Python

SARAVAN A
Python Data Structures
Lists
Tuple
Dictionary
Sets

Immutability
Immutability means that the value of an object cannot be changed after it is created.
Tuples are immutable, while lists, dictionaries, and sets are mutable.
List Methods
append(): Adds an element to the end of the list.
insert(): Inserts an element at a specific index.
remove(): Removes the first occurrence of a specified value.
pop(): Removes and returns the element at a specific index (or the last element if no index is
specified).
sort(): Sorts the list in ascending order.
reverse(): Reverses the order of elements in the list.
Many more...
Tuple Methods
Tuples have limited methods due to their immutability.
count() returns the number of occurrences of a specified value.
index() returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified value.
Set Methods
add(): Adds an element to the set.
remove(): Removes a specific element from the set.
discard(): Removes a specific element if it is present.
union(): Returns a new set containing all elements from two sets.
intersection(): Returns a new set containing elements present in both sets.
difference(): Returns a new set containing elements in the first set but not in the second
set.
symmetric_difference(): Returns a new set containing elements in either set, but not
both.
Many more...
Dictionary Methods
keys(): Returns a view of the dictionary's keys.
values(): Returns a view of the dictionary's values.
items(): Returns a view of the dictionary's key-value pairs.
get(): Returns the value for a specified key, or a default value if the key is not found.
update(): Updates the dictionary with the key-value pairs from another dictionary.
Many more...
List vs Tuple
Lists Tuples​
Ordered collection of items. Ordered collection of items.​
Mutable: Can be changed after creation. Immutable: Cannot be changed
after creation.​
Defined using square brackets [].
Defined using parentheses ().​
Used for storing and manipulating
collections of data that can change. Used for storing data that should
not be modified.​
Set Operations
Set operations allow you to manipulate and combine sets to create new sets. Python's built-in
set data type supports these operations.
Common Set Operations
Union: Combines all unique elements from two sets.
Intersection: Returns elements present in both sets.
Difference: Returns elements present in the first set but not in the second set.
Symmetric Difference: Returns elements present in either set, but not both.
Subset: Checks if one set is a subset of another.
Numeric Types and String Types
Numeric types:
Integers: Whole numbers (e.g., 42, -10)
Floating-point numbers: Numbers with decimal points (e.g., 3.14, 2.5)
Complex numbers: Numbers with a real and imaginary part (e.g., 3+2j)
String types:
Sequences of characters.
Can be accessed using indexing and slicing.
Common operations: concatenation, length, finding substrings, etc.
Random Number Generation
Python's random module provides functions for generating random numbers.
random.randint(a, b): Returns a random integer between a and b (inclusive).
random.random(): Returns a random float between 0.0 and 1.0.
random.choice(sequence): Returns a random element from a sequence.
NumPy offers more advanced random number generation capabilities and is often preferred for
numerical computations.
np.random.rand(d0, d1, ..., dn): Creates an array of random floats in the interval [0,
1).
np.random.randint(low, high=None, size=None): Returns random integers from
low (inclusive) to high (exclusive).
Matrix Operations (Basic)
While Python doesn't have built-in matrix data types, you can represent matrices as lists of lists.
Basic operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication can be implemented using nested
loops.
Libraries like NumPy provide efficient matrix operations.
Basic Matrix Operations
Matrix Multiplication
NumPy for Efficient Matrix Operations
List Comprehension
A concise way to create lists based on existing lists or other iterable objects.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squares = [x**2 for x in numbers]
print(squares)
Understanding Functions
Functions without parameters: Don't require any input values.
Functions with parameters: Accept input values.

Local and Global Variables

Lambda Functions
Anonymous functions defined using the lambda keyword.
Used for short, simple functions.
Understanding Functions
Calling Functions, Parameters, and Return Values
To call a function, use its name followed by parentheses.
Pass arguments (values) to the function through parameters.
A function can return a value using the return statement.
Exercise
Write a function to calculate the factorial of a number.
Create a function to check if a number is prime.
Use list comprehension to create a list of even numbers from 1 to 20.
Write a lambda function to square a number.
Introduction to External Libraries
What are external libraries? Pre-written code packages that provide additional functionalities to
Python.

Benefits
Time Efficiency: Reusing pre-written code saves development time.
Improved Performance: Libraries often provide optimized implementations for specific tasks.
Access to Specialized Tools: Libraries offer functions and features tailored to particular domains.
Code Reusability: Promote code sharing and collaboration.
Exercise
Create a list of numbers and perform various operations on it (append, insert, remove, sort,
reverse).
Implement linear and binary search functions.
Generate random numbers and perform calculations.
Create a simple matrix and perform basic operations.
Modules & Packages
NumPy
Fundamental package for numerical computing.
Efficient array operations, linear algebra, and random number generation.
Pandas
Data manipulation and analysis library.
Offers data structures like Series and DataFrames.
Handles importing, cleaning, and analyzing data.
Matplotlib
Data visualization library.
Create various types of plots (line, bar, scatter, histograms, etc.).
Customize plot appearance.
Advanced Module Concepts
Package management:
pip: Python's package installer.
conda: Package and environment manager (often used with Anaconda).
Virtual environments: Isolate project dependencies.
Module distribution:
Creating and distributing your own packages (using setuptools).
Uploading packages to PyPI (Python Package Index).
Module structure:
Organizing code into packages and modules for better maintainability.
Basic Data Analysis with Pandas
Pandas is a powerful Python library designed for data manipulation and analysis. It provides
high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools.
Core Data Structures
Series: One-dimensional labeled array capable of holding any data type (integers, floats, strings,
objects, etc.).
DataFrame: Two-dimensional labeled data structure with columns of potentially different types.
Basic information
df.head(): Displays the first few rows.
df.tail(): Displays the last few rows.
df.shape: Returns the number of rows and columns.
df.info(): Info about the DataFrame, including column names, data types, and null values.
df.describe(): Generates descriptive statistics for numerical columns.
df['column_name']: Selects a specific column.
df.loc[row_label] or df.iloc[row_index]: Selects rows based on labels or indices.
df.head(n): Selects the first n rows.
df.tail(n): Selects the last n rows.
Data Cleaning
Handling missing values:
df.isnull(): Checks for missing values.
df.dropna(): Removes rows or columns with missing values.
df.fillna(): Fills missing values with a specified value.
Removing duplicates:df.duplicated(): Checks for duplicate
rows.df.drop_duplicates(): Removes duplicate rows.
df.mean(), df.median(), df.std(), df.min(), df.max(): Calculate summary statistics.
df.groupby(): Groups data based on one or more columns and applies aggregation functions.
Thanks