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Introduction to Python Programming

1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known
for its simplicity and readability. It allows developers to write
clear programs for both small and large-scale projects. Python is
used for:

Web development (e.g., Django, Flask)

Data Science and Machine Learning (e.g., Pandas,
TensorFlow)
Automation (e.g., scripting tasks)
Software development and more.

2. Why is Python Popular?

 Easy to learn: Python’s syntax is simple and very close to
natural language, making it a great language for beginners.
Community support: It has a massive community, meaning
you'll find lots of tutorials, resources, and libraries.
Cross-platform: Python works on different operating
systems (Windows, macOS, Linux, etc.).
Versatile: Whether it's web development, data analysis, or
automation, Python has libraries for almost everything.

3. Setting Up Python Environment

Step 1: Download Python

Visit: Python's official website

Download the latest version of Python for your operating
system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
Installation on Windows:
Check the option "Add Python to PATH" during
installation.
Choose “Install Now” or customize installation options
if needed.

Step 2: Installing IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

IDE Options: Python can be written in any text editor, but for
ease, it's better to use an IDE. Some popular ones are:
PyCharm: A full-featured IDE (Download from here).
VS Code: A lightweight editor with Python support
(Download from here) - Recommended
Jupyter Notebook: Great for data science and learning
Python interactively (Install with pip install
notebook ).
Step 3: Verify Installation

Open the command prompt or terminal.

Type python --version or python3 --version to verify
that Python is successfully installed.

4. Writing Your First Python Program

Let’s write a simple program to understand how Python works.

Step 1: Open a Text Editor or IDE

Open any text editor like Notepad or an IDE like PyCharm/VS

Code.

Step 2: Write Your First Python Code

print("Hello, World!")

This code will print "Hello, World!" on the screen.

Step 3: Run the Program

On IDE: Click the "Run" button.

On Terminal: Save the file as [Link] and navigate to the
file location in the terminal. Then run:

python [Link]

5. Python as an Interpreted Language

Unlike other compiled languages like C or Java, Python executes
the code line by line, which makes debugging easy. Python
doesn't require you to compile your code into machine language;
the Python interpreter takes care of it.

Benefits of Interpreted Language:

Easier debugging: Errors are reported line by line.

Faster development: You can directly run the code without
worrying about compiling.

6. Key Features of Python

1. Simple Syntax: Easy to read and write, similar to English.
2. Interpreted: Python is executed line by line.
3. Dynamically Typed: No need to declare variable types
explicitly.
4. Object-Oriented: Supports OOP (Object-Oriented
Programming) like classes and objects.
5. Rich Standard Library: Comes with lots of built-in modules
and functions.

Homework
1. Download and install Python on your system. - Reference
Video
2. If you don't have a laptop, Install this app - Python Code-Pad
3. Write your first Python program to print your name.

print("Namaste, nanna hesaru [Your Name]!")

 3. Practice running your Python code through both an IDE and
a terminal.
4. Build in Public Create a post on Linkedin/X and share that
you are starting the course and its day 1. (Use
#engineeringinkannada and mention me)

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Python Basics - 1

1. Variables in Python
Variables in Python are used to store data values. They are
created when you assign a value to them, and you don’t need to
declare their type (Python is dynamically typed).

Syntax for Variable Assignment:

x = 5 # Assigning an integer value to the variabl

y = "Hello" # Assigning a string value to the var

Variable Naming Rules:

 Variable names can contain letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9),
and underscores (_).
Variable names must start with a letter or an underscore.
Variable names are case-sensitive ( Name and name are
different).

Example:

age = 25
name = "John"
is_student = True

2. Data Types in Python

Python has various built-in data types. Some common ones are:

int: For integers (e.g., 1, -3, 100)

float: For floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.001)
str: For strings (e.g., "Hello", "Python")
bool: For boolean values (True or False)

Type Checking:

You can use the type() function to check the type of a variable.

x = 10
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>

3. Type Conversion
Python allows you to convert between data types using functions
like int() , float() , str() , etc.
Example:

x = "10" # x is a string
y = int(x) # Convert string to integer
z = float(y) # Convert integer to float
print(z) # Output: 10.0

4. Arithmetic Operators
Python supports basic arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and more.

Common Operators:

+ (Addition)

- (Subtraction)

* (Multiplication)

/ (Division)

// (Floor Division)

% (Modulus)

** (Exponentiation)

Examples:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b) # Output: 13
print(a - b) # Output: 7
print(a * b) # Output: 30
print(a / b) # Output: 3.3333...
print(a // b) # Output: 3 (Floor Division)
print(a % b) # Output: 1 (Modulus)
print(a ** b) # Output: 1000 (Exponentiation)
5. Assigning Values to Multiple Variables
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in a
single line.

Example:

x, y, z = 10, 20, 30
print(x) # Output: 10
print(y) # Output: 20
print(z) # Output: 30

You can also assign the same value to multiple variables in one
line:

x = y = z = 100
print(x, y, z) # Output: 100 100 100

6. Variable Reassignment
You can change the value of a variable at any point in your
program.

Example:

x = 5
print(x) # Output: 5
x = 10
print(x) # Output: 10

Homework
 1. Arithmetic Practice: Write a Python program that performs
basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division) on two numbers. Define the two
numbers as variables within the code and print the results
for each operation.

2. Swap Two Variables: Write a Python program that swaps the

values of two variables with and without using a third
variable.

3. Build in Public: Create a post on Linkedin/X and share that

you learn variables and data types in python and its day 1.
(Use #engineeringinkannada and mention me)

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Annishivakumara updated 69eeac8 · 9 months ago

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Input/Output, String Manipulation, and

Comments

1. Input and Output in Python

1.1 Input from the User:

In Python, we use the input() function to take input from the

user. The data entered by the user is always received as a string,
so if you want to use it as a different data type (e.g., integer or
float), you'll need to convert it using type conversion functions
like int() or float() .

name = input("Enter your name: ")

age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) # Convert in
1.2 Output to the Console:

The print() function is used to display output to the console.

You can use it to display text, variables, or results of expressions.

print("Hello, " + name + "! You are " + str(age) +

You can also use f-strings (formatted string literals) for more
readable code:

print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

2. String Manipulation
Strings are sequences of characters. Python provides many
useful methods to manipulate strings.

2.1 Common String Operations:

Concatenation: Joining two or more strings together using

the + operator.

first_name = "John"
last_name = "Doe"
full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
print(full_name) # Output: "John Doe"

Repetition: Repeating a string multiple times using the *

operator.
 greeting = "Hello! " * 3
print(greeting) # Output: "Hello! Hello! Hell

2.2 String Methods:

upper() : Converts a string to uppercase.

lower() : Converts a string to lowercase.

strip() : Removes leading and trailing spaces from a

string.
replace(old, new) : Replaces a substring with another
string.

message = " Hello, World! "

print([Link]()) # Output: "Hello, World!"
print([Link]()) # Output: "HELLO, WORLD!"
print([Link]("World", "Python")) # Outpu

2.3 Accessing String Characters:

You can access individual characters in a string using indexing.

Python uses zero-based indexing, so the first character has an
index of 0.

text = "Python"
print(text[0]) # Output: P
print(text[2]) # Output: t

You can also use negative indexing to start counting from the
end of the string.

print(text[-1]) # Output: n
 print(text[-3]) # Output: h

2.4 Slicing Strings:

You can extract a portion (substring) of a string using slicing.

text = "Python Programming"

print(text[0:6]) # Output: Python (extracts from
print(text[:6]) # Output: Python (same as above)
print(text[7:]) # Output: Programming (from index

3. Comments in Python
Comments are ignored by the Python interpreter and are used to
explain the code or leave notes for yourself or others. They do
not affect the execution of the program.

Single-line comments start with # :

# This is a single-line comment

print("Hello, World!")

Multi-line comments can be written using triple quotes

( """ or ''' ). These are often used to write detailed
explanations or temporarily block sections of code:

"""
This is a multi-line comment.
It can span multiple lines.
"""
print("Hello, Python!")
4. Escape Sequences
Escape sequences are special characters in strings that start
with a backslash ( \ ). They are used to represent certain special
characters.

Some commonly used escape sequences:

\n : New line

\t : Tab space

\\ : Backslash

Example:

print("Hello\nWorld") # Output:
# Hello
# World

print("Hello\tPython") # Output: Hello Python

Homework
1. Simple Greeting Program: Write a Python program that asks
the user for their name and age, then prints a personalized
greeting message. Use both the + operator and f-strings for
output.

Example:

Enter your name: Alice

Enter your age: 25
 Output: Hello, Alice! You are 25 years old.

2. String Manipulation Exercise: Write a Python program that:

Takes a sentence as input from the user.

Prints the sentence in all uppercase and lowercase.
Replaces all spaces with underscores.
Removes leading and trailing whitespace.

Example:

Input: " Python is awesome! "

Output:
Uppercase: "PYTHON IS AWESOME!"
Lowercase: "python is awesome!"
Replaced: "___Python_is_awesome!___"
Stripped: "Python is awesome!"

3. Character Counter: Write a Python program that:

Asks the user for a string.

Prints how many characters are in the string, excluding
spaces.

Example:

Input: "Hello World"

Output: "Number of characters (excluding space

4. Escape Sequence Practice: Write a Python program that

uses escape sequences to print the following output:

Example:
 Hello
World
This is a backslash: \

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Annishivakumara updated 69eeac8 · 9 months ago

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Operators in Python

1. Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.
The simplest one is = which assigns the value on the right to
the variable on the left. There are also compound assignment
operators that combine arithmetic operations with assignment.

Common Assignment Operators:

= : Assigns value on the right to the variable on the left.

+= : Adds right operand to the left operand and assigns the

result to the left operand.
-= : Subtracts the right operand from the left operand and
assigns the result to the left operand.
 *= : Multiplies the left operand by the right operand and
assigns the result to the left operand.
/= : Divides the left operand by the right operand and
assigns the result to the left operand.
%= : Takes modulus of left operand by right operand and
assigns the result to the left operand.

Examples:

x = 5 # Assigns 5 to x
x += 3 # Equivalent to x = x + 3, now x is 8
x -= 2 # Equivalent to x = x - 2, now x is 6
x *= 4 # Equivalent to x = x * 4, now x is 24
x /= 6 # Equivalent to x = x / 6, now x is 4.0

2. Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values. They
return either True or False depending on the condition.

Common Comparison Operators:

== : Checks if two values are equal.

!= : Checks if two values are not equal.

> : Checks if the left operand is greater than the right

operand.
< : Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand.

>= : Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the

right operand.
<= : Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the
right operand.
Examples:

a = 10
b = 20

print(a == b) # Output: False

print(a != b) # Output: True
print(a > b) # Output: False
print(a < b) # Output: True
print(a >= 10) # Output: True
print(b <= 25) # Output: True

3. Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
They evaluate expressions and return either True or False .

Common Logical Operators:

and : Returns True if both conditions are true.

or : Returns True if at least one condition is true.

not : Reverses the logical state of its operand (True

becomes False, and vice versa).

Examples:

x = 5
y = 10
z = 15

# and operator
print(x > 0 and y > 5) # Output: True (both condi

# or operator
 print(x > 10 or z > 10) # Output: True (one of th

# not operator
print(not(x > 10)) # Output: True (reverses False

4. Membership Operators
Membership operators test for membership within a sequence,
such as a list, string, or tuple. They return True or False based
on whether the value is found in the sequence.

Membership Operators:

in : Returns True if the specified value is found in the

sequence.
not in : Returns True if the specified value is not found in
the sequence.

Examples:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_string = "Python"

print(3 in my_list) # Output: True (3 is in the l

print(6 not in my_list) # Output: True (6 is not
print("P" in my_string) # Output: True ("P" is in
print("z" not in my_string) # Output: True ("z" i

5. Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators perform operations on binary representations
of integers. These operators are useful for low-level
programming tasks like working with bits and bytes.

Common Bitwise Operators:

& : Bitwise AND (sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1).

| : Bitwise OR (sets each bit to 1 if one of the bits is 1).

^ : Bitwise XOR (sets each bit to 1 if only one of the bits is

1).
~ : Bitwise NOT (inverts all the bits).

<< : Left shift (shifts bits to the left by a specified number of

positions).
>> : Right shift (shifts bits to the right by a specified number
of positions).

Examples:

a = 5 # In binary: 101
b = 3 # In binary: 011

# Bitwise AND
print(a & b) # Output: 1 (binary: 001)

# Bitwise OR
print(a | b) # Output: 7 (binary: 111)

# Bitwise XOR
print(a ^ b) # Output: 6 (binary: 110)

# Bitwise NOT
print(~a) # Output: -6 (inverts all bits)

# Left shift
print(a << 1) # Output: 10 (binary: 1010)
 # Right shift
print(a >> 1) # Output: 2 (binary: 010)

6. Arithmetic Operators (Already Covered in

Chapter 2)
Python supports basic arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and more.

Common Operators:

+ (Addition)

- (Subtraction)

* (Multiplication)

/ (Division)

// (Floor Division)

% (Modulus)

** (Exponentiation)

Examples:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b) # Output: 13
print(a - b) # Output: 7
print(a * b) # Output: 30
print(a / b) # Output: 3.3333...
print(a // b) # Output: 3 (Floor Division)
print(a % b) # Output: 1 (Modulus)
print(a ** b) # Output: 1000 (Exponentiation)
Homework
1. Logical Operator Practice: Write a Python program that
takes two numbers as input from the user and checks if:

Both numbers are greater than 10 (using and ).

At least one of the numbers is less than 5 (using or ).
The first number is not greater than the second (using
not ).

2. Comparison Operator Challenge: Create a Python program

that asks the user for their age and prints:

"You are an adult" if the age is greater than or equal to

18.
"You are a minor" if the age is less than 18.
Use >= and < comparison operators.

3. Membership Operator Exercise: Write a Python program

that:

Takes a string as input from the user.

Checks if the letter 'a' is in the string (using in ).
Checks if the string doesn't contain the word "Python"
(using not in ).

4. Bitwise Operator Task: Given two integers, write a Python

program that:

Prints the result of a & b , a | b , and a ^ b .

Shifts the bits of a two positions to the left ( a << 2 ).
Shifts the bits of b one position to the right ( b >> 1 ).

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Lists in Python

1. What is a List?
A list is a collection of items that are ordered, mutable
(changeable), and allow duplicate elements. Lists can hold items
of different data types, such as integers, strings, or even other
lists.

Syntax:

my_list = [element1, element2, element3, ...]

Example:
 fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = ["apple", 3, True]

2. Accessing List Elements

You can access individual elements in a list using indexing.
Remember that Python uses zero-based indexing, so the first
item is at index 0.

Syntax:

list_name[index]

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
print(fruits[2]) # Output: cherry

You can also use negative indexing to access elements from the
end of the list:

print(fruits[-1]) # Output: cherry

print(fruits[-2]) # Output: banana

3. Modifying Lists
Lists are mutable, which means you can change the value of
items in a list.

Changing a specific element:

fruits[1] = "orange"
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'orange', 'cher

Adding elements:

append() : Adds an element to the end of the list.

[Link]("grape")
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'orange',

insert() : Inserts an element at a specific index.

[Link](1, "kiwi")
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'kiwi', 'or

Removing elements:

remove() : Removes the first occurrence of an element.

[Link]("orange")
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'kiwi', 'ch

pop() : Removes the element at a specific index (or the last

item if no index is provided).

[Link]() # Removes the last item

print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'kiwi']
 [Link](0) # Removes the first item
print(fruits) # Output: ['kiwi']

clear() : Removes all elements from the list.

[Link]()
print(fruits) # Output: []

4. Slicing Lists
You can extract a portion of a list using slicing.

Syntax:

list_name[start:stop:step]

start : The index to start the slice (inclusive).

stop : The index to stop the slice (exclusive).

step : The number of steps to skip elements (default is 1).

Examples:

numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print(numbers[1:4]) # Output: [1, 2, 3] (from ind
print(numbers[:4]) # Output: [0, 1, 2, 3] (from s
print(numbers[2:]) # Output: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] (fro
print(numbers[::2]) # Output: [0, 2, 4, 6] (every
5. List Functions and Methods
Python provides several built-in functions and methods for
working with lists.

5.1 Common Functions:

len(list) : Returns the number of elements in the list.

print(len(fruits)) # Output: 3

sorted(list) : Returns a new sorted list without changing

the original list.

numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]
print(sorted(numbers)) # Output: [1, 2, 5, 9]
print(numbers) # Original list remains unchan

sum(list) : Returns the sum of elements in a list (for

numerical lists).

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(sum(numbers)) # Output: 10

5.2 Common Methods:

index(element) : Returns the index of the first occurrence

of the specified element.

print([Link]("apple")) # Output: 0
 count(element) : Returns the number of occurrences of an
element in the list.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 1, 1]
print([Link](1)) # Output: 3

reverse() : Reverses the elements of the list in place.

[Link]()
print(fruits) # Output: ['cherry', 'orange',

sort() : Sorts the list in place (ascending by default).

numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]
[Link]()
print(numbers) # Output: [1, 2, 5, 9]

6. Nested Lists
Lists can contain other lists, allowing you to create nested lists.
This can be useful for storing matrix-like data structures.

Example:

matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
]

# Accessing elements in a nested list

 print(matrix[0]) # Output: [1, 2, 3] (first row)
print(matrix[1][1]) # Output: 5 (element in the s

Homework
1. List Manipulation Exercise:

Create a list of 5 items (strings or numbers).

Add a new item to the end of the list and another at the
second position.
Remove the third item from the list.
Print the list after each operation.

2. Reverse and Sort a List: Create a list of numbers and:

Sort it in descending order.

Reverse the sorted list and print it.

Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Annishivakumara updated c05db64 · 9 months ago

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Tuples and Sets in Python

1. Tuples in Python
A tuple is a collection of items that is ordered and immutable
(unchangeable). Tuples are similar to lists, but once a tuple is
created, you cannot modify it. They are often used to group
related data together.

Syntax:

my_tuple = (element1, element2, element3, ...)

Example:
 my_tuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
numbers_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)

Creating a Tuple with One Element:

To create a tuple with only one element, include a trailing

comma:

single_element_tuple = ("apple",)

2. Accessing Tuple Elements

You can access elements in a tuple using indexing, just like with
lists. Tuples also support negative indexing.

Example:

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
print(fruits[-1]) # Output: cherry

Slicing Tuples:

You can also slice tuples to access a subset of the elements.

print(fruits[1:3]) # Output: ('banana', 'cherry')

3. Tuple Operations
Although tuples are immutable, you can perform various
operations with them.

Tuple Concatenation:

You can combine two or more tuples using the + operator.

tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
combined_tuple = tuple1 + tuple2
print(combined_tuple) # Output: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Tuple Repetition:

You can repeat a tuple multiple times using the * operator.

repeated_tuple = (1, 2) * 3
print(repeated_tuple) # Output: (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2

Checking Membership:

You can check if an item exists in a tuple using the in operator.

print("apple" in fruits) # Output: True

4. Tuple Methods
Though tuples are immutable, Python provides some built-in
methods for working with tuples.

count() : Returns the number of times an element appears

in the tuple.
 my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 1, 1)
print(my_tuple.count(1)) # Output: 3

index() : Returns the index of the first occurrence of an

element.

my_tuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(my_tuple.index("banana")) # Output: 1

5. Advantages of Using Tuples

Immutable: This property ensures that tuple data cannot be
modified after creation, making them useful for fixed data.
Faster than Lists: Due to immutability, tuples are generally
faster than lists.
Can Be Used as Keys in Dictionaries: Since tuples are
hashable, they can be used as keys in dictionaries, unlike
lists.

6. Sets in Python
A set is a collection of unique items that is unordered and
unindexed. Sets do not allow duplicate values. Sets are useful
for performing operations like union, intersection, and difference.

Syntax:

my_set = {element1, element2, element3, ...}

Example:

fruits_set = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

numbers_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Empty Set:

To create an empty set, use the set() function (not {} , which

creates an empty dictionary).

empty_set = set()

7. Set Operations
Sets support mathematical operations like union, intersection,
and difference.

Union:

The union of two sets combines all elements from both sets,
removing duplicates.

set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
union_set = set1 | set2 # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Intersection:

The intersection of two sets returns elements that are common

to both sets.
 intersection_set = set1 & set2 # Output: {3}

Difference:

The difference between two sets returns elements that are in the
first set but not in the second.

difference_set = set1 - set2 # Output: {1, 2}

Symmetric Difference:

The symmetric difference returns elements that are in either of

the sets but not in both.

sym_diff_set = set1 ^ set2 # Output: {1, 2, 4, 5}

8. Set Methods
Sets come with several useful methods for performing common
tasks.

add() : Adds an element to the set.

fruits_set.add("orange")
print(fruits_set) # Output: {'apple', 'banana

remove() : Removes a specified element from the set.

Raises an error if the element does not exist.
 fruits_set.remove("banana")
print(fruits_set) # Output: {'apple', 'cherry

discard() : Removes a specified element without raising

an error if it does not exist.

fruits_set.discard("banana") # No error if "b

pop() : Removes a random element from the set.

fruits_set.pop()

clear() : Removes all elements from the set.

fruits_set.clear()

9. Differences Between Lists, Tuples, and Sets

Feature List Tuple Set

Ordering Ordered Ordered Unordered

Mutability Mutable Immutable Mutable

Allows Allows No
Duplicates
duplicates duplicates duplicates

Supports Supports No
Indexing
indexing indexing indexing
 Feature List Tuple Set

List Tuple Set

Operations
operations operations operations

Common General Unique

Fixed data
Uses collection items

Homework
1. Tuple Operations:

Create a tuple with 5 elements.

Try to modify one of the elements. What happens?
Perform slicing on the tuple to extract the second and
third elements.
Concatenate the tuple with another tuple.

2. Set Operations:

Create two sets: one with your favorite fruits and

another with your friend’s favorite fruits.
Find the union, intersection, and difference between the
two sets.
Add a new fruit to your set.
Remove a fruit from your set using both remove() and
discard() . What happens when the fruit doesn’t exist?

3. Tuple and Set Comparison:

Create a list of elements and convert it into both a tuple

and a set.
Print both the tuple and the set.
 Try to add new elements to the tuple and set. What
differences do you observe?

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Dictionaries in Python
A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs. Each key
in a dictionary is associated with a value, and you can retrieve or
manipulate data using the key. Unlike lists and tuples,
dictionaries are unordered and mutable (changeable).

1. Creating a Dictionary
You can create a dictionary using curly braces {} or the
dict() function.

Syntax:

my_dict = {
"key1": "value1",
"key2": "value2",
 "key3": "value3"
}

Example:

Let's create a dictionary of famous cities in Karnataka and their

popular dishes.

karnataka_food = {
"Bengaluru": "Bisi Bele Bath",
"Mysuru": "Mysore Pak",
"Mangaluru": "Neer Dosa"
}

2. Accessing Dictionary Elements

To access the values stored in a dictionary, you use the key.

Example:

print(karnataka_food["Mysuru"]) # Output: Mysore

You can also use the get() method to access values, which is
safer because it doesn’t throw an error if the key doesn’t exist.

print(karnataka_food.get("Mangaluru")) # Output:
print(karnataka_food.get("Shivamogga", "Not Found"

3. Adding and Updating Dictionary Elements

You can add new key-value pairs or update existing values in a
dictionary.
Adding an Item:

karnataka_food["Shivamogga"] = "Kadubu"
print(karnataka_food)

Updating an Item:

karnataka_food["Bengaluru"] = "Ragi Mudde"

4. Removing Elements from a Dictionary

You can remove items from a dictionary using several methods:

pop() : Removes the specified key and returns the

associated value.

mysuru_food = karnataka_food.pop("Mysuru")
print(mysuru_food) # Output: Mysore Pak

del : Removes the specified key.

del karnataka_food["Mangaluru"]

clear() : Empties the dictionary.

karnataka_food.clear()

5. Dictionary Methods
Here are some common methods available for dictionaries:
 keys() : Returns all the keys in the dictionary.

print(karnataka_food.keys()) # Output: dict_k

values() : Returns all the values in the dictionary.

print(karnataka_food.values()) # Output: dict

items() : Returns key-value pairs as tuples.

print(karnataka_food.items()) # Output: dict_

update() : Updates the dictionary with another dictionary or

iterable.

new_dishes = {"Hubballi": "Girmit"}

karnataka_food.update(new_dishes)

6. Dictionary Characteristics
Unordered: Dictionary keys are not stored in any particular
order.
Mutable: You can change, add, or remove items.
Keys Must Be Immutable: Keys in a dictionary must be of a
data type that is immutable, such as a string, number, or
tuple.
Unique Keys: A dictionary cannot have duplicate keys. If you
try to add a duplicate key, the latest value will overwrite the
previous one.
7. Differences Between Lists, Tuples, Sets, and
Dictionaries

Feature List Tuple Set Dictio

Ordering Ordered Ordered Unordered Unord

Mutability Mutable Immutable Mutable Mutab

Allows Allows No Keys:

Duplicates
duplicates duplicates duplicates duplic

Supports Supports No
Indexing Uses
indexing indexing indexing

Indexed Indexed Unordered Key-va

Structure
collection collection collection pairs

Homework
1. Basic Dictionary Operations:

Create a dictionary to store information about 5 cities in

Karnataka and their famous dishes.
Add a new city and its dish to the dictionary.
Update the dish for Bengaluru.
Remove one city from the dictionary.
Use the keys() method to print all city names in the
dictionary.
Use the values() method to print all dishes in the
dictionary.

2. Nested Dictionary Practice (Simple for now):

 Create a dictionary to store details of two of your
friends, including their names, favorite subject, and
favorite food.
Access and print the favorite food of one friend.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Conditional Statements in Python: if ,

elif , and else
In programming, conditional statements are used to perform
different actions based on different conditions. Python uses if ,
elif , and else statements to allow your program to make
decisions.

1. The if Statement
The if statement is used to test a condition. If the condition is
True, the block of code under the if statement is executed.

Syntax:
 if condition:
# Code block to execute if the condition is Tr

Example:

Let's say you want to check if it's time for dinner (assuming
dinner time is 8 PM).

time = 20 # 20 represents 8 PM in 24-hour format

if time == 20:
print("It's time for dinner!")

Here, the program checks if the variable time is equal to 20 (8

PM). If it's 20, the message "It's time for dinner!" is
printed.

2. The else Statement

The else statement provides an alternative block of code to
execute when the if condition is False.

Syntax:

if condition:
# Code block if the condition is True
else:
# Code block if the condition is False

Example:

Let's extend the dinner example by adding an alternative action if

it's not 8 PM.
 time = 18 # 6 PM
if time == 20:
print("It's time for dinner!")
else:
print("It's not dinner time yet.")

If the condition ( time == 20 ) is False (because the time is 6

PM), the program prints "It's not dinner time yet."

3. The elif Statement

The elif (short for "else if") statement checks another
condition if the previous if or elif condition was False. You
can have multiple elif statements to test various conditions.

Syntax:

if condition1:
# Code block if condition1 is True
elif condition2:
# Code block if condition2 is True
else:
# Code block if none of the above conditions a

Example:

Let’s create a system to check meal times based on the time of

the day:

time = 15 # 3 PM

if time == 8:
print("It's breakfast time!")
elif time == 13:
 print("It's lunch time!")
elif time == 20:
print("It's dinner time!")
else:
print("It's not a meal time.")

Here, the program checks multiple conditions:

If the time is 8 AM, it prints "It's breakfast time!" .

If the time is 1 PM, it prints "It's lunch time!" .
If the time is 8 PM, it prints "It's dinner time!" .
If none of these conditions are true, it prints "It's not a
meal time."

4. Comparison Operators in if Statements

You can use comparison operators to compare values in if
statements:

== : Equal to

!= : Not equal to

< : Less than

> : Greater than

<= : Less than or equal to

>= : Greater than or equal to

Example:

Let’s check if someone is eligible to vote in Karnataka (minimum

age for voting is 18).

age = 19
 if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote.")
else:
print("You are not eligible to vote.")

Here, the condition age >= 18 checks if the age is greater than
or equal to 18. If True, it prints that the person is eligible to vote.
Otherwise, it prints that they are not eligible.

5. Logical Operators in if Statements

You can also use logical operators to combine multiple
conditions in if statements:

and : Returns True if both conditions are True

or : Returns True if at least one condition is True

not : Reverses the result of a condition

Example:

Let’s say you want to check if someone is eligible for a student

discount. The person must be both under 18 years of age and
have a student ID.

age = 16
has_student_id = True

if age < 18 and has_student_id:

print("You are eligible for the student discou
else:
print("You are not eligible for the student di
Here, the condition age < 18 and has_student_id checks if
both conditions are True. If so, the message "You are
eligible for the student discount!" is printed.

6. Example: Checking Bus Ticket Prices

Let’s create an example based on ticket prices for a Karnataka
KSRTC bus. If the passenger is under 5 years old, the ticket is
free. If the passenger is between 5 and 12 years old, they get a
child discount. If the passenger is 60 years or older, they get a
senior citizen discount. Otherwise, they pay the full fare.

age = 65

if age < 5:
print("Ticket is free.")
elif age <= 12:
print("You get a child discount.")
elif age >= 60:
print("You get a senior citizen discount.")
else:
print("You pay the full fare.")

In this example:

If the passenger is younger than 5 years, the output is

"Ticket is free."

If they are 5 to 12 years old, it prints "You get a child

discount."

If they are 60 or older, it prints "You get a senior

citizen discount."

For all other ages, it prints "You pay the full fare."
7. Nested if Statements
You can also use if statements inside other if statements.
This is called nesting.

Example:

Let’s say you’re planning to visit Mysuru. You want to decide

whether to go based on the day of the week and the weather.

day = "Saturday"
is_raining = False

if day == "Saturday" or day == "Sunday":

if not is_raining:
print("Let's visit Mysuru!")
else:
print("It's raining, let's stay home.")
else:
print("It's a weekday, let's wait for the week

Here, the program first checks if it’s a weekend. If it is, it checks

the weather. If it’s not raining, it prints "Let's visit Mysuru!" ,
otherwise, it prints "It's raining, let's stay home." On
weekdays, it prints "It's a weekday, let's wait for the
weekend."

8. Indentation in Python
Python uses indentation (spaces at the beginning of a line) to
define blocks of code. The indented code after an if , elif , or
else statement belongs to that condition. Make sure to use
consistent indentation to avoid errors.
Example:

age = 19

if age >= 18:

print("You are eligible to vote.")
print("Remember to bring your voter ID.")
else:
print("You are not eligible to vote.")

In the example above, the two print() statements are part of

the if block because they are indented. Be careful to maintain
the correct indentation for your code to run correctly.

9. The match-case Statement (Python 3.10+)

Starting from Python 3.10, you can use the match-case
statement for pattern matching—similar to switch-case in other
languages like C or JavaScript. It helps you write cleaner and
more readable code when checking a variable against multiple
constant values.

Syntax:

match variable:
case value1:
# Code block for value1
case value2:
# Code block for value2
case _:
# Default case (like else)

Example:
Let’s check the type of day using match-case.

day = "Sunday"

match day:
case "Monday":
print("Start of the work week.")
case "Friday":
print("Almost weekend!")
case "Saturday" | "Sunday":
print("It's the weekend!")
case _:
print("Just another weekday.")

If day is "Sunday" or "Saturday" , it prints "It's the

weekend!"

The _ is a wildcard that matches anything—like a default

else .

This is functionally similar to the earlier if-elif example but

can be more readable when checking one variable against many
constant values.

Note: Use match-case only if you're using Python 3.10 or

newer. It’s not available in earlier versions.

Homework
1. Basic Conditions:

Write a program to check if someone is eligible for a

bus pass. If they are below 5 years, the bus pass is free.
If they are 60 years or older, they get a senior citizen
discount. Otherwise, they pay the full price.
 2. Meal Time Checker:

Create a program that checks the time of day (24-hour

format) and prints whether it's time for breakfast, lunch,
or dinner.
Breakfast: 8 AM
Lunch: 1 PM
Dinner: 8 PM
If none of these times, print "It's not meal time."

3. Simple Eligibility Check:

Write a program that checks whether a person is eligible

for a library membership. If they are under 18, they get a
student membership. If they are 60 or older, they get a
senior citizen membership. Otherwise, they get a regular
membership.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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While Loops in Python

A loop is a programming structure that repeats a set of
instructions as long as a specified condition is True. In Python,
the while loop allows you to repeatedly execute a block of code
as long as the condition is True.

1. The Basic Structure of a while Loop

The while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as
the condition is True .

Syntax:

while condition:
# Code to execute as long as condition is True
Example:

Let’s print numbers from 1 to 5 using a while loop.

i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1 # Incrementing i by 1 after each itera

The loop starts with i = 1 and checks if i <= 5 .

As long as this condition is True , it prints the value of i
and increases it by 1 ( i += 1 ).
The loop ends when i becomes 6, as the condition i <=
5 becomes False .

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

2. Common Example: Counting Sheep

Let’s relate this to a common example: Imagine you're counting
sheep to fall asleep.

sheep_count = 1
while sheep_count <= 10:
print(f"Sheep {sheep_count}")
sheep_count += 1
This prints "Sheep 1" , "Sheep 2" , and so on, until "Sheep
10" . After that, the loop stops.

3. Avoiding Infinite Loops

A while loop can run indefinitely if the condition is always
True . To prevent this, ensure that the condition eventually
becomes False .

Example of an Infinite Loop:

i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
# Forgot to update i, so the condition remains

In this case, the loop will keep printing 1 forever because i is

never incremented, so the condition i <= 5 will always be
True .

To avoid this, make sure to update the variable that controls the
condition within the loop.

4. Using break to Exit a while Loop

You can use the break statement to exit a loop when a certain
condition is met.

Example:

Let’s stop counting sheep after 5 sheep, even though the

condition allows counting up to 10:
 sheep_count = 1
while sheep_count <= 10:
print(f"Sheep {sheep_count}")
if sheep_count == 5:
print("That's enough counting!")
break
sheep_count += 1

The loop stops after "Sheep 5" because of the break

statement, even though the condition was sheep_count <=
10 .

Output:

Sheep 1
Sheep 2
Sheep 3
Sheep 4
Sheep 5
That's enough counting!

5. Using continue to Skip an Iteration

The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration
and move on to the next one.

Example:

Let’s say you want to skip counting sheep that are number 4:

sheep_count = 1
while sheep_count <= 5:
if sheep_count == 4:
sheep_count += 1
continue
 print(f"Sheep {sheep_count}")
sheep_count += 1

Here, when sheep_count is 4, the continue statement skips

printing "Sheep 4" , and the loop continues with sheep_count
= 5 .

Output:

Sheep 1
Sheep 2
Sheep 3
Sheep 5

6. Using while Loops for User Input

You can use a while loop to repeatedly ask the user for input
until they provide valid data.

Example:

Let’s ask the user for a PIN until they enter the correct one:

pin = ""
correct_pin = "1234"
while pin != correct_pin:
pin = input("Enter your PIN: ")
if pin != correct_pin:
print("Incorrect PIN. Try again.")
print("PIN accepted. You can proceed.")

The loop keeps running until the user enters the correct PIN.
If the user enters an incorrect PIN, they are prompted to try
again.
7. Real-life Example: KSRTC Bus Seats Availability
Let’s say you want to simulate a KSRTC bus seat booking
system. The bus has 5 available seats. Each time a seat is
booked, the available seats decrease.

available_seats = 5

while available_seats > 0:

print(f"{available_seats} seats available.")
booking = input("Do you want to book a seat? (

if booking == "yes":
available_seats -= 1
print("Seat booked!")
else:
print("No booking made.")

print("All seats are booked!")

Here, the loop keeps running until all seats are booked. It checks
the available seats and asks the user if they want to book one.
The loop stops when there are no more seats available.

Output Example:

5 seats available.
Do you want to book a seat? (yes/no): yes
Seat booked!
4 seats available.
Do you want to book a seat? (yes/no): yes
Seat booked!
...
1 seats available.
Do you want to book a seat? (yes/no): yes
 Seat booked!
All seats are booked!

8. Nested while Loops

You can also nest while loops inside each other. This can be
useful in more complex scenarios, such as checking multiple
conditions or dealing with multi-level data.

Example:

Let’s simulate a snack machine that allows users to buy snacks

as long as both the machine has snacks and the user has
money:

snacks_available = 3
money = 10

while snacks_available > 0 and money > 0:

print(f"Snacks available: {snacks_available}.
buy = input("Do you want to buy a snack for ₹5

if buy == "yes" and money >= 5:

snacks_available -= 1
money -= 5
print("Snack purchased!")
else:
print("No purchase made.")

print("Either snacks are sold out or you are out o

This loop will continue as long as there are snacks available and
the user has money. Once one condition is no longer True, the
loop stops.
Homework
1. Basic Counting with while Loop:

Write a program that counts from 1 to 10 using a

while loop.

2. Odd Numbers Printer:

Create a program that prints all odd numbers between 1

and 20 using a while loop.

3. Ticket Booking Simulation:

Write a program that simulates a bus ticket booking

system. The bus has 8 seats. Each time a seat is
booked, the available seats decrease. When there are
no seats left, the loop stops and displays a message
saying "All seats are booked."

4. Countdown Timer:

Write a program that counts down from 10 to 1 using a

while loop and prints "Happy New Year!" after the
countdown is over.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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For Loops in Python

In Python, a for loop is used to iterate over a sequence (like a
list, tuple, string, or range) and execute a block of code
repeatedly for each element in the sequence.

1. The Basic Structure of a for Loop

A for loop allows you to repeat a block of code a fixed number
of times, or once for each element in a sequence.

Syntax:

for item in sequence:

# Code to execute for each item in the sequenc
Example:

Let’s print each name in a list of Kannada cities:

cities = ["Bengaluru", "Mysuru", "Hubballi", "Mang

for city in cities:
print(city)

Output:

Bengaluru
Mysuru
Hubballi
Mangaluru

Here, cities is a list, and the for loop iterates over each
item (city) in that list.

2. Using range() with for Loops

The range() function generates a sequence of numbers, which
you can use in a for loop when you want to repeat a block of
code a specific number of times.

Syntax of range() :

range(start, stop, step)

start : The starting value (inclusive).

stop : The ending value (exclusive).

step : The increment (optional, default is 1).

Example: Counting from 1 to 10

 for i in range(1, 11):
print(i)

This loop will print the numbers from 1 to 10.

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Example: Counting by 2s from 1 to 10

for i in range(1, 11, 2):

print(i)

This loop prints only the odd numbers between 1 and 10.

Output:

1
3
5
7
9
3. Looping Over Strings
You can also loop over each character in a string using a for
loop.

Example: Printing each character in a string

name = "Karnataka"
for letter in name:
print(letter)

Output:

K
a
r
n
a
t
a
k
a

This loop goes through the string "Karnataka" one character at

a time.

4. Nested for Loops

You can also have nested for loops, which means a loop inside
another loop. This is useful when working with multi-level data,
like lists inside lists.

Example: Multiplication Table

Let’s print the multiplication table from 1 to 5 using a nested
for loop.

for i in range(1, 6):

for j in range(1, 6):
print(f"{i} x {j} = {i * j}")
print() # To print an empty line after each t

Output:

1 x 1 = 1
1 x 2 = 2
1 x 3 = 3
1 x 4 = 4
1 x 5 = 5

2 x 1 = 2
2 x 2 = 4
2 x 3 = 6
2 x 4 = 8
2 x 5 = 10

...

5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25

Here, the outer loop controls the first number ( i ), and the inner
loop controls the second number ( j ). Together, they generate
the multiplication table.

5. Using break in a for Loop

The break statement is used to exit a loop early when a certain
condition is met.

Example: Stop the loop when you find a specific item

Let’s say you are searching for a specific city in a list:

cities = ["Bengaluru", "Mysuru", "Hubballi", "Mang

for city in cities:
if city == "Hubballi":
print(f"Found {city}!")
break
print(city)

In this case, the loop stops when it finds "Hubballi" and prints
"Found Hubballi!" .

Output:

Bengaluru
Mysuru
Found Hubballi!

6. Using continue in a for Loop

The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of
the loop and move on to the next one.

Example: Skip a specific item in a list

Let’s skip "Hubballi" while looping through the cities:

cities = ["Bengaluru", "Mysuru", "Hubballi", "Mang

for city in cities:
 if city == "Hubballi":
continue
print(city)

Output:

Bengaluru
Mysuru
Mangaluru

Here, "Hubballi" is skipped, and the loop continues with the

next city.

7. Looping Through a List with enumerate()

The enumerate() function allows you to loop over a sequence
and get both the index and the value of each item.

Example: Displaying the index and value of each city

cities = ["Bengaluru", "Mysuru", "Hubballi", "Mang

for index, city in enumerate(cities):
print(f"City {index + 1}: {city}")

Output:

City 1: Bengaluru
City 2: Mysuru
City 3: Hubballi
City 4: Mangaluru

8. Using else with for Loops

You can also use an else clause with a for loop. The code
inside the else block will execute once the loop finishes, unless
the loop is terminated by a break statement.

Example:

for city in cities:

print(city)
else:
print("No more cities!")

Output:

Bengaluru
Mysuru
Hubballi
Mangaluru
No more cities!

In this case, after the loop has finished going through all the
cities, it prints "No more cities!" .

9. Real-Life Example: Distributing Laddus

Imagine you have 5 laddus to distribute among friends. You can
use a for loop to give each friend one laddu.

laddus = 5
friends = ["Rahul", "Sneha", "Aman", "Priya"]

for friend in friends:

if laddus > 0:
print(f"{friend} gets a laddu!")
laddus -= 1
 else:
print("No laddus left!")

Output:

Rahul gets a laddu!

Sneha gets a laddu!
Aman gets a laddu!
Priya gets a laddu!
No laddus left!

Here, the loop goes through the list of friends and distributes the
laddus one by one.

Homework
1. Multiples of 3:

Write a for loop that prints all multiples of 3 between

1 and 30.

2. Sum of First 10 Numbers:

Write a program using a for loop that calculates the

sum of numbers from 1 to 10.

3. Print Your Name Letter by Letter:

Write a program that takes your name as input and

prints each letter of your name using a for loop.

4. Count Vowels in a String:

 Write a program that counts how many vowels are in a
given string using a for loop.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Lists and Dictionaries with For Loops, List

Comprehension, and Dictionary
Comprehension
In this video, we will learn how to use for loops with Lists and
Dictionaries, followed by advanced techniques using List
Comprehension and Dictionary Comprehension. These tools are
essential for writing concise and efficient Python code.

1. Looping Through Lists

A for loop is the most common way to iterate through items in
a list.

Example: Sum of all numbers in a list

 numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
total = 0

for num in numbers:

total += num

print("Total sum:", total)

Output:

Total sum: 150

Example: Doubling each number in a list

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
doubled = []

for num in numbers:

[Link](num * 2)

print("Doubled List:", doubled)

Output:

Doubled List: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Example: Printing Kannada food items

foods = ["Dosa", "Idli", "Vada", "Bisibelebath"]

for food in foods:

print(f"I like {food}")
Output:

I like Dosa
I like Idli
I like Vada
I like Bisibelebath

2. Looping Through Dictionaries

You can use for loops to iterate over dictionaries by accessing
both keys and values.

Example: Iterating over dictionary keys

student_marks = {"Anand": 85, "Geetha": 90, "Kumar

for student in student_marks:

print(student)

Output:

Anand
Geetha
Kumar

Example: Iterating over dictionary values

student_marks = {"Anand": 85, "Geetha": 90, "Kumar

for marks in student_marks.values():

print(marks)
Output:

85
90
78

Example: Iterating over both keys and values

student_marks = {"Anand": 85, "Geetha": 90, "Kumar

for student, marks in student_marks.items():

print(f"{student} scored {marks} marks")

Output:

Anand scored 85 marks

Geetha scored 90 marks
Kumar scored 78 marks

3. for Loops with range()

You can also use for loops with the range() function to loop
through a sequence of numbers.

Example: Adding marks to students using index values

students = ["Anand", "Geetha", "Kumar"]

marks = [85, 90, 78]

student_marks = {}

for i in range(len(students)):
 student_marks[students[i]] = marks[i]

print(student_marks)

Output:

{'Anand': 85, 'Geetha': 90, 'Kumar': 78}

4. List Comprehension
List comprehension provides a more concise way to create lists
by applying an expression to each element in an existing list.

Syntax:

new_list = [expression for item in iterable if con

Example 1: Squaring numbers in a list

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squares = [num ** 2 for num in numbers]
print(squares)

Output:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Example 2: Filtering even numbers

 numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
even_numbers = [num for num in numbers if num % 2
print(even_numbers)

Output:

[2, 4, 6]

Example 3: Uppercasing Kannada city names

cities = ["Bengaluru", "Mysuru", "Hubballi", "Mang

uppercased_cities = [[Link]() for city in citi
print(uppercased_cities)

Output:

['BENGALURU', 'MYSURU', 'HUBBALLI',

'MANGALURU']

5. Dictionary Comprehension
Similar to list comprehension, dictionary comprehension
provides a concise way to create dictionaries.

Syntax:

new_dict = {key_expression: value_expression for i

Example 1: Creating a dictionary of squares

 numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squares_dict = {num: num ** 2 for num in numbers}
print(squares_dict)

Output:

{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}

Example 2: Converting a list of names to a dictionary of name

lengths

names = ["Anand", "Geetha", "Kumar"]

name_lengths = {name: len(name) for name in names}
print(name_lengths)

Output:

{'Anand': 5, 'Geetha': 6, 'Kumar': 5}

Example 3: Filtering cities with population above 10 lakhs

(Localized Example)

city_population = {
"Bengaluru": 84,
"Mysuru": 11,
"Hubballi": 9,
"Mangaluru": 5
}
large_cities = {city: population for city, populat
print(large_cities)

Output:
 {'Bengaluru': 84, 'Mysuru': 11}

6. Splitting Strings to Create Lists

In Python, the split() method allows you to break a string into
a list of words or elements based on a specified separator (like
space, comma, etc.). This is very useful when you have data in
string format and want to convert it into a list.

Syntax:

[Link](separator, maxsplit)

separator (optional): The character or substring on which to

split the string (default is space).
maxsplit (optional): The maximum number of splits (default
is unlimited).

Example 1: Splitting a sentence into words

sentence = "I love coding in Python"

words = [Link]()
print(words)

Output:

['I', 'love', 'coding', 'in', 'Python']

Here, the default separator (space) is used to split the string into
individual words.

Example 2: Splitting a string with commas

data = "apple,banana,mango"
fruits = [Link](",")
print(fruits)

Output:

['apple', 'banana', 'mango']

Here, the comma ( , ) is used as the separator to split the string

into different fruit names.

Example 3: Limiting the number of splits

sentence = "Python is fun to learn"

words = [Link](" ", 2)
print(words)

Output:

['Python', 'is', 'fun to learn']

In this example, the string is split only twice. The rest of the
string remains as the final element.
Practical Application
You can use the split() method when reading data from a text
file or processing input from a user where the data is separated
by spaces, commas, or any other delimiters. Once you split the
data, you can work with it as a list, applying any list manipulation
techniques you've learned.

Homework
1. List Manipulation:

Create a list of Kannada foods. Use list comprehension

to create a new list where each food name is in
uppercase.

2. Sum of Prices:

Create a dictionary of 5 items with their prices. Write a

program that calculates the total price of all items using
a for loop.

3. List of Squares:

Create a list of numbers from 1 to 10. Use list

comprehension to generate a list of their squares.

4. Student Data Task:

Create a list of 3 dictionaries, where each dictionary

contains the name, age, and marks of a student. Loop
through the list and print each student's information.

5. Dictionary Comprehension:
 Create a dictionary where the keys are Kannada cities,
and the values are their populations. Use dictionary
comprehension to filter out cities with populations
below 10 lakhs.

6. Nested List Challenge: Write a Python program that takes a

list of lists (a 2D list) as input and:

Prints the entire matrix row by row.

Prints the sum of each row in the matrix.

Example:

matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]
]

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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1. Basics of Functions
A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific
task when called. Functions are useful to organize code, make it
reusable, and reduce redundancy.

2. Defining a Function
You define a function using the def keyword followed by the
function name, parentheses, and a colon : .

Syntax:

def function_name(parameters):
# Block of code
Example: Basic function to greet a user

def greet():
print("Hello! Welcome to the Python course.")
greet()

Output:

Hello! Welcome to the Python course.

3. Function Parameters
Parameters are variables used to pass data into a function.

Example: Function with a parameter

def greet_user(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to the Python c

greet_user("Anand")

Output:

Hello, Anand! Welcome to the Python course.

4. Returning Values from a Function

A function can return a value using the return keyword, which
allows the output of the function to be reused elsewhere.
Example: Function that adds two numbers and returns the result

def add_numbers(a, b):

return a + b

result = add_numbers(10, 20)

print("The sum is:", result)

Output:

The sum is: 30

5. Default Parameter Values

You can define a default value for a parameter, which is used if
no argument is passed when the function is called.

Example: Function with a default parameter

def greet(name="Student"):
print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to the Python c

greet() # Uses default value "Student"

greet("Geetha") # Uses passed value "Geetha"

Output:

Hello, Student! Welcome to the Python course.

Hello, Geetha! Welcome to the Python course.
Here are the sections for Nested Functions and Local/Global
Variables:

6. Local and Global Variables

Local Variables are defined inside a function and are only
accessible within that function.
Global Variables are defined outside all functions and are
accessible from anywhere in the code.

Example: Local vs Global variables

name = "Global Name"

def greet():
name = "Local Name"
print(name)

greet() # Prints local variable

print(name) # Prints global variable

Output:

Local Name
Global Name

In this example, the local variable name inside the function does
not affect the global variable name .

Homework:
 1. Greet Function: Write a function greet() that takes no
arguments and prints a greeting message.
2. Parameterized Greet: Write a function greet_user() that
takes a name as input and prints a custom greeting.
3. Sum Function: Write a function add_numbers(a, b) that
returns the sum of two numbers. Call this function with
different values.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Functions - Advanced Concepts

In this part, we'll explore more advanced function concepts,
including recursion, lambda functions, and variable-length
arguments.

1. Keyword Arguments
With keyword arguments, you can pass values to a function by
specifying the parameter names.

Example:

def display_info(name, age):

print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")
 display_info(age=25, name="Kumar")

Output:

Name: Kumar, Age: 25

2. Variable-Length Arguments
You can use *args and **kwargs to accept a variable number
of arguments in a function.

Example: Using *args

def total_sum(*numbers):
result = 0
for num in numbers:
result += num
return result

print(total_sum(1, 2, 3, 4))

Output:

10

Example: Using **kwargs

def student_info(**details):
for key, value in [Link]():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
 student_info(name="Anand", age=22, course="Python"

Output:

name: Anand
age: 22
course: Python

3. Lambda Functions
A lambda function is a small anonymous function that can take
any number of arguments but has only one expression.

Syntax:

lambda arguments: expression

Example: Lambda function to double a number

double = lambda x: x * 2
print(double(5))

Output:

10

4. Recursion
Recursion occurs when a function calls itself. It's used to solve
problems that can be broken down into smaller, similar
problems.

Example: Recursive function to calculate factorial

def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5))

Output:

120

Here are the sections for Nested Functions and Local/Global

Variables:

5. Nested Functions
A nested function is a function defined inside another function.
The inner function is only accessible within the outer function,
allowing for more modular and controlled code execution.

Example: Nested function in Python

def outer_function(name):
def inner_function():
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
inner_function()
 outer_function("Anand")

Output:

Hello, Anand!

In this example, the inner_function() is called within

outer_function() and uses the name parameter of the outer
function.

Homework:
1. Lambda Function: Write a lambda function that multiplies
two numbers.
2. Recursive Function: Write a recursive function that
calculates the sum of the first n numbers.
3. Variable-Length Arguments: Write a function that accepts
any number of arguments and returns their average.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Introduction to OOP Concepts & Classes/Objects

In this video, we will begin our journey into Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP) with the foundational concepts of classes
and objects.

1. What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

OOP is a programming paradigm that organizes software
design around data, or objects, rather than functions and
logic.
It allows for better modularity and code reusability by
creating objects that model real-world entities.

Procedural vs Object-Oriented Programming:

 Procedural Programming: Based on functions, where the
main focus is on performing actions.

Example: Writing multiple functions to process data.

Object-Oriented Programming: Based on objects and

classes. The main focus is on objects (data) and the
methods (functions) that manipulate this data.

2. Classes and Objects

Class:

A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the attributes

and behaviors of the objects created from it.

Object:

An object is an instance of a class. Each object has its own

attributes (data) and can perform actions through methods
(functions).

Example:

class Car:
# Attributes
def __init__(self, brand, model):
[Link] = brand # Instance variable
[Link] = model # Instance variable

# Method
def display_info(self):
print(f"Car Brand: {[Link]}, Model: {s

# Creating an object of the class

 my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")
my_car.display_info()

Output:

Car Brand: Toyota, Model: Corolla

Here:

Car is the class.

my_car is an object of the Car class.

brand and model are attributes of the object.

display_info() is a method that displays the car's details.

3. Attributes (Instance Variables) and Methods

Attributes: Characteristics that define an object. For
example, in the Car class, brand and model are
attributes.
Methods: Functions defined inside a class that describe the
behaviors of an object.

Example:

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
[Link] = name
[Link] = age

def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, my name is {[Link]} and
 # Creating objects
person1 = Person("Arjun", 30)
person2 = Person("Megha", 25)

[Link]()
[Link]()

Output:

Hello, my name is Arjun and I am 30 years old.

Hello, my name is Megha and I am 25 years old.

In this example:

The Person class defines two attributes: name and age .

The method greet() prints a greeting message using
these attributes.

4. Creating Multiple Objects from a Class

One of the main advantages of OOP is that you can create
multiple objects from a class, each with its own unique
attributes.

Example:

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, breed):
[Link] = name
[Link] = breed

def bark(self):
print(f"{[Link]} is barking!")
 # Creating multiple objects
dog1 = Dog("Rex", "Golden Retriever")
dog2 = Dog("Bolt", "Beagle")

[Link]()
[Link]()

Output:

Rex is barking!
Bolt is barking!

Here:

dog1 and dog2 are different objects of the Dog class,

each with its own name and breed .

5. Homework
1. Create a Class:

Write a class Mobile with attributes brand and

price .

Create two objects of the class and display their

attributes using a method.

2. Method Definition:

Define a class Student with attributes name and

marks .

Write a method display_info() that prints the

student's name and marks.
 Create multiple objects of the Student class and call
the method on each.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Constructors and the self

Keyword
1. The __init__() Constructor
Constructor: The __init__() method in Python is a special
method that initializes an object when it’s created. It’s called
automatically when you create a new instance of a class.
Purpose: It allows you to set the initial state of the object by
defining its attributes.

Syntax:
 class ClassName:
def __init__(self, parameter1, parameter2):
self.attribute1 = parameter1
self.attribute2 = parameter2

Here, __init__() receives parameters and sets the initial

values of object attributes.

2. Using self in Class Methods

self : Refers to the instance of the class itself, allowing you
to access attributes and methods within a class.
It is automatically passed as the first argument to
methods within the class.
Note: While self is a convention, you can technically
use any name (though it's not recommended for
readability).

Example:

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
[Link] = name # '[Link]' is an inst
[Link] = age

def introduce(self):
print(f"My name is {[Link]} and I am {s

# Creating an object
person1 = Person("Arjun", 22)
[Link]()

Output:
 My name is Arjun and I am 22 years old.

Here:

[Link] and [Link] are instance variables.

introduce() is a method that accesses the instance

variables using self .

3. Creating Multiple Objects with Different

Attributes
By passing different values to __init__() when creating
objects, each object can have unique attributes.

Example:

class Laptop:
def __init__(self, brand, price):
[Link] = brand
[Link] = price

def show_info(self):
print(f"Laptop Brand: {[Link]}, Price

laptop1 = Laptop("Dell", 45000)

laptop2 = Laptop("HP", 55000)

laptop1.show_info()
laptop2.show_info()

Output:
 Laptop Brand: Dell, Price: ₹45000
Laptop Brand: HP, Price: ₹55000

Each Laptop object has its own values for brand and
price , demonstrating unique attribute assignment through
__init__() .

4. Optional Parameters in Constructors

Sometimes, it’s helpful to have default values for certain
attributes. You can do this by setting default values for
parameters in __init__() .

Example:

class Book:
def __init__(self, title, author="Unknown"):
[Link] = title
[Link] = author

def show_book(self):
print(f"Title: {[Link]}, Author: {self

book1 = Book("Python Programming")

book2 = Book("Machine Learning", "Andrew Ng")

book1.show_book()
book2.show_book()

Output:

Title: Python Programming, Author: Unknown

 Title: Machine Learning, Author: Andrew Ng

In this example:

If an author is not provided, it defaults to "Unknown" .

5. Homework
1. Create a Class with a Constructor:

Write a class Movie with attributes title and

rating using the __init__() constructor.

Define a method to display the movie’s title and rating.

2. Add Default Parameters:

Create a class Employee with attributes name ,

designation , and salary (default value of salary is
30,000).
Write a method that displays the details of each
employee.
Create multiple Employee objects with different values
for name and designation , and test the default
salary behavior.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial
and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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The Four Pillars of OOP

1. Encapsulation
Definition: Encapsulation involves wrapping data and
methods that operate on that data within one unit, such as a
class. This protects the data from external interference and
misuse, improving security and maintainability.
Real-World Example: Imagine an ATM machine—you
interact with a limited interface (e.g., withdraw, deposit,
check balance) but do not have access to the inner
mechanics or backend functions.

Real-World Example in Code:

 class ATM:
def __init__(self, balance):
self.__balance = balance # Private attrib

def deposit(self, amount):

self.__balance += amount
print(f"Deposited {amount}. New balance: {

def withdraw(self, amount):

if amount <= self.__balance:
self.__balance -= amount
print(f"Withdrew {amount}. New balance
else:
print("Insufficient balance")

atm = ATM(1000)
[Link](500)
[Link](300)

Here, __balance is a private attribute, ensuring only the

deposit() and withdraw() methods can modify it.

Programming Example in Code:

Consider a User class for storing login information:

class User:
def __init__(self, username, password):
[Link] = username
self.__password = password # Private attr

def get_username(self):
return [Link]

def check_password(self, password):

return password == self.__password
 user = User("dev_karnataka", "pass1234")
print(user.get_username()) # Access allowed
print(user.check_password("wrong_pass")) # Return
print(user.check_password("pass1234")) # Returns

Encapsulation here hides __password from direct access.

2. Abstraction
Definition: Abstraction hides the complex inner workings of
an object, exposing only the essential parts for interaction.
Real-World Example: Think about driving a car. You use the
steering wheel and pedals to control the car, without needing
to know the engine mechanics or braking systems.

Real-World Example in Code:

class Car:
def start_engine(self):
print("Engine started")

def accelerate(self):
print("Car accelerating")

def brake(self):
print("Car stopping")

car = Car()
car.start_engine() # Abstracts complex internal w
[Link]()
[Link]()

Here, Car abstracts internal functions like ignition and fuel

management, presenting only basic methods for interaction.
Programming Example in Code:

Using a Database class:

class Database:
def __init__(self):
self.__storage = {}

def save_data(self, key, value):

self.__storage[key] = value
print(f"Data saved for {key}")

def get_data(self, key):

return self.__storage.get(key, "No data fo

db = Database()
db.save_data("user_101", {"name": "Raj", "age": 30
print(db.get_data("user_101"))

The user can store and retrieve data without needing to know the
storage details.

3. Inheritance
Definition: Inheritance allows a class to inherit attributes
and methods from another class, facilitating reuse.
Real-World Example: Consider human families.
Characteristics like surname, traditions, or physical features
can be passed down from parents to children.

Real-World Example in Code:

class Family:
def __init__(self, surname):
 [Link] = surname

class Child(Family):
def __init__(self, surname, name):
super().__init__(surname)
[Link] = name

child = Child("Gowda", "Ajay")

print(f"{[Link]} {[Link]}") # Inherits

The Child class inherits attributes of Family , showing that

certain characteristics are “inherited.”

Programming Example in Code:

Consider an e-commerce application where an Admin has

additional privileges over a basic User :

class User:
def __init__(self, username):
[Link] = username

def login(self):
print(f"{[Link]} logged in")

class Admin(User):
def delete_user(self, user):
print(f"Admin {[Link]} deleted user

admin = Admin("karnataka_admin")
[Link]() # Inherited from User
admin.delete_user("user_102") # Admin-specific me

Here, Admin inherits from User and gains additional

functionality.
4. Polymorphism
Definition: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes
to be treated as objects of a common superclass, but they
can behave differently depending on the object type.
Real-World Example: Think of animals making sounds—both
dogs and cats make sounds, but each produces a distinct
sound. They share a common method make_sound() , but
the output varies.

Real-World Example in Code:

class Animal:
def make_sound(self):
pass

class Dog(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
print("Bark")

class Cat(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
print("Meow")

animals = [Dog(), Cat()]

for animal in animals:
animal.make_sound()

Each animal has a unique sound, demonstrating polymorphism.

Programming Example in Code:

Consider notifications in a social media app, where different

types have the same send() method but behave uniquely:
 class Notification:
def send(self):
pass

class EmailNotification(Notification):
def send(self):
print("Sending Email")

class SMSNotification(Notification):
def send(self):
print("Sending SMS")

notifications = [EmailNotification(), SMSNotificat

for notification in notifications:
[Link]()

Each notification type behaves differently while sharing a

common interface.

Homework
1. Encapsulation:

Create a BankAccount class with private attributes for

account_number and balance .

Add methods to check balance, deposit, and withdraw

funds.
Try accessing the balance directly and observe the
result.

2. Abstraction:

Design a Phone class with methods to call_contact

and take_picture . Abstract away any internal
 processing details and focus on creating a user-friendly
interface.

3. Inheritance:

Create a base class Vehicle with a start method.

Then create a subclass Bike with an additional
ride() method.

Demonstrate how the Bike can use both start and

ride .

4. Polymorphism:

Implement a Shape class and derive Circle and

Rectangle classes with a method calculate_area .
Each class should calculate area differently based on
its shape.
Create a loop to calculate areas for both Circle and
Rectangle objects.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
 chandansgowda / learn-python-in-kannada Public

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Getters, Setters, Method

Overloading & Overriding,
super(), Abstract Classes
1. Getters and Setters
Definition: Getters and setters are methods that allow
controlled access to an object's attributes.
Purpose: They help in validating data, protecting data from
accidental modification, and providing controlled access.

Example:
 class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.__name = name
self.__age = age # Private attribute

# Getter for age

def get_age(self):
return self.__age

# Setter for age

def set_age(self, age):
if age > 0: # Validation
self.__age = age
else:
print("Invalid age")

# Usage
student = Student("Anita", 20)
print("Age:", student.get_age()) # Accessing age
student.set_age(21) # Modifying age with setter
print("Updated Age:", student.get_age())

Output:

Age: 20
Updated Age: 21

Here:

get_age() provides read-only access to __age , while

set_age() enables controlled modification.

2. Method Overloading
 Definition: Method overloading is the ability to define
multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters.
Note: Python doesn’t support method overloading directly,
but we can achieve it by using default parameters or by
handling varying numbers of arguments with *args or
**kwargs .

Example:

class MathOperations:
def add(self, a, b, c=0):
return a + b + c # Handles both 2 and 3 p

# Usage
math = MathOperations()
print([Link](5, 10)) # Two arguments
print([Link](5, 10, 15)) # Three arguments

Output:

15
30

Here:

The method add can accept either two or three arguments,

handling both cases within the same method.

3. Method Overriding
 Definition: Method overriding allows a child class to provide
a specific implementation for a method that is already
defined in its parent class.
Purpose: It enables a child class to alter or extend the
behavior of a parent class method.

Example:

class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("This animal makes a sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks") # Overrides the parent

# Usage
animal = Animal()
[Link]()
dog = Dog()
[Link]() # Calls the overridden method in Dog

Output:

This animal makes a sound

Dog barks

Here:

sound() in Dog overrides the sound() method in

Animal , providing specific behavior for Dog .

4. super() Function
 Definition: The super() function is used in child classes to
call a method from the parent class, enabling access to
inherited methods or attributes.
Purpose: It ensures that the parent class's method is
executed alongside any additional functionality added in the
child class, useful when overriding methods but still needing
to incorporate the parent’s behavior.

Example:

class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name

def sound(self):
print(f"{[Link]} makes a sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, breed):
super().__init__(name) # Calling the pare
[Link] = breed

def sound(self):
super().sound() # Calling the parent clas
print(f"{[Link]} barks")

# Usage
dog = Dog("Buddy", "Labrador")
[Link]()

Output:

Buddy makes a sound

Buddy barks
Here:

super().__init__(name) in the Dog class calls the

__init__ method from the Animal class, initializing the
name attribute.

Similarly, super().sound() calls the sound method in

Animal , followed by the additional behavior in Dog .

5. Abstract Classes
Definition: An abstract class in Python is a class that cannot
be instantiated directly. It can have abstract methods, which
must be implemented by subclasses.
Purpose: Abstract classes provide a blueprint for other
classes, enforcing a structure where subclasses must
implement certain methods.
Implementation: Use the ABC (Abstract Base Class) module
to create abstract classes in Python.

Example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Vehicle(ABC): # Abstract base class

@abstractmethod
def start_engine(self):
pass # Abstract method with no implementa

class Car(Vehicle):
def start_engine(self):
print("Car engine started")

# Usage
 car = Car()
car.start_engine()

Output:

Car engine started

Here:

Vehicle is an abstract class that defines an abstract

method start_engine() .
Car inherits from Vehicle and provides an
implementation of start_engine() , enabling us to create
an object of Car .

6. Homework
1. Getters and Setters:

Create a class BankAccount with a private attribute

balance .

Write a getter method to retrieve the balance and a

setter method to update it, ensuring the balance never
goes below zero.

2. Method Overloading:

Write a class Calculator with a method multiply() .

Allow it to take either two or three arguments to multiply
two or three numbers.

3. Method Overriding:
 Create a parent class Shape with a method draw()
that prints "Drawing shape".
Create a child class Circle that overrides draw() to
print "Drawing circle".

4. Abstract Classes:

Define an abstract class Employee with an abstract

method calculate_salary() .
Create a subclass Manager that implements
calculate_salary() based on working hours and rate
per hour.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
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Menu-Driven Programs in
Python
Introduction
A menu-driven program is a program that allows users to
interact by choosing options from a menu.
These programs are commonly used in applications such as
banking systems, shopping carts, or command-line utilities.
Menu-driven programs are typically implemented using
loops and conditional statements ( if-elif-else ).
Why Use Menu-Driven Programs?
1. Interactive: Provides a user-friendly way to interact with
programs.
2. Reusable: Can be easily modified or extended by adding new
menu options.
3. Efficient: Reduces the need for users to remember
commands by presenting them with a list of options.

Steps to Create a Menu-Driven Program

1. Display the Menu: Use print() statements to display a list
of options.
2. Take User Input: Use input() to capture the user's choice.
3. Process the Choice: Use conditional statements to execute
actions based on the user's input.
4. Repeat Until Exit: Use a loop ( while ) to keep displaying the
menu until the user chooses to exit.

Basic Structure of a Menu-Driven Program

def menu():
print("Welcome to the Menu-Driven Program!")
print("1. Option 1")
print("2. Option 2")
print("3. Option 3")
print("4. Exit")

while True:
menu()
choice = input("Enter your choice (1-4): ")
 if choice == '1':
print("You selected Option 1.")
elif choice == '2':
print("You selected Option 2.")
elif choice == '3':
print("You selected Option 3.")
elif choice == '4':
print("Exiting the program. Goodbye!")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

Detailed Example

Scenario: Simple Calculator

A menu-driven program to perform basic arithmetic operations.

def menu():
print("\nSimple Calculator")
print("1. Addition")
print("2. Subtraction")
print("3. Multiplication")
print("4. Division")
print("5. Exit")

while True:
menu()
choice = input("Enter your choice (1-5): ")

if choice in ['1', '2', '3', '4']:

# Get two numbers from the user
try:
num1 = float(input("Enter the first nu
num2 = float(input("Enter the second n
except ValueError:
 print("Invalid input! Please enter num
continue

if choice == '1':
print(f"Result: {num1} + {num2} = {num1 +
elif choice == '2':
print(f"Result: {num1} - {num2} = {num1 -
elif choice == '3':
print(f"Result: {num1} * {num2} = {num1 *
elif choice == '4':
if num2 == 0:
print("Error: Division by zero is not
else:
print(f"Result: {num1} / {num2} = {num
elif choice == '5':
print("Exiting the calculator. Goodbye!")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please select a val

Key Points to Note

1. Input Validation:

Ensure user input is valid to prevent runtime errors.

Example: Check if the user enters a number when
required.

2. Exit Condition:

Use a specific option (e.g., 4 or 5) to allow users to exit

the program gracefully.

3. Error Handling:
 Handle cases like division by zero or invalid inputs using
try and except .

4. Reusability:

Define a separate function for the menu to avoid

repeating code.

Homework
1. Banking System: Write a menu-driven program to simulate a
basic banking system with options like:

Check Balance
Deposit Money
Withdraw Money
Exit

2. Grocery Store Menu:

Create a program where users can:

Add items to their cart.
Remove items.
View the total price.
Exit.

3. Educational System:

Write a program with options to:

Add student details.
Display student details.
Exit.
This foundation of menu-driven programs will be useful for
interactive applications and will help in building OOP-based
challenges in future sessions.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
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OOP Challenges
1. Banking System Simulation
Design a system to simulate a bank's operations, where users
can create accounts, deposit and withdraw money, and check
their account balance.

Extend functionality to include multiple account types (e.g.,

savings, current) with unique behaviors like interest
calculation or overdraft limits.
Emphasize encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism.

2. Library Management System

Create a library system that keeps track of books, borrowers, and
availability. Allow borrowing, returning, and viewing available
books.

Include due dates, penalties for late returns, and unique IDs
for books and users.
Focus on class relationships and method responsibilities.

3. Hospital Patient Management

Create a hospital management system that tracks doctors,
patients, and appointments.

Doctors can have specialties, and patients may have

different ailments.
Each appointment should store the doctor-patient
relationship, along with the date and time.
Add functionality for doctors' schedules and ensuring no
double booking.

4. E-Commerce Platform Prototype

Simulate a basic e-commerce platform where customers can
browse products, add them to a cart, and place orders.

Use OOP principles to manage inventory, pricing (e.g.,

discounts), and order tracking.
Integrate functionality for calculating taxes and shipping
costs dynamically.

5. Student Report Card Generator

Build a system that collects student data and subject-wise marks
to generate a report card.
 Include grade calculation, average score, and pass/fail
result.
Use encapsulation for mark storage and method abstraction
for result generation.

These challenges progressively test the understanding of core

OOP principles like inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and
encapsulation, while also encouraging real-world problem-
solving.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
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SOLID Principles in Python

The SOLID principles are five guidelines that help us write clean,
maintainable, and scalable object-oriented code. These are best
practices followed by experienced developers to make code
better.

🎯 S – Single Responsibility Principle 🎯 O – Open/Closed

Principle 🎯 L – Liskov Substitution Principle 🎯 I –
Interface Segregation Principle 🎯 D – Dependency
Inversion Principle

We’ll go through each one with simple, beginner-friendly

examples.
✅ 1. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
Definition: A class should have only one reason to change. That
means, a class should do only one job.

❌ Bad Example:
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name

def save_to_database(self):
print("Saving to database...")

def generate_report_card(self):
print("Generating report card...")

This class is handling both data storage and report

generation. Too many responsibilities!

✅ Good Example:
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name

class StudentDatabase:
def save(self, student):
print(f"Saving {[Link]} to database

class ReportCard:
def generate(self, student):
print(f"Generating report card for {studen
 Now each class has one job: Student handles data,
StudentDatabase saves, ReportCard generates.

✅ 2. Open/Closed Principle (OCP)

Definition: Software entities (classes, functions, etc.) should be
open for extension but closed for modification.

❌ Bad Example:
class Discount:
def get_discount(self, customer_type):
if customer_type == "regular":
return 10
elif customer_type == "premium":
return 20

If we add a new customer type (e.g., VIP), we need to

modify this class.

✅ Good Example:
class Discount:
def get_discount(self):
return 0

class RegularCustomer(Discount):
def get_discount(self):
return 10

class PremiumCustomer(Discount):
 def get_discount(self):
return 20

You can now add more customer types by extending, not

modifying the existing code.

✅ 3. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Definition: Subclasses should be able to replace their parent
class without breaking the program.

❌ Bad Example:
class Bird:
def fly(self):
print("Flying...")

class Penguin(Bird):
def fly(self):
raise NotImplementedError("Penguins can't

Penguin violates LSP because it can’t actually replace Bird.

✅ Good Example:
class Bird:
def move(self):
pass

class Sparrow(Bird):
def move(self):
 print("Flying...")

class Penguin(Bird):
def move(self):
print("Swimming...")

Now, both follow LSP because they behave correctly when

used as a Bird.

✅ 4. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Definition: Don’t force a class to implement methods it does not
use.

Python doesn’t have interfaces like Java/C#, but we can still

follow this idea using base classes.

❌ Bad Example:
class Worker:
def work(self):
pass

def eat(self):
pass

class Robot(Worker):
def eat(self):
raise NotImplementedError("Robots don't ea

Robot shouldn’t be forced to have eat() .

✅ Good Example:
class Workable:
def work(self):
pass

class Eatable:
def eat(self):
pass

class Human(Workable, Eatable):

def work(self):
print("Human working")

def eat(self):
print("Human eating")

class Robot(Workable):
def work(self):
print("Robot working")

Now, each class only implements the methods it really

needs.

✅ 5. Dependency Inversion Principle

(DIP)
Definition: High-level modules should not depend on low-level
modules. Both should depend on abstractions.

❌ Bad Example:
 class Keyboard:
def input(self):
return "User typing..."

class Computer:
def __init__(self):
[Link] = Keyboard()

def get_input(self):
return [Link]()

Computer is tightly coupled to Keyboard .

✅ Good Example:
class InputDevice:
def input(self):
pass

class Keyboard(InputDevice):
def input(self):
return "User typing..."

class Mouse(InputDevice):
def input(self):
return "Mouse clicked"

class Computer:
def __init__(self, device: InputDevice):
[Link] = device

def get_input(self):
return [Link]()
 Now Computer depends on an abstraction, and you can
switch the input device easily!

🧠 Summary Table
Principle What It Means Example Tip

Don’t mix save logic &

SRP One class = One job
display logic

Extend, don’t Add new types via

OCP
modify subclass

Subclasses must
LSP Don’t break functionality
replace parents

No unnecessary Use multiple small

ISP
methods classes

Depend on Use base

DIP
abstraction classes/interfaces

🏠 Homework
1. SRP Practice: Create a Book class that only stores details.
Create another class that prints book details.
2. OCP Practice: Build a billing system that calculates tax
based on ProductType . Add Food , Electronics , etc.,
using subclasses.
3. LSP Practice: Write a class Vehicle and subclasses like
Bike , Boat . Avoid breaking behavior.
 4. DIP Practice: Make a HomeAppliance system where high-
level class Remote works with abstract Appliance , and
you can pass TV , AC , etc.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
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Errors and Exception Handling

in Python

🧨 What is an Error?
An error is a problem in a program that stops the execution.

Errors can happen due to:

Wrong code
Unexpected input
External factors (like missing files, network issues)
🧱 Two Types of Errors in Python
Type Meaning

Syntax Mistakes in the code structure (missing

Errors colon, brackets, etc.)

Errors that happen during execution (e.g.,

Exceptions
divide by zero)

🧾 Example of Syntax Error

# Missing colon
if True
print("Hello")

📌 Output:
SyntaxError: expected ':'

⚠️ Example of Runtime Exception

a = 10
b = 0
print(a / b)

📌 Output:
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
🧠 Common Exception Types in Python
Here’s a table of frequently occurring exceptions you might see:

When it
Exception Name Example Code
Happens

Divide by
ZeroDivisionError 10 / 0
0

Wrong
TypeError data type "2" + 2
used

Correct
type but
ValueError int("abc")
wrong
value

List index
IndexError out of my_list[10]
range

Accessing
missing
KeyError my_dict["not_found"]
key in
dictionary

Accessing
non-
AttributeError existent [Link](2)
attribute
or method
 When it
Exception Name Example Code
Happens

Module
ImportError import somethingfake
not found

Using
variable print(x) (when x is
NameError
not not declared)
defined

Trying to
open a file
FileNotFoundError that open("[Link]")
doesn’t
exist

🛡️ What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a way to protect your program from
crashing when an error occurs.

Python uses:

try

except

else

finally

✅ Basic Structure
try:
# Code that may raise an exception
 except SomeError:
# What to do if error happens
else:
# Run if no error
finally:
# Always run (cleanup, close file, etc.)

🔍 Examples of Exception Handling

🎯 Example 1: Catching Division by Zero
try:
a = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print(10 / a)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")

🎯 Example 2: Handling Multiple Exceptions

try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
print("Result:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero.")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid number.")

🎯 Example 3: Using finally

try:
file = open("[Link]", "r")
print([Link]())
 except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found.")
finally:
print("Closing file... (even if error occurred

✅ Best Practice: Catch Specific Exceptions First

Avoid catching everything using just except: unless absolutely
necessary.

✅ Good:
except ValueError:

🚫 Avoid:
except:

🏠 Homework
1. Age Verifier:

Ask the user for their age.

If age is valid (number), show in how many years they
will be 100 years old.
Handle invalid input gracefully.

2. Safe Divider:

Ask two numbers from the user and divide them.

Handle ZeroDivisionError and ValueError.

3. File Reader:
 Ask the user for a file name and try to open it.
Show error message if file doesn't exist.
Use finally to print “Program End”.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
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File Handling in Python

File handling allows us to read from and write to files — a
common task in almost every real-world application (storing
data, logs, reports, etc.).

📁 Why File Handling?

To save user data permanently (like notes, records, etc.)

To read content from a file (like student marks, exam

results)

Helps build real applications like:

 Address books
Billing systems
Exam report generators

📌 Python File Modes

Mode Meaning Use Case

'r' Read (default mode) Read an existing file

Write (overwrites if file

'w' Write new content
exists)

Append (adds content at Add data without

'a'
the end) deleting old

'x' Create (fails if file exists) Create new file safely

For images, videos,

'b' Binary mode
etc.

't' Text mode (default) For text files

✅ Opening a File
file = open("[Link]", "r")

Parts:
"[Link]" → file name
"r" → mode (read mode)
✅ Reading From a File
1. read() – Reads entire file

file = open("[Link]", "r")

print([Link]())
[Link]()

2. readline() – Reads one line

file = open("[Link]", "r")

print([Link]())
[Link]()

3. readlines() – Reads all lines into a list

file = open("[Link]", "r")

lines = [Link]()
print(lines)
[Link]()

✅ Writing to a File
write() – Overwrites entire file

file = open("[Link]", "w")

[Link]("Namaskara Bengaluru!\n")
[Link]("Python is awesome!")
[Link]()
 🎯 If the file exists, it clears the old content and writes
fresh.

✅ Appending to a File
file = open("[Link]", "a")
[Link]("\nThis line is added later.")
[Link]()

📌 Adds new content without deleting old content.

✅ Using with Statement (Best Practice)
with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
content = [Link]()
print(content)

✅ Automatically closes the file ✅ Clean and professional

🗃️ Writing List of Data to File
students = ["Ravi", "Meena", "Dinesh"]
with open("[Link]", "w") as file:
for student in students:
[Link](student + "\n")

📝 Reading File and Processing Each Line

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
for line in file:
 print("Student:", [Link]())

.strip() removes \n from the end of each line

🧠 Common Errors
Error Cause

FileNotFoundError Trying to read a missing file

PermissionError Access denied

IsADirectoryError Trying to open a folder as file

🏠 Homework
1. Create a File and Write

Ask user for 3 friend names.

Write them into [Link] , one per line.

2. Append Marks

Ask for student name and marks.

Append the info to [Link] in this format: Ravi -
85

3. Read and Count Lines

Read any file and count how many lines it has.

Example: How many students are listed?

4. Search From File

 Write a program that searches for a name in
[Link]

If found, print "Found!" else "Not Found!"

YouTube Reference
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Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!
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Python Imports, Libraries,

Modules, and Packages
Understanding these concepts helps you reuse code, organize
projects, and use external tools easily — just like importing
ingredients while cooking!

🧱 What is a Module in Python?

A module is simply a .py file containing functions, classes,
or variables.
We can import it and use its code in another file.
📘 Example: math module (built-in)
import math
print([Link](25)) # Output: 5.0

math is a built-in module. We can use its functions like

sqrt() , pow() , etc.

🔧 Creating Your Own Module

Let’s say we have a file [Link] :

# [Link]
def namaskara(name):
print(f"Namaskara {name}!")

def goodbye(name):
print(f"Goodbye {name}!")

Now use it in another file:

# [Link]
import greetings

[Link]("Ravi")
[Link]("Meena")

✅ This helps split large projects into reusable smaller files.

📥 import Variations
Syntax Use Case

General import – use like

import module
[Link]()

import module as Shorten name, e.g., import

alias numpy as np

from module
Import specific function only
import function

from module Imports everything ( ❗ Avoid in

import * large projects)

🔹 Example:
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(36)) # No need to write [Link]()

📦 What is a Package?
A package is a folder containing multiple modules and an
optional __init__.py file.
Helps organize large projects into folders.

📂 Example Project Structure:

school/
├── __init__.py
 ├── [Link]
├── [Link]

Use in code:

from school import students

students.add_student("Meghana")

🏛️ Python Libraries
A library is a collection of modules and packages made for
a specific purpose.

Popular Libraries in Python:

Library Purpose

math Math functions

random Random number generation

datetime Date and time

os Operating system tasks

sys System-specific parameters

json Work with JSON data

re Regular expressions

Example:

import random
 print([Link](1, 10)) # Random number betw

🧪 Using External Libraries

You can install and use third-party libraries using pip .

Example:

pip install wikipedia

import wikipedia
print([Link]("Virat Kohli"))

🏠 Homework
1. Create Your Module

Write a file [Link] with functions: add() ,

subtract() , multiply()

Use it in another file by importing and testing all

functions.

2. Random Name Selector

Use the random module to pick a winner from a list of

names.

3. Math Helper

Use the math module to:

Find square root of 81

 Get factorial of 6
Get pi value and multiply by 2

4. Organize Code in a Package

Create a package called library with two modules:

[Link] (function: list_books() )

[Link] (function: list_members() )

Import and use both in a main file.

YouTube Reference
Watch the following YouTube video from my channel:

Watch the tutorial on YouTube

Make sure to subscribe to the channel for more Python tutorial

and updates!