Javascript Interview Questions

and Answers

Pratik Bandal
 About Book
Javascript Interview Questions and Answers is extremely
usefulfor beginners and professionals who are
preparing for interview of Javascript or web
technologies. This book covers interview questions
of Javascript which is required form UI and full
stack development. It is also recommended to
go through other web technologies like HTML,
CSS as it is difficult to cover so many
technologies in this small book.
The book will prepare you for interview as well as
refining your knowledge of Javascript and will make
you ready for working in industry.
For any positive or negative feedback regarding this
book, kindlyreach me at [email protected]
 About Author
I am Pratik Bandal currently working in a big
multinational company and have over 6 years of
experience in software industry. I have done B.E.
(E&TC) and Post graduate diploma in Advanced
Computing. I have experience in different domains
like healthcare, payment and banking sectors.
But on top of all, I am developer like you all
guys doing an 8 hour job. Writing is something I
do extra and I love doing it. No one is
perfect and holds true for me as well. Without
all you guys I am not an author.
Writing an interview question book is a really great
deal of responsibility. But huge natural variations in
interview are something difficult to cover in thissmall
book.
 Contents
1. Fundamentals
1. What is Javascript?
2. What are features of Javascript?
3. What are advantages of Javascript?
4. What are disadvantages of Javascript?
5. What is difference between Javascript and ECMAScript?
6. Who developed Javascript?
7. How to insert Javascript in Web page?
8. What are advantages of using external javascript?
9. Is Javascript case sensitive language?
10. Is Semicolon compulsory in Javascript at end of the
statement?
11. What are different data types in Javascript?
12. How to add comment?
13. What is Javascript engine?
14. What are different Javascript frameworks that you know?
2. Variables, Operators and Statements 15. Explain variable
in Javascript.
16. What is var?
17. What is let?
18. What is const?
19. What is difference between let and var?
20. What is difference between let and const?
21. What is automatic type conversion?
22. What are operators in Javascript?
23. Explain types of operators.
24. What are control flow statements?
25. What is break statement?
26. What is continue statement?
 27. What is the difference between comparing variables using
"==" and "===" operator?
28. What is typeof operator?
29. What is variable hoisting?
30. What is difference between undefined and null?
31. What is output of null == undefined?
32. What are escape characters?
33. How to create array in javascript?
34. How to create three dimensionalarray?
35. What are the variable naming conventionsin JavaScript?
36. Why you should not prefer to use globalvariables?
3. Functions
16. What are functions?
17. What are types of functions in Javascript?
18. What are frequently used built-in globalfunctions?
19. What is isNaN?
20. What is parseInt?
21. What is alert?
22. What is confirm?
23. What is charAt?
24. What is indexOf?
25. What are function scopes?
26. What is strict mode?
27. What is function closure?
28. What is callback function?
29. What is setTimeout function?
30. What is setInterval function?
31. What is difference between setInterval and setTimeout
functions?
32. What is encodeURI() method?
33. What is decodeURI() method?
4. Events
 16. What are Events?
17. What are different events in Javascript?
18. What are event handlers?
19. What is addEventListener() method?
20. How to remove event listener from any element?
21. What are different key codes?
22. What is event bubbling?
23. Is it possible to stop event bubbling?
24. What is event capturing?
25. What is event delegation?
5. Objects
16. What is Object?
17. What are ways to create objects?
18. Which are built-in or native objects?
19. What is ‘this’ keyword?
20. Explain about String object.
21. Explain about Number object.
22. Explain about Boolean object.
23. Explain about Array object.
24. Explain about Date object.
25. Explain about Math object.
26. Explain about RegExp object.
27. What is namespace?
28. How to create namespace?
29. What is prototype in javascript?
30. What is prototypal inheritance?
31. What is difference between call() and apply()?
32. What is Promise?
6. BrowserObject Model 82. What is Browser Object
Model?
83. What is Window Object?
 84. Explain alert method of window object.
85. Explain confirm method of window object.
86. Explain prompt method of window object.
87. How to redirect other webpage?
88. What is Navigator Object?
89. How to identify operating system of client device?
90. What is History Object?
91. How to load previous page in browser
programmatically?
92. How to load next page in browser programmatically?
93. What is go method of history object?
94. What is Screen Object?
95. What is Location Object?
96. How to print a web page?
7. Document Object Model 97. What is Document Object?
98. Whatis DOM?
99. Whatare DOM nodes?
100. How to get element with id in DOM?
101. How to get element using class in DOM?
102. How to get content of any element?
103. What are DOM levels?
104. Whatare deferred scripts?
105. Whatare asynchronous scripts?
106. Whatis difference between attribute and property?
107. Whatis the difference between innerHTML & innerText?
108. Whatis the difference between textContent & innerText?
109. Whatis HTMLCollection?
110. Whatis NodeList?
111. Whatare frames?
8. Cookies
112. Whatis cookie?
 113. How cookie helps client server HTTP communication?
114. Where are cookies stored?
115. Where are parameters of cookie?
116. Can user disable cookies?
117. How to create cookie? 118. How to read cookie?
119. How to delete cookie?
120. Whatis difference between local storage and session
storage?
9. Form validation
121. Whatis form validation?
122. Whatis required attribute?
123. Whatis pattern attribute?
124. How to validate form using Javascript function?
125. How to validate email in the form?
126. How to validate field without submitting form?
127. Whatis .test method?
128. Whatis .match method?
129. How to validate Date?
130. How to allow number only in input field?
10. Error and Exception Handling 131. What is error object?
132. Whatare different error types in Javascript?
133. How to handle exceptions in JavaScript?
134. Explain try…catch…finally.
135. How to throw exceptions programmatically?
11. Debugging
136. What is debugging?
137. Whatis debugger keyword?
138. Whatis console object?
139. How to activate debugging in browser?
140. How to get mobile devices view of webpage in
desktop browser?
 141. How to deactivate breakpoint in browser?
142. How to pause script execution?
143. How to execute function line by line while debugging?
144. How to execute function without stepping into it
while debugging?
145. Whatis code smell?
12. AJAX overview
146. Whatis AJAX?
147. Whatis difference between GET and POST?
148. Whatis XMLHttpRequest object?
149. How to make HTTP GET call using AJAX?
150. How to make HTTP POST call using AJAX?
151. Whatare HTTP statuscodes?
 1.
Fundamentals

1. What is Javascript?
Javascript is basically scripting language used to make
web pages more interactive as it can be inserted into
HTML.
Javascript is understood by all modern web browsers.

2. What are features of Javascript?

Input validation : Javascript allows you to validate
user input before sending it to server for backend
operations.
Control over browser : Javascript gives more control over
browser due to which you can change the background
colour of this page as well as the text on the
browser's statusbar.
Detect browser and OS : Javascript enables you to
detect user’sbrowser and OS due to whichyou can
perform platform dependant operations.
Handling date and time : Javascript enables you to
write code basedusers date and time, it also enables you
to capture users date and time as user and server may
be in different time zone.
Generating HTMLon fly : Javascript enables you to
dynamically generate
HTML.
3. What are
advantages of Javascript?
Faster speed: JavaScript is fast because it run
immediately within the clientside browser. Javascript
is not dependant on network unless backend data
is required to be processed. Need to compile Javascript
on the client–side as it is interpreted directly by
web browsers.
Interoperability : Javascript can be inserted into web
page regardless of extension. Within other languages such
as Perl and PHP it can be used inside the script.
Rich interfaces : Javascript has vast libraries like
(charts, drag and drop, sliders etc.) which enables you
to provide attractive look to your website.
Reduction in server load : Since Javascript is
client-side scripting language it reduces load on website
servers as many operations can be performed at client-
side whichreduces load on server and enables it
serve to more users.

4. What are disadvantages of Javascript?

Client-side security : JavaScript code executes in users
computer hencein some cases it can be manipulated
for malicious purpose.
Browser support : JavaScript is sometimes interpreted
differently by different browsers.

5. What is difference between Javascript and

ECMAScript?
 JavaScript is a scripting language that has been
formed by keeping ECMAScript specification at its
core.
ECMAScript is nothing but a standard or
specification defined in order to create different
scripting languages and one of them is JavaScript.
Javascript, Jscript and ActionScriptare few scripting
languages that follow ECMAScript specifications.

6. Who developed Javascript?

JavaScript was created in 1995 by Brendan Eich
during his time at Netscape Communications. It was
inspired by Java, Scheme and Self.

7. How to insert Javascript in Web page?

You can use <script> tag in html. <script> tag has
type attribute which defined whichcode is there insidethe
script tag.
You can use <script> element in web pages in
following ways:

In head element
In body element
As an external script file
To use Javascript as a scripting language for web pages
in <head> or <body> you can define type as
“text/javascript”. e.g.
<script type=”text/javascript”>
</script>
 Sometime you may need to use same Javascript code in
several web pages, in such cases you can store
Javascript code in external file and save file as
<filename>.js file.
Then this script can be made available to web page using
src attribute of <script> tag e.g.
<script src=”external file URL”>
</script>

8. What are
advantages of using external javascript?
Placing JavaScript code in external js files has few
advantages over inline scripts:
Segregating HTMLand JavaScript code helps to manage the
code base better.
To improve development output designers can work along
with coders in parallel without code conflicts.
This approach also workswell with modern source code
version control systems like GIT and SVN.
Each of these files can maintain history.
Segregating HTMLand JavaScript makes code as well as
HTMLis easily readable.
Segregated external JavaScript files are cached by
browsers and can speedup page load times
These small js files can be minified to reduce the
size and make it not readable by humans, using
Google closure or YUI Compressoror other.
Many popular JavaScript libraries are available as
hosted on content delivery networks (cdn) and you can
 simply point to them using the URL in the src, this avoids
copying the js file to local folder.
Using external Js you can take benifits of advanced
tools such as RequireJS or CommonJS to load these
scripts logically and modularly

9. Javascript is case sensitive language?

Yes, Javascript is case sensitive scripting language.
Variables, functions, keywords must have consistent casing
otherwise it will not be recognized by Javascript and
will generate error. e.g. var pratik; var praTik;
In above case pratik and praTik will be considered as
different variables.

10. Is Semicoloncompulsory in Javascript at end of

the statement?

No, it is not necessary to use semicolon at end

of the statement still it will be considered as valid
statement.

11. What are different data types in Javascript?

Below are basic data types in Javascript:
Primitive Data Types:

Number: Represent numeric values, both

integer and float.
String: Sequence of characters are represented
using String.
Boolean: Represent Boolean value,true or false.
 Undefined: Represent undefined value.
Null: Represent null.
Non-Primitive Data Types:

Object: Represent more complex data

structure.
Array: Represent groupof elements.
RegExp: Represent regular expression.
12. How to add comment?
JavaScript provides two kinds of comments:
Single-line comments and multiline comments.
Single-line comments start with // and are terminated by
the end of the line: e.g.

x++; // single-line comment

Multiline comments are delimited by
/* and */: e.g.

/* This is
a
multiline
comment.

*/

13. What is Javascript engine?

JavaScript engine is a computer program used to
execute Javascript code.
JS engines were developed by web browser vendors and
every majorbrowser has one.
 Chrome V8 from google is most used engine, Google
chrome use it.
SpiderMonkey is developed by Mozilla for use in
firefox.
JavaScriptCore is Apples engine for its Safari browser.

14. What are different Javascript frameworks that you

know?
Many frameworks are basedon Javascript now, below are
few of them:

Angular
React
Vue
Node
Ember
Meteor
Backbone
Aurelia
Polymer
Mithril
 2.
Variables, Operators and Statements

15. Explain variable in Javascript.

Basically, variable is used for temporary storage of
data. It has name, value and memory address. You
have to declare variable before using it for
storing data. Below is syntax to declare
variable:
var variablename;
Here var is keyword and variablename is name of
the variable.
You can also define multiple variables using single
statement as:
var variable1, variable2,
variable3; Value can be
assigned to variable as:

var variablename = value;

16. What is var?

The var statement declares a variable and can
also optionally initialize its value. Variables are declared
using var as below,
var varname1 [= value1] [, varname2 [= value2]
... [, varnameN [= valueN]]];

17. What is let?

 The ‘let’ allows you to declare variables that are
limited in scope to the particular block,expression on
whichit is used or statement. Variables are declared
using let as below,
letvar1 [= value1] [, var2 [= value2]] [, ..., varN
[= valueN];

18. What is const?

Constants are block-scoped, much like variables defined
using the let statement. The value of a constant
cannot change through reassignment, and it can't be
re-declared.
19. What is difference between let and var?
The variable defined with var is available anywhere
within the function hence ’var’ keyword has function
scope.
The let has a Block Scope. A variable declared
with ‘let’ keyword has a scope only with in that block.

20. What is difference between let and const?

‘let’ allows you change the value of variable any
number of times.
Using ‘const’, after the first assignment of the value we
cannot redefine the value again.

21. What is automatic type conversion?

When Javascript tries to operate on a wrong date
type it will try to convert the value to a
“right” type.
22. What are operators in Javascript?
Anoperator is a symbol or word whichis used to
perform particular operation.
Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical and
Conditional Operators are types of operators.

23. Explain different types of operators in Javascript.

Below are types of operators:

Arithmetic operators : Arithmetic operators are used

to perform arithmetic between variables and
values. Addition (+), Subtraction (-),
Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus (%),
Increment (++) and Decrement (--) are arithmetic
operators.
Assignment operators : Assignment operators are used
to assign values to variables. =, +=, -=,
*=, /=, %= are Assignment operators.
Comparison operators : Comparisonoperators are used to
compare variables or values. Equal to (==), equal
value and type (===), not equal (!=), not equal value
or type (!==),less than (<), greater than (>), less
than or equal to (<=) and greater than or
equal to (>=) are comparison operators.
Logical operators : Logical operators allow
program to make decision basedon multiple
conditions logic. Logical operators used for
decision making are And (&&), or (||), not
(!).
Conditional operator : Conditional operators are used
to assign values to variable conditionally.
 (condition) ? value1: value2 is conditional
operator.

24. What are control flow statements?

You can change the sequence in whichJavascript
statements are executed by using control flow statements.
Below are types of control flow statements:
Selection statements : Selection statements use condition
to determine which group of statements should be
executed, if….else, if and switch are selection
statements.
Loops : Loopsallow you to execute groupof statements
repeatedly till condition is satisfied, while,do…while and
for are loops.
Jump statements : Jump statements are used to break or
exit loop, break and continue are jump statements.

25. What is break statement?

Break statement stops execution of loop entirely.

26. What is continue statement?

Continue statement stops execution of current iteration

in a loop and continues with next iteration of loop.

27. What is the difference between comparing

variables using "=="and "===" operator?
 The ‘==’ operator tests for abstract equality i.e. it
does the required type conversions before doing the
equality comparison.
But the ‘===’ operator tests for strict equality i.e. it
will not do the type conversion thus if the two
values are not of the same type, when compared, it will
return false.

28. What is typeof operator?

The typeof operator is used to get the data type
of its operand. The operand can be eithera literal
or a data structure such as variable, function or
an object. e.g.
console.log(typeof somevar);
The typeof operator returns below values as
string: object, Boolean, function, number, string and
undefined.

29. What is variable hoisting?

In Javascript regardless of where the actualdeclaration has
been made, all variable declarations that are using var,
are hoisted/lifted to the top of their functional/local
scope (if declared insidea function) or to the top
of their global scope (if declared outside of a
function).
This lifting of scopes is called hoisting.
Hence,
bla =
2;
 var
bla;

// ...is implicitly understood as:

var bla;
bla
=
2;
30. What is difference between undefined and null?
The undefined means a variable has been declared
but has no value has yet been assigned.
On the other hand, null is basically a value whichhas
been assigned.
Also, undefined is a type itself (undefined) while null is
an object.
Unassigned variables are initialized with a default value
of undefined by JavaScript or undefined can be
assigned to variable through code.
Whereas JavaScript never sets a value to null.
That must be done programmatically.

31. What is output of null == undefined? null ==

undefined will return true .

However, null === undefined will return false .

32. What are escape characters?

 Escape characters (backslash) is used before special
characters like ampersand, single quotes, double quotes
and apostrophes to display them. e.g.
console.log(‘I\’m Pratik Bandal’); ☐ Correct syntax
console.log(‘I’m Pratik Bandal’); ☐ Syntax error

In above example, if backslash is not used before

single quotes this line will give syntax error.

33. How to create arrayin javascript?

You can define arrays using the
array literal as followsvar a = []; varb
= [1, 2, 3];
34. How to create three dimensional array?
You can define three dimentionalarray arrays using
the array follows:
var threedimentionalarray = [[[]]];

35. What are the variable naming conventions in

JavaScript?
The following rules are to be followed while naming
variables in JavaScript:
You are not allowed to use any of the reserved
keyword as variable name.
JavaScript variable names should not begin with a
numbers (0-9).
They must start with a letter or the underscore character.
JavaScript variable names are case sensitive.
36. Why you should not prefer to use global
variables?
Global variable can be created by many developers
resulting in duplicate global variables.
Duplicate variable can overwrite the value of your
variable.
3.
Functions

37. What are functions?

Functionis a collection of statements whichcan be used
anywhere in program, it is used to perform specific
task.

38. What are types of functions in Javascript?

Below are the types of functions:
Named: Functions whichhave name at the time of definition
are named functions.
e.g.
function print() {
console.log(“This is named
function!!!”);

}
Anonymous: Functions whichdo not have names are
anonymous functions.
 var print=function() {
console.log(“This is anonymous
function!!!”); }

39. What are frequentlyused built-in global functions?

Alert(), prompt(),isNan(), eval(), isFinite(),confirm(), parseInt(),
parseFloat(), escape(), unescape() are most frequently used built-
in globalfunctions.

40. What is isNaN?

It is a function whichdetermine whether or not value
is an illegal number. The isNan() method returns
true if the passed value is NaN(Not a number)
and is of type number, else it returns false. e.g.
Input: ‘213’
Output: false
Input:’hello’
Output: true

41. What is parseInt?

The parseInt is a function whichparses the string
and returns the integer value foundin string.

42. What is alert?

The alert() function is used to display information
in message box.

43. What is confirm?

 The confirm() function displays a message box with
two buttons, Ok and cancel. Whenyou click the Ok
button, the function returns true. Whenyou click
cancel button function returns false.

44. What is charAt?

The charAt() function returns character from
specified index. e.g.

var str=”Pratik”;
console.log(str.charAt(0));

Output :
P

45. What is indexOf?

This function returns the index within the calling
string object of first occurrence of the specified value
and returns index of foundoccurrence or -1 if not
found.
e.g.
var str=”This is javascript book”;
console.log(str .indexOf(“javascript”));

Output:
8

46. What are function scopes?

 Scope defines accessibility of function and its variables.
In Javascript scope is divided into two categories:

Global: Function with globalscope can be

accessed anywhere in the program.
Local : Function with local scope can be
accessed only within its parent function.

47. What is strictmode?

Strict mode prevents certain actions and throws more
exceptions. The statement “use strict” orders browser
to use the Strict mode, whichis a reduced and safer
feature set of JavaScript.
Strict mode eliminates some silent errorsin JavaScript by
changing them to throw errors.
Strict mode resolves mistakes that make it difficult for
JavaScript engines to perform optimizations hencestrict mode
code can sometimes run faster than identical code that’s not
strict mode.
Strict mode forbids some syntax likely to be defined
in future versions of ECMAScript.
It prevents, or throws errors, when unsafe actions
are taken (such as gaining access to the globalobject).
It disables features that are confusing or poorly
thought out.
Due to Strict mode it becomes easierto write secure
JavaScript.
Strict mode applies to individual functions or to entire
scripts. It doesn't apply to block statements enclosed
in {} braces; attempting to apply it to such
contexts does nothing.
 To invoke strict mode for an entirescript, put statement
"use strict"before any other statements.
To invoke strict mode for a function, put statement "use
strict"in the function's body before any other statements.

48. What is function closure?

A closure is a feature in JavaScript where an
inner function has access to the outer (enclosing)
function’s variables.

49. What is callback function?

A function passed into another function as an
argument, whichis then invoked insidethe outer function
to complete some kind action is called as callback
function. e.g.
function showName(name) {
alert('User name is:' + name);
} function
displayName(callback) {

var name = prompt('Please enter name to be

displayed'); callback(name);

}
displayName(showName);

50. What is setTimeout function?

The setTimeout() function executes function at
specified interval. setTimeout(expression, timeout);
 Here, expression is the function/code that is called only
once and timeout is number of milliseconds to wait
before calling the function.
The clearTimeout() function is used to deactivate or
cancel timer set by setTimeout() fuction.

51. What is setInterval function?

The setInterval()function executes a function after a
specified time interval. setInterval(expression, timeout);

Here, expression specifies function/code to be called after

particular time interval and timeout specifies the time
interval between function calls.
The clearInterval() function is used to cancel or
deactivate the timer set by setInterval() function.

52. What is difference between setInterval and

setTimeout functions?

The setTimeout(expression, timeout) runs the function once

after timeout
The setInterval(expression, timeout) runs the function in
intervals repeatedly, with length of timeout between
them.

53. What is encodeURI() method?

The encodeURI() method encodes a Uniform
Resource Identifier by replacingeach instance of particular
characters by one, two, three or four escape sequences
representing UTF-8encoding of character.
54. What is decodeURI() method?
The decodeURI() method decodes a Uniform
Resource Identifier previously created by encodeURI().
4. Events

55. What are Events?

Events are actions or occurrencesthat happen in the
system you are programming to whichyou can respond
in some way. Events are handled by function know as
event handler.

56. What are different events in Javascript?

Few of the important events are listed below:
Input Events

onsubmit - triggers on submitting a

form. onselect - triggers on
selecting an element.
onchange - triggers when changes happen
to an element. onfocus - triggers
when windows gets focus. onreset -
triggers when user clicks reset button.
onblur- triggers when window
loses focus.
onkeyup - triggers on
releasing a key. onkeydown -
triggers on pressing a key.
Click Events
 onclick - trigger on clicking a
mouse button. ondblclick -
triggers on double clicking
mouse button.
MouseEvents

ondrag - triggers when element is dragged.

ondragend - triggers when drag ends. ondragstart -
triggers when drag starts. ondragenter - triggers
when dragged element is dropped. ondragleave -
triggers on leaving targetwhile dragging
element. onmouseover - triggers when
mouse pointer moves over element.
onmousedown - triggers on pressing
mouse button. onmouseup - triggers
on releasing mouse button. onscroll -
triggers on scrolling a scroll bar of
an element.
Load Events
onload- triggers when page has been loaded.
onerror- triggers when an error occurs
when loading an image. onunload- triggers
when browser closesdocument.

57. What are event handlers?

Event handler is a routine that is used to deal
with event, allowing programmer to write code that will
be executed when event occurs.

58. What is addEventListener() method?

 The addEventListener() method attaches an event
handler to specified element.
You can add multiple event handlers
to one element. It is possible to
add event listener to any DOM object.
e.g.
document.getElementById(“someUniqueDivId”).addEventListener(“click”,
respondtoclick); function respondtoclick() {
console.log(“Do some
stuff!!!”); }

59. How to remove event listener from any

element?
The removeEventListener() is an inbuilt function in
JavaScript which removes an event handler from an
element for attached event.
Below example show how to remove event listener which
was added in previous example. e.g.
document.getElementById(“someUniqueDivId”).removeEventListener("click
respondtoclick);
60. What are different key codes?
It is necessary to know the codes associated with keys to
identify whichkey is pressed in the code.
7 55 key 91 f12 123

ri ght wi ndow
8 56 k ey 92 num l ock 144
9 57 sel ect k ey 93 scrol l l ock 145
61. What is event bubbling?
When an event happens on an element, it first runs
the handlers on that particular element, after that
handlers on its parent runs, this happens all the
way up on all other ancestors.
This bubbling of events from child to parent is
called event bubbling.
A click on inner <p> first runs onclick on that <p>, then
on outer <div>,then on outer <form> and so on till
document object.

This process is called “bubbling”, because events

“bubble” from the inner element up through parent
like a bubble in the water.

62. Is it possible to stop event bubbling?

Yes, by using method event.stopPropagation().
If you want to stop the event flow from event targetto top
element in DOM, event.stopPropagation()method stops the
event to travel to the bottom to top.
63. What is event capturing?
In the capturing phase:
The browser checks to see if the element's
outer-most ancestor (<html>) has an onclick event
handler registered on it during the capturing
phase, and runs it if so.
Then it moves on to the next element inside
<html> and does the same thing, then the next one, and
so on until it reaches the element that was
actually clicked on.
The capturing phaseis not often used. Usually it is
invisible to us.

64. What is event delegation?

Event delegation concept relies on the fact that if you
want some code to run when you click on any one of
a large number of grouped child elements, you can
set the event listener on their parent and have
events that happen on them bubble up to their
parent, instead of having to set the event
listener on every child individually.
A good example is a series of list items <li> — You
can set the click event listener on the parent <ul>,
if you want each one of them<li> to pop up a
messagewhen clicked and it will bubble to the list
items.
5.
Objects

65. What is Object?

 The object is collection of properties and methods.
Object in Javascript are variables as well. Object can
have properties any data types (String, Number, Boolean
etc.).
Object properties can be primitive values, other objects
and functions. e.g.

var book = { name :

“Javascript Book”,
auther: “Pratik
Bandal”, pages:
100 }

66. What are waysto create objects?

In Javascript you can create objects through following
ways:
Using literals:
Using object literal you can basically create object
by using name value pairs inside curly {} braces. e.g.
var book = { name :
“Javascript Book”,
auther: “Pratik
Bandal”, pages:
100
}
Using new keyword with built-in object constructor
function:
Using new keyword you can create object and then
set its properties as below, e.g.
 var book= new Object();
person.name= "John";
person.auther= "Doe";
person.pages= 50;

Using new keyword with built-in user defined constructor

function:
We first create a constructor function and then get
objects using ‘new’ keyword.
. e.g.
function Book(name,author,
pages) { this.name
= name; this.author
= author; this.pages
= pages;
}
And then we create Book object as below,
var book = new Book(“Javascript Book”, ”Pratik
Bandal”, 100);

Using Object.create():
The Object.create() method creates a new object,
using an existing object

as the prototype
of the newly created object.
e.g.
 const person = {
isHuman: false,
printIntroduction: function ()
{
console.log(`Am I human? ${this.isHuman}`);
}
};
const me = Object.create(person);

67. Which are built-in or native objects?

JavaScript provides Number, Boolean, String, Array,Date,
Math,RegExp which are built in objects.
68. What is ‘this’ keyword?
The this keyword refersto the object it belongs
to.
In an object method, this refersto the object to
whichmethod belongs.
When used alone, the owner is the Global
object, so this refersto the Global object (Windows
object).
In a function, this refersto the Global object
(Windows object).
In strict mode, when used in a function, this is
undefined.
In HTMLevent handlers, this refersto the element in html
that received the event.

69. What is String object?

 String object is basically sequence of characters. String
object provides number of methods to perform
required operations on String object.
It provides methods like charAt(), charCodeAt(), concat(),
indexOf(), match(), slice(), split(), substr(),
toLowerCase(), toUpperCase(), valueOf(), toString() which
provides important functionalities that can be performed
on string.

70. What is Number object?

The number is Javascript wrapper object which
allows you to work with numerical values.
Number object is created
as, var numberVar = new
Number([value]);

It provides methods like isNaN(), isFinite(), isInteger(),

isSafeInteger(), parseInt(), parseFloat()to work with numbers.

71. What is Boolean object?

The Boolean object wrapsa
boolean value. Boolean object
is created as, var
booleanVar = new
Boolean([value]).
If the value is omitted or is 0, -0, null, false, NaN,
undefined, or the empty string (""), the object has
an initial value of false. All other values, including any
object or the string "false", create an object
with an initial value of true.
72. Explain about Array object.
The Array is a globalobject that is used
to store different elements for the construction of
arrays. Array object is created as, new Array(ele0,
ele1[, ...[, eleN]]) new Array(arrayLength)

73. Explain about Date object.

The JavaScript Date object represents a single moment
in time. Date objects use a unix timestamp whichis a
integer value that is number of milliseconds since 1
January 1970. Date object is created as, new
Date(); new Date(value); new Date(dateString); new Date(year,
monthIndex[, day [, hours [, minutes [, seconds
[, milliseconds]]]]]);

74. Explain about Math object.

Math is a built-in object that has methods and
properties for mathematical constants and functions.
Unlike the other globalobjects, Math does not have a
constructor.All methods and properties of Math are static.
It provides methods like sin(x),cos(x), tan(x), exp(x),
floor(x), max([x[, y[, …]]]), min([x[, y[, …]]]), pow(x,
y), random(), round(x), trunc(x) for mathematical operations.

75. Explain about RegExp object.

The RegExp constructor is used to create a
regular expression object for matching text with a
pattern. Date object is created as, new
RegExp(pattern[, flags])
76. What is namespace?
In JavaScript, namespace is a single globalobject whichwill
contain all our functions, methods, variables.
Javascript don’t provide default namespace you have to
create it, so all functions, variables and object
in Javascript are by default global.

77. How to create namespace?

Below is example to create namespace and access
function within it:
var myProjectNameSpace = {
projectfunctionone: function() {

}, projectfunctiontwo:
function() {

}
}
.
.
.
myProjectNameSpace. Projectfunctionone();

78. What is prototype in javascript?

All objects in Javascript have property called as prototype,
the prototype is an object whichhas a constructor
properties by default.
The prototype object is associated with every functions
and objects by default in JavaScript, where function's
 prototype property is accessible and modifiable and
object's prototype property is not visible.
The prototype property allows you to add properties
and methods to any object. e.g.
somecustomcreationobject.prototype.age=29;

79. What is prototypal inheritance?

Object have property called as prototype whichcan refer to
other object.
When you want to read a property from object, and
it’s missing, JavaScript automatically takes it from the
prototype. This is called “prototypal inheritance”.

80. What is difference between call() and apply()?

The Function.prototype.call() method calls a function
with a provided this value and arguments provided individually.
It is necessary to know arguments of function when using
call() method.
The Function.prototype.apply() method calls a function
with a provided this value, and arguments provided as
an array (or an array-like object).
It is necessary to know arguments of function when using
apply() method.

81. What is Promise?

The Promise object represents the eventual completion
(or failure) of an asynchronous operation along with its
resulting value.
 A Promise is a proxy for a value whichmay or may
not be known when the promiseis created.
It allows you to associate handlers with an
asynchronous action's eventual success value or failure
reason.
This enables asynchronous methods return values
like synchronous methods: instead of immediately
returning final value,the asynchronous method returns a
promise to provide the value at some point in the
future.
6.
Browser Object Model

82. What is Browser Object Model?

The browser object model (BOM) is a
hierarchy of browser objects that are used to
manipulate methods and properties associated with the Web
browser itself.
The default object of browser is window
means you can invoke all the functions of
window by specifying window or directly
Objects that make up the BOM include the window
object, navigator object, screen object, location
object, history, and the document object.

83. What is Window Object?

In a tabbed browser, each tab is represented as
Window object.
 Every object, variable, and function defined in a
web page uses of the window as its Global object.
Window object provides methods like alert(), blur(),
close(), confirm(), print(), prompt(), open().

84. What alert method in window object?

Alert dialogs are typically used when users has to be
made aware of something that they have no control
over, such as errors.
Often alert dialogs pops up when the user enters
invalid data into a form.
When alert() is called,the browser creates a
system message box that displays the given text with an
OK button.
For example, the following line of code causes the
message box in to be displayed:
alert(“Your error message!!!”);

85. Explain confirm method of window object.

A confirm dialogappears similar to an alert dialog.
 The main difference between them is the presence of
a Cancel button along with the OK button in
the confirm dialog, whichallows the user to
confirm if a given action should be taken.
For example, the following line of code displays the
confirm dialogshown in Figure
confirm(“Do you wish to proceed?”);

86. Explain prompt method of window object.

The prompt method is used to display dialogwith
input from user.
Along with OK and Cancel buttons, prompt dialogalso
has a text box where the user is asked to enter some
data.
The prompt() method accepts two arguments: the text
to display to the user and the default value for
the text box (which can be an empty string if
you so desire).The following line results in the
window displayed: prompt("Enter the country","USA");
87. How to redirect other webpage?
It is possible to redirect to other webpage in
javascript by directly assigning value to window.location
or by using location.assign(),location.replace() and
location.reload() methods.

88. What is Navigator Object?

The navigator object is used to get browser
information like name, version, type, language. It has
methods like javaEnabled() and taintEnabled().

89. How to identify operating system of client

device?
“Navigator.appVersion” is used to find operating system
of client device.

90. What is History Object?

The History object consist of array of URLs which
are visited by a user in browser.
History object provides method like back(), forward()
and go().

91. How to load previous page in browser

programmatically?
history.back() can be used to load previous page in
browser through code.
92. How to load next page in browser
programmatically? history.forward() can be used to
load next page in browser through code.
93. What is go method of history object?
The go() method loads a specific URL from the
history list.
history.go(number|URL) number|URL parameter can eitherbe a
number whichgoes to the URL within the specific
position (1 goes forward one page, -1 goes back one
page), or a string. The string has to be a
partial or full URL, and the function will go to the
first URL that matches the string.

94. What is Screen Object?

The Screen object consist of information about
display screen like height, width and colour bits
of screen.

95. What is Location Object?

The Location object consist of information about
current URL of window object.
Location object provides methods like assign(), reload
and replace().

96. How to print a web page?

The window.print() will print the current web page when
invoked.
 7.
Document Object Model

97. What is DocumentObject?

The Document object represents HTMLdocument that is
displayed in window. Document object has properties which
allows access and modification of document content.
The way document is accessed and modified is called
Document Object Model or DOM.
Document object provides methods like open(),
close(), write(), getElementById(), getElementByName(),
getElementByTagName().

98. What is DOM?

The Document Object Model (DOM) represents HTML
or XML page in such a way that programs can
change document structure, content and style.
The DOM represents the document as nodesas well as
objects.
The DOM is object oriented representation of web
page, whichcan be modifiedby scripting language like
Javascript.

99. What are DOM nodes?

According to the W3C HTMLDOM standards, everything in
HTMLcan be represented as nodes.
Document node represents whole document.
 Element node represents every HTMLelement such as HTML,
HEAD, BODY, A, H1 etc.
Text node represents text content insidethe element.
Attribute node represents every HTMLattribute.
Node has node properties that contain information
aboutthe node The nodeName property specifies
name of the node.

The nodeValue property specifies value of the node.

The nodeType property specifies type of the node.

100. How to get element with id in DOM?

The getElementById() method of document object can
be used to get element using id. e.g.
document.getElementById(“myUniqueId”);
101. How to get element using class in DOM?
The getElementByClassName () method of document
object can be used to getelement using class. e.g.
document.getElementByClassName(“myClass”);

102. How to get content of any element?

The innerHTML property is usefulfor getting or
replacing the content of HTML elements.
10 . What

3 are DOM levels?

The W3C DOM specifications are divided into different
levels where each level contain some required and
optional modules.
Level 0: Provide low-level set of interfaces.
Level1: DOM level 1 can be described in two parts: CORE
and HTML.
CORE provides a low level interfaces that can be used
to represent any structured document.
HTML provides high-level interfaces that can be used to
represent HTML document.
Level2: Consist of six specifications:
CORE2, VIEWS, EVENTS, STYLE, TRAVERSAL and RANGE.
CORE2: extends functionality of CORE specified by DOM
level 1.
VIEWS: views allow programs to dynamically access and
manipulate content of document.
EVENTS: events are scripts that are executed when user
reactsto web page.
STYLES: allow programs to dynamically access and manipulate
content of style sheets.
TRAVERSAL: allows programs to dynamically traverse the
document.
RANGE: allows programs to dynamically identify range of
content in document.
10 . What
Level3: consists of five different specifications: CORE3,
LOAD, SAVE, VALIDATIONS, EVENTS and XPATH.
CORE3: extents functionality of CORE specified by DOM
level 2.
LOAD and SAVE: allows program to dynamically load the
content of XML document into DOM document and save
DOM document into XML document by serialization.
VALIDATION: allows program to dynamically update the
content and structure of document while ensuring the
document is valid.
EVENTS: extents functionality of Events specified by
DOM level 2.
XPATH: XPATH is a path language that can be used
to access DOM tree.
4 are deferred scripts?
By default, Javascript files will interrupt parsing of HTML
document in order for them to be fetched and
executed.
The defer attribute tells browser to only execute the
script file once the HTML document has been fully parsed.
<script defer src=”myscript.js”>
This reduces loading time of web page and web page
is displayed faster.

105. What are asynchronous scripts?

By default, Javascript files will interrupt parsing of HTML
document in order for them to be fetched and
executed.
10 . What

The async attribute is used to indicate browser that

script file can be executed asynchronously.
<script async src=”somescript.js”>
The HTMLparser does not have pauseat the point it
reaches the script tag to fetch and execute, the
execution can occur whenever the script becomes ready after
being fetched in parallel with document parsing.

106. What is difference between attribute and property?

Attributes: Provide more details on an
element like id, type, value etc.
Property: Value assigned to the property like
type=”text”, value=’Name’ etc.

107. What is the difference between innerHTML &

innerText?
innerHTML: It will process an HTMLtag if
foundin a string innerText: It will not process
an HTMLtag if foundin a string

108. What is the difference between textContent &

innerText?
The textContentreturns every element in the node.
The innerText is aware of styling and won't
return the text of “hidden” elements.
10 . What
9 is HTMLCollection?
The HTMLCollection interface represents a generic
collection of elements (in document order) and offers
methods & properties for selecting from the list.
HTMLCollection has length property whichreturns
the number of items in the collection.
It is not possible to iterate over HTMLCollection list
using forEach by default.

110. What is NodeList?

NodeList objects are collections of nodeswhichare usually
returned by properties such as Node.childNodes and
functions such as document.querySelectorAll().
NodeList has length property whichreturns the
number of nodesin nodelist. for...of loops will loop over
NodeList objects accurately.

111. What are frames?

Frame divides page into section and in each section
different page can be displayed.
8. Cookies

112. What is cookie?

The Cookies are small items of data that consists of
name and value pair. Cookies are stored on your
computer so that it can be accessed by your web
browser.
A web browser and server communicate through HTTP
whichis stateless protocol. Stateless protocol treatseach
request independently, so server does not keep data
after sending it to browser. With cookies such data
can be fetched directly from stored cookie file
instead of communicating with server.
For example when user visits web page, user name can be
stored in cookie. Now when next time user visits the
page cookie belonging to the page is added to the
request. This way server gets necessary data
“remembered” by cookie.

113. How cookie helps client server HTTP

communication?
When a user sends a request to the server, then
each of that request is treated as a new request
sent by the different user.
When receiving an HTTP request, a server can
possibly send a SetCookie header with the response.
Now, whenever a user sends a request to the server,
the cookie is added with that request
 automatically. Due to the cookie, the server
recognizes the users

114. Where are cookies stored?

During browsing session browser stored cookies in
memory, at the time of quitting they go to file called
as cookies.txt.
Different browser store cookies file in a different
location on disk.
For instance, on windows chrome stores the
cookies in below location, C:\Users\<YourUser>\AppData\
Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\ As cookie expires
it is no longer saved on hard drive.

115. Where are parameters of cookie?

There are six parameters of cookie: name, value,
expires, path, domain and security.
The name and value are required whereas all other
parameters are optional.
document.cookie=”name=VALUE;expires=DATE;path=PATH;domain=DOM
 Name and Value : The first part of cookie must have
name and value.The entire name/valuemust be a single string
with no commas, semicolons or whitespace charactors.
Expires : The cookie will disappear when user exits the
browser, to give more life to the cookies you must
set an expiration date in the following format.
DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT
Path : Usually the path is set to root level
directory (‘/’), whichmeans the cookie is available for
all the pages of your site. If you want the cookie
to be readable in specific directory <directoryname>, path
should be specified as path=/< directoryname>.
Domain : Some websites have lots of domains. The
purpose of the ‘domain’ is to allow cookies to other
subdomains. In case, if website is http://www.
<domain>.com with subdomainshttp://www.<subdomainone>.
<domain>.com and http://www.<subdomaintwo>.<domain>.com. If
web page on subdomainone set a cookie pages on
subdomaintwo cannot read that cookie. But if you add
domain=<domain> then all subdomainsending with
<domain> can read the cookie.
Secure : The last parameter of cookie is secure
whichis a Boolean value.Its default value is false. If
cookie is marked as secure then cookie will
be sent to web server and try to retrieve it
using secure communication channel.

116. Can user disable cookies?

Yes, user can disable cookies from browser.
 In chrome, you can go to settings-->Advanced Settings--
>Privacy and security-->Content setting-->Cookies and disable
cookies.

117. How to create cookie?

When visitor visits web page for first time he enters
his or her name. This name will be stored in
cookies as below, function createCookie(username,
value) { document.cookie=username + ”=” + value;
}

118. How to read cookie?

Javascript cookies can be
read like this, var x =
document.cookie;

119. How to delete cookie?

While deleting cookie you don’t have to specify value.
Javascript cookies can be deleted by specifying expires
parameter to a past date.
document.cookie=”username=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970
00:00:00 UTC; path= /; ”;
Some browsers will not let you delete cookie if
you don’t specify the path.

120. What is difference between local storage and

session storage?
Local Storage : For every HTTP request, the data is
not sent back to the server (HTML, images, JavaScript,
CSS, etc) reducing the total traffic between client and
server. Data will stay until it is manually cleared
using settings or through program.
Session Storage : It is similar to local storage;
the only difference is data stored in local storage has
no expiration time whereas data stored in session
storage gets cleared when the page session ends. Session
Storage will cleared when the browser is closed.
 9. Form
validation

121. What is form validation?

Form validation verifies whether all fields in form are
filled according to required format.
If data entered by user is not according to format
then appropriate error message is displayed to the user.
Forms can be validated using server-side as well as client-
side validations.
Server-side validation is more secure and required server
connection to validate, whereas client-side validation is quicker
and doesn’t require server connection but it is less
secure.
Javascript is used for client side validation.
Advantages of client side validation is that, it saves time,
reduces load on server and can validate form element
even before form is submitted.

122. What is required attribute?

The required attribute in HTMLelement prevents that
element being submitted as blank. e.g.
<input type=”text” name=”employeename” required>
In above case, as long as text field employeename is
blank form submission will be prevented.
123. What is pattern attribute?
The pattern attribute specifies a regular expression
against whichelements value is checked.
If element value does not match the regex pattern form
submission will be prevented. e.g
<input type=”text” name=”employeename” pattern=”[A-Za-z]”>
In above case, if employee name contains value whichis
not alphabet then form submission will be prevented.
124. How to validate form using Javascript function?
Below example shows validation of form using Javascript.
Here, we have created form having name input and then
when while saving save validateName function will be called
and it will validate if name is blank. <script> function
validateName() { var name =
document.nameform.name.value; if(name==undefined ||
name==””) { alert(“Kindly enter the name!!!”);
return false;
}
Return true;
}
</script>
<form name=”nameform” method=”post” onsubmit=”return
validateform()”>
Name: <input type=”text” name=”name”>
<input type=”submit” name=”save”>
</form>
125. How to validate
email in the form?
Below function can be used to validate email in the
form.
function validateEmail(emailField){ var reg = /^([A-Za-z0-9_\-\.])+\
@([A-Za-z0-9_\-\.])+\.([A-Za-z]
{2,4})$/; if (reg.test(emailField.value)
== false)

{
alert('Invalid Email Address');
return false;

}
return true;
}

126. How to validate field without submitting form?

To validate field without submitting form you can use
validation function in onblur event of input field.
<input type="text" onblur="validateEmail(this);" />
Here, input field will be available to
validateEmail function.

127. What is .test method?

The .test()API runs a search for a match
between a regex and a string.
 The .test()API returns a Boolean(true/false), returns
true if test passes and false if it doesn’t.
Using .test()returns no data, so don’t expect any.

128. What is .match method?

Using .match() is best when you are expecting data back
in test result, .match() returns an array with matches
or simply null if there are none.
With match you won’t just be testing for presence
of data, you will also see if data pattern exist and
return that data.

129. How to validate Date? function validateDate(dateField)

{ var reg = /^([0-9]{2})\/([0-9]{2})\/([0-9]{4})$/ if
(reg.test(dateField.value) == false) { alert(“Invalid
Date!!!”); return false;

}
return true;
}

130. How to allow number only in input field?

function validateNumber(numField) { var reg = /^[0-9]+$/ if
(reg.test(numField.value) == false) { alert(“Invalid
Number!!!”); return false;

}
return true;
}
 10. Error
and Exception Handling

131. What is errorobject?

When an exception occurs, an object representing
the error is constructed and thrown.
The Error constructor creates an error object.
When runtime errorsoccur, instances of Error objects
are thrown. The Error object can be used as a
base object for user-defined exceptions.

var error = new Error("error message");

“Error” objects contain two properties, “name” and
“message”. The “name” property specifies the type of
exception The “message” property provides a more
detailed description of the exception.
The “message” gets its value from the string passed to
the constructor of exception.

132. What are different errortypes in Javascript?

Below are primary error types in javascript:
SyntaxError : Raised when syntax error occurs while
parsing the Javascript code.
RangeError : Raised when numeric value exceeds
allowed range.
EvalError : Raised when the eval() function is used
in an incorrect manner.
 ReferenceError : Raised when an invalid reference
is used
TypeError : Raised when type of variable is not
as expected.
URIError: Raised when the encodeURI() or decodeURI()
functions are used in an inaccurate manner.
InternalError : Raised when internal error in the
javascript engine is thrown.

133. How to handle exceptions in JavaScript?

JavaScript uses the try...catch...finally statement as well as
the throwoperator to handle exceptions.
You can catch user-defined and runtime exceptions, but
you cannot catch JavaScript syntax errors.

134. Explain try…catch…finally.

Try : wrapssuspicious code that may throwan error in
try block.
Catch : Write code to do something when error occurs
in catch block.The catch block can have parameters whichwill
give you error information. Usually, catch block is used to
log an error or display specific messages to theuser.
Finally : code in finallyblock will always be executed
regardless of the occurrence of an error. The finallyblock
is usually used to complete the remaining task or
reset variables that might have changed before error
occurred in try block.

135. How to throw exceptions programmatically?

 It is possible to throwexceptions programmatically using
“throw” statement.
There is no restriction on data type that can be
thrown as an exception. e.g.

throw “error occurred!!”; throw

new SyntaxError(“syntax error
occurred!!”);

11.
Debugging

136. What is debugging?

Debugging is the process of detecting and fixing
existing and potential errors in software code that can
cause it to behave unexpectedly.
To debug a program, programmer has to start with
problem, identify source of the problem and then fix
it.
Sometimes it takes more time debugging a program than
coding it.

137. What is debugger keyword?

Debugger statement stops the execution of Javascript. If
debugging functionality is not available, this statement has
no effect. Debugger keyword is like breakpoint in script
source code. e.g.
 function someErroraniousFunction()
{ debugger; code;
}

138. What is console object?

Console object provides access to browsers debugging
console.

If browser supports debugging you can use console.log()

method to display required text in debugging window.
Console object provides methods like debug(), log(), error(),
info(),trace(), warn() whichare usefulfor code debugging.

139. How to activate debuggingin browser?

You can activate debugging in browser by pressing
F12 and then select console in debugger menu.
140. How to get mobile devices view of webpage
in desktop browser?

In browser press F12,

Then click on toggle device toolbar,

Then, select device for whichyou want webpage view.

141. How to deactivatebreakpoint in browser?
This can be done by clicking on “deactivate breakpoints”
icon in “Sources” tab of browser developer tool.

142. How to pause script execution?

This can be done by clicking on “pause script
execution” icon in “Sources” tab of browser developer
tool.

143. How to execute function line by line while

debugging?
 This can be done by clicking on “Step into next
function call” icon in “Sources” tab of browser
developer tool.

144. How to execute function without stepping into

it while debugging?

This can be done by clicking on “Step over next

function call” icon in “Sources” tab of browser
developer tool.

145. What is code smell?

In computer programming, a code smell is any characteristic
in the source codeof a program whichpossibly
indicates a deeper problem.
Determining what is a code smell and what is not a
code smell is subjective, and variesby language, developer,
and development methodology.
The two main know open source tools used for JavaScript
code analysis are JSLint and JSHint, the second being
a fork of the first one. There are however many
different tools that try to achieve the same goal and
you might find something more suited to your own needs
12. AJAX
overview
146. What is AJAX?
AJAX stands for Asynchronous Javascript and XML. It
is collection of related technologies like Javascript, XML,
JSON, HTMLand XMLHttpRequest etc.
AJAX allows you to send and receive data
asynchronously without reloading web page and hencemakes
web pages more fast and interactive.

147. What is difference between GET and POST?

GET POST
History Parameters remain in Parameters are not
browser history as saved in browser
they are part of history.
URL.
Security GET is less secure POST is more secure
as data sent as than
part of URL. GET because
parameters are not
stored in
browser history.
Parameters Parameter data is Parameters can contain
limited to what uploaded data files and
you can stuff in larger data than GET.
URL. Safest to
use less than 2K
of parameters.
Caching Can be cached. Not cached.
148. What is XMLHttpRequest object?
 XMLHttpRequest object is used for asynchronous
communication between client and server.
It provides methods like open(), send(),
setRequestHeader() for exchanging data between client and
server.

149. How to make HTTPGET call using AJAX?

To make HTTP call in AJAX, you first need to initialize a
new XMLHttpRequest() object.
Specify URL endpoint, HTTP method (GET) to open()
method of XMLHttpRequest() object.
Then call send() method to hit the request.
Receive the response using XMLHttpRequest.onreadystatechange
property. e.g.

const xmlHttpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();

xmlHttpRequest.open(“GET”,”http://some.domain.com/
method”); xmlHttpRequest.send();
xmlHttpRequest.onreadystatechange=(e)=>{
console.log(xmlHttpRequest.responceText); }

150. How to make

HTTPPOSTcall using AJAX?
To make HTTP call in AJAX, you first need to initialize a
new XMLHttpRequest() object.
Specify URL endpoint, HTTP method (POST) to open()
method of XMLHttpRequest() object.
Then call send() and pass data to send() method
to hit the request.
 Receive the response using XMLHttpRequest.onreadystatechange
property. e.g.

const xmlHttpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();

xmlHttpRequest.open(“POST”,”http://some.domain.com/method
”); xmlHttpRequest.send(“fname=Pratik&lname=Bandal”);
xmlHttpRequest.onreadystatechange=(e)=>{
console.log(xmlHttpRequest.responceText); }

151. What are HTTP

status codes?
HTTP statuscode are the standard response code given by
web site servers. These codes help identify the cause of
problem when web page or other resource does not load
properly.
4xx ClientError:
This category of HTTP statuscode includes those where
request for a web page or other resource contains
bad syntax or cannot be filled for some other
reason, presumably due to fault of client.
Some common client error HTTP statuscodes are 404 (Not
Found), 403 (Forbidden) and 400 (Bad request).
5xx ClientError:
This category of HTTP statuscode include those where
the request for a web page or other resource is
understood by the websites server but is incapable
of filling it for some reason.
Some common server error HTTP statuscodes are 500
(Internal server error), 503 (Service Unavailable) and
502 (Bad Gateway).
 There are also 1xx, 2xx and 3xx code that are
informational, confirm success or dictate redirection which
are not errors, so you shouldn’t be alerted about
them.
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