doo Abedings and pone Yes Concent pio clude K gedto-h7 geinctde< Conte 17 Void mabel) Steattc Pea C3 > prnaneRcone’ * aporery N copageTrore "| ; vote 27 . \ Aorli ro, cha 7 ttt) 1 pane’ (87 d\0! , ACIT) 2 3 ; gent aona Ee Limikation o, array of peinbera Tp sbeinge | Tho. value of con sty ak the ime doclajatiny as as HL Dey Chat xXnanef Js Sb "Ramu", wgomul? y But fia Value of dre AkWIy Cannock jb given ading deang funda 94 fn wo exol, | Aomensl on al avereny Chasarcker go the fo) "9 * . Fao An | Prograro, wit) nok? wow. Chow *nhanele i forint ino 3 6422) foH) 4 Song (na nameLOl | 3 Pointers ond funckfows !- | * Pn ocdtoory jna actual aigurments are Apaddiers korea | by Volluc . ( Jguncdions wher ao function 2s cotter , Pau ed a Vabixcs c Hh Aagumancs « tas Bb olled cout y with Ha help of dunudion , dae dotmet augunant> con be. | Actual Values anol ona Parad a address - Tate fore any change mack to Me Conkeut af the acteesies coll! © Aeon Zo beth dua function and ie couting fore”fo i | | Tia mathod called call bY wofererce. | pointer and punciow can PO attra hast into tO Qpoups - } © WD pointers at Oi), Function walcuenlng polka dendcion argunente | pctenees aa fanaone mgeenis = polars can bo wed gun Sts formed argu monks The cuguments rensalve. croladrad ses Ymstecad Of, Waters. ye Tharekore The Jgerroat cugunanks mut be SF cuauad es petnbor Vortatle | . Benxal kore '- 4 datatype spsnenfon nc cemte Pal, PAE --jpaod daratype part , daketype” peed poo ctakectype. * PaXxn; § Fea tvaluey; . hpr # Lea = okin} sone, dakodype — HYPe Yoo fiction 6 + Surckin none — eser; kafinadt NAME - parlp--" jpasn - peloier vasFables & rocky. ockul value qololra.8 104,general orm oh dunctlon calling ' [Yonetiannent (Qarg) ,@ arg? Bair) cd Word | Juncklon neenta — User Lofinoch Nae . | | addroas Of to- acku.at Rargt, #ALg2 -- Value pati eof bo fia formal j para makers Part, Pare -—-- | Egy Botucted sictdo,h 3 * ft Lnclucla Yoid matnc ) 4 Ak ay nea 2 a aH abe (eens ——> Og” ee vo s yal ‘ eens rd, ays svoid “abe tP3 Ink x py- ae *P2 Xptro} pants“ py; woken daa fund abe ®) ts called dno addreu Ck fia variable A La passed fo tna function, % Pride abe Vdnalvaiildble: “Pl s/ clayinadmw $O xPp2 APF20 > xP lotro 230, Program (wae a Program +o exchange tne contents % Buoy Vatlables using peinkena a4 fuincel on! angurens: Hlocduaeccovte -h7 Void maint) A Ark a) a2to; 2 b220) Parke (4 tea concent bekores Yd\e rA\n’ parbds shincbuctax gecdeorh> | | i ' 1 exchange | } exchange (2a 2boyy prineg (sqne content apter exchange ya \e raat, arb); gekcnu » : J Void exchenge P, 4) _ iw Fp, Hy | i | jnt Lomp > kemp>*p a * p24;xq 2 kamp + Ho content ofp = @KChango | tho Coubonk pte. eecheng a |(f). Famction vekuntng pofaker | (ee int, Hoak etc. | genetat form - lo ap go lo | w Punckion can Yekuin a pointer Veuluc, dakadype #tuncKeprame (paranakor Us) | doctarrkin sk, paramoke ; jem Local variable dactatalioy 7 Se f T robuan( pa nea Variable): ; : bers, ~ +€g), prog ram ho add dea um a fircluole < Skctto. hy Wwe Tadd ( arb) Soke 4 7s t de zie FO eSp> 2a > GD a> 2b Bez Kpr ay | arokunt Yd) |” i | 3 t | void maint J | } 4 Pol & dum, | ft arB® ,67'02 Bum 2 adel (are) , aya? : | Soot’ rt, some | pointers and Gkruckuses:- a polnkovs o4e G48, SR Slerackute dakadyee ane. gens orm '- abr Lagticld’ memba |» | cnember 2) mamba n} J * Structure Variable 7 /feennmt thee, skruckure Vatlable — pointer Variable. | ea bo pofnka) The Mombars ob oo rao tan be. Access ed by any owt of io doltowi ne, | wodtrod. {% SRruckue Vauiable) - mem bor h - Ti) Sbrckue vartabla dS rember Yn 23). @M. Skee — ghudent L Chan nane[r2d)} int number} 7 7 é ie 3*ps; , ae dkructuo name dbudenk Tembers — nove, number. Ps ~ pointer to ¢kyuckute. mambors of, dticiank @emo acceted as. Leps)-name Ps name @. deuce — Skuchant L Chot nanofed] }WE number} & Skids “dkudenk #pay t | | } | (¥ps)- number ps SD number. | TWh bb ales’ Valfd’ thatonmant-prgvan = asstgo Vases bo np. rare Wale a prgram: ky point Tn vowkenk>- ob dro Syuckure ond deinctucle < tldéo -h? frinctncle Kcowlo-h7 Voie maint) 4 Sue L Chou none 8), (We qumbar, 3 Show acank(Y £aho", Psnamed J aeane( N7dia!, Psd oumbeds pink (S Namae 7s\e', pss rome) PHneEL[ Number > % e\ol ps SD ovmbey)s eu ctonk ee skuderk XPS 4 getehty; 7 3 + Dynan cc memory mancge a Memory mma ganar « ee #IL Ba proceas of manogig Me Compuker manory. % Ph thks, He avoilsble memory LPalos PR the PMATams Ls alo cakaq ko dio Voor? and frees dio nucrwory when no Lower yweodaol by Lhe programs. | | GQ) slealie mManesxy allocation Ci Dynonbe weanory allocation. i Memory allocakton \- Dy Hs | mermory pace read ed by ha. | Vaxkaptes tn tha Progr B allocakad before. Loading and execuling tie Prgyer- x THO allocakad menory apace will remain unchanged as Jong as progrem Bo conrkng Fg). ink nome flood] Be serous’ [ooo MaNbory “Joost Bo the nome “home”. Dynamic omy atlowation- Dn Th yas memory Space reeded by dee Vostjable allocthod duning Sho exo can of Tha program. Advantages Ok dynamic tmenry adlocattin over Static » GU) Bo vhakic roennry Greate ip tow nS | alloca loos memory Localiows as, Roke Nomafioo F}, “li reich cw MSM ty alwnite running Aaa ne nly hol of Hees moy be used. The Trak 14 vnused, Re Dw waskago of mentary. Wi) Pj wa wank ko change array fo ha pagan , de is powibla. by Te editing -ua_ Program (Pk wb a Hime tonsuning Process . | Tn dynamic mene onecet OTS 2 Tho labove Jewo problems wort occal bocaus cakad duing \ Imamory dpaco for Variables 41 489 execution | fia Size of Ho | Feunektomas wed To Aina te MORTTY abtto cabin". — 1) matioc CD | 2) Catloct) | 3). soaklocc) | hy. Fveoc) | ythore dunckins PO 1)| moatioc ¢3 — ANlocoHing @& block of, memory /— x mottocC) kunckion B Used be Allocaka: aq Umlfguows Block of Memory 2n Ryfes. wth general focen ts , [potatos Vestable = (cost type*) mattoe size) | duo hood ot flo skdiowh . 1pokae, pointer Varia gc. poinkar VorPable blo. — Vall Cask kype — ky pe fos poinkor robo. ley matioct > gun oF Tre Cho eke, mation - recggoot size _ eoquEred size of Sue nant Pn byes: i MoTha above function atiecstes MOMeT of diac ghar ing add ross of foo of, kype cost type « fillet wth zon Sie and return the | \ [mama thrrevah painter Varrable \ lx the | allocaked cron, £4 nok | | egy. @) Bae Ay > “ge Cine se) matloc (22) 7 a on execution % ats uncon” Ao, bytes of marory | exe: Ctlocated and duo, acarting lpecatc Ryko B auigned b she painbor J Of gre addross of, tho Jaf Gide) ME FG . } ye Cine #) matioe (te e gizeot unk) > , Jon exacubion of tubs gunetign. to Himes tae se of ob Tak Lb) lox see kykes fs atlocaked and “fae abaakiing, address ‘op Rha Ark eye: B lonigned so” unr jpombor Yah, KY pe tne, | h. | |® | Block skudent L Ink ragno } —> si? ai. A yk es ine age 5—> Chat dox 3 Stew ; Voi ef matol) u Slaton x y X= Cok vclont ¥) mation (sire of (Student) 1; KS wher nmattoct) area Stoo equal bo dua dl2e (5 bytes) is located net “fur ararting address ef te Bese tyke 2 ariigned ke eo poinbot Venicble, X of dotatyp? Stuctone “— Allocation of muttiple ‘blocks - catlectj.~ %Catlocl d functPar 2 used, kp locate, mult’ple blocks a Conkiguerd MOMOrys « Pt) tha blocks ae of Aone size. The onal form Lb / polnber \vasi able. = (Cast: kypo.*) cattecto, size), | Pinker Yaiable — Vatte & paikar Yeuleable . Gost — type — LyP dre poinber yokuo by Callecu3) talloc ~ word N-number of blocks Bi20 ~ Tequived ize of MOMOY jn bykes X The above funckion allocates M block monoyy paca of size bytes: HTKO address of ta Pirsk kyke of SHO atlocalag | area Le retuned thrygr foo pointer Vasieeble - THO allocated acon L filled! id 207. Fg). Ys Pre %) Catton ( 3 10) On execution de’ function allocate: 3 mannry blocks 4 gi2e 10 bykes and Fotuins sho Akanting addvess tha atone dhrough fue pointer y type Ine. , ‘freet) — Releasing tea wed menoy Space /- % freaty fund is wed go free tea — block. of ured MEMOrY » FQ gy (ing ¥yMatjocCio): j frenl yi, ' \ ¥ FirAk Ababemon: Jallacakes momory space of, Jokykes end. ~vekusn Hho Peartine address | of Variable _ ee ic: Allocabad. § Manmory though. He Pofnkor 44) J: i eTke Second ekatamonk froos tho alloca oct MMO . vraatioct) — Alcoring te oe ap fio block ~ ‘Teatloc ( ) funtion Bs wh ed bo. A ho gize of The, mamoty otheacly Ncrects e SE det¥dao. allocated . : / # Tho General oven B a Gola, = yaatloc( eld pafrleat Voi | <3 oe poi nbor Vank. poe of2e)} where, poinkot Vartable ~ Vetta co Vattode woatloc — keyword old poinkat vasioble. — ReM® of, poinkor Vastable. foro size ~ sl2e of Aho new Money Aor noodad Eg). Yo (ine x) matloc (20) 5 oe voatloc \Y, 30) ; stoke monk allocates Mamovy Lpaca of % Pitak | ize 2o bykes aud vow tho GAGA addroge dna panko Ys ‘ yeThe ~decowd obakonork roatlorcakes ta ayreoody A\oratad apace to 4° byscos ,Ontt-¥ File mortage mont oo Dofining ay file - eA fla By clefined oh FILE, WO tig Keader pia dtotio-h xP ffles Shout be declared O48 type F\Ue befova ctugy ate. sad . | ° ete generat erm 14, | | FILE mpoinker\routable | whee, Five dolkatype pointer variable — poinkor bs dio dakaty pe Fite opentng a lel % Bokora woo toad a tile oF wd to Yo ow Bile, we musk oper far file. Pllc oponing Creakes fie Vint bebe FIce % poincar vouloble 5 \ wha poble = \ pe Vartoble Soper (i pllenama! Nmode” ) ; cone , potnker Vartaste _ ortable couboins tts addrogs of fro type FICE tle nome — noma of ttho lotool — any one og te0 golloirg. ye open ta BIA fw read only — open the fle fer conting only @- open tte filo ter tor eppending . at — open te Plo Ry reacting and writing Ww - open tte Hle bw reaching and voicing | A+ — open ta file fosv ras derP Fg). a FILE Ha} as Popen("mydaka” Ne) / >The fle mydata 2 opened kor Veo deng » if tio file coos nok presonk oN OFT ov woil| Cc eee. wy FILE x by bz Lopen( best", two") 3 oa the Fle Lest gs opened fev ‘wo8ting | ule conkoins doko , yee it fe olalokad ard new Atle will be creatco} . | me the jai FILE a ,¥by @ = fopen ("mydaka” , ny Dy b= fopenth tore”, Wu") 5 closing tra file: % An opened {le must be closoct apter Af) operations complol a. a 5 THO gorerat fom fa c oejo ‘\Pctose pointes voroela 7 | Pius’ #a,*b y @2fopen(nmydata 7, "¥"); | b>fopen (sket", ww"); ! Felose(ad Felove (bys Tnput output opaatiow on the: O) goter) Gy puke tl) Gi). getwcd (ivy paket) U) fpaincget) Vb fFseantl ) Wy geke cd! - ye De L4 used bo von ' A Arrgle. Chorackor trom a Pla qhob het boon eperoet Gre ead mole the seating skops oka | enol of file Lm@oF) yoackad. se Tha genoral form De able) ez goke(poinkar woke, c variable vocedvas ho Cchotackar , potter Vout able — poinkey eolith .cowkosins te addyeas ef tio FILE:GP] a shopen \wydattar, "4"! c= gokcla) 4 colle( cc} = EOF) L Ppukehou le) 4 3 (iy), puee Cote saDPk ts used bo pita a efgle Chssade 2 foo a Ble Hak bee been opened Wn conte moda. athe gensal form Ia, pulec (Gey, poinkosvasiable) 7 whue, © - chouadck a ke po combtden Into dua Kile , pol net Yout abla pointer wo & duo FILE - =). file *a} haa az topean Cvmyderta ww") nich. concaby cia odes | pueecx,ay > Gif), gokwt ) '- x TL B wad Bo yoad on Integer Yolue tuum a file pote has boone opened fn read modo . % The yoading Shops whan send a dile €or)ee GSD) is veachad, pa yt gene! a Bp ROLLE , ws Fo pointe: Vartobla - potnbar oolich conkot addross ch to ele EQ). ® Fila xa We ce ; | A 2 fopen (Nemyatata, nr?) - | hee ee | ~ eee c = gekw/(ay; whole [ oe) PAnEE CN Yel \o” Cs i. pao): - yp Pk wel ko whe 27, Wnleagat Vadua Srila a Ble hak has bean. cpened in cortte mode, of The general ioe A, | PukweCe, pinkevastable)* | > 1 [okare, co =)nkegat Value . 2 € Jordag | pina vatable,. pone. whtth conkains tha— | 4 Adetwegs A AKA FILE» £9). : Elacxa y 4WE int ty a 2 open (wmytata", Wo) pakw i, MITE O used t reed lata froma fle. xethe genmal form 4, Feceng ( point or Vatiatle , Neonkrolciing , see),] lane inter Vostable — point ewhice conceit faa ~ address at doo Ale contol sing — formate Commands Auch as PN Wa rg eFO, JEal- — Jk of Varfablos bo ba veal kre The gle. FD. ewe way “ws, Bak HY sy 2 fopen (renydakat nas, i pow aca (a Ya 7.2", ox 24); Wi); Fprvinegor i x It & used ho Mite data Wo a le.eS the _ general torre bb, Spvinkk (polntor vastablo 2 ‘ost —arantngh, BD Lohere | polntor Variable — polneer vo address af te te Cobre! Stang — pormat contnscunld Dick ad Pols Ld | yw F eke. | Use © tat f vastabtes to be wotbon ow tha file. £9), Fite #a ; | ok UY 5 | A> Popen(Nmydaka” , wus!) : Weel contai Ste genekea; Mad nat", Yds | etka Ghatomant ppinbf writes He ibe, xX are ly a daa ile specktfed by dea potnket a Error hendling olaeing DId opesabfor|- xDuing Dlo operatin on exw MY occet + dona of fa error slsabiens oe, 1. Fryfag ko veasl beyonce io ond + fie. a. Devite overgtowB-Tiyfng bo tie a pile uate hag nk baer, Spercsty m an opection on O Hie, Ie, Trying ko portor ened for anotian tye when to fle i op OPaakion. 5B opening a Hil b+ Tying to wrFte a Lon ds stp abe Snvalia pilerame, fo probecked file. Evroy handling funeHowt = Gy. feopcy — W. BeovrerO, WI Peoged '- ¥*Pe bw He By reached or nok. ode the gonnst Ror a, oe ea » [ poop ponbor vou able) DL ent of the ple veached , ii volun ad tp kesk eohartrar tha ont S @ Leoro. "9). Bile ¥a yy a= kopan ("mydata” ,"'); bees (a) A | Prine (» en of Ge!) 3—- ~e UW) forme) \- TE by Wed to beak a giver file dor an evr - H Tho general form Li, | Berry ( Pointer V asPabie) | &3). 8) file vay Ak (her rov.a)) t Pines (Nev vor"), 5 Programs: |. |Wrfhe a program bo create ond display a file Nanad ad “Vemploya’ Lo akora Snfesmabion Auch ag name, age and Gala of five employers. fneluale Kakdfo. hy Sf nctucte Yasnio.h > Yotd maint > t Fite a#pkyy chou noe fad} » fake ages Yale Sabany 5 pls 2 topen (1 employer” riya) » 4gov (20; tas; dt)prinegt' |n Eneer the Kame , age pn Seang (Wy s rd 7A", name , © *98, @ satauy) » Ff pn ne. er, Way 4 i + Cper, v8 y.ct vd pname , ae, Catary) tclose (pk) +, phr am ; Fopan(Nemplloy ao”, url)» whtle (feof (pky= 20), De A cadary to Nyy al L fscong pwr me N78 Yely.a”, nana , Qaga , R salosy) ; KLLON A 8 rat Ado”, Nana “ ro", nama , age, salary) j 3 tdlose (pen 5 3 Write a prgran Jo create a file pkr ond Oop th conkank of ply do another Atle perl, jpjnctude fe) nob do Lot o-h? Void maint) fice *pkr, xphrl 5 Chol name fan] ; Ink 9g2 7 fre Salouy ; Pky = fopen (Normphoyan?, tus"); . y for (t=0 LOK By itt)@| 1 i PrmeL (“\p Enter dae name , ogo and walary \P' 0, Scane(ryg Yavd nama 7 EAGL , @ salasuy ) 5 FPintL (per, Ws rd Zl", mame, F927 Salar 3 AclosoC pry, y Pky = topen (employ eo"); Pler| = Lopen(lemploy22t?, hw!) s Pr egtertate re) Bech(Phe, Wyayd rd 1, navla ,Qape ,2 Salary SPORE (BEF Vy.and yo nema , age, sgh); ey pelose( pv) ; Ranclom accoss Pless- ts dom gee ots fies ao Bly fo WoW RO v9 oy Progrannia cow nave fha- flo pointe, vanclomiy and clo x2ad or wr\io opkions. Funcdon + ji Uy Eat cy GW). xewinde wi) FSoale ey‘@ peat a weThs tanccion Bs used ko webu fia, Guten Posi os tha poinber- w Tha genera} tore 4, N= tbat! ( poinkar Vania whee, fketh — keyword wick cowkaths tho Potabar vaabla — poitker caddroas of dae $ile- amore vabuae 0, voeatve. the ni -ni postin, Eg), Five xpkr, dong n> N= Cai maneemas @ srowindt) ' a Ths funckion used bo Fock te position ek +a given File of tia pointer bo du beginalg Tha generst form “hi, srosvind (Poincar Vast able) ; where, rewind — keyword Pointer — pol ater White cowsains dhe add reer fable Vouiab le mi Ne.®| Fg). cowind pity De blac) @| $eeekcs 1 PE Ls used Lo mve tna file pointor fo any Aerstvod location wlinin dna pile - | eThe genet tom L4, 48eak (pointarvariable , of eet, peel dow |eohue, pointer Vowtable — poiater coukatns tha actA rence | a dua Ble. OFfsek— Bis gives tho number of posittong ko bo moved Ann the loabimn given in position. Posidem - Dk ts a inkaget Dumber Position Gon baka ony cnr of Fun pllootag Valu © = Beginning of tha He 1 3 Gunent: position | 2 Bed uo pile. aes |Ne OL, 0) —go sus. bagi Can 0) — move fo douitn by ke f Lake fila Brome TAL pylonteg GC | *3)- ger ( PET, Reenk( Perry ty Commend [ine Oagumenis t . | ang Vina cogunanbs S4O- 3 Garten ayguments thak ate paased Aycan Ha a WWna2 bo 4ha main function. ethe! gonaal fom 4, matn (argc , xargv0I) | ink cage - Chan’ xargvl I; { 3 : CouLotts Jue ea ineagex Yartable , numper oh Pouamabers passed © ; mace funckivn . | egy 30 array A pel ace } Back ateang f° dats arto Cpptaitt aha. paramekers passed 4° maip command WHa, ning the program wohmne, gC — ws bo chuacters , func ro xtha. genast berm bor wr pat ax & hia Command like and bo give a,C> programname Leng! , aia Z ‘59 ex ocubab|, where, programnems — oon OT ie ean “ program Bok ob ezatp 4 ama Counks 4n2 Number vulobte. auge automatically ~ a 7 + de of aiguments om THO commana We on me v ouge =LO+d. a The pointer vaitable cugy Lakes fe Value of oUge wa, nti as ies dive. etna kreok location augyted veukaina a ond locukicn Hee prranwber progremname, ae ° SEMI! plewaga -.. SFP? — wewheo th compan Unkeins Hie gkering |,” TKO third Jocabion coukains Abinge . Thee 4, eage - OF GUgv DI — Program Nana agvol- Skony | aug viex)- SkRrg 2 aug On) = sk Bng 0&g)- wkable Pra. pg be fre exe lak (sod and loves bare THe Commenct Uae auguinese a, — values fo pact c>Prgrexa. God loved The main dunwen bakes ano BY”, matnlaige , a1gv) ia aige , Chor Farag eI y 3 in thts cuge = 3 ang VEaT = PCF-exe— , ag vol > God ougve2zd = Loves wee a peg Js ad wo Numbers aaing Command arguments Hhinclucte x odio: hz Hloctude < ebdile: h7 tp (nctuscte add to 4 hose , age -3 ego) - add aug vd — lo atgverd - ao The prepwee sory > weaoks cu ¥ DE Bb oa process Thak source program and petorns | Som opankion on Ze before ib 4 passes oo tha Computer.” # The Sllowg Atovo ctiagrar> gives Yaris Seep tye woo ting co pAogam. DL & nok avatlable 19 many otha Wigh level legguages.NU SE Leming to. Program be Goropuker « C Fan w "_ UPreprece ates ) corapitar © Bjeck Coola] Jiincer Executable Cocks PE eparates undo ta Control pre processer Eorormanh Une or dtyackives. x The preprocessor directive: cue obivicad into Abra types x They cue, Q) Mac Substtiat on Adrective a). File Prcusion cttreckive— Wily, compiler control Acrechive Rules for wn eng Pra pwre ssov Arwoctive of begin with tp dymbos ti). DE soul! a nok fended ak tre end. | Gy. Sent cwolove QU). only on aixeckive con® appeat on ao line. Gv, De can appease ak OMY place ip Te Source Coda. (y )- Boe Cormonly Placed, before maint> sy | belere | sae beginning ob a. Pastiurlar function, renner reed——| &” | | Macw subsatiewkhon = | Value - agin grey x Pt LD used oo wrepsosents oO Symbol fo tha © program tote % Dk 4 cows waits Tae WAP Adakine pre-procedsoy ine ctives. * Pk con be Clasitied jn&ko two types. ay. Simple reacy AO IneHD - wrth ongunnonts bb). Macro doped m A) dimple acre dapnitien TAR genoa Agpern La, hue, fpcogne — Preprocessor olivecki ve. identifier — Valid C Name ida Vobua td Aabstured inthe Syrnbo)— am, sosicaad of the. aon, progr (dont tier. ¥PE we foctuscle Huts line to q+he begieni ny oO ou C Program, Ane -Pre proces! ov wepyacer every occurance Of the ickentitier in qe Aoutca Code by the Aymbol. . x Thue Asroud 2 ow blank betweenAre identifies and tra Aymbol. FJ). tpdofine. VAL 200 wainc) e ink MCvady: int N Evan, 3 “when we compile this Program, before te Aouad code Passes Co dha compiler. preprocessor Asor jebdne Itentier vet by Bo. * only abbor eka Pproced ue is ever, the progra> ws passed fo po compiler: | utes = Gy. Tp die Mace do tq |clontthier os alaing . ). Fholofina COONT [00 . =, auiigns tno cbtily leo 6 ° : ‘n fo.cOONT (iy. The gymboh “lt not . be dubskitukad deo dao idonti He with In tte Sewing, £g). Fedopine COUNT. loo cefinitin te Symbol js assigned Paine (count ") hore coonT voll) RO®) Git). Th tra macro caginction expres sie can be. foclucled as dymbols. Fg). qeoaping A SMA 5 He MS [Pkorap exe cor be_ GV). Dh dro race dofintdor Inctudad as dymbols - Eg). jPolopina TEST Bare) Arlogina ey GoaDLoce. Macw definition wii augunconks t- x Macros con be olofinod orth aurguaenty | just Lee function. HTH general berm ia Fp dopna idonk? Ror (A, ,93, whee , Fpolofina — propwcessor oliveckive | Jdontiglar— Valo © Name { At, Aa, + -- An gormat MACFD augumonks, Symbol — ids \adua. La paubpsli duk ad “9 tha formal cuppa ments. i Eglo 4 doping CUBE(x) Ce fi | x Th tls macs 2 catledt Jn tho program as Volume =. CvBECIe) ; thon tho prepmeesor expands diis ene as Volume =Cle# (0 « lo)Le @. tf eto Pena man eee | fine, Decrentent Fy Cycod Yelo : c Bk Wis macro A called in dhe peegror DECRE MENTO)! / ‘ bakermenk dton dio Pprepweregscr ‘expands teu os Akl ao) x 210 Feanctt on atgument Mace ge eacro argument ce fuodiun Otg uments Boa ee ap ne begtnaley Oe =e eq). dptnclrcta < gkaco: hy) jguincnende MngtKbiloneama > ———s Ay dhe fllenena DB ctania <> the tte ts socacened ouly IN tie Shondad derectorie, BY, tno. filename £1 given witty fro cdouio quokes, dia file 49 Acarchod fivok IO tho ctttrent cdtockory enol thon sh the atat lao Sarda dadrvoctorfes, given Gis). | Compiler control ivockives yeThe dive cave db used fo cliteck Hho Gropller bo slip & park ob Bouca tole ¥ Tha preprocessor commands, Wed A, “Wy. Aetpctoh - - - 1. Fhenadhy Ch). akdtop- = = 7 Helse. -- - Pendyy WN). Bb oo Heats WR - ele ~~ - ptonaidl Gy) ap ihelag-- - - - fend Ab ‘ ! # Tha generat born as, fpapcoby macrnec— skakemont A} | wah pacronane ars. bOoD Aogined in dae inctucled paocter file tron Bkakenont A with be | Compl led, — _ || oy Hends} wah jhe L ay mac HOP Li, ctaboad fo dha frctucded ble. do dtakementt [ton will ba csmpiled , Hrpelag ~~ feebie -..- - fenaldl Fpiydeh macvonane Bkako monk Ay hander fle eeatanerts- ZA ith be, corpled ee St , £9). gppdog MOF219 akakomane 07 folie gkatomant A> Skatomart fy _ oe X elore skokanents yton willl be conupl led 44 ole macro Map ts dofined in na hoader file Skatanants A te F wot be pte . Hendtf (ily. Hg -- The generat berm “, Ato Abate: conupi Jeol + ; we Tk ne oars que swipped Qe pay -- - --eee ent yeThe geneuat hover LL)!Conclition_ Statement |; Skatomont ny Ak luo Stato mosk fh y ‘Skakomwk & dy end, OR the read of dia coneliticn as peua cthen Hoe Bkatomonks | 400 wll] be Gomptled elie sbabemeses A ko € ull) be aowpl leaf. —*