ZIMBABWE

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION, INNOVATION,

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

2016

REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS FOR THE

NATIONAL DIPLOMA

IN

ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

Course Code: 517/16/TN/0

Implementation date January 2020

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

PART 1: REGULATIONS

PREAMBLE

The course is designed to develop an Electrical Technician with knowledge, skills and attitudes
needed in the Electrical Engineering industries and other related areas. The course will consider
gender mainstreaming, environment for sustainable development, physical or mental challenges and
health dispositions; and the intersections between race, class and culture. The duration of the course
will be two years full time (2480 hours). Entry qualifications into the course will be a relevant
National Certificate or equivalent. Assessment will be through course work, project and written
examinations.

CONSULTATION YEAR

1. NAMACO Electrical Engineering Industry Committee. 2014

2. Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (ZIM STEEL) 2014

3. Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) 2014

4. Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers (ZIE) 2014

5. Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) 2014

6. Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) 2014

7. Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) 2014

8. Delta Beverages 2014

9. ZIMPLATS 2014

10. National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) 2014

11. CAFCA 2014

12. Tel One 2014

13. ZIMPHOS 2014

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

PART 1: REGULATIONS

1.0 TITLE AND LEVEL OF AWARD

National Diploma in Electrical Power Engineering

2.0 AIM

The aim of the course is to develop an Electrical Technician with knowledge, skills and attitudes
needed in the Electrical Engineering industries and other related areas.

3.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the student should be able to:

3.1 apply mathematical techniques to different problems in the Electrical Engineering field.

3.2 Apply techniques of Power Electronics in order to solve different Electronic problems in the
Electrical Engineering field.

3.3 analyse, interpret and evaluate the basic network concepts.

3.4 construct, install, analyse and use a wide variety of Electrical Equipment and installations
safely

3.5 apply business management and accounting skills

3.6 design and construct a functional real life solving project in Electrical Engineering.

3.7 apply control systems concepts and techniques to Electrical Engineering field.

3.8 apply digital electronic systems concepts and techniques to Electrical Engineering field.

3.9 apply analogue electronic systems concepts and techniques to Electrical Engineering field.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

3.10 apply Draughting and design concepts and techniques to the Electrical Engineering field

3.11 apply Electrical Engineering Materials concepts and techniques to Electrical Engineering
field

3.12 research a problem or opportunity and present the findings, conclusions and
recommendations
3.13 promote patriotism in national issues.

3.14 engage in entrepreneurial activities.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.0 STRUCTURE

SUBJECT CODE DURATION

(hours)
1. Engineering Mathematics 517/16/S01 150
2. Power Electronics 517/16/S02 290
3. Electrical & Electronic Engineering Technology 517/16/S03 220
4. Electrical Power Technology 517/16/S04 290
5. Industrial Management 517/16/S05 80
6. Project 517/16/S06 150
7. Control Systems 517/16/S07 220
8. Digital Electronics 517/16/S08 150
9. Analogue Electronics 517/16/S09 220
10. Draughting and Design 517/16/S10 150
11. Electrical & Electronic Engineering Materials 517/16/S11 80
12 Research Methods 517/16/S12 120
13 Skills Proficiency 517/20/S13 200
14. *National Studies 401/19/S01 80
15. *Entrepreneurial Skills Development 402/19/S01 80
TOTAL 2480

*National Studies and Entrepreneurship Skills Development are done by students who have
not done them at National Certificate

5.0 DURATION

The course duration is 2480 hours in at least two years.

6.0 ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

A minimum of a National Certificate (NC) in Electrical Power Engineering or equivalent.

7.0 MODE OF STUDY

Full-time
Part-time
Block Release
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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

ODL

8.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

METHOD OF ASSESSMENT TOTAL

EXAMINABLE SUBJECTS COURSEWORK ASSESSMENT FINAL WRITTEN %
60% EXAM40%
Electrical Power A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
Technology  2 Assignments 20%
100
517/16/SO4  2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Electrical & Electronic A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
Engineering Technology  2 Assignments 20%
100
517/16/SO3  2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Power Electronics A minimum of: One 3 hour
517/16/SO2  2 Assignments 20% structured paper.
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Control Systems A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
517/16/SO7  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Digital Electronics A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
517/16/SO8  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Analogue Electronics A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
517/16/SO9  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Engineering Mathematics A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
517/16/SO1  2 Assignments 20% 100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
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 2 Tests 20%
Industrial Management A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
517/16/SO5  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Electrical & Electronic A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
Engineering Materials  2 Assignments 20%
100
517/16/S11  2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Draughting and Design A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
517/16/S10  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Research Methods A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
517/16/S12  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Skills Proficiency Skills Proficiency Schedule Submit marks
100
517/20/S13
National Studies A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
401/19/SO1  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Entrepreneurial Skills A minimum of: One 3 hour paper.
Development  2 Assignments 20%
100
401/19/S02  2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%
Project 517/16/S06 N/A N/A
100
(*)

NOTE: (*) refer to attached documents: Project Approval Criteria and Project Outcomes and
Assessment Weighting.
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9.0 GRADING

0% to 49% - Fail
50% to 59% - Pass
60% to 79% - Credit
80% and above - Distinction

10.0 CONDITIONS OF AWARD

10.1 A candidate should attend at least 85% of learning sessions to qualify for Examination

10.2 The final mark should be obtained through aggregation provided the candidate scores
at least 50% in each of Continuous Assessment, Skills Proficiency and Examinations

10.3 The pass mark shall be 50%.

10.3 Candidates should pass all subjects.

11.0 RE-WRITE

11.1 Re-write(s) should conform to current course structure.

11.2 Candidates should pass at least two thirds of the course to qualify for a referral

11.3 Any candidate who fails to pass at least two thirds of the course should repeat the
whole course, including the subjects that have been passed

11.4 There is no limit for which to rewrite a failed examination

11.5 There is no aggregation for re-writes

11.6 All re-writes should pass on performance in the examinations

11.7 If a candidate fails Continuous Assessment he/she repeats the subject

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12.0 EXEMPTIONS

12.1 Exemptions are only granted in subjects already attained from a completed accredited
qualification provided an exemption certificate specifying subjects of exemption is
produced.

12.2 Exemption Certificate should be applied for at enrolment and produced before
registration for examinations.

13.0 IRREGULAR PRACTICES

13.1 Cheating in Continuous assessment and/or Examinations will result in disqualification

from the whole course. The candidate will be suspended for two (2) years from
undertaking any HEXCO course.

13.2 The penalty for Plagiarisms shall be as in 13.1.

14.0 RESOURCES

14.1Lecturer’s Qualifications

The minimum qualification for a lecturer is at least a Higher National Diploma in the
relevant area or equivalent.

14.2 Facilities
- Lecture rooms
- Laboratories
- Workshops
- Store room
- Computer laboratory
- Library
14.3 Equipment and Accessories

- Multimeters
- Circuit breakers
- Computers

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Voltage testers
- Electrical machines (DC and AC)
- Ammeters
- Oscilloscopes
- Power supplies
- Printed circuit boards and etching room
- Signal generators
- Measuring instruments
- Training kits
- Transformers
- Electrical motors (various types)

16.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Rashid M.H (2010) Power Electronics Handbook Butterworth- London

3rd Edition Heinemann

Stoner, J. A. F. (1978) Management Prentice-Hall New York

Bimbra, P.S (2012) Power Electronics Khanna New Delhi
Publishers
Bird, J.O. (2003) Electrical Circuit Theory and Routledge London
Technology
Bhatia, S.L. (2012) Handbook of Electrical Khanna New Delhi
Engineering
Stroud, K.A., (2013) Engineering Mathematics MacMillan London
Booth, J.B.
Stroud, K.A., (2011) Advanced Engineering PalgraveMacMill London
Booth, J.B. Mathematics an
Gray, B. F. (1997) Electronics: Systems and Practice Longman New York
Morton, A. H. (1986) Advanced Electrical Engineering Longman London
Technology
Hughes, B. (2005) Electrical Technology Pearson London

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

PART II

SYLLABI CONTENT

SUBJECT TITLE : ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

SUBJECT CODE : 517/16/S01

DURATION : 150 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to equip the students with mathematical techniques to different
problems in the Electrical Engineering area

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.1 Express algebraic expressions as partial fractions.

2.2 Apply De Moivre‟s theorem in finding the powers and roots of complex numbers.

2.3 Use matrices to solve simultaneous equations.

2.4 Solve simultaneous equations using the determinants method.

2.5 Express functions as power series.

2.6 Define the laws of exponential growth and decay and illustrate their applications in
electrical engineering.

2.7 Define and evaluate hyperbolic functions.

2.8 Differentiate and integrate algebraic functions.

2.9 Define partial derivatives of algebraic functions and illustrate their application in
electrical engineering.
2.10 Perform integration, including numerical integration.

2.11 Solve differential equations.

2.12 Define and apply Laplace transformations.

2.13 Perform basic calculation using Boolean algebra.

2.14 Define and apply different statistical measures.

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2.15 Define and calculate probabilities.

3.0 TOPICS

3.1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS

3.2 COMPLEX ALGEBRA
3.3 MATRICES
3.4 SERIES
3.5 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
3.6 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
3.7 DIFFERENTIATION
3.8 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
3.9 INTEGRATION
3.10 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
3.11 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
3.12 STATISTICS
3.13 PROBABILITY

4.0 CONTENT

4.1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS

At the end of the unit the student should be able to:

4.1.1 State rules of partial fractions for the following types:

- Denominator containing linear factors.

- Denominator containing repeated factors.
- Denominator containing a quadratic factor.

4.1.2 Illustrate the rules by worked examples.

4.1.3 Apply the rules to solve engineering problems.

4.2 COMPLEX ALGEBRA

4.2.1 Revise exponential functions and complex Algebra.

4.2.2 Derive and apply De Moivre‟s and Euler‟s theorem.

4.2.3 Use De Moivre‟s theorem to find the powers and roots of complex numbers.

4.2.4 Use De Moivre‟s theorem to find expansion of sin nӨ and cosnӨ and vice versa.

4.2.5 Apply the rules to solve engineering problems.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.3 MATRICES

4.3.1 Revise a matrix; describe it by its rows and columns.

4.3.2 Emphasize the difference between matrices and determinants.

4.3.3 Demonstrate the multiplication of two 3 x 3 matrices.

4.3.4 Show the inversion of a 3 x 3 matrix.

4.3.5. Revise second order determinants and introduce the need for third order determinants.

4.3.6 Show with proof the evaluation of third order determinants.

4.3.7 Solve equations of up to 3 unknowns using both matrix and determinants methods
[Link], Saurus etc.
4.3.8 Apply the rules to solve engineering problems.

4.4 SERIES

4.4.1 Derive and apply the following:

- Arithmetic Progression (AP)

- Geometric Progression (GP)

4.4.2 Find the limiting values of infinite series.

4.4.3 Apply the three tests of convergence.

4.4.4 Derive and apply the following:

- Binomial‟s series
- Maclaurin‟s series
- Taylor‟s series
- Fourier‟s series
4.4.5 Apply the series to solve engineering problems.

4.5 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

4.5.1 Define hyperbolic functions.

4.5.2 Describe properties of hyperbolic functions.

4.5.3 Evaluate the hyperbolic functions.

4.5.4 Sketch the graphs of hyperbolic functions.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.5.5 Describe Catenary as applied to hyperbolic functions.

4.5.6 Apply the hyperbolic functions to solve engineering problems

4.6 DIFFERENTIATION

4.6.1 State standard differential coefficients.

4.6.2 Revise formulas for differentiation of quotient and product.

4.6.3 Derive the second derivatives of quotient and product.

4.6.4 Apply logarithmic differentiation.

4.6.5 Differentiate the following:

- Trigonometric functions including their inverse.

- Hyperbolic functions.
- Implicit function including second derivatives.
- Parametric equations including second derivatives.

4.6.6 Apply the differential functions to solve engineering problems

4.7 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

4.7.1 Differentiate a function having two variables.

4.7.2 Determine:

- First order partial derivatives.

- Second order partial derivatives.

4.7.3 Apply partial derivatives to solve engineering problemse.g. small incremental changes
or rates of change.

4.8 INTEGRATION

4.8.1 Perform integration by:

- Parts
- Algebraic substitution
- Trigonometric substitution
- Use of partial fractions.

4.8.2 Perform numerical integration by the trapezoidal rule and Simpson‟s rule.

4.8.3 Apply integration to A. C. networks:

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Average values
- rms values
4.8.4 Apply integration methods to solve engineering problems

4.9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4.9.1 Define differential equations with reference to order and degree.

4.9.2 Demonstrate the methods of solution of the following differential equations:

- First order differential equations by separation variables.

- Homogenous first order differential equations.
- Linear first order differential equations.
- Linear first order differential equations.
- Operator D. methods.
4.9.3 Apply differential equations to solve engineering problems

4.10 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

At the end of the unit the student should be able to:

4.10.1 Define the Laplace transform of a function.

4.10.2 Derive Laplace transform of standard functions, e.g. constant, sin x, etc.

4.10.3 Solve first order and second order differential equations using Laplace transform
method.
4.10.4Apply Laplace Transforms to solve engineering problems

4.11 STATISTICS

4.11.1 Define the mean, median and mode; scatter and central tendency; deviation from
mean; standard deviation; variance.

4.11.2 Demonstrate systematic tabulation of raw data.

4.11.3 Apply statistical methods to solve engineering problems

4.12 PROBABILITY
4.12.1 Derive and apply the following:

- Normal distribution
- Binomial distribution
- Poisson distribution

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4.12.2 Perform permutation and combination using simple numerical examples by

introducing the nPr and nCr notations.

4.12.3 Apply binomial expansion to probability theorems

4.12.4 Assess the probability of defectives and non-defectives in a sample by using the
binomial distribution.

4.12.5 Assess a situation for its suitability for classification as a binomial distribution.

4.12.6 Relate the binomial to the Poisson distribution.

4.12.7 Assess a situation for its suitability for classification as a Poisson distribution.

4.12.8 Relate the binomial to the normal distribution.

4.12.9 Assess a situation for its suitability for classification as a normal distribution.

4.12.10 Apply probability methods to solve engineering problems

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN EXAMINATION CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

40% 60%
Engineering 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Mathematics
517/16/SO1  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

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6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING

%
1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 7
2 COMPLEX ALGEBRA 7
3 MATRICES 10
4 SERIES 10
5 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 7
6 DIFFERENTIATION 10
7 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 8
8 INTEGRATION 8
9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10
10 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 10
11 STATISTICS 6
12 PROBABILITY 7
TOTAL 100%

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7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Ross, S.M.) (2005 Probability And Statistics For Engineers New Delhi: Elsevier
And Scientists
Simmons, G.F. (2006) Differential Equations New Delhi: Tata
&Grantz, S.G. McGraw
Bali, N.P. (2007) Engineering Mathematics Laxmi Publication
Pvt. Ltd
Stroud, K.A., (2013) Engineering Mathematics 7th Edition Palgrave Macmillan
Booth, J.B.
James, G. (2010) Modern Engineering Mathematics 4th Harlow: Prentice Hall
Edition
Triola, M.F. (2013) Essentials of Statistics Pearson Education
Bostock L. (2000) Core Mathematics for Advanced Level Nelson Thornes
&Chandler, S. 5th Edition
Croft, A., Davison, (2012) Engineering Mathematics 4th Edition Harlow: Prentice Hall
R., Hargreaves, M.
& Flint, J.
Singh, K .(2011) Engineering Mathematics Through Palgrave Macmillan
Applications 2nd Edition
Stroud, K.A., (2011) Advanced Engineering Mathematics 5th Palgrave Macmillan
Booth, J.B. Edition
Bird, J. O. And (2014) Technician Mathematics 4/5. 2nd Harlow: Longman
May, A. J. Edition (Revised) Scientific &
Technical

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SUBJECT TITLE : POWER ELECTRONICS

SUBJECT CODE : 517/16/S02

DURATION : 290 HOURS

1.0 AIM
The aim of this subject is to enable the students to apply techniques of Power Electronics in
order to solve different Electronic problems in the Electrical Engineering field.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.1 Demonstrate knowledge of typical power semi-conductor devices and select

appropriate components for specific applications.

2.2 Explain how semi-conductor devices are protected against temperature, over-current,
over-voltage and transients.

2.3 Explain how semi-conductor devices are used as switches, using oscillators as
triggering circuits and select components for desired applications.

2.4 Use commutation techniques to control the conduction for thyristors.

2.5 Explain how semi-conductor devices can be used to meet the circuit voltage or current
specifications.

2.6 Explain the operation of controlled rectifiers and their uses, e.g. in power supplies and
dc-drives.

2.7 Use commutation techniques to control the conduction for thyristors.

2.8 Explain how DC - DC conversion is achieved.

2.9 Explain how DC-AC conversion is achieved.

2.10 Explain the operation and application of DC and AC drives.

LABORATORY

2.11 Construct power electronic circuits.

2.12 Measure waveforms at test point using an oscilloscope.

2.13 Check test point values using relevant test equipment.

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2.14 Interpret measured results and waveforms.

Prerequisites

The student must be familiar with subjects like Plant Engineering, Electrical Engineering
Technology and Electronics as a basic background to help him/her in understanding Power
Electronics.

Design Length

220 hours theory

70 hours laboratory work
290 hours in total

3.0 TOPICS

3.1 POWER SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES

3.2 MODES OF PROTECTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
3.3 GATE DRIVES FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
3.4 SERIES AND PARALLEL OPERATION OF SEMICONDUCTORS
3.5 COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES
3.6 AC REGULATORS/CONTROLLERS
3.7 DC CHOPPER (DC TO DC CONVERTER)
3.8 INVERTERS (DC TO AC)
3.9 CONTROL APPLICATIONS

4.0 CONTENT

4.1 POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

4.1.1 For the diodes stated below:

Power diode
Schotky diode
Fast recovery diode

- Sketch the current/voltage characteristics.

- Explain the principle of operation.
- Compare their advantages and disadvantages and state their applications.

4.1.2 For the following devices:

SCR GTO TRIAC

DIAC UJT PUT LASCR

- Sketch the internal structure.

- Explain the principle of operation.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Sketch the turn on and turn off characteristics.

- Sketch static characteristics and their gate characteristics.
- Calculate turn on, turn off and conduction losses for resistive and inductive
loads.

4.1.3 For the following power transistors:

BJT
BJT DARLINGTON PAIR
MOSFET
MOSIGT/IGBT
MCT – MOS Controlled Thyristor

- Sketch the internal structure.

- Explain the principles of operations.
- Sketch the turn on and turn off characteristics.
- Sketch static characteristics.
- Calculate turn on, turn off and conduction losses for resistive and inductive
loads.

4.2 MODES OF PROTECTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Temperature Protection

4.2.1 Explain the following types of cooling methods used in temperature protection:

- Natural Air cooling

- Forced air cooling
- Liquid cooling

4.2.2 Describe heat sink mounting of semiconductor device.

4.2.3 Perform simple calculations for determining the ratings of the heat sink for steady state
operation.

Overcurrent Protection

4.2.4 Discuss overcurrent protection for semiconductor devices in:

- AC circuits
- DC parallel and series circuits.

4.2.5 Calculate fuse rating and select the correct type of a fuse.

Over-Voltage Protection

Discuss the following methods of over-voltage protection:

4.2.6 Transformer switching

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4.2.7 Rectifier fed suppression capacitors.

4.2.8 Crowbar circuit.

Transient Protection

4.2.9 Explain the following methods of transient protection:

- Turn ON snubber circuits.
- Turn OFF snubber circuits.

4.2.10 Calculate the values of the snubber circuit components.

4.2.11 Discuss sources of interference.

4.2.12 Explain thyristor gate protection against the following:

- Over current
- Over-voltage
- Transient

4.3 GATE DRIVES FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

4.3.9 Gate Drive Circuits for Thyristors

[Link] Draw the circuits of the following gate drives:

- DIAC Power Diode
- UJT Oscillator
- PUT Oscillator

[Link] Explain with the aid of waveforms the principle of operation of the above
drives.

[Link] Calculate the frequency of oscillation and component values for the respective
oscillators.

[Link] Explain the use of the oscillators above as triggering circuits.

4.3.2 Base Drive Circuits for GTO, BJT, and MOSFET and IGBT

[Link] Draw the circuits of the following base drives:

 RC and RCL circuits for turn on.

 RC and RCL circuits for turn off.

Note: To exclude antisaturation control.

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4.4 SERIES AND PARALLEL OPERATION OF SEMICONDUCTORS

4.4.1. Series Operation

Draw the diagram and explain how steady-state voltage and voltage sharing and the
transient voltage sharing is achieved. Note: exclude calculation for component values.

4.4.2 Parallel Operation

Draw the diagrams and explain how current sharing and current sharing with
individual inductors is achieved. Note: exclude calculation for component values.

4.5 COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES

4.5.1 Draw circuit diagrams of the following techniques of commutation:

- Self commutation
- Resonant commutation
- Complementary commutation
- Impulse commutation
- External pulse commutation
- Load side commutation
- Line side commutation

4.5.2 Draw the waveforms to achieve commutation of the above mentioned techniques.

4.5.3 Explain the operation of the above mentioned techniques.

4.6 CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

4.6.1 Draw the circuit diagrams of the following rectifiers:

a) Half wave rectifier with R and RL loads.

b) Full wave rectifier:
- Centre tapped with R and RL loads.
- Bridge fully controlled with R and RL loads
- Bridge semi-controlled with R and RL loads

c) Three phase rectifiers:

- Three phase half wave converter with R and RL loads.
- Fully controlled bridge with R and RL loads.
- Semi-controlled bridge with R and RL loads.

4.6.2 Draw the waveforms of the above mentioned rectifiers.

4.6.3 Of the mentioned rectifiers in 4.6.1, calculate the steady state:

- Average output voltage
- Average output current

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- RMS output voltage

- RMS output current

4.7 AC REGULATORS/CONTROLLERS

4.7.1. Integral Cycling

- Draw the waveforms to explain the principle of operation.

- State and use the equation for supply power factor.
- Describe applications and installation procedures, e.g. soft starting for
induction motors.

4.7.2 Phase Controlled Regulations

[Link] State equations for:

- Average current and voltage
- Power
- Firing angle

[Link] Compare applications of integral cycling and phase control.

4.7.3 Static Switches

[Link] Draw the circuit diagrams and explain the operation of the:
- Bi-directional regulator with a TRIAC.
- Bi-directional regulator with an SCR.

[Link] For the regulators above calculate:

- RMS voltage
- RMS current
- Thyristor voltage

[Link] State applications of static switches.

4.8 DC CHOPPER (DC TO DC CONVERTER)

4.8.1 Draw circuit diagrams and waveforms (4.8.3) and explain the principle of operation of
the following DC choppers:
- Buck regulator
- Boost regulator
- Buck-Boost regulator

4.8.2 For the above-mentioned DC choppers calculate:

- Average output voltage
- Average output current
- Ripple voltage
- Duty cycle

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.9 INVERTERS (DC TO AC)

4.9.1 Draw circuit diagrams of the following single phase inverters:

- Half wave bridge inverter
- Full wave bridge inverter
- Single phase variable dc linked inverter.

4.9.2 Explain the principle of operation of the above inverters.

4.9.3 Draw associated waveforms for the output voltage, output current and voltage across
switching devices of the above inverters.

4.9.4 Calculate the average output voltage and current of the above inverters.

4.10 CONTROL APPLICATIONS

4.10.1 Explain open and closed loop control.

Give examples of both controls with reference to DC and motor control.

4.10.2 Explain how the following DC drives operate using block diagrams.
- Chopper
- 3 Phase converter
- Single phase converter

Explain with the aid of a block diagram how AC drives operate to control an AC
motor, with reference to:

- Frequency
- Voltage control
- Current control

Sketch a block diagram to show the signal flow.

State practical examples of where the types of control are applicable.

Note: Transfer functions are not required.

4.11 LABORATORY

4.11.1 Controlled Rectifiers

- Construct a half-wave controlled rectifier using one thyristor with inductive

load coupled with or without freewheeling diode.

- Measure voltage across the thyristor, input voltage, output voltage and gate
voltage using an oscilloscope.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.11.2 Communication Techniques

- Construct a Chopper.

- Display the thyristor and capacitor voltage.

4.11.3 AC regulators/controllers

- Construct an AC regulator with a resistive load using two SCR‟s in reverse

parallel.

- Measure the input voltage, voltage across the thyristors and output voltage.

4.11.4 DC Chopper

- Construct a Buck regulator using the following: power transistor, thyristor,

diode, inductor, capacitor and resistive load.

- Measure the gate signal voltage, output voltage and inductor voltage.

4.11.5 Inverters

- Construct a full-wave bridge inverter using semi-conductor components.

- Measure the output voltage, input voltage and gate voltage using an
oscilloscope.

4.11.6 Control Techniques

- Construct a model of a single phase DC motor drive, e.g. a Chopper circuit.

- Show how the speed is controlled.

N. B. The student practises fault diagnosis by lecturer induced faults on the

above laboratory circuits.

4.12 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

4.12.1 Machines & Accessories

 Motor (DC/AC)
 Transformers
 Ammeters
 Voltmeters
 Tachometers
 Frequency Meters
 Multimeters
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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

 Oscilloscopes
 Power Supplies (AC/DC and Variable DC
 Signal Generators
 Spectrum Analysers
 Logic Probes
 Isolation Transformer
 Breadboards

4.12.2 Components
Assortment of passive and active components
 Power transistors
 Thyristor family
 Timers
 OpAmps
 PCBs
 Cables

4.12.3 Toolbox
 Screw drivers
 Pliers
 Cutter
 Precision sets
 Allen keys
 Soldering wire
 Soldering iron
 Soldering sucker
 Drill bits; 1mm, 1.5mm, 2.5mm, 3mm
4.12.4 Consumables

 Lamps
 Red Wire
 Black wire
 Circuit Protective Conductor
 Insulation tape
 Strip connectors

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

EXAMINATION
Power Electronics 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
517/16/SO2
 2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC TOPIC WEIGHTING

NO. %
1 POWER SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES 15
2 MODES OF PROTECTION OF SEMINCONDUCTORS DEVICES 15
3 GATE DRIVES FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 8
4 SERIES AND PARALLEL OPERATION OF SEMICONDUCTORS 8
5 COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 15
6 AC REGULATORS/CONTROLLERS 15
7 DC CHOPPER (DC TO DC CONVERTER) 8
8 INVERTERS (DC TO AC) 8
9 CONTROL APPLICATIONS 8
TOTAL 100%

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Singh, M.D. (2006) Power Electronics New Delhi: Tata McGraw

&Khanchandani, - Hill Education
K.B.
Gupta, B.R. Fundamentals of Electric Drives and New Delhi: S. K. Kataria&
&Singhal, V. Control Sons
Bimbra, P.S. (2012) Power Electronics New Delhi: Khanna
Publishers
Gupta, B.R. And (2002) Power Electronics New Delhi: S. K. Kataria&
Singhal, V. Sons
Jacob, J.M. (2009) Power Electronics: Principles & New Delhi: Cengage
Applications Learning
Chitode J.S (2009) Power Electronics Technical Publications
Rashid M.H (2010) Power Electronics Handbook 3rd Butterworth-Heinemann
Edition
Alok Jain (2008) Power Electronics and its Applications India:Penram International
Publishing
Rashid M.H .(2003) Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices Pearson Education
and Applications
Williams, B.W. (1992) Power Electronics: Devices, Drivers, Newyork: McGraw - Hill
Applications & Passive Components.
Singh- (2012) Power Electronics 2nd Edition New Delhi: Tata McGraw
Khanchandan - Hill Education
Bradley, D.A. (1994) Power Electronics Newyork: Chapman &
Hall
Lehtia, T. (2003) Power Electronics and Electrical Tallinn: Tallin University
Drives of Technology

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

SUBJECT TITLE : ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT CODE : 517/16/S03

DURATION : 220 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to enable the student to analyse, interpret and evaluate the basic
network concepts.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

THEORY

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.1 Apply knowledge of complex numbers as to single phase and three phase AC circuits.

2.2 Demonstrate knowledge of DC and AC circuit theory and apply such knowledge in
network analysis.

2.3 Demonstrate knowledge of electric fields.

2.4 Demonstrate knowledge of electromagnetic principles.

2.5 Demonstrate knowledge of DC transients in RL and RC circuits.

2.6 Demonstrate knowledge of the various components of complex waveforms.

2.7 Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of operation of common measuring

instruments.

2.8 Demonstrate appreciation of reliability, define the basic terms of reliability and state
the relationships between them.

2.9 Define, distinguish and describe common terms and concepts in transmission line
analysis.

2.10 State,define, relate, and describe concepts in attenuators, filters and two-port networks.

2.11 Describe and design a photovoltaic system.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

LABORATORY

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.12 Apply the basic laws of electric circuits.

2.13 Demonstrate a knowledge and application of measuring instruments.

2.14 Install and test photovoltaic systems.

DESIGN LENGTH

170 hours theory

50 hours laboratory work.

220 Hours

3.0 TOPICS

3.1 APPLICATION OF SYMBOLIC NOTATIONS

3.2 NETWORK THEOREMS
3.3 ELECTRIC FIELDS
3.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLES
3.5 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
3.6 COMPLEX WAVEFORMS
3.7 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
3.8 RELIABILITY
3.9 TRANSMISSION LINES
3.10 ATTENUATORS, FILTERS AND TWO-PORT NETWORKS
3.11 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) BASICS
3.12 LABORATORY

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.0 CONTENT

4.1 APPLICATION OF SYMBOLIC NOTATIONS

4.1.1 To define the following terms:

- Resistance
- Reactance
- Impedance
- Conductance
- Susceptance
- Admittance
- Resonance
- Quality factor
- Bandwidth

4.1.2 Calculate voltages, currents and power in series and parallel circuits containing
resistance and reactance.

4.1.3 Calculate the Q-factor and other values of resonance and state the relationship to
bandwidth.

4.1.4 Explain the term resonance for series and parallel R-L-C circuits.

4.1.5 Identify and explain the universal resonance curve.

4.2 NETWORK THEOREMS

4.2.1 State and apply the following theorems in single networking analysis:

- Thevenin‟s theorem
- Norton‟s theorem
- Transformation between Norton‟s and Thevenin‟s theorems
- Superposition theorem
- Reciprocity theorem
- Compensation theorem
- Maximum power transfer theorem

Note: The student is not required to prove the theorems.

4.2.2 Apply Kirchhoff‟s laws to the solution of 2 loop and 3 loop networks.
4.2.3 Determine circuit voltage and current values using:

- Star delta and delta star.

- Mesh and Nodal analysis
- Millman‟s theorem to 2 and 3 loop networks with R, L and C for calculating
voltages and currents.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.2.4 Extend the calculations in 4.2.3 to three phase networks for balanced and unbalanced
circuits containing resistance and reactance.

4.2.5 Prove the conditions for maximum power transfer and derive the formula for
maximum power load.

4.3 ELECTRIC FIELDS

4.3.1 To define:
- Electric field strength
- Electric flux
- Electric flux density
- Permittivity of free space
- Relative permittivity
- Capacitance

4.3.2 Calculate the capacitance of:

- Two parallel wires

- Coaxial cables

4.3.3 Calculate the charging current for single phase cable, dielectric stress and dimensions
of the most economic cable.

4.2.12 Derive an expression for the force between parallel plates.

4.3.5 Describe losses in capacitors in terms of the following:

- Losses in dielectrics
- Leakage capacitance loss.

4.3.6 Draw the phasor representation of the losses and determine the loss angle for the series
and parallel equivalent circuits and the conversion circuits.

4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLES

4.4.1 Perform calculations on:

- Series magnetic circuits
- Parallel magnetic circuits including magnetic factors – space factor and leakage
factor.
- Draw the B-H curves/loops for ferromagnetic materials and use them to
calculate the magnetic losses.
- Define the terms: - reminance flux density
- Coercive force
- Saturation and identify these in the B-H loop.

4.4.2 Derive the formula W = 1/2 LI2 for the energy stored in a magnetic field.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.4.3 Derive the expression for the magnitude of the force between two current-carrying
conductors.

4.4.4 Derive the expressions for self-inductance of a single conductor and the inductance of
two parallel wires.

4.4.5 Perform calculations for AC circuits from the expressions derived above.

4.4.6 State the ways of minimising the losses in conductors.

4.5 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

4.5.1 Derive mathematically the formulae for the growth and decay in R-L and R-C circuits.

4.2.13 Define the time constant for both cases above in 4.5.1.

4.5.3 Use the formulae derived in 4.5.1 above to calculate:

- The time constant
- Current and rate of rise/decay of current
- Voltage and rate of rise/decay of voltage during the period of transient growth
or decay of voltage/current in DC circuits.

4.5.4 Calculate the energy consumed or given out after a given period of time.

4.6 COMPLEX WAVEFORMS

4.6.1 Define with aid of sketches the following components of a complex wave:
- Constant term (DC components)
- Fundamental
- Odd and even harmonics

4.6.2 Plot one or more of the components over one cycle of the fundamental and sum them
graphically to obtain a complex waveform.

4.6.3 State the meaning of each term in an expression of the type:

i =A+Bsin( ( (

4.6.4 Perform simple calculations based on the expression given in 4.6.3 such as:
- RMS value
- Power

4.6.5 Explain the effect of harmonics upon power and power factor.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.7 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

4.7.1 Compare absolute, reference and laboratory standards.

4.7.2 Describe simple measuring techniques to minimize error, including calibration.

4.7.3 Explain with aid of a block diagram, the principle of operation of the following
measuring instruments:

[Link] Digital multimeter to cover the types:

- ramp
- integrator
- differentiator

[Link] Oscilloscope
- analogue
- digital

[Link] Spectrum analyser.

4.8 RELIABILITY

4.8.1 Explain the importance of reliability with respect to electronic items.

4.8.2 Define the terms: reliability, failure, meantime to failure (MTF), meantime between
failures (MTBF) and redundancy.

4.8.3 Explain the meaning of the following terms: misuse failure, inherent weakness failure,
sudden failure, gradual failure and degradation failure.

4.8.4 Determine the failure of a unit from the failure rates of its constituent parts.

4.8.5 Sketch and label the graph of failure rate versus time.

4.8.6 Explain the shape of the graph in 4.8.5 in terms of early, constant and wear-out failure
rate periods.

4.8.7 State the relationship between reliability (R) failure rate and operating time, including
series and parallel reliability.

4.8.8 State the relationship between failure rate and meantime failure.

4.8.9 Calculate reliability using the relationships in 4.8.7 and 4.8.8.

4.8.10 Sketch and label a graph of reliability versus time.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.8.11 State unreliability, i.e. probability of failure (Q) in terms of the operating time and
failure rate.

4.8.12 Sketch and label a graph of reliability against cost.

4.9 TRANSMISSION LINES

4.9.1 Describe the transmission of electromagnetic waves on a uniform line of infinite

length.

4.9.2 Distinguish between the primary and secondary coefficients of a transmission line.

4.9.3 Define the characteristic impedance Zo and show that for a loss-free line
Zo = square root L/C.

4.9.4 Describe the effects of terminating a line with its characteristic impedance.

4.9.5 Define phase change coefficient, attenuation coefficient and evaluate the phase change
and attenuation coefficients for the following lines:
- Loss free line
- Low loss line
- Loaded line

4.9.6 Show that the velocity of propagation for a loss free line is given by V=square root of
1/LC.

4.9.7 Demonstrate knowledge of graphical representation of the incident and reflected

voltage and current waves.

4.9.8 Describe and give examples of standing waves and calculate the standing wave ratio
(SWR).

4.9.9 Define the reflection coefficient in terms of the loaded line.

4.9.10 Use the Smith Chart to determine the following quantities:

- Load impedance and input impedance
- Length of line in terms of wavelengths
- Admittance
- Reflection coefficient
- SWR

4.10 ATTENUATIONS, FILTERS AND TWO-PORT NETWORKS

4.10.1 ATTENUATORS

- Define and explain passive networks and insertion loss.

- Describe T and Π networks in terms of attenuation and insertion loss.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Construct Tee and Π networks given the characteristic impedance Zo and the
insertion loss.
- Explain symmetric and asymmetric attenuators.
- Construct symmetric attenuators.
- Analyse cascaded attenuators.
- List applications of electronically controlled attenuators.

4.10.2 TWO-PORT NETWORKS

- Define a two-port network as a black-box having two input and two output
terminals.
- Define the z-, h- and y- parameters for two-port (four terminal) networks in
terms of input and output conditions.
- Relate the z-, h- and y- parameters to the input and output voltages and
currents.
- Derive the simple equivalent circuits of practical active circuits using these
parameters in a network model.
- Interchange z-, h- and y- parameters and relate the relationships between them.
- State and determine the ABCD parameters of a passive network.
- State that for passive networks, the ABCD parameters can be used for analysis.

4.10.3 FILTERS

a) Demonstrate knowledge of the construction of the following ideal passive

filters:
- Low pass
- High pass
- Band pass
- Band reject

b) State the advantages of active filters over passive filters.

c) Calculate component values for constant (k) low pass and high pass filters.

d) Carry out simple response calculations of the filters in a) above.

4.11 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) BASICS

4.11.1 Justify the need for PV as energy source in terms of the following:

- Sustainability
- Reliability
- Long-term economic advantages
- Low maintenance costs
- Environmental friendliness.
4.11.2 Explain the physical properties of silicon semi-conductors with respect to conduction
of electricity versus:

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Temperature
- Light intensity
- Wind speed

4.11.3 Describe the following with respect to the silicon solar cell:

- Basic structure
- Basic construction
- Principles of operation

4.11.4 Describe the following PV system components:

- PV generator
- Charge regulator
- Battery storage
- Load

4.11.5 List applications of PV with regard to electrical engineering.

4.11.6 Demonstrate PV load matching procedures.

4.11.7 Explain PV system installation considerations with respect to the following:

- Tilt angle
- Orientation
- Need to avoid shading, i.e. location/sitting of PV generator.
- Advantages and disadvantages of sun tracking systems.

4.11.8 Describe future trends.

4.11.9 Design a typical photovoltaic system.

4.12 LABORATORY

4.12.1 Conduct an experiment to verify each of the following:

- Thevenin‟s Theorem
- Norton‟s Theorem
- Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

4.12.2 Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the following:

- Series resonance
- Parallel resonance
- Draw the universal curve

4.12.3 Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the operation of the following circuits:

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Filters
- Attenuators

4.12.4 Calibrate the following instruments:

- Oscilloscope
- Spectrum analyser
- Digital multimeter

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

EXAMINATION
Electrical & 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Electronic
Engineering  2 Assignments 20%
Technology 100
517/16/SO3  2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING%

1 APPLICATION OF SYMBOLIC NOTATIONS 6
2 NETWORK THEOREMS 8
3 ELECTRIC FIELDS 10
4 ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLES 10
5 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS 10
6 COMPLEX WAVEFORMS 10
7 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 10
8 RELIABILITY 8
9 TRANSMISSION LINES 10
10 ATTENUATORS, FILTERS AND TWO-PORT NETWORKS 10
11 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) BASICS 8
TOTAL 100%

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Theraja, B.L. (2008 Electrical Technology Volume II New Delhi: S. Chand

and Theraja And Co. Ltd.
A.K.)
Theraja, B.L. (2006) Basic Electrical Engineering Volume I New Delhi: S. Chand
and Theraja And Co. Ltd.
A.K.
Paranjothi (2011) Electric Circuit Analysis New Delhi: New Age
S.R. International
Sarma M.S. (2008) Electric Machines New Delhi: Cenagage
Learning
Hughes E. (2005) Electrical Technology Pearson
Bird J.O. (2003) Electrical Circuit Theory And Technology London: Routledge
Hayt W., (2008) [Link] New Delhi: Tata
Kemmerly J. Engineering Circuit Analysis McGraw - Hill
And Durbin Education
S.
Singh, R. (2008) Electrical Network New Delhi: Tata
McGraw - Hill
Education.
Shinghal, K. (2002) Electrical Measurements Measuring Instruments Pragati
PrakashanMerruth.
Bhatia S.L .(2012) Handbook of Electrical Engineering 9th Edition Khanna
Shepherd J., (1986) Higher Electrical Engineering 2nd Edition Pitman Publishing Ltd
Morton A.H.
& Spence L.F.
Sinha, U. (1987) Transmission Lines And Networks New Delhi:
SatyaPrakashan

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

SUBJECT TITLE : ELECTRICAL POWER TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT CODE : 517/16/S04

DURATION : 290 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to enable students to construct, install, analyse and use a wide
variety of Electrical Equipment and installations safely.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the students should be able to:

2.1 demonstrate knowledge of a.c. and d.c. machines together with their construction,
operation, characteristics and applications.

2.2 demonstrate an application of economic considerations in the generation, transmission

and distribution of electricity and the costs covered by suitable tariffs.

2.3 demonstrate an understanding of the principles of protection systems and determine

rupturing capacity of protective gear and their operations.

2.4 plan lighting schemes and plot and compare polar curves.

2.5 demonstrate knowledge of electrical equipment used in heat treatment and welding
processes.

2.6 demonstrate the basic concepts involved in refrigeration and air conditioning.

2.7 diagnose and repair faulty electrical systems.

LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL VISIT

2.9 Apply the basic concepts of electrical machines.

2.10 Determine characteristics of machines.

2.11 Demonstrate the use and applications of electrical machines.

2.12 Determine the efficiency of electrical machines.

2.13 Describe the construction of a synchronous generator

2.14 State and describe cylindrical and salient pole rotor types of construction stating
advantages, disadvantages and applications of each.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

2.15 Describe the construction of stator winding in terms of single and double layer
windings stating the advantages and disadvantages of each.

2.16 Explain and apply the distribution factor and span factor of windings and derive the
emf equation.

2.17 Draw and explain the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram.

2.18 Describe the effect of armature reaction in leading, unit and lagging [Link] and state the
remedy in each case.

2.19 Describe voltage regulation using open circuit and short circuit tests, i.e synchronous
impedence method, hence determine voltage regulation using trigonometry.

2.20 Describe ways of synchronising synchronous generators

Note: descriptive only.

2.21 a) Explain the reasons of operating synchronous generators in parallel and state
the precautions.

b) Draw and explain power angle relationship.

2.22 Calculate the general emf and load angle using symbolic notation (vectors) and
trigonometry, hence voltage regulation.

2.23 Describe the effect of damping windings in stability.

Note: descriptive only.

3.0 TOPICS

3.1 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

3.2 ROTATING AC MACHINES
3.3 DC MACHINES
3.4 TRANSFORMERS
3.5 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) BASICS
3.6 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION
3.7 PROTECTION
3.8 ILLUMINATION
3.9 INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEATING
3.10 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
3.11 FAULT DIAGNOSIS
3.12 LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL VISIT
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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.0 CONTENT

4.1. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

1. Describe the construction of a synchronous generator

2. State and describe cylinder and salient pole rotor types of construction stating
advantages, disadvantages and applications of each

3. Describe the construction of stator winding in terms of single and double layer
winding stating the advantages and disadvantages of each.

4. Explain and apply the distribution factor and span factor of windings and derive the
emf equation.

5. Draw and explain the equivalent circuit and phasor diagrams

6. Describe the effects of armature reaction in leading, unit and lagging [Link] and
state the remedy in each case.

7. Describe voltage regulation using open circuit and short circuit tests, i.e
synchronous impedance method, hence determine voltage regulation using
trigonometry.

8. Describe ways of synchronising synchronous generators .Note – descriptive only

9. a. Explain the reasons of operating synchronous generators in pararell and state

the precautions.
b. Draw and explain power angle relationship

10. Calculate the generated emf and load angle using symbolic notation (vectors) and
trigonometry, hence voltage regulation.

11. Describe the effect of damping windings in stability. Note: description only

4.2 ROTATING AC MACHINES

4.2.1 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

- Describe the construction and operation of synchronous motors
- Describe the starting methods of a synchronous motor
- Describe and explain the phasor diagrams and different excitations of a
synchronous motor (over, under and normal)
- Determine load angle, torque, power and induced voltage in a synchronous
motor
- Explain the uses of a synchronous motor and its limitations
- Explain the V-curves

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.2.1 INDUCTION MOTOR

- Describe the construction of an induction motor and explain its operation.
- Explain the reason why the induction motor cannot operate at synchronous
speed
- Draw and explain the torque slip characteristics indicating the starting torque
and maximum torque.
- Describe the starting methods of induction motors:
a) star-delta
b) rotor resistance
c) auto transformer
d) double cage rotor

4.2.2 Describe matching of motor and starting methods to the demands of the load
4.2.3 Describe methods of speed control
4.2.4 Explain methods of braking a.c. motors i.e. mechanical, magnetic and regeneration
4.2.5 Compare and contrast induction motors and synchronous motors with regard to:
- uses
- advantages
- disadvantages
- starting methods

4.3 GENERATORS

4.3.1 Recall the knowledge of D.C machines

4.3.2 Describe methods of excitation, state and use the generator equation.

-State and use the expression for the generated emfin the armature conductors.

-Describe the characteristics of shunt, series and compound types

-Explain the generators subject to rapidly varying loads.

-Explain the need of equalizing bar in parallel operation of compound wound

generators and calculate the voltage and currents in parallel operation of these.

-Describe with the aid of a graph the critical resistance of a generator.

-State with reasons, failure of generators to excite and suggest possible remedy to each

4.3.3 MOTORS

-Describe methods of excitation, state and use the motor equation.

-State and use the expression for the generated emf (back emf) in the armature
conductors.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

-Describe the characteristics of shunt, series and compound motors and stating their
applications.

Explain the motors subject to rapidly varying loads.

-Describe methods of measuring efficiency in d.c. machines and hence calculate

efficiency from given information, i.e. brake test and swine burne test.

-Explain the methods of speed control and their limitations using conventional and
electronic methods. Include calculations in speed and torque.

-Use the torque equation: TW = EnIa

T – average torque
W – speed in rad/s
Eb– back emf
Ia– armature current

-Explain methods of braking motors, i.e. dynamic braking (rheostatic braking),

plugging or current braking and regeneration. State their limitations.

-Set protective gear relative to current needs of the machine.

4.4 TRANSFORMERS

4.4.1 Derive and use the transformer emf equation.

4.4.2 a) Phasor diagram of an unloaded transformer and use it to calculate Io, I c, Im, Rc,
Xm .and cos θ.

b) Phasor diagram of a loaded transformer assuming the voltage drops in

windings.

c) Define leakage reactance and state methods of minimizing.

4.4.3 a) Draw and describe an equivalent circuit of a transformer on load and calculate
referred values.

b) Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a loaded transformer.

4.4.4 Use open-circuit and short-circuit tests to determine voltage regulation,

efficiency and equivalent circuit from given data.

4.4.5 Use the percentage and per unit impedance, reactance and resistance in calculations.

4.4.6 State and explain the need of connecting transformers in parallel and conditions
necessary.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.4.7 Perform calculations to show how they share a given load under equal voltage ratios
only.

4.4.8 Compare the auto-transformer and double-wound-transformer in terms of:

- copper requirements

- advantages and disadvantages

- applications.

4.4.9 Describe principles of operation of auto-transformer.

4.4.10 State how harmonics are generated and explain ways of eliminating them in
transformers.

4.4.11 Explain transformer in connections in terms of British Standards BS171.

4.4.12 Explain transformers commissioning procedures and describe how polarity test is
conducted stating the limitation and also phase rotation determination.

4.4.13. Explain how voltage regulation is achieved by using:

- tap changes

- moving coil regulator

- induction regulator, i.e. single and double.

4.4.14 Explain how transformer cooling is achieved by using oil and air

4.4.15 State the advantages of using oil.

4.4.16 Describe transformer tests to determine moisture content and dielectric strength. 6

4.5 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) BASICS

4.5.1 Justify the need for PV as energy source in terms of the following:

- Sustainability
- Reliability
- Long-term economic advantages
- Low maintenance costs
- Environmental friendliness.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.5.2 Explain the physical properties of silicon semi-conductors with respect to conduction
of electricity versus:
- Temperature
- Light intensity
- Wind speed

4.5.3 Describe the following with respect to the silicon solar cell:
- Basic structure
- Basic construction
- Principles of operation

4.5.4 Describe the following PV system components:

- PV generator
- Charge regulator
- Battery storage
- Load

4.5.5 List applications of PV with regard to electrical engineering.

4.5.6 Demonstrate PV load matching procedures.

4.5.7 Explain PV system installation considerations with respect to the following:

- Tilt angle
- Orientation
- Need to avoid shading, i.e. location/sitting of PV generator.
- Advantages and disadvantages of sun tracking systems.

4.5.8 Describe future trends.

4.5.9 Design a typical photovoltaic system.

4.6 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND

DISTRIBUTION

At the end of the unit the student should be able to:

-Analyse the general economic considerations applied to generating stations and the
distribution between base-load and peak-load operation.

-Define load factor, diversity factor and maximum demand (M. D.) and explain how
they determine the overall cost of generation.

-Calculate the load factor and diversity factor from load curves.

-Calculate the M.D. from given data.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

-Use two part tarrif to calculate the standing and running costs of a given station.

-Explain the disadvantage of a low power factor and determine by means of

calculations how pf can be improved.

-Explain high voltage sub-station sit planning and plant layout with particular regard
to economic factors, safety, ease of maintenance, servicing and environmental
impacts.

-State the advantages and disadvantages of a.c. and d.c transmission.

4.7 PROTECTION

4.7.1 Compare methods of excess-current protection of main, sub-main and final circuits.

4.7.2 Compare respective functions of fuses in terms of arcing and pre-arcing times, fuse
elements and circuit breakers in terms of applications and maintenance.

4.7.3 Explain the operation and use of IDMTL relay in power systems protection and draw
the respective characteristics.

4.7.4 Perform symmetrical faults short circuit calculations to determine the sizes of
protective gear for discrimination purposes. Note: sizes of reactors to be included to
reduce the duty of protective gear using base values.

4.8 ILLUMINATION

4.8.1 Plot polar curves to determine the illumination power density.

4.8.2 State commissioning procedures.

4.9 INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEATING

4.9.1 Describe and give applications of electro-heating processes and associated control gear,
i.e. resistance, induction, dielectric and radiant methods.

4.9.2 State factors for satisfactory heating as the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of
each.

4.9.3 Describe the principle of operation of an arc furnace for the heat treatment of metals.

4.9.4 Describe a.c. and d.c. welding processes and list the equipment and control gear used.

4.9.5 State and explain the advantages and disadvantages of a.c. and d.c. welding siting
superior applications of each with reference to resistance and arc welding.

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4.9.6 Describe the typical electrical systems for water heating and steam raising stating IEE
Regulations where necessary.

4.10 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

4.10.1 Describe vapour compression cycle and absorption system.

4.10.2 Describe individual units in refrigeration and air conditioning systems e.g. domestic
and industrial.

4.10.3 Discuss the different types of refrigerants stating the advantages and disadvantages of
each.

4.11 FAULT DIAGNOSIS

4.12.1 Define fault diagnosis.

4.12.2 Identify various electrical faults that may occur in power systems from generation,
transmission, distribution to utilisation of electrical energy.

4.12.3 Describe typical procedures in identifying, locating and repairing faults mentioned in
4.12.2 above, including safety and corrective actions.

4.12 LABORATORY VISIT

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

4.12.1 Conduct experiments to determine excitation characteristics in a.c. and d.c. machines,
i.e. motors and generators.

4.12.2 Carry out experiments to determine the torque-speed characteristics for a.c. and d.c.
machines.

4.12.3 Conduct an experiment to determine short circuit and open circuit and open circuit
tests and hence determine the equivalent circuit and efficiency.

4.12.4 Construct a low voltage transformer from given output current and output voltage.

4.12.5 Assemble and conduct basic measurements on a photovoltaic (PV) system:

- Module- to-charge controller
- Charge controller to battery
- Battery to load.

4.13 INDUSTRIAL EDUCATIONAL VISITS

At the end of the course the student should have visited at least three of the following types of
industrial establishments.

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4.13.1 Generating station and substations (e.g. ZESA)

4.13.2 Generation Solar Plant and Substation

4.13.3 Industrial process heating (e.g. Ziscosteel).

4.13.4 Special installation (e.g. Sable Chemicals or other chemical industries)

4.13.5 Repair workshops (e.g. Bottom Armature – ABB or Southwales Electrics)

4.13.6 Locomotive Traction Systems (N. R. Z.)

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN EXAMINATION CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Electrical Power 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Technology
517/16/SO4  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING

1 ROTATING MACHINES 10
2 DC MACHINES 10
3 TRANSFORMERS 10
4 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF GENERATION AND 10
TRANSMISSION
5 DISTRIBUTION 8
6 PROTECTION 8
7 ILLUMINATION 8
8 INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEATING 10
9 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING 8
10 SPECIAL INSTALLATION 10
11 FAULT DIAGNOSIS 8
TOTAL 100%

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Theraja, B.L. (2008) Electrical Technology Volume II New Delhi: S.

and Theraja Chand And Co.
A.K. Ltd.
Singh, S.N. (2003) Electric Power Generation, Transmission And New Delhi:Prentice
Distribution Hall.
Gupta J.B., (2009) Generation and Economic Considerations New Delhi: Chand
Kataria, S.K. & Publishing
Sons
Sarma M.S. (2008) Electric Machines New Delhi:
Cenagage Learning
Hughes E. (2005) Electrical Technology Pearson
Wadhwa, C.L. (2012) Generation Distribution and Utilization Of New Delhi: New
Electrical of Energy Age International
Davies T. (1996) Protection of industrial Power Systems Newnes
Bhatia S.L .(2012) Handbook of Electrical Engineering 9th Edition Khanna
Shepherd J., (1986) Higher Electrical Engineering 2nd Edition Pitman
Morton A.H. & Publishing Ltd
Spence L.F.
Thompson, (1983) Electrical Installation and Workshop Longman
F. Technology 3rd Edition
Hughes, A. (1993) Electric Motors and Drives fundamentals, Newnes
types and Applications
Arora, C.P. (2008) Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Tata McGraw
Khurmi, R.S. (2012) Refrigeration and Air Conditioning India: Chand
&Gupta, J.K. Publishing

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SUBJECT TITLE : INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

SUBJECT CODE : 517/16/S05

DURATION : 80 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to equip students with the concepts and skills of Business
management and accounting skills

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.1 Identify and apply various business communication skills.

2.2 explain the basic management theories/approaches/perspectives.

2.3 explain management functions.

2.4 Demonstrate a basic application of the Current Labour Act of Zimbabwe.

2.5 Relate and explain basic principles of economics.

2.6 Apply basic accounting procedures.

2.7 demonstrate a basic application of the contracting law

3. TOPICS

3.1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS

3.2 BASIC MANAGEMENT THEORIES/APPROACHES/PERSPECTIVES
3.3 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
3.4 BASIC INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
3.5 BASIC ECONOMICS
3.6 BASIC ACCOUNTING
3.7 CONTRACTING LAW

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4.0 CONTENT

4.1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS

TOPICS

1. COMMUNICATION TOOLS AND THEIR APPLICATION.

2. MAKING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION.
3. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS.
4. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

4.1.1 Define communication.

4.1.2 Explain the role of communication in the management of organisations.

4.1.3 State the effects of poor communication.

4.1.4 Describe the communication process by use of diagrams.

4.1.5 Compare various types of verbal and non-verbal communication channels and
networks.

4.1.6 Describe communication between levels of an organisation and state their advantages
and disadvantages, in the following levels:

- Horizontal
- Vertical
- Diagonal
- By-passing

4.1.7 Explain different types of communication barriers that disturb effective

communication and suggest ways of how they can be overcome.

4.1.8 Briefly explain how the following communication media can be effectively used in
training other workers;

- Computers
- Charts
- Data projectors
- Internet (E-mail, E-commerce)
- Models
- Diagrams
- Meetings
- Reports
- Memo (s) /Service desk

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4.1.9 Relate the need for compiling data capture forms, such as:

- Leave forms (sick, maternity, vacation, etc).

- Job cards, log sheets, daily/weekly/monthly reports, etc.

4.2 BASIC MANAGEMENT THEORIES/APPROACHES/PERSPECTIVES

TOPICS

1. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
2. BEHAVIOURAL MANAGEMENT
3. CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT
4. QUANTITATIVE MANAGEMENT

4.2.1 Trace the evolution of development of management perspectives, such as the

following:

- Scientific management perspective

- Behavioural management perspective
- Contingency management perspective

4.2.2 Relate the significance of management perspectives in our present organisations.

4.3 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

TOPICS

1. STAKEHOLDERS TO A BUSINESS
2. BASIC MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
3. LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
4. FUNCTIONAL MANAGEMENT AREAS

4.3.1 Define a business.

4.3.2 Identify the stakeholders in a business.

4.3.3 Define management.

4.3.4 State the importance of management in a business.

4.3.5 State and describe the three levels of management and identify the skills required to
operate at the first level.

4.3.6 Define a manager.

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4.3.7 Describe the following management functions:

- Planning
- Organising
- Leading
- Controlling
- Motivation
- Delegation
- Decision-making
- Co-ordination

4.3.8 State and describe other roles that managers play in an organisation.

4.3.9 State ways in which you can support the management functions.

4.3.10 Briefly explain each of the following functional areas of management:

- Marketing
- Finance
- Human Resources
- Purchasing
- Production
- Technical
- Public Relations

4.4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

TOPICS

1. LABOUR – EMPLOYER – GOVERNMENT RELATIONSHIP.

2. CODE OF CONDUCT.
3. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE.
4. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL.
5. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING.

At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate a basic appreciation of the
current Labour Act of Zimbabwe (Chapter 28:01). The student should be able to:

4.4.1 Explain the role of the following major players in industrial relations:
 Labour
 Employer
 Government

4.4.2 Briefly explain the following mechanisms that are used to ensure smooth industrial
relations:
- Workers‟ Committee
- Grievance Procedure
- Code of Conduct
- Negotiation and collective bargaining.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Performance appraisal and training.

4.4.3 State and explain the importance of occupational health, safety and environment.

4.3 BASIC ECONOMICS

TOPICS

1. BASIC ECONOMICS TERMS

2. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
3. MEASURES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
4. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

4.5.1 Define economics.

4.5.2 Describe the following basic economics terms:

- Scarcity
- Opportunity costs
- Ceteris paribus
- Utility
- Marginal Utility
- Law of diminishing returns
- Law of supply and demand
- Economic principle.
4.5.3 Define the following types of business ownership:
- Sole proprietor
- Partnership
- Company

4.5.4 Distinguish between micro-economics and macro-economics.

4.5.5 Describe the following major factors of production:

- Natural resources
- Capital
- Labour
- Entrepreneurship

4.5.6 Briefly describe the following economic phenomena:

- Unemployment
- Gross domestic product (GDP)
- Inflation

4.5.7 Explain the following economic systems:

- Free market economy
- Command economy
- Mixed economy

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4.6 BASIC ACCOUNTING

TOPICS
1. FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP
2. ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES.
3. TYPES OF BUSINESSES

4.6.1 Define accounting.

4.6.2 Define the following types of business ownership:

- Sole proprietor
- Partnership
- Company

4.6.3 Demonstrate the basic application of the following procedures with regards to
small companies:
- Double entry system
- Basic accounting equation
- Trial balance
- Income statement
- Balance sheet
- Budgeting
- Costing

4.8 CONTRACTING LAW

1. PROJECTS
2. CONTRACTS
3. TENDERING PROCESS
4. BILL OF QUANTITY
5. PRICING POLICY
6. GANNT CHART
7. CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS

4.7.1 Define the following terms:

-Projects
-Contract
-Tender

4.7.2 Describe steps involved in a tendering process

4.7.3 Estimate the Bill of quality for a given project

4.7.4 Explain the following pricing policies

-fixed pricing
-fluctuation pricing
-variance

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4.7.5 Draw a GANNT chart and explain critical path analysis.

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN EXAMINATION CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Industrial 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Management
517/16/SO5  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING%

1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS 15
2 BASIC MANAGEMENT 15
THEORIES/APPROACHES/PERSPECTIVES
3 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS 15
4 BASIC INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 15
5 BASIC ECONOMICS 15
6 BASIC ACCOUNTING 15
7 CONTRACTING LAW 10
TOTAL 100%

5. SUGGESTED REFERENCE BOOKS

Author Year Title Publisher Town

Khanna, O.P. (2008) Industrial Engineering and Dhanpat Rai Plymouth
Management, 17th Edition Publications
Burns, B. (2009) Managing Change, 5th Edition Prentice Hall Edinburgh
gate
Mullins, L.J. (2010) Management and Organisational Prentice Hall Edinburgh
Behaviour, 9th Edition gate
Jain, T.R., (2007) Industrial Sociology, Economics FK Publications London
Khanna, O.P., & Management
Grover, M.L.
and Singla, R.K.
Dublin, A. J. (1989) Management and Organisations South West Chicago
Publishing
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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

Company
Duiker, P. F. (1995) Management Practices Heinmann California
Publishers
Feilding, M. (1993) Effective Communication in Juta and Cape
Organisations Company Town
Flippo E. (1984) Personnel Management McGraw-Hill New York
Graham, H. T. (1983) Human Resource Management McDonald and Plymouth
Evans Ltd.
Ritson, N. (2011) Strategic Management Neil Ritson New
&Ventus Jersey
Publishing
Stoner, C.R., & (2013) Building Leaders: Paving the Routledge. New York
Stoner, J.S. Path for Emerging Leaders.
McKay, M., (2009) Messages: The Communication New -
Davis,M. and Skills Book Harbinger
Fanning, P. Publications

Sowell, T. (2007) Basic Economics: A Common Basic Books New York

Sense Guide to the Economy /
Edition 3
Stoner, J. S. (1989) Management McGraw-Hill New York
Zimbabwe (1985) Labour Relations Act of 1985 Zimbabwe Harare
Government Government
Printers Printers
Robbin and (2000) Management McGraw-Hill New York
Cautler

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

SUBJECT TITLE : CONTROL SYSTEMS

CODE : 517/16/S07

DURATION : 220 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to enable students to apply control systems concepts and techniques
to Electrical & Electronics Engineering field

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

3.1 Define terms related to Control Systems

3.2 Define, explain and apply the different types of sensors and transducers.

2.3 Interface the control signals to the microcontroller.

2.4 Describe and programme a microcontroller based system

2.5 Distinguish and employ the control modes available.

2.6 Model different systems applying the standard signals.

2.7 Test systems for response, performance and stability.

2.8 Program and simulate PLCs

DESIGN LENGTH

150 hours theory

70 hours laboratory work

220 hours in total

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

3.0 TOPICS

3.1 DEFINITIONS

3.2 SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS

3.3 DATA INTERFACE
3.4 MICROCONTROLLERS
3.5 PROCESS CONTROL
3.6 SYSTEM MODELLING AND
3.7 TRANSFER FUNCTIONSS
3.8 SYSTEM RESPONSE,
3.9 PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY
3.10 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
3.11 CONTROLLERS
3.12 LABORATORY

4.0 CONTENT

4.1 DEFINITIONS

4.1.1 Define the following terms:

- Microprocessor
- Microcontroller
- Microcomputer
- Minicomputer
- Supercomputer
- Hardware
- Software
- Modem
- SCADA
- Transducer (Active and Passive)
- Programmable Logic Controller
- Loop Control
- Closed Loop Control
- Direct Digital Control (DDC)
- Cascade Control
- Ratio Control
- Feedforward Control
- Actuator
- Pulse width modulation
- Sensor
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- Transducer
- Protocols
- Distributed Control System (DCS)

4.2 SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS

4.2.1 State the different types of sensors and transducers used in Control Systems.
- Electrical and non-electrical

4.2.2 Explain the basic principle of operation of sensors and transducers used in Control
systems in 4.5.1
4.2.3 Application of the sensors and transducers in 4.5.1.

4.3 DATA INTERFACE

4.3.1 State the need for interfacing.

4.3.2 With the aid of diagrams describe the operation of the following interfacing devices:
- Opto-Coupler
- Line Driver

4.3.3 State the central control room technical specification in terms of:
- Layout
- Safety
- Considerations and provisions for expansion
- Mimic diagrams

4.4 THE MICROCONTROLLERS

4.4.1 State and explain the basic components of a microcontroller (Microcontroller

architecture)
4.4.2 Demonstrate knowledge of processor interfacing techniques with regards to the
following:
- Input from switches
- Debouncing switches
- Light sensors
- Driving relays
- Control of AC and DC power devices
- Generating AC waveforms
- Optical isolation
- Interrupts
- Timer modes
- Pulse width modulation (PWM)
4.4.3 State the elements of C- programming
4.4.4 Programme a microcontroller using C, including hardware configuration

4.5 PROCESS CONTROL

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.5.1 Define a control system and state its importance in industrial processes.

4.5.2 Describe the open loop and closed loop systems by use of block diagrams.

4.5.3 Describe the use of a stepper motor as an example of an open loop control.

4.5.4 Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous control systems giving practical
examples.

4.5.5 Define:
- Proportional control
- Proportional band (PB)

4.5.6 a) Describe the effects of P.B. adjustments on the controller output.

b) Describe an application where proportional control is most suitable.

4.5.7 Define, describe and give practical applications of the following control modes:
- Proportional plus integral
- Proportional plus derivative
- Proportional plus integral plus Derivative Control

4.5.8 Define and describe the effects of adjusting the following on the controller output:
- Integral action time
- Derivative action time

4.5.9 Show graphical representations of 4.5.7 and 4.5.8 above.

4.5.10 Compare and contrast analogue and digital control systems.

4.6 SYSTEM MODELLING AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS

Model the following systems

4.6. 1 Electrical
4.6.2 Mechanical
4.6.3 Thermal

4.3.6 Describe the principles of operation and give practical examples of the
following complex control systems:
- Ratio
- Cascade
- Feed forward
- Split range

4.3.7 State advantages and disadvantages for systems in 4.3.6 in comparison with a single
loop control system.
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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.3.8 Perform a case study of a cascade and split range system.

4.3.9 Perform a case study of a combination of all systems mentioned in 4.3.6.

4.7 SYSTEM RESPONSE, PERFOMANCE AND STABILITY

4.7.1 Perform system response for first and second order systems to the following inputs
- Unit Step
- Ramp
- Impulse
4.7.2 Perform stability tests using the following methods
- Nyquist stability criterion
- Bode plots
- Root locus

4.8 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS

4.8.1 Distinguish between operating software and application software giving examples of
each.

Note: e.g. Operating software – Windows, MS-DOS, Unit, etc.

Application software – Fix, In Touch, Turbolink, Wonderware,
Contrologix

4.8.2 a) Sketch a simple PLC block diagram consisting of input port, output port
and buses.

b) Explain overall operation.

c) State the advantages of using a PLC over relay logic systems.

4.8.3 Describe PLC scanning time with reference to the number of inputs and outputs.

4.8.4 State factors to be considered when procuring PLC‟s.

4.8.5 State the precautions to be considered in the installations.

4.8.6 Construct a maintenance schedule for a PLC installation.

4.8.7 Distinguish between DDC, SCADA and DCS.

4.8.8 Draw the block diagram for DDC, SCADA and DCS and explain the role of each
block.
4.8.9 Give practical applications of SCADA in Electronics Engineering,
Telecommunication, Power Engineering and Instrumentation.

4.8.10 Define and explain the relevance of the following terms to control systems:
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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

- Redundancy
- Diagnostics
- Maintainability
- Expandability
4.8.11 List the programming languages used in PLC and SCADA systems:
- Ladder Logic (LAD).
- Statement List (STL)
- Control System Flowchart (CSF)

4.8.12 Convert a circuit from a relay logic to a ladder logic diagram and vice versa.
4.8.13 Convert a logic circuit (with gates) to a ladder logic diagram and vice versa.

4.8.14 Convert a given program from one programming language to the other, e.g. LAD to
STL and SCF to LAD, etc.

4.8.15 Develop a PLC program in any of the languages from the narrative description of a
process.

4.8.16 Name and explain ONLINE and OFFLINE PLC programming.

4.8.17 Demonstrate the PLC program debugging process.

4.9 LABORATORY

4.9.1 Program PLC‟s and simulate.

4.9.2 Program controllers and microprocessors.

4.9.3 Monitor controller tuning on the oscilloscope.

4.9.4 Wire I/O devices to PLC and verify documentation between program and hard wiring.

4.9.5 Manipulate SCADA software involving calibration of display objects to real world
devices.

4.9.6 Troubleshooting.

4.9.8 Construct readable and executable C – programs

Note: Not supported by theory given in Units 1 to 6, but a detailed syllabus is

attached as supporting document.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

4.10 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

4.10.1 A minimum of 6 PC‟s (Pentium) with Win 9X.

4.10.2 A minimum of 6 PLC‟s.

4.10.3 6 input/output simulators.

4.10.4 PLC software.

4.10.5 SCADA software.

4.10.6 Microcontroller programmer and training kit.

4.10.7 Network cards and cabling.

4.10.8 Printer (1).

- Mimic boards.

4.10.9 Consumable:

- LED‟s of different colours.

- Push Buttons.
- Toggle Switches
- Resistors of different values.
- Cables (Panel Wire)

4.10.10 Test Equipment

- Multimeters (digital)
- CRO
- Logic testers

4.10.11 Millivolt source.

4.10.12 Milliamp source.

4.10.13 Decade Box.

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5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN EXAMINATION CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Control Systems 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
517/16/SO7
 2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING

1 DEFINITIONS 5
2 SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS 10
3 DATA INTERFACE 10
4 MICROCONTROLLERS 15
5 PROCESS CONTROL 15

6 SYSTEM MODELLING & TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 15

7 SYSTEM RESPONSE, PERFORMANCE & STABILITY 15
8 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS 15
TOTAL 100%

7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

AUTHOR YEAR TITLE PUBLISHER TOWN

Bolton, W. (1998) Controlling Engineering, ISBN: Longman -
582327733
Bolton, W. (2002) Control Systems, Butterworth- -
ISBN: 750654619 Heinemann
Distefano&Stub (1995) Feedback and Control Systems, ISBN: Schaum -
berud& 70170525
Williams
Tewari, A. (2002) Modern Control Design with John Wiley -
MATLAB and SIMULINK, ISBN: & Sons
471496790
Morton, J. (2001) PIC: Your Personal Introductory Butterworth- -
Course: ISBN 750650389 Heinemann
Bates, M. (2000) Introduction to Micro Electronic Butterworth- -
Systems: The PIC 16F84 Heinemann
Microcontroller, ISBN: 340759208

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B. S. Manke (2009) Linear Control Systems Khanna

Publishers
INagrath, I.J. (2007) Control Systems Engineering New Age New
&Gopal, M. Publisher Delhi
Johnson, C. (2013) Control Systems Technology. Pearson South
and Malki, H. Education Asia
Bolton (2003) Programmable Logic Controllers, Newnes -
ISBN: 750659866.

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SUBJECT TITLE : DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

CODE : 517/16/S08

DURATION : 150 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to equip students with techniques and skills to manipulate and apply
digital operations in the Electrical & Electronics Engineering field.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the student should be able to:

THEORY

2.1 Convert between the different types of binary codes

2.2 Design and apply combinational logic in digital systems.
2.3 Describe and explain ADCs and DACs in relation to digital systems
2.4 Design and apply sequential logic in digital systems
2.5 Construct, install, maintain and repair digital electronic circuits.

LABORATORY

2.4 To understand the basic principles of digital electronics application.

2.5 To identify and use digital electronics components.

2.6 To understand the operation of digital circuits.

DESIGN LENGTH

120 hours theory

30 hours laboratory work.

150 hours in total.

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3.0 TOPICS

3.1 BINARY CODES

3.2 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC
3.3 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
3.4 MULTIPLEXERS AND DEMULTIPLEXERS
3.5 PARITY GENERATORS AND CHECKERS
3.6 SIGNAL CONVERSION
3.7 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC
3.8 COUNTERS
3.9 SHIFT REGISTERS
3.10 LOGIC FAMILIES
3.11 LABORATORY

4.0 CONTENT

4.1 BINARY CODES

4.1.1 Describe the different codes used in digital techniques such as:
- binary coded decimal
- hexadecimal
- octal
- Gray code
- ASCII

4.1.2 Convert from one code to another.

4.1.3 Use one‟s and two‟s complement to perform calculations such as addition and
subtraction.

4.2 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC

4.2.1 Describe and produce truth tables for all the logic gates.

4.2.2 Derive Boolean expressions in SOP and POS from truth tables.

4.2.3 State and apply the following:

- Redundancy Theorem (also called Idepotence Theorem).

- De Morgan‟s Theorem.

4.2.4 Use Karnaugh Maps to minimise Boolean expressions.

4.2.5 Design logic from K-map minimisation using universal NAND and NOR gates only.

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4.3 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

4.3.1 Draw and explain the half and full adder.

4.3.2 Explain how a full adder and half adder are combined to implement:
- serial addition of two numbers.

- parallel addition of two numbers.

4.3.3 Define the term encoder.

- Design an encoder using logic gates.

- Define the term decoder.

- Design a decoder using logic gates.

- Explain the operation of a 7 – segment display.

- Design a 7-segment display decoder/driver.

4.4 MULTIPLEXERS AND DEMULTIPLEXERS

4.4.1 Define the term multiplexer.

4.4.2 Explain and design a 4 to 1 and 8 to 1 multiplexer.

4.4.3 Identify IC‟s used as multiplexers, e.g. 74LS153 and the 4066 analogue switch.

4.4.4 Define the term demultiplexer.

4.4.5 Explain and design a 1 to 4 and 1 to 8 demultiplexer.

4.5 PARITY GENERATORS AND CHECKERS

4.5.1 Explain the term parity.

4.5.2 Explain the function of parity generators.

4.5.3 Explain odd and even parity.

4.5.4 Explain how a 4 bit data transmission system with parity checking operates.

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4.6 SIGNAL CONVERSION

4.6.1 Explain the terms associated with electronic converters such as:
- Resolution
- Accuracy
- Linearity
- Settling time
- Offset

4.6.2 Describe with aid of circuit diagrams the operation of typical digital to analogue
converters such as:
- Weighted resistor
- R-2R ladder network

4.6.3 Describe with aid of circuit diagrams the operation of typical analogue to digital
converters such as:
- successive approximation.
- ramp

4.7 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC

Describe with the aid of circuit and waveform diagrams the operation of a range of bi-stable
circuits (flip-flops) as the SR-FF, clocked SR-FF, JK-FF, D-Type, T-Type, Master-Slave JK-
FF.

4.8 COUNTERS

4.8.1 Describe, with the aid of circuit diagrams and truth tables, flip flop applications of the
following counters:
- Synchronous and asynchronous up and down counters.
- Ripple counters
- Self stopping
- Mode-N counters
- Ring counters
- Twisted ring counters.

4.8.2 Design flip-flop counters using state equations and K-maps.

4.9 SHIFT REGISTERS

4.9.1 Describe the operation of shift registers in practical applications such as movement of
data in computers:
- Serial to parallel data shifting
- Parallel to serial
- Serial to serial.

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4.10 LOGIC FAMILIES

4.10.1 Explain the following terms relating to logic circuits:

- TTL
- ECL
- RTL
- DTL
- CMOS
- Tristate buffers
- Propagation delays
- Fan in, fan out.

4.11 LABORATORY

4.11.1 To observe operation of different logic gates by means of their truth tables i.e.
AND, NAND, OR, NOR, EX-OR.

Note: use LED indicators.

4.11.2 To produce bi-stable circuits using digital logic gates. Note: Compare with
multivibrators using discrete components. (Analogue electronics Experiment 6)

4.11.3 To observe operation of BCD to 7 segment decoder/driver.

4.11.4 To observe operation of JK-FF when used with asynchronous input and with
synchronous inputs. Note: Use 555 timer for generating the clock pulse.

4.11.5 To produce a 4-bit asynchronous binary up counter using T-Type flip-flops.

4.11.6 To use JK-FF as shift register of the following type:

- Data storage element
- SISO register
- SIPO register

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN EXAMINATION CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Digital 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Electronics
517/16/SO8  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

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6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING%

1 BINARY CODES 5
2 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC 10
3 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS 15
4 MULTIPLEXERS AND DEMULTIPLEXERS 15
5 PARITY GENERATORS AND CHECKERS 5
6 SIGNAL CONVERSION 10
7 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC 15
8 COUNTERS 10
9 SHIFT REGISTERS 10
10 LOGIC FAMILIES 5
TOTAL 100%

7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Author Year Title Publisher Town

Gupta, B.R. and (2009) Digital Electronics S. K. Kataria& New Delhi
Singhal, V. Sons

Maini, A. K. (2007) Digital Electronics Wiley -

Kleitz, W. (2012) Digital Electronics: A practical Pearson -

approach with VHDL
Thomas, L. (2009) Digital Fundamentals Pearson New Delhi
Floyd and Jain Education
Tocci, R.J., (2007) Digital Systems: Principles and Prentice-Hall -
Widmer, N.S.& Applications. 10th Edition
Moss, G.L.
Ibrahim, K. F. (1991) Digital Techniques. Longman -

Bakshi, U.A. (2009) Analogue And Digital Electronics Technical Pune

And Godse, A.P. Publications

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SUBJECT TITLE : ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS

CODE : 517/16/S09

DURATION : 220 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to equip the students with the knowledge and techniques of the
operations of analogue equipment as applied in Electrical & Electronics Engineering field.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the student should be able to:

THEORY

2.1 Apply h, z and y parameters to transistor equivalent circuits.

2.2 Explain operation of signal amplifiers.

3.3 Explain the operation of different types of operational amplifiers

3.4 Design and apply different types of regulated power supplies to analogue circuits

3.5 Design and apply different types of oscillators to analogue circuits

3.6 Explain the principle of operation of tuned amplifiers and apply to analogue circuits

3.7 Explain the principle of operation of switching devices and apply to analogue circuits

3.8 Explain modulation and demodulation techniques

3.9 Install, maintain and repair analogue electronic systems.

LABORATORY

2.4 To understand the basic principle of electronics application.

2.5 To understand the use of electronic devices and components.

2.6 To modify and understand the operation of analogue electronic circuits.

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DESIGN LENGTH

170 hours theory

50 hours laboratory work
220 hours in total.

3.0 TOPICS

3.1 TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

3.2 SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
3.3 LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
3.4 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
3.5 REGULATED POWER SUPPLIERS
3.6 SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS
3.7 NON-SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS
3.8 TUNED AMPLIFIERS
3.9 SWITCHING DEVICES
3.10 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
3.11 LABORATORY

4.0 CONTENT

4.1 TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

4.1.1 Define the following h-parameters:

- Hie
- Hoe
- Hfe
- Hre

4.1.2 Explain the use of z, y and h-parameters in calculating the:

- Input and output impedance
- Current gain
- Voltage gain

4.1.3 Sketch the typical frequency and phase response of an amplifier and explain the fall of
gain at both low and high frequencies.

4.2 SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

4.2.1 Discuss the need for impedance matching in amplifier circuits.

4.2.2 Calculate gain in the following multistage amplifier:

- R-C coupled multistage amplifier.
- Direct coupled multistage amplifier
- Transformer coupled multistage amplifier.

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4.3 LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

4.3.1 Describe and explain the principle of operation of class A, B and AB Audio Frequency
amplifiers with particular reference to biasing requirements.

4.3.2 Describe push-pull class A, B and AB amplifiers.

4.3.3 Calculate power and efficiency for all classes of amplifiers.

4.3.4 Describe the causes of signal distortion in push-pull amplifiers.

4.3.5 Describe transformer coupling and optocoupling.

4.2.14 Describe special IC audio power amplifiers.

4.4 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

4.4.1 Describe the effect of negative feedback (NFB) and positive feedback (PFB) on
amplifier circuits.

4.4.2 State the properties of an ideal operational amplifier.

4.4.3 Describe op-Amp parameters such as:

- Open-loop gain
- Common mode gain
- Differential mode gain
- Bandwidth
- Input and output impedance
- Common Mode Rejection Ratio
- Slew Rate

4.4.4 Explain the operation of the following Op-Amp circuits:

- Differential amplifier
- Differentiator
- Integrator
- Instrumentation amplifier
- Logarithmic amplifier

4.5 REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES

4.5.1 Draw the block diagram of a linear series and a switched mode regulated power
supply.

4.5.2 Define voltage and load regulation.

4.5.3 Explain the operation of the following circuits:

- Zener diode regulator

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- Transistor series regulator

- Op-amp series regulator

4.5.4 Explain how variable output voltages can be obtained.

4.5.5 Apply IC voltage regulators as the 78XX, 79XX, LM 317 and LM 377 devices.

4.5.6 Explain with the aid of circuit diagrams the principle of operation of switched mode
power supplies.

4.5.7 Describe the advantages of switched mode power supplies.

4.6 SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS

4.6.1 Explain the effects of positive feedback on amplifiers.

4.6.2 State the Barkhausen criterion .

4.6.3 With the aid of circuit diagram, explain the principle of operation of the following
oscillators:
- R-C phase shift oscillator
- Wein bridge oscillator
- Hartley oscillator
- Colpitts oscillator

4.6.4 Perform calculations relating to the design and operation of the oscillators given in
4.6.3 as the loop gain and frequency of oscillation.

4.6.5 Explain the advantage of a piezo-electric crystal oscillator.

4.7 NON-SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS

4.7.1 Explain, with the aid of transistor, Op-Amp and 555-556 timer circuit diagrams, the
principle of operation of the following:
- Monostable multivibrator.
- Bistable multivibrator
- Astable multivibrator
- Schmitt trigger

4.7.2 Calculate period and frequency of oscillation of an astable, bistable and monostable
multivibrators.

4.7.3 With the aid of Op-Amp circuit diagrams, describe the following waveform
generators:
- Sine wave
- Square wave
- Triangular/ramp generator (sawtooth).

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- Function generators
- use their block diagrams to explain the circuit operations and give also its
waveforms at selected points

4.7.4 Draw a block diagram, explain the principle of operation and describe applications of
the:
- Voltage controlled oscillators (VCO)
- Phase locked loop (PLL)

4.8 TUNED AMPLIFIERS

4.8.1 Explain, with the aid of the diagrams, the principle of operation of a tuned transistor
amplifier.

4.8.2 Explain frequency response of tuned amplifiers under the following conditions:
- under-coupled
- critically coupled
- over-coupled

4.9 SWITCHING DEVICES

4.9.1 List the different types of switching devices.

4.9.2 Explain the principle of operation of:

- SCR
- UJT
- PUT

4.9.3 Explain practical applications of the devices in 4.11.2.

4.10 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

4.10.1 a) Explain why modulation and demodulation are important in signal

transmission.
b) Explain that a sine wave can only carry information when modulated.

4.10.2 Amplitude Modulation:

- Describe the process of amplitude modulation graphically.
- Define modulation factor.
- Derive the equation for the amplitude modulation wave.
- Relate carrier frequency and side bands.

4.10.3 Angle Modulation:

- Describe frequency modulation.
- Derive the equation for frequency modulation.
- Explain deviation and modulation index.
- Describe phase modulation.

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- State the relationship between frequency modulation (FM) and phase

modulation (PM).

4.10.4 Describe a simple and typical AM and FM demodulation circuit.

4.11 LABORATORY

4.11.1 Small Signal Amplifier

To calculate gain by graph and by calculation. To consider the effect of bypass

capacitor on gain of amplifier.

N.B. DC load line must be drawn in order to calculate gain by graphical

means.

4.11.2 Op-Amp Series Regulated Power Supply

To observe the variation of load current when output voltage is kept constant. To
obtain variable output voltage:

- By potentiometer method
- By voltage divider using fixed resistors.

4.11.3 Op-Amp Integrator

To observe operation of integration and to calculate the rise time and full time of the
output waveform.

4.11.4 Op-Amp Integrator

To observe operation of comparator in particular magnitude comparators.

4.11.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator

To calculate frequency of operation by calculation and using the oscilloscope. To

verify the ratio of feedback resistance in relation to variation of output voltage.

4.11.6 Astable Multivibrator (Discrete Components)

- To verify the frequency by calculation and using the oscilloscope.

- To observe the effects of changing frequency determining components.

- To modify the circuit to operate as a mono-stable vibrator.

- To modify the circuit to operate as a bistable multi-vibrator.

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4.11.7 Push-pull Amplifier

- To observe the input and output waveforms.
- To observe crossover distortion due to biasing arrangement.

4.11.8 Amplitude Modulation

To observe effects of over- modulation and under-modulation.

4.11.9 SCR Triggering

To observe the effects of firing angle on the output waveforms.

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN EXAMINATION CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Analogue 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Electronics
517/16/SO9  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING%

1 TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS 10
2 SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 10
3 LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 15
4 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 10
5 REGULATED POWER SUPPLIERS 15
6 SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS 10
7 NON-SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS 10
8 TUNED AMPLIFIERS 5
9 SWITCHING DEVICES 5
10 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 10
TOTAL 100%

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7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Author Year Title Publisher Town

Green, D. C. (1998) Electronic, 5th Edition. Longman Essex

Bakshi, U.A. (2009) Analogue Electronics Technical Pune

And Godse, A.P. Publications
Morris, N. (1970) Industrial Electronics McGraw-Hill -

Sharma, S. (2010) Analogue Communication S. K. Kataria& -

Systems Sons

Maddock, R. (1994) Electronics – A Course for Prentice-Hall -

J.&Calcutt, D. Engineers.

Mahadevaswamy (2010) Analogue Electronic Circuits Sanguine Bangalore

, U.B. Publishers

Watson, J. (1989) Analogue and Switching Circuits Wiley- -

Design: Using Integrated and Interscience
Discrete Devices, 2nd Edition
Wilson & (1997) Optoelectronics, ISBN: Prentice-Hall -
Hawkes, 013103961X

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SUBJECT TITLE : DRAUGHTING AND DESIGN

SUBJECT CODE : 517/16/S10

DURATION : 150 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of this subject is to enable the student to apply Draughting and design concepts and
techniques to Electrical and Electronics Engineering field

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.1 use manufacturer‟s catalogue in component identification.

2.2 Read and interpret electrical and electronics circuit diagrams.

2.3 Read and interpret hydraulics and pneumatics circuit diagrams

2.4 Use Computer Aided Design in Electrical Engineering.

2.5 Design Printed Circuit Boards.

2.6 Fabricate Printed Circuit Boards

DESIGN LENGTH

150 hours.

3.0 TOPICS

3.1 COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION

3.2 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DRAWINGS
3.3 HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC DRAWINGS
3.4 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING
3.5 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DESIGN – CAD
3.6 ETCHING
3.7 REFERENCE
3.9 TOOLS/EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS

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4.0 CONTENT

4.1 COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION

4.1.1 Demonstrate the use of manufacturer‟s catalogue in component identification.

4.1.2 Use the component identification and manufacturer‟s data sheet to find i) equivalent
components and ii) parameters for:
- Diodes
- Transistors
- Operational amplifier
- Digital IC‟s, including microprocessors and micro-controllers.

4.2 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DRAWINGS

4.2.1 Distinguish between coherent and decomposed representation.

4.2.2 Make sketches of the basic electrical/electronic component symbols in accordance to

BS 3939 standards.

4.2.3 Draw electrical/electronic circuits to a given scale.

4.2.4 Read and interpret block diagrams.

4.2.5 Read and interpret components as per given diagram(s).

4.2.6 Demonstrate the ability to follow the signal flow.

4.2.7 Read and interpret sequential control diagrams.

4.2.8 Produce sequential control diagrams from given information.

4.2.9 Perform design calculations.

4.2.10 Perform simulation using 3D software packages

4.3 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

4.3.1 List common software packages that can be used for technical drawing.

4.3.2 Describe the advantages of computer aided drawing as compared to traditional manual
drawing.

4.3.3 Produce drawings to specifications using Auto CAD, EAGLE, PROTEUS, CIRCUIT-
MAKER and MultiSIM drawing tools.

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4.3.4 Use standard tools and settings.

4.3.5 Explain:

- The standard starting screen layout

- The selection of general function keys.
- The command procedure.
- Coordinates.
- Line and layers.

4.3.6 Explain the co-ordinate system and its use.

4.3.7 Explain colours and line types.

4.3.8 Use layers and general rules for drawing.

4.3.9 Use drawing commands such as: Point, Line, Circle, Arc, Polyline, Rectangle,
Polygon, Ellipse and Text.

4.3.10 Use object editing commands such as: Line, Edit, Move, Copy, Erase, Rotate, Mirror,
Break, Trim, Extend, Stretch, Offset, Array, Divide, Scale, Change, Fillet, Chamfer
and Explode.

4.3.11 Use common drawing aids like drawing modes; Snap and Grid.

4.3.12 Use the following text features:

- Text styles
- Special characters
- Editing text

4.3.13 Draw symbols, circuit diagram, block and flow chart diagrams using the following
commands:
- Line types
- Hatch patterns
- Blocks
- Create, Insert and Save.

4.3.14 Design suitable casings for projects using Auto CAD, EAGLE, PROTEUS, CIRCUIT-
MAKER and MultiSIM.

4.4 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DESIGN – CAD

At the end of the unit the student should be able to produce single and multi-layer PCB
designs showing the track and component layout using Auto CAD, EAGLE, and PROTEUS,
CIRCUIT-MAKER or an equivalent software package. The student should be able to:

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4.4.1 INTRODUCTION

- Explain the Screen layout.

- Explain the „Menu‟, „Instruction Bar‟ and „Zoom‟.
- Draw „Screen‟ and „Status Bar‟ including „Undo‟
- Explain the function of „Tools‟ on the „Status Bar‟.
- Select each of the following menu options and explain the functions of each
component under the selected options:

Current Delete Edit File Jump

Move Nets Output Place Set Up
Undo Zoom Library

(Note: This student should take care NOT to delete libraries!

4.4.2 Explain that CAD can be used to draw up to maximum of FIVE layers.

- Demonstrate/show how a layer can be selected for PCB design, each layer
being associated with a defined colour, e.g. L: Bottom Layer
L: Top Layer

- State the „CHECK‟ rules for placing components and other items.
- Explain the use of the grid and its association with scale and component
dimensions.

- Draw a single layer PCB layout with component identification and values for:

a) A full-wave rectifier circuit using four diodes and a filter capacitor.

b) An operational amplifier based Regulated Variable Power Supply.
c) A 555 timer connected as Mono or Astable Multivibrator or other
electronic circuits.

4.4.3 Print or plot the PCB layout by selection:

- Layers to print
- Printer or Plotter

4.5 ETCHINGS

4.5.1 Transfer the printed design to actual PCB.

4.5.2 Explain the use of „Positive 20‟ in transfer of PCB layout onto the PCB board and
exposure time.

4.5.3 Use Caustic Soda and highlight the precautions to be taken when using chemicals.

4.5.4 Develop PCB‟s by using Ferric Chloride, a solution of Hydrochloric Acid or

Hydrogen Peroxide in water and or any other available etching technology.

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4.5.5 Drill, clean and spray PCB‟s with anti-oxidation liquor.

4.5.6 Place, components, solder, trim and wire PCB‟s.

4.5.7 Test circuits (mentioned in 4.4.2) for correct operation using appropriate test
equipment.

Or for more complex fabrications (considering the available time); test the circuit
connections for continuity using the multimeter.

4.6 HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC DRAWINGS

4.6.1 Make sketches of the basic hydraulic and pneumatic component symbols in
accordance to International standards.

4.6.3 Draw hydraulic and pneumatic circuits to a given scale.

4.6.4 Read and interpret block diagrams.

4.6.5 Read and interpret components as per given diagram(s).

4.6.6 Demonstrate the ability to follow the signal flow.

4.6.7 Read and interpret sequential control diagrams.

4.6.8 Produce sequential control diagrams from given information.

4.6.9 Perform design calculations.

4.6.10 Perform simulation using 3D software packages

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4.7 TOOLS/EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS

4.7.1 cable stripper

4.7.2 centre punch
4.7.3 Allen keys
4.7.4 anti-static hand strap
4.7.5 callipers
4.7.6 catalogue/manuals
4.7.7 DC Power Supply Unit
4.7.8 Digital Multimeter
4.7.9 Hacksaw
4.7.10 Hammer
4.7.11 Hand files
4.7.12 Insulation tape
4.7.13 Magnifying glass
4.7.14 Oscilloscope
4.7.15 Multimeter
4.7.16 Etching pens/markers
4.7.17 Pliers
4.7.18 Solder
4.7.19 Soldering iron/Solder sucker
4.7.20 Cable stripper
4.7.21 Scale rule
4.7.22 Set of Flat Spanners
4.7.23 Set of Ring Spanners
4.7.24 Star screw driver set
4.7.25 Scriber
4.7.26 Side cutters
4.7.27 Knife
4.7.28 PCB drill machine and drills
4.7.29 Computer laboratory
4.7.30 Computer with relevant CAD software
4.7.31 Drawing boards
4.7.32 Plotters/printers
4.7.33 Drawing instruments
4.7.34 Drawing pens
4.7.35 Etching laboratory (streaming water/sink and proper ventilation)
4.7.36 Etching equipment
4.7.37 Protective clothing and spectacles
4.7.38 Single and double sided PCB boards
4.7.39 Positive 20 spray
4.7.40 Chemicals
4.7.41 Electronic components

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6.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN EXAMINATION CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Draughting and 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Design
517/16/S10  2 Assignments 20%
100
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

7.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING%

1 COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION 10
2 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DRAWINGS 15
3 PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS 15
4 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING 25
5 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DESIGN – CAD 25
6 ETCHING 10
TOTAL 100%

7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Author Year Title Publisher Town

Sclater, N. (2003) Handbook of Electrical Design McGraw- Lisbon
Details, Second Edition Hill

Lamit, G.L. & (1998) Drafting for Electronics, 3 edition Peachpit -

Lloyd, J.S. Press
Goetsch, D.L. & (1990) Computer Aided Drafting with Merrill -
Rickman, R.L. AutoCAD Pub. Co

Maplin (2014) Databook/ Catalogue Maplin -

([Link].u
k)
Phillips (2014) ECG Master Replacement Guide Phillips -
[Link].
com)
Madsen, D.A. (2006) Engineering Drawing and Design Cengage -
Learning

Towers, T.D. (1974) Towers International Transistor W. -

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Selector Foulsham&
Co. Ltd.
Smith, A. (2004) Etching: A Guide to Traditional Crowood -
Techniques Press
Publishing House (2000) Multisim Ultiboard 10 schematic Publishing -
of Electronics and PCB design House of
Industry Electronics
Industry
National (2010) Ultiboard Basics Course National -
Instruments Exercises: PCB Layout Instruments
Corporation

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SUBJECT TITLE : ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING MATERIALS

SUBJECT CODE : 517/16/S11

DURATION : 80 HOURS

1. AIM

To enable the student to have a general knowledge of structure and properties of

Electrical Engineering materials and their appropriate use in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering.

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.1 Explain the structure of engineering materials.

2.2 Explain properties of electrical engineering materials (mechanical, electrical, thermal

and optical).

2.3 Classify materials

2.4 test electrical engineering materials

PRE-REQUISITES

The structure of atoms, elementary particles, atomic number and isotopes. The nucleus and
radioactivity, electronic configuration, periodic table of elements.

DESIGN LENGTH

60 hours theory

20 hours laboratory

80 hours total

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3. TOPICS

3.1 STRUCTURE
3.2 PROPERTIES
3.3 METAL CLASSIFICATION
3.4 TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
3.5 CABLING
3.6 APPLIED MECHANICS
3.7 GAS LAWS AND THERMODYNAMICS
3.8 LABORATORY

4. CONTENT

4.1 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS

4.1.1 Crystalline, glassy and amorphous structures.

4.1.2 Phase diagrams, single phase and multiphase and use of phase diagrams to predict
structure and properties.

4.1.3 Influence of grain size and phase distribution on properties.

4.1.4 The effect of dislocations and point defects on plastic flow in metals.

4.1.5 Macro and micro structures.

4.2 PROPERTIES

4.2.1 Mechanical properties: strength, elasticity, plasticity, hardness, toughness, ductility,

elementary treatment of fatigue and creep.

4.2.2 Electrical properties: conductivity and resistivity, intrinsic and extrinsic semi-
conductors, the p-n junction and field effect diode and transistor characteristics,
dielectrics and permittivity, ferroelectric material, magnetic properties, the hall effect,
superconductivity.

4.2.3 Thermal properties: conductivity, expansion, heat capacity, weathering and corrosion.

4.2.4 Optical properties: light waves, optical constants, refractive index, light absorption,
electro-optic effects and applications.
4.2.5 Integrated components in IC fabrication process
- How capacitors, transistors, resistors and diodes are manufactured
- steps involved in fabrication of the above

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4.3 METAL CLASSIFICATION

4.3.1 Explain the Influence of atomic structure and bonding on the structure and properties
of materials.

4.3.2 Metals, polymers, ceramics and composites.

4.3.3 Properties and typical applications of each group of materials in engineering, including
degradation characteristics.

4.4 TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

4.4.1 Distinguish between destructive and non-destructive tests of materials.

4.4.2 State the ways of testing whether a material is ferrous or non-ferrous.

4.4.3 Describe the methods of detecting the presence of copper, silver, aluminium in an
alloy.

4.4.4 Describe proper tests used to distinguish plastic materials.

4.4.5 Describe proper tests used to distinguish various types of rubber materials.

4.4.6 Describe insulation tests on materials.

4.4.7 Describe oil tests, i.e. crackle tests and dielectrics.

4.5 CABLING

4.5.1 Describe the construction and properties of various types of underground cables
- Solid
- gas filled
- oil-filled
- Polymetric

4.5.2 Describe the construction and properties of various types of overhead lines
- copper
- aluminium alloy
- ACSR
- Aerial bundled conductor

4.5.3 Describe the construction and properties of transmission lines

- optical fibres
- coaxial
- twin wires
- waveguides

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4.5.4 Specify the application of the lines in 4.5.1 to 4.5.3 above

4.6 APPLIED MECHANICS

4.6.1 Describe and explain the principle of:

- Rotational dynamics, torque and angular acceleration.
- Rotational kinetic energy.
- Work , energy and power
- Conservation of angular momentum.

4.6.2 Describe and explain the principle of:

- Fluid motion – Bernoulli principle.
- Filter pump,
- aerofoil lift.
- Carburettor,
- Venturi meter.
- Pitot static tube principle.
4.6.3 Perform calculations for 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 in relation to sizing of electrical equipment

4.7 GAS LAWS AND THERMODYNAMICS

4.7.1 State:

- Boyle‟s law, volume, pressure and temperature.

- Ideal gas law: pV = nRT.
- Connected gas containers.
- Dalton‟s law
- Unsaturated and saturated vapours.

4.7.2 Thermodynamics

State and explain:

- Zeroh‟s law
- Work done by gas.
- Internal energy of gas
- First law of thermodynamics
- Work from graphs, reversible isothermal and adiabatic changes.
- Carnist and Otto cycle.

4.8 LABORATORY

At the end of the course the student should be able to conduct experiments to demonstrate:

4.7.1 Temperature dependence on conductivity.

4.7.2 Insulation of materials.

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4.7.3 Behaviour of optoelectronic devices.

4.7.4 Magnetic properties of materials.

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT WRITTEN CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

EXAMINATION
Electrical & 3 Hour paper A minimum of:
Electronic
Engineering  2 Assignments 20%
Materials 100%
517/16/S11  2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC NO. TOPIC WEIGHTING

1 STRUCTURE 10
2 PROPERTIES 15
3 METAL CLASSIFICATION 10
4 TESTING OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 15
5 CABLING 25
6 APPLIED MECHANICS 15
7 GAS LAWS AND THERMODYNAMICS 10
TOTAL 100%

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7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Author Year Title Publisher

Rajput, R.K. (2009) A Course in Electrical Engineering Materials Laxmi Publications
Pvt Limited
Kasap, S.O. (2011) Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials McGraw Hill
and Devices
Beaty, H.W. (1990) Electrical engineering materials reference McGraw Hill
guide
Hummel, R. E. (2001) Electronic Properties of Materials Springer-Verlag
Vlack, L.H.V. (2011) Elements Of Material Science And Pearson
&Kindersley, Engineering
D.
Timoshenko, (2011) Elements of Strength Of Materials New Delhi: East
S.P. and Young, West Press
D.H.
Kapoor, P.I. (2010) Electrical and Electronics Engineering New Delhi: Khanna
Materials Publishers
Gupta, J.B. (2010) Electrical And Electronics Engineering New Delhi: S.k.
Materials Katariya& Sons
Khare, P.S. and (2008) The Fundamentals of Engineering Physics New Delhi :Laxmi
Swarup, A. Publications.

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SUBJECT: RESEARCH METHODS

CODE: 517/16/S12

DURATION: 170 HOURS

1.0 AIM

The aim of the subject is to prepare an accountant to undertake research activities and other
enquiries on problems in her/his situations or on problems and opportunities that arise in
her/his environment.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the course the student should be able to:

2.1 present an overview of the research process.

2.2 distinguish the various types of research.
2.3 research a problem/opportunity and present findings.
2.4 review literature that is relevant to the problem/opportunity.
2.5 formulate a research design proposal.
2.6 select, explain and justify a research methodology.
2.7 apply statistical techniques in research.
2.8 analyse and present research data.
2.9 orally present and defend/explain the methodology, findings and recommendations of
a research.
3.0 TOPICS

3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROCESS
3.3 DEFINITION OF PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY
3.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.5 DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECTS
3.6 METHODOLOGY
3.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
3.8 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
3.9 COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS

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4.0 CONTENT

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.1.1 Definition of research

4.1.2 Purposes of research
4.1.3 Scientific enquiries versus non scientific enquiries
4.1.4 Types of research
 Descriptive
 Experimental
 Quasi experimental (semi experimental)

4.2 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROCESS

4.2.1 Problem/Opportunity definition

4.2.2 Preliminary studies (include desk research)
4.2.3 Development of hypothesis
4.2.4 Statement of aims, objectives, limitations and delimitations
4.2.5 Review of literature
4.2.6 Designing a research proposal
4.2.7 Deciding on a methodology and justifying it
4.2.8 Analyse data from the research
4.2.9 Interpret data
4.2.10 Formulate recommendations based on findings and conclusions
4.2.11 Present the research results

4.3 DEFINITION OF PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY

4.3.1 Discussion of the activities involved in the identification/definition of the

problem
 Preliminary research
 Case studies
 Depth studies and problem studies
 Experience surveys and executive opinion
 Use of secondary data
 Background analysis

4.3.2 Justification of the research and definition of terms of reference

 Aims and objectives
 Definition/statement of hypothesis and assumptions (to be tested)

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4.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

4.4.1 Definition of literature review

4.4.2 Purpose of the literature review
4.4.3 Sources of literature
4.4.4 Writing up bibliographies

4.5 DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECTS

4.5.1 Defining and justifying research designs

- Exploratory design
- Descriptive design
- Experimental design
- Conclusive design
-Evaluative design

4.5.2 Come up with theory about:

- Construction
- Assembly
- Production

4.6 METHODOLOGY

4.6.1 Types of data distinguished

 Primary and secondary data
 Qualitative and quantitative data
 Overt and non-overt data

4.6.2 Sources of data identified and explained

 Primary data – from field research
 Secondary data – from publications
4.6.3 Methods of extraction (Collecting) data discussed
 Interviews (personal) – Structured /unstructured
 Interviews(Telephone)
 Interviews (Mail) use of postal questionnaires
 Observations
 Abstraction from publications/records (include content analysis)

4.6.4 Selection, explanation and justification of sampling designs

 Definition of population
 Definition of sample
 Justification of sampling

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 Discussion of sampling designs

[Link] Probability sampling
o Simple random sampling
o Systematic sampling
o Stratified sampling
o Multistage sampling
o Cluster sampling
[Link] Non probability sampling

 Quota sampling
 Judgemental sampling
 Convenient

4.6.5 Sample size determinations

 Judgemental (subjective) approach

 Mathematical approach (use of standard error)

4.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

4.7.1 Concept of a research instrument and its significance

4.7.2 Definition of questionnaires
 Types of questionnaires discussed and designed (i.e. disguised / non
disguised)
 Types of questions to be included

- Open ended questions

- Closed ended questions
- Scales
 Principles of a good questionnaire (brevity, clarity , specificity etc)

4.7.3 Interview schedules

 Definition of interview schedule

 Designing of interview schedule
4.7.4 Observation from schedule
 Definition of observation schedule
 Designing of observation schedule

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4.8 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.8.1 Data presentation

 Editing of data
 Coding of data
 Tabulation of data
 Discussion of computer aid

4.8.2 Data analysis

 Test of hypothesis
 Calculation of and explanations of statistics and parameters

- Measures of central tendency

- Measures of dispersion
- Correlation co – efficient
- Percentages and ratios
- Errors (to include absolute, relative standard)

4.8.3 Data presentation

 Use of the narrative
- Tabulations
- Charts
- Graphs
- Equations and symbols

 Justification of the methods of data presentation

4.8.4 Interpretation of data

 Developing conclusions from findings in research
 Developing and presenting recommendations from the findings and
conclusions

4.9 COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS

4.9.1 Significance of communication

4.9.2 Forms of communication

 Verbal communication discussed

 Written communication discussed
4.9.3 Principles and formats of verbal communication discussed
4.9.4 Principles and formats of written communication
 Formats for written report
a) Title
b) Acknowledgement
c) Executive summary
d) Table of contents
e) Chapter 1 (Introduction) Background Information
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o Problem definition
o Aims
o Objectives
o Hypotheses
o Assumptions
o Limitations

f) Chapter 2 (Literature review)

g) Chapter3(Methodology
h) Chapter 4(Findings, Analysis and Presentation)
i) Chapter 5 (Conclusions)
j) Chapter 6 (Recommendations)
k) Bibliography
l) Appendices

5.0 ASSESSMENT SCHEME

SUBJECT TITLE WRITTEN CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING
AND CODE EXAMINATION 60% 100%
40%
Research Methods 3 hour written A minimum of: 100%
517/16/S12 examination
 2 Assignments 20%
 2 Practical Assignments 20%
 2 Tests 20%

6. 0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

NO TOPIC WEIGHTING
%
1 RESEARCH PROCESSES 15

2 PROBLEM/OPPORTUNITY 15
3 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
4 DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECTS 15

5 METHODOLOGY 15

6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS 10
7 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 10
8 COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS 10
TOTAL 100

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7.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Goddard, W. and Melviller S (1996) Research Methodology : An Introduction for

Science and Engineering Students

Kerlinger, F. N. (1972) Foundations of Behavioural Research:

Educational and Psychological Inquiry:
Holt, Rinchart and Winston Great Britain

Merrian and Simpson (1984) A guide to Research for Educators Trainers

of Adults Rober Krieger Publishing
Company, New York

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA – PROJECT APPROVAL CRITERIA

Common to all disciplines in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

All critical criteria listed below should be applied when approving a proposed PROJECT:

- The project complexity should be acceptable in relation to the aims of the National Diploma
technician course.

- The project should be relevant to the major subject of the course.

- At least 25% of the duties /tasks of the most relevant „occupational competency profile‟
should be identified and listed as being directly related to the proposed project. Furthermore,
specific project requirements should be stated using the additional information as given in the
„occupational competency profile‟.

- The amount of the project work should be realistic in relation to the time allocation.

- Demonstration of full operation as outlined in the project specifications should be possible.

- The project should be of use within the local context and preferably marketable.

- The quoted project costs should be realistic and affordable.

- All required project materials should be available.

- After positive consultations an approved project proposal signed by at least two project
lecturers should be handed over to the project coordinator.

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA – PROJECT OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Common to all disciplines in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

First Assessment 100 Marks (effective 10%) 4th Week of the 2nd Term

Planning (20) The student should have planned the time needed for all main project
activities. (10)

He/she keeps from week to week a record of the work done and plans in detail
all activities for the coming week. (10)

Progress (30) The student should have worked on his/her project for at least two weeks after
the approval. (5)

He/she is able to defend all work done from week to week. (15)

He/she should indicate/show materials acquired. (10)

Comprehension (50) The student should have a correct block diagram and be able to explain the
principles of his/her project at „block diagram‟ level. (15)

He/she should be able to refer parts of the circuit diagram to the block diagram.
(15)

And to describe all electric/electronic function applied. (20)

Second Assessment 200 marks (effective 20%) 10th Week of 2nd Term

Planning (20) The student should keep his/her record of work done up to date. (10)

The time plan should be adapted according tothe project developments. (10)

Progress (60) The student should have the project construction half way completed (40)

He/she is able to defend all work done from week to week. (20)

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Comprehension The student should be able to explain the operation of the project at component
(120) level. (80)

The student should be able to calculate output parameters at test points. (40)

Final Assessment 700 Marks (effective 70%) x Achievement factor HEXCO Examination date

Write Up (100) The candidate should present a typed report with double spacing. The report
should include a facing page, introduction, operating principles, detailed
description of operation, construction/programme design/details, alignment and
test instructions, user instructions, cost economy, conclusion and bibliography.
(Refer to report details as given in the project guidelines). (100)

Demonstration The candidate should be able to demonstrate complete operation of the project
(200) and (120)

Be able to outline the trouble shooting procedures. (80)

Comprehension/ The candidate should be able to explain the operation of his/her project. (15)
Explanation (100)
To explain the principle operation of the project at component level.(45)

To explain the results obtained (25)

To explain the calibration procedures (15)

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT WEIGHTING

Common to all disciplines in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Testing (100) The candidate should be able use appropriate testing equipment to show
signals/voltages/currents at various test points as desired by the examiners:
(30)
To demonstrate the ability to follow proper testing procedures.
(20)

To interpret the test findings and (20)

To demonstrate the calibration procedures. (30)

Craftsmanship The candidate should provide evidence of competence in project construction

on the

General Outlook: casing – size, material used, positioning and mounting of

accessories (switches, LEDs etc.), labelling (50)

PCB: layout, size, quality of etching and soldering, mounting of components,

positioning of components. (45)

Wiring: use of correct wires/cabling, correct size and colour coding, tidiness
and correct positioning. (20)

Safety:earthing, proper insulation, correct type and number of fuses/MCBs, use

of correct size of bolts and nuts. (35)

In case the outcomes above are not (fully) applicable an alternative assessment
scheme should be used, for example for:

Programming Projects: the candidate should provide evidence of competence

in programming (see below). (150)

Battery operated project: instead of safety, accessibility batteries, mounting

battery holder, correct type of battery.(35)

Creativity (50) The candidate should be able to modify his/her project and
to justify any modification carried out (50)

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Achievement Factor The achievement factor reflects the completeness and the operational state of
the project.

Complete and fully operational 1

Complete and partially operational ¾

Complete but not operational ½

In Complete 0

Alternative Assessment Scheme for PROGRAMMING PROJECTS – Replaces

“Craftmanship”

Programming The candidate should be able to analyse and articulate end user system and
software requirements. Requirement Analysis (15)

To compose a software blueprint and show what to build and how to build it.
Design and Specification (45)

To code, test and debug each designed module (code walk-through is done to
ensure quality and reliability) Implementation (15)

To test each module built during coding and integrate the modules into a single
program structure, afterwhich the whole program is tested.
Test and Integration (60)

To fix any bugs or problems found by the users of the released version.
(Maintenance (10)

To follow the software development process as given above without any

omission. Software Development Process (5)

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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION,

INNOVATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

(HEXCO)

QUALIFICATION STANDARD

FOR AN

ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

2016

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SECTOR: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

QUALIFICATION FOR AN ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

QUALIFICATION CODE: TBA

LEVEL: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

DATE OF PROMULGATION: TBA

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Assessment A process of collecting evidence of a learner‟s work to measure and make

judgements about the achievement or non-achievement of the specified
National Qualifications Framework standards or qualifications.

Certification Awarding of approved documentary evidence of a qualification.

Common essential Universal skills which apply to more than one occupation.
skills

Competences Critical relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes a learner requires in order
required in to achieve specified outcomes before assessment.
readiness for
assessment

Credit The value assigned to a unit completed or a value assigned to a unit

standard which reflects the relative time and effort required to complete
the outcomes.

Date of Date when standard and qualification have been approved registered and
promulgation gazetted.

Element The smallest component of a unit with a meaningful outcome.

Level Position of achievement on the ZQF indicating depth, breadth and

complexity of competency.

Level descriptor A specific indicator of competence level on the ZQF.

Occupation A group of related economically beneficial work activities performed by a

person.

Performance A statement of competence or achievement against which the attainment

criteria of outcomes is measured.

Qualification Formal award of recognition of the achievement of the required

competency and/or capability level of the Zimbabwe Qualifications
Framework as may be determined by the relevant bodies registered for
such purpose by the Authority.

Range statement The context within which a competence is performed and assessed.

Review Date Date of revision of qualification as and when necessary but not later than
three years from date of issue.

Sector A section of the economy in which operators produce or provide similar

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products or services.

Standard Registered statement of desired education and training outcomes and their
assessment criteria.

Unit The smallest combination of work activities capable of being a full-time

economically beneficial occupation.

Unit Standard Registered statement(s) of desired education and training outcomes, their
associated assessment criteria together with administrative information as
specified.

ZQF National qualifications framework approved by the minister for

registration of national standards and qualifications.

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UNIT TITLES

NO. UNIT CREDIT

VALUE

1. SAFETY, HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY (SHEQ) 10

2. PLANT PLANNING AND MAINTENANCE 27

3. EQUIPMENT REPAIR 25

4. CIRCUIT DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTATION 30

5. PLANT AND EQUIPMENT DESIGNING AND INSTALLATION 30

6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT 25

7. ELECTRICAL PERSONNEL SUPERVISION AND TRAINING 12

8. TRANSMISSION POWER LINES DESIGNING AND 25

CONSTRUCTION

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UNIT 1

Unit Title: SAFETY, HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY

(SHEQ)
Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 100 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to advice, implement and enforce occupational safety, health and
environmental aspects in the workplace.

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 1.1 Ascertain hazards and link to related risk

Performance Criteria:

1.1.1 Hazards are identified.

1.1.2 Hazards register is compiled
1.1.3 Hazards are linked to related risk

Element 1.2 Conduct risk assessment

Performance Criteria:

1.2.1 Risk is identified.

1.2.2 Elements exposed to risks are identified
1.2.3 Impacts of identified risks are established
1.2.4 Frequency and severity of exposure to risk is determined
1.2.5 Significant levels are computed
1.2.6 Register of significant hazards is compiled

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Element 1.3 Comply with applicable legislation and codes of practice

Performance Criteria:

1.3.1 Relevant Legislation and code of practice are identified

1.3.2 Legislation and code of practice are interpreted
1.3.3 Relevant legislation is communicated to relevant departments
1.3.4 Legal register is prepared
1.3.5 Safety, health and environmental procedures for standard operation and systems are set.
1.3.6 Audit/ inspection is carried out to verify compliance
1.3.7 Audit/ inspection report is compiled
1.3.8 Corrective action is implemented

Element 1.4 Conduct fire survey

Performance Criteria:

1.4.1 Fire risk areas are identified

1.4.2 Sources of fire hazards are identified
1.4.3 Fire hazards are categorised and linked to related risks
1.4.4 Fire risk map is developed
1.4.5 Register of fire hazard is created
1.4.6 Routine inspection is carried out

Element 1.5 Manage hazards

Performance Criteria:

1.5.1 Objectives and targets are set

1.5.2 Action plan is drawn
1.5.3 Action plan is implemented
1.5.4 Action plan is reviewed and updated

Element 1.6 Design emergency preparedness programme

Performance Criteria:

1.6.1 Possible emergencies are identified

1.6.2 Emergency preparedness and response programme is established
1.6.3 Emergency warning systems are established
1.6.4 Emergency escape routes to assembly point are established and marked
1.6.5 Emergency response teams are established
1.6.6 Appropriate emergency equipment is selected
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1.6.7 Emergency equipment service schedule is prepared

1.6.8 Staff register is created.

Element 1.7 Carry out emergency mock drill

Performance Criteria:

1.7.1 Emergency mock drill schedule is prepared

1.7.2 Warning alarms are sounded
1.7.3 Building occupants are alerted and evacuate to assembly points
1.7.4 Support services are informed
1.7.5 Roll calls are conducted
1.7.6 Effectiveness of response is evaluated
1.7.7 Corrective action is taken
1.7.8 Emergency preparedness plan is reviewed and updated

Element 1.8 Identify environmental aspects and link to related activities

Performance Criteria:

1.8.1 Activities performed are identified and mapped

1.8.2 Emissions, waste, effluent and resources used are identified
1.8.3 List of environmental aspects is produced

Element 1.9 Evaluate environmental impacts

Performance Criteria:

1.9.1 Effect of environmental aspects on air, land and water, flora and fauna is determined
1.9.2 Evaluation of the extent of potential damage to the environmental is done.
1.9.3 Applicable legislation standards are established.
1.9.4 List of environmental impacts arising from the aspects is produced

Element 1.10 Develop control measures of significant environmental impacts

Performance Criteria:

1.10.1 Control objectives and targets are set.

1.10.2 Resources and responsibilities for implementation and control measures are determined
1.10.3 Control procedures and work instructions are developed
1.10.4 Control measures are implemented.

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Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment:

Knowledge of Hazards Management
Legislation and Codes of Practice
Safety, Health and Environmental Law and Conventions (Regional and International)
SHE Legislation in Zimbabwe
Knowledge of Risk Assessment
Emergency Preparedness Management
Knowledge of environmental impact Assessment

Common Essential Skills:

Planning Safety and health practices
Computer literacy Team work
Communication Numeracy
Supervisory Organising
Research

Range Statement:

Tools
Relevant standards (statutes)
Computer and printers
Manuals

Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment
 Safety shoes
 Helmets
 Safety belts
 Gas masks
 Earplugs
 Safety gloves
Motor vehicles
Generators

Materials
Stationery

ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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UNIT 2

Unit Title: PLANT PLANNING AND MAINTENANCE

Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 270 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to effectively carry out plant maintenance.

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 2.1 Familiarise with the plant / process

Performance Criteria:

2.1.1 Process flow chart is interpreted

2.1.2 Plant /equipment is physically identified
2.1.3 Key communication structures are established

Element 2.2 Identify critical areas for maintenance

Performance Criteria:

2.2.1 Maintenance history is established

2.2.2 Key sections are identified
2.2.3 Consequences of lost time are established

Element 2.3 Design maintenance plan

Performance Criteria:
2.3.1 Maintenance schedules are prepared.
2.3.2 Human and material requirements are identified
2.3.3 Clear communication system is established
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Element 2.4 Carry out maintenance

Performance Criteria:

2.4.1 Work permit is obtained

2.4.2 Maintenance checks are carried out as per check list
2.4.3 Work is executed in compliance with SHEQ standards

Element 2.5 Test and re-commission plant

Performance Criteria:

2.5.1 Maintenance inspections are carried out.

2.5.2 Plant is switched on and tested.
2.5.3 Hand-over procedure is carried out in accordance with standard operational procedures.
2.5.4 Recommendations for maintenance improvement are made.

Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment:

Trouble shooting
Repairing techniques
Knowledge of equipment maintenance

Common Essential Skills:

Planning
Computer literacy
Communication
Supervisory
Research
Safety and health practices
Team work
Numeracy
Organising

Tools
General Electrician‟s toolbox
 Screw drivers
 Spanners
 Pliers
 Cable knives
 Keys
 Hack saws
 Drills
 Rubber hammers
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Equipment

Drilling machines
Bearing puller
Megger meter
Motor vehicles
Generators
Ladder
Safety belts

Materials

Stationery
Mutton cloth
Grease
Insulation tape
Protective clothing

ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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UNIT 3

Unit Title: EQUIPMENT REPAIR

Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 250 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to trouble shoot and repair electrical appliances and equipment.

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 3.1 Implement Electrical safety regulations

Performance Criteria:

3.1.1 Appropriate work permit is obtained

3.1.2 Risk assessment is conducted
3.1.3 Barricading and posting of danger/ caution notices is done
3.1.4 Tools are applied appropriately to different situations
3.1.5 Safe/ correct use of tools /equipment is demonstrated

Element 3.2 Troubleshoot equipment malfunctions

Performance Criteria:

3.2.1 Liaison with operator is done.

3.2.2 Information gathered from the operator is analysed and interpreted to ascertain the cause of
the problem.
3.2.3 Diagnosis results are produced.

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Element 3.3 Order equipment spare parts

Performance Criteria:

3.3.1 Material specifications are determined

3.3.2 Requisitions are raised or produced
3.3.3 Materials received are checked for quality against order records

Element 3.4 Rectify equipment faults

Performance Criteria:
3.4.1 Faulty components are removed.
3.4.2 Faulty components or parts are replaced
3.4.3 Equipment is re-assembled

Element 3.5 Test repaired equipment

Performance Criteria:
3.5.1 Pre-commissioning is done.
3.5.2 Equipment is energised
3.5.3 Equipment test-run is carried out
3.5.4 Recommendations are made and where necessary technical advice is given
3.5.5 Closure of permits and job cards is conducted

Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment:

Knowledge of common electrical faults

Electrical fault diagnosing techniques
Knowledge of assembling and dismantling components
Circuit interpretation and designing techniques

Common Essential Skills:

Planning
Computer literacy
Communication
Supervisory
Research
Safety and health practices
Team work
Numeracy
Analytical skills

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Tools
Crimping tool
General Electrician‟s toolbox
 Screw drivers
 Spanners
 Pliers
 Cable knives
 Keys
 Hack saws
 Drills
 Rubber hammers

Equipment

Blower
Chain block
Drilling machines
Bearing puller
Megger meter
Motor vehicles
Generators
Ladder
Safety belts

Materials

Stationery
Mutton cloth
Grease
Insulation tape
Protective clothing

ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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UNIT 4

Unit Title: CIRCUIT DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 300 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to design and/or implement circuits as required

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 4.1 Determine job requirements and environmental implications

Performance Criteria:

4.1.1 Nature of circuit and materials to be used are identified.

4.1.2 Impact of implementing circuit is liased with responsible Authorities.
4.1.2 Compatibility of the job and environment is established.

Element 4.2 Design and draw a functional circuit

Performance Criteria:

4.2.1 Circuit specifications are obtained/ determined

4.2.2 Circuit diagram is drawn
4.2.3 Functionality of circuit is verified

Element 4.3 Order circuit construction materials

Performance Criteria:
4.3.1 All materials and specifications are compiled
4.3.2 Requisitions are raised or produced
4.3.3 Materials received are verified against records
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Element 4.4 Construct circuit

Performance Criteria:

4.4.1 Circuit components are laid out

4.4.2 Circuit is wired
4.4.3 Circuit is energised.
4.4.4 Circuit functionality is verified.

Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment

Trouble shooting
Repairing techniques
Soldering
Etching
Drawing (designing skills)
Computer Literacy (AutoCAD)
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology

Common Essential Skills:

Planning
Computer literacy
Communication
Supervisory
Research
Safety and health practices
Team work
Numeracy
Analytical skills

Tools
Crimping tool
General Electrician‟s toolbox
 Screw drivers
 Spanners
 Pliers
 Cable knives
 Keys
 Hack saws
 Drills
Rubber hammer

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Equipment

Blower
Chain block
Drilling machines
Bearing puller
Megger meter
Motor vehicles
Generators
Ladder
Safety belts

Materials

Stationery
Mutton cloth
Grease
Insulation tape
Protective clothing

ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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UNIT 5

Unit Title: DESIGNING AND INSTALLATION OF PLANT AND

EQUIPMENT
Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 300 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to design and install plant and equipment

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 5.1 Assess installation area/site

Performance Criteria:

5.1.1 Suitability of area is established

5.1.2 Environmental impacts and aspects are complied with
5.1.3 Liaison with local Authorities is done

Element 5.2 Produce plant design/ layout

Performance Criteria:
5.2.1 Plant manuals are analysed.
5.2.2 Lay out is established.
5.2.3 Design suitability and functionality is verified.

Element 5.3 List and order required components and materials

Performance Criteria:
5.3.1 Material and component requirements are determined
5.3.2 Final list of materials and equipment is produced
5.3.3 Requisitions for materials and /or components are raised
5.3.4 Materials and/ components are collected and specifications verified
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Element 5.4 Construct circuits

Performance Criteria:

5.4.1 Circuit components are laid out

5.4.2 Circuit is wired
5.4.3 Circuit functionality is established.

Element 5.5 Mount equipment in specified positions

Performance Criteria:

5.5.1 Equipment components are installed in stipulated positions

5.5.2 Layout sequence is verified
5.5.3 Necessary terminations are carried out

Element 5.6 Test and commission plant and equipment

Performance Criteria:

5.6.1 Plant is energised following standard procedure

5.6.2 Individual circuits are switched on
5.6.3 Functionality tests and inspections are carried out
5.6.4 Plant is handed over

Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment:

Trouble shooting
Repairing techniques
Soldering
Etching

Common Essential Skills:

Planning
Computer literacy
Communication
Supervisory
Research
Safety and health practices
Team work
Numeracy
Analytical skills

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Tools and Equipment
Crimping tool
General Electrician‟s toolbox
 Screw drivers
 Spanners
 Pliers
 Cable knives
 Keys
 Hack saws
 Drills
Rubber hammer
Blower
Chain block
Drilling machines
Bearing puller
Megger meter
Motor vehicles
Generators
Ladder
Safety belts

Materials
Stationery
Mutton cloth
Grease
Insulation tape
Protective clothing

Materials
Stationery
Mutton cloth
Grease
Insulation tape
Electrical consumables
Personal Protective Equipment
solder

ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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UNIT 6

Unit Title: PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 250 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to manage projects successfully

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 6.1 Interpret scope of project

Performance Criteria:

6.1.1 Project scope is determined

6.1.2 Project documents are interpreted
6.1.3 Project requirements are ascertained and listed.

Element 6.2 Prepare Gant chart

Performance Criteria:

6.2.1 Tasks are identified.

6.2.2 Resources are allocated.
6.2.3 Timelines are apportioned.
6.2.4 Operational targets are set

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Element 6.3 Implement project

Performance Criteria:

6.3.1 Resources are allocated in accordance with project requirements

6.3.2 Execution of tasks is monitored against set targets
6.3.3 Progress reports are produced.
6.3.4 Project implementation is documented

Element 6.4 Conduct project analysis and handover

Performance Criteria:

6.4.1 Achievement of project objectives is assessed and setbacks are noted.

6.4.2 Project is commissioned in line with set criteria
6.4.3 Project is handed over following laid down procedure

Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment:

Project management skills

Knowledge of Project management software

Common Essential Skills:

Planning
Computer literacy
Communication
Supervisory
Research
Safety and health practices
Team work
Numeracy
Analytical skills

Tools and Equipment

Diary
Cell phone
Computer
E-tablet
Motor vehicle
Generator

Materials

Stationery

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ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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UNIT 7

Unit Title: ELECTRICAL PERSONAL SUPERVISION AND TRAINING

Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 100 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to supervise and train subordinates.

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 7.1 Train and lead subordinates

Performance Criteria:

7.1.1 New employees are inducted

7.1.2 Training programme is prepared based on training needs
7.1.3 On-the-job training is conducted professionally.
7.1.4 Progress assessment is made

Element 7.2 Assign tasks and monitor subordinates

Performance Criteria:

7.2.1 Tasks are established based on the overall work at hand

7.2.2 Duties/ tasks are delegated
7.2.3 Subordinate‟s performance is observed and appraisal is done.

Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment:

Leading
Organising
Controlling
Mentorship skills
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Motivational skills
Common Essential Skills:
Planning
Computer literacy
Communication
Supervisory
Research
Safety and health practices
Team work
Numeracy
Analytical skills

Tools
Register
Laptop computer
Code of Conduct
Job cards
Inspection forms
Factories Act
Time sheets
Appraisal forms
Assessment forms
Circuit diagrams
Operational manuals

Equipment
Projectors
Motor vehicles

Materials

Stationery

ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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UNIT 8

Unit Title: TRANSMISSION POWER LINES DESIGNING AND

CONSTRUCTION
Unit Code TBA

Level of Unit: NATIONAL DIPLOMA

Duration: 250 hours

Occupation: ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Date of Promulgation: TBA

Review Date: TBA

Aim of the unit standard

This unit will enable an individual to design and construct power lines.

ELEMENT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Element 8.1 Carry out ground survey

Performance Criteria:

8.1.1 Scope of work is determined from ground survey work documents

8.1.2 Soil samples are collected for testing
8.1.3 Topographic considerations are made
8.1.4 Power line route is determined
8.1.5 Liaison with responsible Authorities is done.

Element 8.2 Determine power line loads and design layout

Performance Criteria:

8.2.1 Total possible power line load is calculated in accordance with set criteria
8.2.2 Switch gear and cable size are selected in accordance with set standards
8.2.3 Layout proposal is produced

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Element 8.3 Determine labour and material requirements

Performance Criteria:

8.3.1 Labour costs are calculated in line with the requirements of the work and project timelines
8.3.2 Quantities of line poles and accessories are calculated in line with power line specifications
8.3.3 Bill of quantities is produced.
8.3.4 Bill of quantities is sent for approval.

Element 8.4 Clear power line route

Performance Criteria:

8.4.1 Power line route demarcations are determined

8.4.2 Human and equipment resources are placed on site
8.4.3 Obstacles along power line route are attended to in prescribed manner

Element 8.5 Erect poles and draw lines/conductors

Performance Criteria:

8.5.1 Pole positions are set out and marked in accordance with laid down standards
8.5.2 Pole holes are dug to standard dimensions
8.5.3 Poles are dressed in the prescribed manner
8.5.4 Poles are positioned in dug holes and plumbed
8.5.5 Pole stays are tensioned to the required standard
8.5.6 Power line conductors are drawn and tied in the prescribed manner

Competencies Required in Readiness for Assessment:

Knowledge of topography
Knowledge of weather pattern
Surveying skills
Conductor and cable selection.
Power lines designing

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Common Essential Skills:

Planning
Computer literacy
Communication
Supervisory
Research
Safety and health practices
Team work
Numeracy
Analytical skills

Tools
Axes
Machetes
Shovels
Spades
Auger bits
Picks
Staff/Rod

Equipment

Drilling machine
Chainsaw
Ladder
“Come-Along”
Safety belts
Crane
Motor vehicle/ transport
Theodolite

Materials

Ropes
Protective clothing.

ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION

In order to gain credits for this unit standard, a candidate must be assessed and demonstrate
competency in all the elements and performance criteria of this unit standard.

Assessment will be conducted by accredited assessors. The results of the assessment will be
submitted to ZIMEQA. A candidate can apply to ZIMEQA for documentary evidence of their
achievements.

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 MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION, INNOVATION, CODE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

SKILLS PROFICIENCY SCHEDULE
INDUSTRY : LECTRICAL TRADE/OCCUPATION: ELECTRICAL POWER CLASS/ LEVEL : NATIONAL
& ELECTRONICS EGINEERING TECHNICIAN DIPLOMA
DUTY: A DESIGN PLC PROGRAMME 10
Pre-requisites: Approval Date: Review Date:
TASK STEPS PROFICIENCY INDICATORS RELATED KNOWLEDGE WORKPLACE
ESSENTIAL
SKILLS
A1 Analyze  Gather information from the  Relevant information is  Knowledge of PLCS.
circuit client. documented  Knowledge of logic
operations  Sketch a circuit diagram  Circuit diagram sketched gates.
 Verify sketch with client according to information  Technical drawing.
 Draw final circuit diagram gathered  Knowledge of circuit
 Verified sketch is produced symbols.
 A circuit diagram is drawn to
scale

A2 Identify  Interpret circuit  Circuit diagram  Technical drawing. o communication

inputs and  Reproduced circuit diagram  Reproduced circuit diagram  Knowledge of circuit o Planning
output to a ladder logic circuit  A list of input and output symbols o Computer
configuration  List inputs and outputs  Knowledge of PLCs o Drawing
o Numeracy

A3 Compile  Switch on computer  Computer is switched on  Knowledge of PLCS. o Numeracy

input and  Select the appropriate  Appropriate software is displayed  Knowledge of logic gates. o communication
output software  A file is created  Technical drawing. o Planning
configuration  Feed and save the input data  Circuit functioning on the  Knowledge of circuit o Computer
into computer computer is displayed symbols o Drawing
 Compare input with output
(Simulate programme)
 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

A4  Connect data cable from  Connected data cables  Knowledge of PLCS. o Numeracy
Programming computer to programmable  Programme Logic Unit outputs  Knowledge of logic gates. o communication
logic unit (PLC)  Programme running  Technical drawing. o Planning
 Upload data from computer  Knowledge of circuit o Computer
to PLC symbols o Drawing
 Test-run the programme

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THIS DUTY:

Stationery computer and accessories Relevant of software programmable logic unit (PLC) Light table

SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO THIS DUTY:

Workshop safety and health Environmental regulations Housekeeping First Aid kit

Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) Electrical wiring regulation

SPECIFIC WORKER TRAITS REQUIRED IN COMPLETING THIS DUTY:

Team work Sober minded Communication Honest Punctual Confidence
Competence

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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION, INNOVATION, CODE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

SKILLS PROFICIENCY SCHEDULE
INDUSTRY : LECTRICAL TRADE/OCCUPATION: ELECTRICAL POWER CLASS/ LEVEL : NATIONAL
& ELECTRONICS EGINEERING TECHNICIAN DIPLOMA
DUTY: B INSTALL OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 20
Pre-requisites: Approval Date: Review Date:
TASK STEPS PROFICIENCY INDICATORS RELATED WORKPLACE
KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL SKILLS
 Obtain site plan  Site plan is obtained  Map or plan reading o Communication
B1 Assess  Take area measurements  Measurements are documented  Basic survey skills o Numeracy
installation  Note down distance from  Routes and distances to utilities  Report writing o Report writing.
area/site nearest power supply point o Computer literacy
recorded
and other utilities o planning
 Check for existing  Record of existing installation
installations which may be if any
underground  Assessment report complied
 Compile assessment report

B2 Produce  Sketch diagram and write notes  Sketched diagrams and notes  Map or plan reading o Communication
plant layout from plant manuals  Marked positions for  Basic survey skills o Numeracy
 Mark positions for equipment equipment  Report writing o Report writing.
components on the ground  Verified site o Computer literacy
 Verify suitability of site
o planning
B3 Order  Compile Bill of Quantities  Bill of Quantities  Map or plan o Communication
required  Raise requisition of materials  Approved materials requisition reading o Numeracy
components for approval  Materials collected o Report writing
 Basic survey skills
and materials  Verify materials o Electrical materials
 Report writing
specifications and collect technology and

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technical
specifications
o Computer literacy
o planning
B4 Mount  install equipment components  equipment components  Map or plan o Communication
equipment in in stipulated positions installed in stipulated positions reading o Numeracy
specified  compare sequence of  layout sequence is verified o Report writing.
 Basic survey skills
positions components with the diagram  terminations are done o Computer literacy
 Report writing
on the manual o Planning
 terminate cables o Cable termination
o Soldering
o Welding
o Cable jointing
B5 Test and  Carry out visual inspections  Visual inspection carried out  Map or plan reading o Measuring skills
commission for accuracy and noted  Basic survey skills o Inspection skills
plant and  Carry out functionality and  Singed document for  Report writing Numeracy
equipment compliance tests functionality and compliance o Report writing
 Energize plant and equipment tests o Electrical materials
following standard procedure  Power on plant and equipment technology and
 Switch on individual circuits  Power to individual circuits technical
 Hand over plant to the client switched on specifications
 Plant hand –over document o Computer literacy
o planning

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THIS DUTY:

General electricians tool box measuring instruments insulation resistance tester multimeter

Earth loop impedance tester

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO THIS DUTY:

Housekeeping Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) First Aid kit

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Workshop safety and health Environmental regulations

SPECIFIC WORKER TRAITS REQUIRED IN COMPLETING THIS DUTY:

Team work Sober minded Honest Punctual Target orientated

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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION, INNOVATION, CODE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

SKILLS PROFICIENCY SCHEDULE
INDUSTRY : LECTRICAL TRADE/OCCUPATION: ELECTRICAL POWER CLASS/ LEVEL : NATIONAL
& ELECTRONICS EGINEERING TECHNICIAN DIPLOMA
DUTY: C MAINTAIN OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 20
Pre-requisites: Approval Date: Review Date:
TASK STEPS PROFICIENCY INDICATORS RELATED WORKPLACE
KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL SKILLS
 relate process flow chart to  equipment identified  Map or plan reading o Numeracy
C1 Familiarize the plant  equipment and maintenance  Basic survey skills o communication
with  refer to maintenance history history  Report writing o Planning
the plant and  list areas that need that need  list of areas needing attention o Computer
equipment immediate attention compiled o Drawing

C2 Design  Prepare maintenance  Maintenance schedule  Map or plan reading o Numeracy

maintenance schedules prepared  Basic survey skills o communication
plan  Identify human and material  Identified human and material  Report writing o Planning
requirements requirements o Computer literacy
 Establish clear  Established clear o Safety and health
communication system communication systems practice

C3 Carry out  Obtain work permit  Work permit obtained  Knowledge of plant o Numeracy
planned  Carry out maintenance  Maintenance checks carried and equipment o communication
maintenance checks as per checklist  Maintained plant and maintenance o Planning
 Execute work in compliance equipment  Repairing techniques o Computer literacy
with SHEQ standards  Troubleshooting (fault o Safety and health
finding) practice

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C4 Test and re-  Carry out maintenance  Maintenance inspections  Knowledge of plant o Numeracy
commission inspections carried out and equipment o communication
plant  Switch on plant and test run  Plant is tested run maintenance o Planning
 Hand over plant  Plant hand over procedure is  Repairing techniques o Computer literacy
carried out  Troubleshooting (fault o Safety and health
finding) practice

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THIS DUTY:

Screw drivers mutton cloth stationery spanners pliers cable knives
keys hack saws drills rubber hammer measuring instruments
masking tape insulation tape grease Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) oil

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO THIS DUTY:

Housekeeping Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) First Aid kit

Workshop safety and health Environmental regulations waste disposal

SPECIFIC WORKER TRAITS REQUIRED IN COMPLETING THIS DUTY:

Team work Sober minded Communication Punctual Target orientated

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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION, INNOVATION, CODE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

SKILLS PROFICIENCY SCHEDULE
INDUSTRY : LECTRICAL TRADE/OCCUPATION: ELECTRICAL POWER CLASS/ LEVEL : NATIONAL
& ELECTRONICS EGINEERING TECHNICIAN DIPLOMA
DUTY D: MANAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION PROJECTS 20
Pre-requisites: Approval Date: Review Date:
TASK STEPS PROFICIENCY RELATED WORKPLACE
INDICATORS KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL SKILLS
D1 Interpret  Obtain the project document  Project document  Project management o Supervising skills
scope of from the supervisor  Project document interpreted  Knowledge of project o Communication skills
project  Interpret project documents  Project requirements listed management software o Safety and health
 List and ascertain project o Analytical skills
requirements o Report writing.

D2 Plan Gantt  Identify tasks to done from  List of tasks  Project management o Supervising skills
chart the project  Allocated resources to tasks  Knowledge of project o Communication skills
 Allocate resource to the tasks  Time lines management software o Safety and health
 Apportion time lines  Operational targets o Analytical skills
 Set operational targets o Report writing.

D4 Implement  Allocate resources according  Resources allocated  Budgeting o Interpretation of results

project to project requirements  Gantt chart updated  Supervisory o Analytical skills
 Monitor execution of tasks  Progress reports produced knowledge o Numeracy
against set targets  Project management o Communication
 Produce progress report  Team building o Computer literacy
o Organizing
o Driving

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D4 Train  Induct new employees  Induction training register  Training skills o Computer skills
electrical  Conduct training needs  Analysis report  Motivation o Planning
personnel  Prepare training programme  Training programme  Leading o Communication
 Conduct on the job training  Completed log book  Organizing o Supervisory skills
 Assess progress  Progress report  controlling o Teamwork
o Analytical skills
o Research

D5  Carry out visual inspections  Visual inspection carried out  Map or plan reading o Measuring skills
Commission for accuracy and noted  Basic survey skills o Inspection skills
project  Carry out functionality and  Singed document for  Report writing Numeracy
compliance tests functionality and compliance o Report writing
 Energize plant and equipment tests o Electrical materials
following standard procedure  Power on plant and technology and
 Switch on individual circuits equipment technical specifications
 Hand over plant to the client  Power to individual circuits o Computer literacy
switched on o planning
 Plant hand –over document

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THIS DUTY:

General electricians tool box measuring instruments insulation resistance tester multimeter
Earth loop impedance tester

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO THIS DUTY:

Housekeeping Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) First Aid kit

Workshop safety and health Environmental regulations

SPECIFIC WORKER TRAITS REQUIRED IN COMPLETING THIS DUTY:

Team work Sober minded Honest Punctual Target orientated

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 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION, INNOVATION, CODE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

SKILLS PROFICIENCY SCHEDULE
INDUSTRY : LECTRICAL TRADE/OCCUPATION: ELECTRICAL POWER CLASS/ LEVEL : NATIONAL
& ELECTRONICS EGINEERING TECHNICIAN DIPLOMA
DUTY E: SWITCH ON HIGH VOLTAGE 10
Pre-requisites: Approval Date: Review Date:
TASK STEPS PROFICIENCY INDICATORS RELATED WORKPLACE
KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL
SKILLS
 Carry out physical check of the  Plant checked  Technical knowledge o Communication
E1 plant  Loading checked and  Engineering o Numeracy
Familiarize  Check loading and identify the documented mathematics o driving
with plant and sub- station to be switched off  Diagram sketched  communication
equipment  Draft a sketch diagram of the
sub -station to be switched of

E2 Switch off  Seek consent from the controller  Consent granted from the  Switching procedures o Communication
plant and  Get switching instructions from controller  Technical drawing o Numeracy
equipment the controller and note them  Switching instructions  Knowledge of high o driving
down documented voltage circuit breakers
 Verify switching instructions  Instructions verified with the  Safety regulations
with the controller controller
 Switch off the load circuit  Circuit breakers indicating off on
breaker and the transformer the display
circuit breaker if working on the
transformer

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 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

E3 Isolate  Get isolation instruction from  Instruction noted  Switching o Communication

power to plant controller and note down  Instruction verified  Technical drawing o Numeracy
and  Verify the instructions with the  Isolator opened  Knowledge of high o driving
equipment controller  Padlock and tag voltage circuit breakers
 Open the isolator  Barricade tape or screen  Safety
 Lock out and tag
 Barricade adjacent live parts
E4 Earth  Get instructions from the  Instructions from the controller  Switching o Communication
isolated plant controller and note down noted down  Technical drawing o Numeracy
 Verify the instructions with the  Instructions verified  Knowledge of high o driving
controller  Earth terminal applied to the voltage circuit breakers
 Apply common earth terminal to ground  Safety
ground  Earth terminal applied to the
 Apply the other earth terminal to ground
phases  Barricade tape or screen and
 Barricade and post notices notices
E5 Issue  Show the competent person safe  Safe operating points barricaded  Knowledge of signs and o Communication
relevant operating points off barricades o Numeracy
document to  Complete work permit  Work permit o driving
the authorized  Sign the permit  Signed work permit
person  Issue a copy to competent  Work permit for the competent
personnel personnel

E6 Remove  Get instructions from the grid  Instructions documented and  Switching o Communication
earth controller and verify verified  Technical drawing o Numeracy
terminals  Remove earth leads from phases  Earth leads removed from phases  Knowledge of high o driving
 Remove the common earth  Earth terminal removed from voltage circuit breakers
terminal from the ground ground  Safety

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 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

E7 Restore  Get instructions from the  Instructions from controller  Switching o Communication
power controller and verify documented and verified  Technical drawing o Numeracy
 Remove lock(s) , tag and close  Lock(s) and tag removed and  Knowledge of high o driving
the isolator isolator closed voltage circuit breakers
 Switch on the transformer  The transform circuit breaker  Safety
breaker switched on
 Switch on the load breaker  The load circuit breaker
 Remove barricades and notices switched on
 Cancel the relevant document by  Barricades and notices removed
signing off  The relevant document is signed
off

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THIS DUTY

Stationery phone and 2 way radio link stick earth terminals high voltage gloves barricade
tape danger and caution notices

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO THIS DUTY:

Housekeeping Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) First Aid kit

Workshop safety and health Environmental rules and regulations

SPECIFIC WORKER TRAITS REQUIRED IN COMPLETING THIS DUTY:

Team work Sober minded Communication Punctual Target orientated reliable

149
 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION, INNOVATION, CODE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

SKILLS PROFICIENCY SCHEDULE
INDUSTRY : LECTRICAL TRADE/OCCUPATION: ELECTRICAL POWER CLASS/ LEVEL : NATIONAL
& ELECTRONICS EGINEERING TECHNICIAN DIPLOMA
DUTY F: CONSTRUCT ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION POWER LINES 20
Pre-requisites: Approval Date: Review Date:
TASK STEPS PROFICIENCY INDICATORS RELATED WORKPLACE
KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL
SKILLS
 Check the terrain and document  Terrain checked and  Knowledge of soils o Communication
F1 Carry out  Check the type of soil and documented  Knowledge of materials o Driving
ground survey document  Soil test results  Knowledge of land o Numeracy
 Select the type of supporting  Supporting medium poles survey o Estimation
medium poles  Right of way measured and o planning
 Measure the specified right of documented
way

F2 Clear  Acquire adequate manpower  Manpower available  Knowledge of soils o Communication

power line  Acquire enough tools  Tools  Knowledge of materials o Driving
route  Clear right of way  Cleared route  Knowledge of land o Planning
survey o Housekeeping
 Rigging skills
F3 Erect poles  Prepare tools and manpower  Tools and manpower o Driving
and draw  Prepare holes and specified  Holes  Knowledge of linesman o Communication
lines spacing  Concrete o Numeracy
 Prepare concrete  Mounted poles o Planning
 Mount the poles in holes  Conductor drums o Estimates

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 NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING: 517/16/TN/0
 Position conductor drums on  Overhead line
stands  Inspection document
 Install conductors on poles
 Check for accuracy on line

F4 Install  Mount protective relays and  Protective relays and circuit  Engineering mathematics o Driving
protective circuit breakers breakers  Welding o Communication
equipment of  Calibrate tripping parameters on  Calibration certificate  Soldering o Numeracy
the line relays and circuit breakers  Inspection certificate  Fitting o Planning
 Inspect for accuracy  Protection
F5 Test for  Test for tripping current  Testing Certificate  Engineering o Driving
compliance  Test for tripping time mathematics o Communication
 Test for impedance  protection o Numeracy
 Of line by meggering o Planning

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THIS DUTY:

General Electrician Toolbox insulation resistance tester jack hammer and compressor shovels
picks car wheel barrow excavator

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO THIS DUTY:

Housekeeping Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) First Aid kit

Workshop safety and health Environmental regulations

SPECIFIC WORKER TRAITS REQUIRED IN COMPLETING THIS DUTY:

Team work Sober minded Communication Punctual Target orientated

151