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What’s new in Python 3.14

Editors: Adam Turner and Hugo van Kemenade

This article explains the new features in Python 3.14, compared to 3.13. Python 3.14 was released on 7 October
2025. For full details, see the changelog.

See also: PEP 745 – Python 3.14 release schedule

Summary – Release highlights

Python 3.14 is the latest stable release of the Python programming language, with a mix of changes to the lan-
guage, the implementation, and the standard library. The biggest changes include template string literals, de-
ferred evaluation of annotations, and support for subinterpreters in the standard library.

The library changes include significantly improved capabilities for introspection in asyncio, support for
Zstandard via a new compression.zstd module, syntax highlighting in the REPL, as well as the usual depreca-
tions and removals, and improvements in user-friendliness and correctness.

This article doesn’t attempt to provide a complete specification of all new features, but instead gives a conve-
nient overview. For full details refer to the documentation, such as the Library Reference and Language
Reference. To understand the complete implementation and design rationale for a change, refer to the PEP for
a particular new feature; but note that PEPs usually are not kept up-to-date once a feature has been fully im-
plemented. See Porting to Python 3.14 for guidance on upgrading from earlier versions of Python.

Interpreter improvements:

PEP 649 and PEP 749: Deferred evaluation of annotations

PEP 734: Multiple interpreters in the standard library
PEP 750: Template strings
PEP 758: Allow except and except* expressions without brackets
PEP 765: Control flow in finally blocks
PEP 768: Safe external debugger interface for CPython
A new type of interpreter
Free-threaded mode improvements
Improved error messages
Incremental garbage collection

Significant improvements in the standard library:

PEP 784: Zstandard support in the standard library

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Asyncio introspection capabilities

Concurrent safe warnings control
Syntax highlighting in the default interactive shell, and color output in several standard library CLIs

C API improvements:

PEP 741: Python configuration C API

Platform support:

PEP 776: Emscripten is now an officially supported platform, at tier 3.

Release changes:

PEP 779: Free-threaded Python is officially supported

PEP 761: PGP signatures have been discontinued for official releases
Windows and macOS binary releases now support the experimental just-in-time compiler
Binary releases for Android are now provided

New features
PEP 649 & PEP 749: Deferred evaluation of annotations

The annotations on functions, classes, and modules are no longer evaluated eagerly. Instead, annotations are
stored in special-purpose annotate functions and evaluated only when necessary (except if from __future__
import annotations is used).

This change is designed to improve performance and usability of annotations in Python in most circumstances.
The runtime cost for defining annotations is minimized, but it remains possible to introspect annotations at
runtime. It is no longer necessary to enclose annotations in strings if they contain forward references.

The new annotationlib module provides tools for inspecting deferred annotations. Annotations may be eval-
uated in the VALUE format (which evaluates annotations to runtime values, similar to the behavior in earlier
Python versions), the FORWARDREF format (which replaces undefined names with special markers), and the
STRING format (which returns annotations as strings).

This example shows how these formats behave:

>>> from annotationlib import get_annotations, Format

>>> def func(arg: Undefined):
... pass
>>> get_annotations(func, format=Format.VALUE)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NameError: name 'Undefined' is not defined
>>> get_annotations(func, format=Format.FORWARDREF)
{'arg': ForwardRef('Undefined', owner=<function func at 0x...>)}
>>> get_annotations(func, format=Format.STRING)
{'arg': 'Undefined'}

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The porting section contains guidance on changes that may be needed due to these changes, though in the
majority of cases, code will continue working as-is.

(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in PEP 749 and gh-119180; PEP 649 was written by Larry Hastings.)

See also:

PEP 649
Deferred Evaluation Of Annotations Using Descriptors

PEP 749
Implementing PEP 649

PEP 734: Multiple interpreters in the standard library

The CPython runtime supports running multiple copies of Python in the same process simultaneously and has
done so for over 20 years. Each of these separate copies is called an ‘interpreter’. However, the feature had
been available only through the C-API.

That limitation is removed in Python 3.14, with the new concurrent.interpreters module.

There are at least two notable reasons why using multiple interpreters has significant benefits:

they support a new (to Python), human-friendly concurrency model

true multi-core parallelism

For some use cases, concurrency in software improves efficiency and can simplify design, at a high level. At the
same time, implementing and maintaining all but the simplest concurrency is often a struggle for the human
brain. That especially applies to plain threads (for example, threading ), where all memory is shared between
all threads.

With multiple isolated interpreters, you can take advantage of a class of concurrency models, like
Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) or the actor model, that have found success in other programming
languages, like Smalltalk, Erlang, Haskell, and Go. Think of multiple interpreters as threads but with opt-in shar-
ing.

Regarding multi-core parallelism: as of Python 3.12, interpreters are now sufficiently isolated from one another
to be used in parallel (see PEP 684). This unlocks a variety of CPU-intensive use cases for Python that were lim-
ited by the GIL.

Using multiple interpreters is similar in many ways to multiprocessing , in that they both provide isolated log-
ical “processes” that can run in parallel, with no sharing by default. However, when using multiple interpreters,
an application will use fewer system resources and will operate more efficiently (since it stays within the same
process). Think of multiple interpreters as having the isolation of processes with the efficiency of threads.

While the feature has been around for decades, multiple interpreters have not been used widely, due to low
awareness and the lack of a standard library module. Consequently, they currently have several notable limita-

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tions, which are expected to improve significantly now that the feature is going mainstream.

Current limitations:

starting each interpreter has not been optimized yet

each interpreter uses more memory than necessary (work continues on extensive internal sharing between
interpreters)
there aren’t many options yet for truly sharing objects or other data between interpreters (other than
memoryview )
many third-party extension modules on PyPI are not yet compatible with multiple interpreters (all standard
library extension modules are compatible)
the approach to writing applications that use multiple isolated interpreters is mostly unfamiliar to Python
users, for now

The impact of these limitations will depend on future CPython improvements, how interpreters are used, and
what the community solves through PyPI packages. Depending on the use case, the limitations may not have
much impact, so try it out!

Furthermore, future CPython releases will reduce or eliminate overhead and provide utilities that are less ap-
propriate on PyPI. In the meantime, most of the limitations can also be addressed through extension modules,
meaning PyPI packages can fill any gap for 3.14, and even back to 3.12 where interpreters were finally properly
isolated and stopped sharing the GIL. Likewise, libraries on PyPI are expected to emerge for high-level abstrac-
tions on top of interpreters.

Regarding extension modules, work is in progress to update some PyPI projects, as well as tools like Cython,
pybind11, nanobind, and PyO3. The steps for isolating an extension module are found at Isolating Extension
Modules. Isolating a module has a lot of overlap with what is required to support free-threading, so the ongo-
ing work in the community in that area will help accelerate support for multiple interpreters.

Also added in 3.14: concurrent.futures.InterpreterPoolExecutor.

(Contributed by Eric Snow in gh-134939.)

See also: PEP 734

PEP 750: Template string literals

Template strings are a new mechanism for custom string processing. They share the familiar syntax of f-strings
but, unlike f-strings, return an object representing the static and interpolated parts of the string, instead of a
simple str .

To write a t-string, use a 't' prefix instead of an 'f' :

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>>> variety = 'Stilton'

>>> template = t'Try some {variety} cheese!'
>>> type(template)
<class 'string.templatelib.Template'>

Template objects provide access to the static and interpolated (in curly braces) parts of a string before they are
combined. Iterate over Template instances to access their parts in order:

>>> list(template)
['Try some ', Interpolation('Stilton', 'variety', None, ''), ' cheese!']

It’s easy to write (or call) code to process Template instances. For example, here’s a function that renders static
parts lowercase and Interpolation instances uppercase:

from string.templatelib import Interpolation

def lower_upper(template):
"""Render static parts lowercase and interpolations uppercase."""
parts = []
for part in template:
if isinstance(part, Interpolation):
parts.append(str(part.value).upper())
else:
parts.append(part.lower())
return ''.join(parts)

name = 'Wenslydale'
template = t'Mister {name}'
assert lower_upper(template) == 'mister WENSLYDALE'

Because Template instances distinguish between static strings and interpolations at runtime, they can be useful
for sanitising user input. Writing a html() function that escapes user input in HTML is an exercise left to the
reader! Template processing code can provide improved flexibility. For instance, a more advanced html() func-
tion could accept a dict of HTML attributes directly in the template:

attributes = {'src': 'limburger.jpg', 'alt': 'lovely cheese'}

template = t'<img {attributes}>'
assert html(template) == '<img src="limburger.jpg" alt="lovely cheese" />'

Of course, template processing code does not need to return a string-like result. An even more advanced
html() could return a custom type representing a DOM-like structure.

With t-strings in place, developers can write systems that sanitise SQL, make safe shell operations, improve log-
ging, tackle modern ideas in web development (HTML, CSS, and so on), and implement lightweight custom
business DSLs.

(Contributed by Jim Baker, Guido van Rossum, Paul Everitt, Koudai Aono, Lysandros Nikolaou, Dave Peck, Adam
Turner, Jelle Zijlstra, Bénédikt Tran, and Pablo Galindo Salgado in gh-132661.)

See also: PEP 750.

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PEP 768: Safe external debugger interface

Python 3.14 introduces a zero-overhead debugging interface that allows debuggers and profilers to safely at-
tach to running Python processes without stopping or restarting them. This is a significant enhancement to
Python’s debugging capabilities, meaning that unsafe alternatives are no longer required.

The new interface provides safe execution points for attaching debugger code without modifying the inter-
preter’s normal execution path or adding any overhead at runtime. Due to this, tools can now inspect and inter-
act with Python applications in real-time, which is a crucial capability for high-availability systems and produc-
tion environments.

For convenience, this interface is implemented in the sys.remote_exec() function. For example:

import sys
from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile

with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', suffix='.py', delete=False) as f:

script_path = f.name
f.write(f'import my_debugger; my_debugger.connect({os.getpid()})')

# Execute in process with PID 1234

print('Behold! An offering:')
sys.remote_exec(1234, script_path)

This function allows sending Python code to be executed in a target process at the next safe execution point.
However, tool authors can also implement the protocol directly as described in the PEP, which details the un-
derlying mechanisms used to safely attach to running processes.

The debugging interface has been carefully designed with security in mind and includes several mechanisms to
control access:

A PYTHON_DISABLE_REMOTE_DEBUG environment variable.

A -X disable-remote-debug command-line option.
A --without-remote-debug configure flag to completely disable the feature at build time.

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo Salgado, Matt Wozniski, and Ivona Stojanovic in gh-131591.)

See also: PEP 768.

A new type of interpreter

A new type of interpreter has been added to CPython. It uses tail calls between small C functions that imple-
ment individual Python opcodes, rather than one large C case statement. For certain newer compilers, this in-
terpreter provides significantly better performance. Preliminary benchmarks suggest a geometric mean of 3-5%
faster on the standard pyperformance benchmark suite, depending on platform and architecture. The baseline
is Python 3.14 built with Clang 19, without this new interpreter.

This interpreter currently only works with Clang 19 and newer on x86-64 and AArch64 architectures. However, a

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future release of GCC is expected to support this as well.

This feature is opt-in for now. Enabling profile-guided optimization is highly recommendeded when using the
new interpreter as it is the only configuration that has been tested and validated for improved performance. For
further information, see --with-tail-call-interp .

Note: This is not to be confused with tail call optimization of Python functions, which is currently not im-
plemented in CPython.

This new interpreter type is an internal implementation detail of the CPython interpreter. It doesn’t change
the visible behavior of Python programs at all. It can improve their performance, but doesn’t change any-
thing else.

(Contributed by Ken Jin in gh-128563, with ideas on how to implement this in CPython by Mark Shannon,
Garrett Gu, Haoran Xu, and Josh Haberman.)

Free-threaded mode improvements

CPython’s free-threaded mode (PEP 703), initially added in 3.13, has been significantly improved in Python
3.14. The implementation described in PEP 703 has been finished, including C API changes, and temporary
workarounds in the interpreter were replaced with more permanent solutions. The specializing adaptive inter-
preter (PEP 659) is now enabled in free-threaded mode, which along with many other optimizations greatly im-
proves its performance. The performance penalty on single-threaded code in free-threaded mode is now
roughly 5-10%, depending on the platform and C compiler used.

From Python 3.14, when compiling extension modules for the free-threaded build of CPython on Windows, the
preprocessor variable Py_GIL_DISABLED now needs to be specified by the build backend, as it will no longer be
determined automatically by the C compiler. For a running interpreter, the setting that was used at compile
time can be found using sysconfig.get_config_var() .

The new -X context_aware_warnings flag controls if concurrent safe warnings control is enabled. The flag
defaults to true for the free-threaded build and false for the GIL-enabled build.

A new thread_inherit_context flag has been added, which if enabled means that threads created with
threading.Thread start with a copy of the Context() of the caller of start() . Most significantly, this makes
the warning filtering context established by catch_warnings be “inherited” by threads (or asyncio tasks)
started within that context. It also affects other modules that use context variables, such as the decimal con-
text manager. This flag defaults to true for the free-threaded build and false for the GIL-enabled build.

(Contributed by Sam Gross, Matt Page, Neil Schemenauer, Thomas Wouters, Donghee Na, Kirill Podoprigora,
Ken Jin, Itamar Oren, Brett Simmers, Dino Viehland, Nathan Goldbaum, Ralf Gommers, Lysandros Nikolaou,
Kumar Aditya, Edgar Margffoy, and many others. Some of these contributors are employed by Meta, which has
continued to provide significant engineering resources to support this project.)

Improved error messages

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The interpreter now provides helpful suggestions when it detects typos in Python keywords. When a word
that closely resembles a Python keyword is encountered, the interpreter will suggest the correct keyword in
the error message. This feature helps programmers quickly identify and fix common typing mistakes. For ex-
ample:

>>> whille True:

... pass
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
whille True:
^^^^^^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Did you mean 'while'?

While the feature focuses on the most common cases, some variations of misspellings may still result in reg-
ular syntax errors. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh-132449.)

elif statements that follow an else block now have a specific error message. (Contributed by Steele
Farnsworth in gh-129902.)

>>> if who == "me":

... print("It's me!")
... else:
... print("It's not me!")
... elif who is None:
... print("Who is it?")
File "<stdin>", line 5
elif who is None:
^^^^
SyntaxError: 'elif' block follows an 'else' block

If a statement is passed to the Conditional expressions after else , or one of pass , break , or continue is
passed before if , then the error message highlights where the expression is required. (Contributed by
Sergey Miryanov in gh-129515.)

>>> x = 1 if True else pass

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1
x = 1 if True else pass
^^^^
SyntaxError: expected expression after 'else', but statement is given

>>> x = continue if True else break

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1
x = continue if True else break
^^^^^^^^
SyntaxError: expected expression before 'if', but statement is given

When incorrectly closed strings are detected, the error message suggests that the string may be intended to
be part of the string. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh-88535.)

>>> "The interesting object "The important object" is very important"

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Traceback (most recent call last):

SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Is this intended to be part of the string?

When strings have incompatible prefixes, the error now shows which prefixes are incompatible. (Contributed
by Nikita Sobolev in gh-133197.)

>>> ub'abc'
File "<python-input-0>", line 1
ub'abc'
^^
SyntaxError: 'u' and 'b' prefixes are incompatible

Improved error messages when using as with incompatible targets in:

Imports: import ... as ...

From imports: from ... import ... as ...
Except handlers: except ... as ...
Pattern-match cases: case ... as ...

(Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-123539, gh-123562, and gh-123440.)

Improved error message when trying to add an instance of an unhashable type to a dict or set .
(Contributed by CF Bolz-Tereick and Victor Stinner in gh-132828.)

>>> s = set()
>>> s.add({'pages': 12, 'grade': 'A'})
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<python-input-1>", line 1, in <module>
s.add({'pages': 12, 'grade': 'A'})
~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
TypeError: cannot use 'dict' as a set element (unhashable type: 'dict')
>>> d = {}
>>> l = [1, 2, 3]
>>> d[l] = 12
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<python-input-4>", line 1, in <module>
d[l] = 12
~^^^
TypeError: cannot use 'list' as a dict key (unhashable type: 'list')

Improved error message when an object supporting the synchronous context manager protocol is entered
using async with instead of with , and vice versa for the asynchronous context manager protocol.
(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-128398.)

PEP 784: Zstandard support in the standard library

The new compression package contains modules compression.lzma , compression.bz2 , compression.gzip

and compression.zlib which re-export the lzma , bz2 , gzip and zlib modules respectively. The new import
names under compression are the preferred names for importing these compression modules from Python
3.14. However, the existing modules names have not been deprecated. Any deprecation or removal of the ex-

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isting compression modules will occur no sooner than five years after the release of 3.14.

The new compression.zstd module provides compression and decompression APIs for the Zstandard format
via bindings to Meta’s zstd library. Zstandard is a widely adopted, highly efficient, and fast compression format.
In addition to the APIs introduced in compression.zstd , support for reading and writing Zstandard com-
pressed archives has been added to the tarfile , zipfile , and shutil modules.

Here’s an example of using the new module to compress some data:

from compression import zstd

import math

data = str(math.pi).encode() * 20
compressed = zstd.compress(data)
ratio = len(compressed) / len(data)
print(f"Achieved compression ratio of {ratio}")

As can be seen, the API is similar to the APIs of the lzma and bz2 modules.

(Contributed by Emma Harper Smith, Adam Turner, Gregory P. Smith, Tomas Roun, Victor Stinner, and
Rogdham in gh-132983.)

See also: PEP 784.

Asyncio introspection capabilities

Added a new command-line interface to inspect running Python processes using asynchronous tasks, available
via python -m asyncio ps PID or python -m asyncio pstree PID .

The ps subcommand inspects the given process ID (PID) and displays information about currently running
asyncio tasks. It outputs a task table: a flat listing of all tasks, their names, their coroutine stacks, and which
tasks are awaiting them.

The pstree subcommand fetches the same information, but instead renders a visual async call tree, showing
coroutine relationships in a hierarchical format. This command is particularly useful for debugging long-
running or stuck asynchronous programs. It can help developers quickly identify where a program is blocked,
what tasks are pending, and how coroutines are chained together.

For example given this code:

import asyncio

async def play_track(track):

await asyncio.sleep(5)
print(f' Finished: {track}')

async def play_album(name, tracks):

async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as tg:
for track in tracks:
tg.create_task(play_track(track), name=track)

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async def main():

async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as tg:
tg.create_task(
play_album('Sundowning', ['TNDNBTG', 'Levitate']),
name='Sundowning')
tg.create_task(
play_album('TMBTE', ['DYWTYLM', 'Aqua Regia']),
name='TMBTE')

if __name__ == '__main__':
asyncio.run(main())

Executing the new tool on the running process will yield a table like this:

python -m asyncio ps 12345

tid task id task name coroutine stack

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1935500 0x7fc930c18050 Task-1 TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__
1935500 0x7fc930c18230 Sundowning TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__
1935500 0x7fc93173fa50 TMBTE TaskGroup._aexit -> TaskGroup.__aexit__
1935500 0x7fc93173fdf0 TNDNBTG sleep -> play
1935500 0x7fc930d32510 Levitate sleep -> play
1935500 0x7fc930d32890 DYWTYLM sleep -> play
1935500 0x7fc93161ec30 Aqua Regia sleep -> play

or a tree like this:

python -m asyncio pstree 12345

└── (T) Task-1

└── main example.py:13
└── TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:72
└── TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:121
├── (T) Sundowning
│ └── album example.py:8
│ └── TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:72
│ └── TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:121
│ ├── (T) TNDNBTG
│ │ └── play example.py:4
│ │ └── sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702
│ └── (T) Levitate
│ └── play example.py:4
│ └── sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702
└── (T) TMBTE
└── album example.py:8
└── TaskGroup.__aexit__ Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:72
└── TaskGroup._aexit Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py:121
├── (T) DYWTYLM
│ └── play example.py:4
│ └── sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702
└── (T) Aqua Regia
└── play example.py:4
└── sleep Lib/asyncio/tasks.py:702

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If a cycle is detected in the async await graph (which could indicate a programming issue), the tool raises an er-
ror and lists the cycle paths that prevent tree construction:

python -m asyncio pstree 12345

ERROR: await-graph contains cycles - cannot print a tree!

cycle: Task-2 → Task-3 → Task-2

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo, Łukasz Langa, Yury Selivanov, and Marta Gomez Macias in gh-91048.)

Concurrent safe warnings control

The warnings.catch_warnings context manager will now optionally use a context variable for warning filters.
This is enabled by setting the context_aware_warnings flag, either with the -X command-line option or an
environment variable. This gives predictable warnings control when using catch_warnings combined with
multiple threads or asynchronous tasks. The flag defaults to true for the free-threaded build and false for the
GIL-enabled build.

(Contributed by Neil Schemenauer and Kumar Aditya in gh-130010.)

Other language changes

All Windows code pages are now supported as ‘cpXXX’ codecs on Windows. (Contributed by Serhiy
Storchaka in gh-123803.)
Implement mixed-mode arithmetic rules combining real and complex numbers as specified by the C stan-
dard since C99. (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in gh-69639.)
More syntax errors are now detected regardless of optimisation and the -O command-line option. This in-
cludes writes to __debug__ , incorrect use of await , and asynchronous comprehensions outside asynchro-
nous functions. For example, python -O -c 'assert (__debug__ := 1)' or python -O -c 'assert
await 1' now produce SyntaxError s. (Contributed by Irit Katriel and Jelle Zijlstra in gh-122245 &
gh-121637.)
When subclassing a pure C type, the C slots for the new type are no longer replaced with a wrapped version
on class creation if they are not explicitly overridden in the subclass. (Contributed by Tomasz Pytel in
gh-132284.)

Built-ins

The bytes.fromhex() and bytearray.fromhex() methods now accept ASCII bytes and bytes-like objects.
(Contributed by Daniel Pope in gh-129349.)
Add class methods float.from_number() and complex.from_number() to convert a number to float or
complex type correspondingly. They raise a TypeError if the argument is not a real number. (Contributed
by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-84978.)
Support underscore and comma as thousands separators in the fractional part for floating-point presenta-
tion types of the new-style string formatting (with format() or f-strings). (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev

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in gh-87790.)
The int() function no longer delegates to __trunc__() . Classes that want to support conversion to int()
must implement either __int__() or __index__() . (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in gh-119743.)
The map() function now has an optional keyword-only strict flag like zip() to check that all the iterables are
of equal length. (Contributed by Wannes Boeykens in gh-119793.)
The memoryview type now supports subscription, making it a generic type. (Contributed by Brian Schubert in
gh-126012.)
Using NotImplemented in a boolean context will now raise a TypeError . This has raised a
DeprecationWarning since Python 3.9. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-118767.)
Three-argument pow() now tries calling __rpow__() if necessary. Previously it was only called in two-
argument pow() and the binary power operator. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-130104.)
super objects are now copyable and pickleable . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-125767.)

Command line and environment

The import time flag can now track modules that are already loaded (‘cached’), via the new -X
importtime=2 . When such a module is imported, the self and cumulative times are replaced by the string
cached .

Values above 2 for -X importtime are now reserved for future use.

(Contributed by Noah Kim and Adam Turner in gh-118655.)

The command-line option -c now automatically dedents its code argument before execution. The auto-
dedentation behavior mirrors textwrap.dedent() . (Contributed by Jon Crall and Steven Sun in gh-103998.)

-J is no longer a reserved flag for Jython, and now has no special meaning. (Contributed by Adam Turner in
gh-133336.)

PEP 758: Allow except and except* expressions without brackets

The except and except* expressions now allow brackets to be omitted when there are multiple exception
types and the as clause is not used. For example:

try:
connect_to_server()
except TimeoutError, ConnectionRefusedError:
print('The network has ceased to be!')

(Contributed by Pablo Galindo and Brett Cannon in PEP 758 and gh-131831.)

PEP 765: Control flow in finally blocks

The compiler now emits a SyntaxWarning when a return , break , or continue statement have the effect of
leaving a finally block. This change is specified in PEP 765.

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In situations where this change is inconvenient (such as those where the warnings are redundant due to code
linting), the warning filter can be used to turn off all syntax warnings by adding ignore::SyntaxWarning as a
filter. This can be specified in combination with a filter that converts other warnings to errors (for example,
passing -Werror -Wignore::SyntaxWarning as CLI options, or setting
PYTHONWARNINGS=error,ignore::SyntaxWarning ).

Note that applying such a filter at runtime using the warnings module will only suppress the warning in code
that is compiled after the filter is adjusted. Code that is compiled prior to the filter adjustment (for example,
when a module is imported) will still emit the syntax warning.

(Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-130080.)

Incremental garbage collection

The cycle garbage collector is now incremental. This means that maximum pause times are reduced by an order
of magnitude or more for larger heaps.

There are now only two generations: young and old. When gc.collect() is not called directly, the GC is in-
voked a little less frequently. When invoked, it collects the young generation and an increment of the old gen-
eration, instead of collecting one or more generations.

The behavior of gc.collect() changes slightly:

gc.collect(1) : Performs an increment of garbage collection, rather than collecting generation 1.

Other calls to gc.collect() are unchanged.

(Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-108362.)

Default interactive shell

The default interactive shell now highlights Python syntax. The feature is enabled by default, save if
PYTHON_BASIC_REPL or any other environment variable that disables colour is set. See Controlling color for
details.

The default color theme for syntax highlighting strives for good contrast and exclusively uses the 4-bit VGA
standard ANSI color codes for maximum compatibility. The theme can be customized using an experimental
API _colorize.set_theme() . This can be called interactively or in the PYTHONSTARTUP script. Note that this
function has no stability guarantees, and may change or be removed.

(Contributed by Łukasz Langa in gh-131507.)

The default interactive shell now supports import auto-completion. This means that typing import co and
pressing <Tab> will suggest modules starting with co . Similarly, typing from concurrent import i will
suggest submodules of concurrent starting with i . Note that autocompletion of module attributes is not
currently supported. (Contributed by Tomas Roun in gh-69605.)

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New modules

annotationlib : For introspecting annotations. See PEP 749 for more details. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in
gh-119180.)
compression (including compression.zstd ): A package for compression-related modules, including a new
module to support the Zstandard compression format. See PEP 784 for more details. (Contributed by Emma
Harper Smith, Adam Turner, Gregory P. Smith, Tomas Roun, Victor Stinner, and Rogdham in gh-132983.)
concurrent.interpreters : Support for multiple interpreters in the standard library. See PEP 734 for more
details. (Contributed by Eric Snow in gh-134939.)
string.templatelib : Support for template string literals (t-strings). See PEP 750 for more details.
(Contributed by Jim Baker, Guido van Rossum, Paul Everitt, Koudai Aono, Lysandros Nikolaou, Dave Peck,
Adam Turner, Jelle Zijlstra, Bénédikt Tran, and Pablo Galindo Salgado in gh-132661.)

Improved modules
argparse

The default value of the program name for argparse.ArgumentParser now reflects the way the Python in-
terpreter was instructed to find the __main__ module code. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Alyssa
Coghlan in gh-66436.)
Introduced the optional suggest_on_error parameter to argparse.ArgumentParser , enabling suggestions
for argument choices and subparser names if mistyped by the user. (Contributed by Savannah Ostrowski in
gh-124456.)
Enable color for help text, which can be disabled with the optional color parameter to
argparse.ArgumentParser . This can also be controlled by environment variables. (Contributed by Hugo van
Kemenade in gh-130645.)

ast

Add compare() , a function for comparing two ASTs. (Contributed by Batuhan Taskaya and Jeremy Hylton in
gh-60191.)
Add support for copy.replace() for AST nodes. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-121141.)
Docstrings are now removed from an optimized AST in optimization level 2. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
gh-123958.)
The repr() output for AST nodes now includes more information. (Contributed by Tomas Roun in
gh-116022.)
When called with an AST as input, the parse() function now always verifies that the root node type is ap-
propriate. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-130139.)
Add new options to the command-line interface: --feature-version , --optimize , and --show-empty .
(Contributed by Semyon Moroz in gh-133367.)

asyncio

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The function and methods named create_task() now take an arbitrary list of keyword arguments. All key-
word arguments are passed to the Task constructor or the custom task factory. (See set_task_factory()
for details.) The name and context keyword arguments are no longer special; the name should now be set
using the name keyword argument of the factory, and context may be None .

This affects the following function and methods: asyncio.create_task() , asyncio.loop.create_task() ,

asyncio.TaskGroup.create_task() .

(Contributed by Thomas Grainger in gh-128307.)

There are two new utility functions for introspecting and printing a program’s call graph:
capture_call_graph() and print_call_graph() . See Asyncio introspection capabilities for more details.
(Contributed by Yury Selivanov, Pablo Galindo Salgado, and Łukasz Langa in gh-91048.)

calendar

By default, today’s date is highlighted in color in calendar ’s command-line text output. This can be con-
trolled by environment variables. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-128317.)

concurrent.futures

Add a new executor class, InterpreterPoolExecutor , which exposes multiple Python interpreters in the
same process (‘subinterpreters’) to Python code. This uses a pool of independent Python interpreters to exe-
cute calls asynchronously.

This is separate from the new interpreters module introduced by PEP 734. (Contributed by Eric Snow in
gh-124548.)

On Unix platforms other than macOS, ‘forkserver’ is now the default start method for ProcessPoolExecutor
(replacing ‘fork’). This change does not affect Windows or macOS, where ‘spawn’ remains the default start
method.

If the threading incompatible fork method is required, you must explicitly request it by supplying a multipro-
cessing context mp_context to ProcessPoolExecutor .

See forkserver restrictions for information and differences with the fork method and how this change may af-
fect existing code with mutable global shared variables and/or shared objects that can not be automatically
pickled .

(Contributed by Gregory P. Smith in gh-84559.)

Add two new methods to ProcessPoolExecutor , terminate_workers() and kill_workers() , as ways to

terminate or kill all living worker processes in the given pool. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
gh-130849.)

Add the optional buffersize parameter to Executor.map to limit the number of submitted tasks whose re-

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sults have not yet been yielded. If the buffer is full, iteration over the iterables pauses until a result is yielded
from the buffer. (Contributed by Enzo Bonnal and Josh Rosenberg in gh-74028.)

configparser

configparser will no longer write config files it cannot read, to improve security. Attempting to write()
keys containing delimiters or beginning with the section header pattern will raise an InvalidWriteError .
(Contributed by Jacob Lincoln in gh-129270.)

contextvars

Support the context manager protocol for Token objects. (Contributed by Andrew Svetlov in gh-129889.)

ctypes

The layout of bit fields in Structure and Union objects is now a closer match to platform defaults (GCC/
Clang or MSVC). In particular, fields no longer overlap. (Contributed by Matthias Görgens in gh-97702.)
The Structure._layout_ class attribute can now be set to help match a non-default ABI. (Contributed by
Petr Viktorin in gh-97702.)
The class of Structure / Union field descriptors is now available as CField , and has new attributes to aid de-
bugging and introspection. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in gh-128715.)
On Windows, the COMError exception is now public. (Contributed by Jun Komoda in gh-126686.)
On Windows, the CopyComPointer() function is now public. (Contributed by Jun Komoda in gh-127275.)
Add memoryview_at() , a function to create a memoryview object that refers to the supplied pointer and
length. This works like ctypes.string_at() except it avoids a buffer copy, and is typically useful when im-
plementing pure Python callback functions that are passed dynamically-sized buffers. (Contributed by Rian
Hunter in gh-112018.)
Complex types, c_float_complex , c_double_complex , and c_longdouble_complex , are now available if
both the compiler and the libffi library support complex C types. (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in
gh-61103.)
Add ctypes.util.dllist() for listing the shared libraries loaded by the current process. (Contributed by
Brian Ward in gh-119349.)
Move ctypes.POINTER() types cache from a global internal cache ( _pointer_type_cache ) to the
_CData.__pointer_type__ attribute of the corresponding ctypes types. This will stop the cache from
growing without limits in some situations. (Contributed by Sergey Miryanov in gh-100926.)
The py_object type now supports subscription, making it a generic type. (Contributed by Brian Schubert in
gh-132168.)
ctypes now supports free-threading builds. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya and Peter Bierma in gh-127945.)

curses

Add the assume_default_colors() function, a refinement of the use_default_colors() function which

allows changing the color pair 0 . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-133139.)

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datetime

Add the strptime() method to the datetime.date and datetime.time classes. (Contributed by Wannes
Boeykens in gh-41431.)

decimal

Add Decimal.from_number() as an alternative constructor for Decimal . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in

gh-121798.)
Expose IEEEContext() to support creation of contexts corresponding to the IEEE 754 (2008) decimal inter-
change formats. (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in gh-53032.)

difflib

Comparison pages with highlighted changes generated by the HtmlDiff class now support ‘dark mode’.
(Contributed by Jiahao Li in gh-129939.)

dis

Add support for rendering full source location information of instructions , rather than only the line num-
ber. This feature is added to the following interfaces via the show_positions keyword argument:

dis.Bytecode
dis.dis()
dis.distb()
dis.disassemble()

This feature is also exposed via dis --show-positions . (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-123165.)

Add the dis --specialized command-line option to show specialized bytecode. (Contributed by Bénédikt
Tran in gh-127413.)

errno

Add the EHWPOISON error code constant. (Contributed by James Roy in gh-126585.)

faulthandler

Add support for printing the C stack trace on systems that support it via the new dump_c_stack() function
or via the c_stack argument in faulthandler.enable() . (Contributed by Peter Bierma in gh-127604.)

fnmatch

Add filterfalse() , a function to reject names matching a given pattern. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in
gh-74598.)

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fractions

A Fraction object may now be constructed from any object with the as_integer_ratio() method.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-82017.)
Add Fraction.from_number() as an alternative constructor for Fraction . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka
in gh-121797.)

functools

Add the Placeholder sentinel. This may be used with the partial() or partialmethod() functions to re-
serve a place for positional arguments in the returned partial object. (Contributed by Dominykas Grigonis in
gh-119127.)
Allow the initial parameter of reduce() to be passed as a keyword argument. (Contributed by Sayandip
Dutta in gh-125916.)

getopt

Add support for options with optional arguments. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-126374.)
Add support for returning intermixed options and non-option arguments in order. (Contributed by Serhiy
Storchaka in gh-126390.)

getpass

Support keyboard feedback in the getpass() function via the keyword-only optional argument echo_char.
Placeholder characters are rendered whenever a character is entered, and removed when a character is
deleted. (Contributed by Semyon Moroz in gh-77065.)

graphlib

Allow TopologicalSorter.prepare() to be called more than once as long as sorting has not started.
(Contributed by Daniel Pope in gh-130914.)

heapq

The heapq module has improved support for working with max-heaps, via the following new functions:
heapify_max()
heappush_max()
heappop_max()
heapreplace_max()
heappushpop_max()

hmac

Add a built-in implementation for HMAC (RFC 2104) using formally verified code from the HACL* project.

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This implementation is used as a fallback when the OpenSSL implementation of HMAC is not available.
(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-99108.)

http

Directory lists and error pages generated by the http.server module allow the browser to apply its default
dark mode. (Contributed by Yorik Hansen in gh-123430.)

The http.server module now supports serving over HTTPS using the http.server.HTTPSServer class.
This functionality is exposed by the command-line interface ( python -m http.server ) through the follow-
ing options:

--tls-cert <path> : Path to the TLS certificate file.

--tls-key <path> : Optional path to the private key file.
--tls-password-file <path> : Optional path to the password file for the private key.

(Contributed by Semyon Moroz in gh-85162.)

imaplib

Add IMAP4.idle() , implementing the IMAP4 IDLE command as defined in RFC 2177. (Contributed by
Forest in gh-55454.)

inspect

signature() takes a new argument annotation_format to control the annotationlib.Format used for rep-
resenting annotations. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-101552.)
Signature.format() takes a new argument unquote_annotations. If true, string annotations are displayed
without surrounding quotes. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-101552.)
Add function ispackage() to determine whether an object is a package or not. (Contributed by Zhikang Yan
in gh-125634.)

io

Reading text from a non-blocking stream with read may now raise a BlockingIOError if the operation can-
not immediately return bytes. (Contributed by Giovanni Siragusa in gh-109523.)
Add the Reader and Writer protocols as simpler alternatives to the pseudo-protocols typing.IO ,
typing.TextIO , and typing.BinaryIO . (Contributed by Sebastian Rittau in gh-127648.)

json

Add exception notes for JSON serialization errors that allow identifying the source of the error. (Contributed
by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-122163.)
Allow using the json module as a script using the -m switch: python -m json. This is now preferred to
python -m json.tool, which is soft deprecated. See the JSON command-line interface documentation.

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(Contributed by Trey Hunner in gh-122873.)

By default, the output of the JSON command-line interface is highlighted in color. This can be controlled by
environment variables. (Contributed by Tomas Roun in gh-131952.)

linecache

getline() can now retrieve source code for frozen modules. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-131638.)

logging.handlers

QueueListener objects now support the context manager protocol. (Contributed by Charles Machalow in
gh-132106.)
QueueListener.start now raises a RuntimeError if the listener is already started. (Contributed by Charles
Machalow in gh-132106.)

math

Added more detailed error messages for domain errors in the module. (Contributed by Charlie Zhao and
Sergey B Kirpichev in gh-101410.)

mimetypes

Add a public command-line for the module, invoked via python -m mimetypes. (Contributed by Oleg
Iarygin and Hugo van Kemenade in gh-93096.)

Add several new MIME types based on RFCs and common usage:

Microsoft and RFC 8081 MIME types for fonts

Embedded OpenType: application/vnd.ms-fontobject

OpenType Layout (OTF) font/otf
TrueType: font/ttf
WOFF 1.0 font/woff
WOFF 2.0 font/woff2

RFC 9559 MIME types for Matroska audiovisual data container structures

audio with no video: audio/matroska ( .mka )

video: video/matroska ( .mkv )
stereoscopic video: video/matroska-3d ( .mk3d )

Images with RFCs

RFC 1494: CCITT Group 3 ( .g3 )

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RFC 3362: Real-time Facsimile, T.38 ( .t38 )

RFC 3745: JPEG 2000 ( .jp2 ), extension ( .jpx ) and compound ( .jpm )
RFC 3950: Tag Image File Format Fax eXtended, TIFF-FX ( .tfx )
RFC 4047: Flexible Image Transport System ( .fits )
RFC 7903: Enhanced Metafile ( .emf ) and Windows Metafile ( .wmf )

Other MIME type additions and changes

RFC 2361: Change type for .avi to video/vnd.avi and for .wav to audio/vnd.wave
RFC 4337: Add MPEG-4 audio/mp4 ( .m4a )
RFC 5334: Add Ogg media ( .oga , .ogg and .ogx )
RFC 6713: Add gzip application/gzip ( .gz )
RFC 9639: Add FLAC audio/flac ( .flac )
RFC 9512 application/yaml MIME type for YAML files ( .yaml and .yml )
Add 7z application/x-7z-compressed ( .7z )
Add Android Package application/vnd.android.package-archive ( .apk ) when not strict
Add deb application/x-debian-package ( .deb )
Add glTF binary model/gltf-binary ( .glb )
Add glTF JSON/ASCII model/gltf+json ( .gltf )
Add M4V video/x-m4v ( .m4v )
Add PHP application/x-httpd-php ( .php )
Add RAR application/vnd.rar ( .rar )
Add RPM application/x-rpm ( .rpm )
Add STL model/stl ( .stl )
Add Windows Media Video video/x-ms-wmv ( .wmv )
De facto: Add WebM audio/webm ( .weba )
ECMA-376: Add .docx , .pptx and .xlsx types
OASIS: Add OpenDocument .odg , .odp , .ods and .odt types
W3C: Add EPUB application/epub+zip ( .epub )

(Contributed by Sahil Prajapati and Hugo van Kemenade in gh-84852, by Sasha “Nelie” Chernykh and Hugo
van Kemenade in gh-132056, and by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-89416, gh-85957, and gh-129965.)

multiprocessing

On Unix platforms other than macOS, ‘forkserver’ is now the default start method (replacing ‘fork’). This
change does not affect Windows or macOS, where ‘spawn’ remains the default start method.

If the threading incompatible fork method is required, you must explicitly request it via a context from
get_context() (preferred) or change the default via set_start_method() .

See forkserver restrictions for information and differences with the fork method and how this change may af-
fect existing code with mutable global shared variables and/or shared objects that can not be automatically

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pickled .

(Contributed by Gregory P. Smith in gh-84559.)

multiprocessing ’s 'forkserver' start method now authenticates its control socket to avoid solely relying
on filesystem permissions to restrict what other processes could cause the forkserver to spawn workers and
run code. (Contributed by Gregory P. Smith for gh-97514.)

The multiprocessing proxy objects for list and dict types gain previously overlooked missing methods:

clear() and copy() for proxies of list

fromkeys() , reversed(d) , d | {} , {} | d , d |= {'b': 2} for proxies of dict

(Contributed by Roy Hyunjin Han for gh-103134.)

Add support for shared set objects via SyncManager.set() . The set() in Manager() method is now avail-
able. (Contributed by Mingyu Park in gh-129949.)

Add the interrupt() to multiprocessing.Process objects, which terminates the child process by sending
SIGINT . This enables finally clauses to print a stack trace for the terminated process. (Contributed by
Artem Pulkin in gh-131913.)

operator

Add is_none() and is_not_none() as a pair of functions, such that operator.is_none(obj) is equivalent
to obj is None and operator.is_not_none(obj) is equivalent to obj is not None . (Contributed by
Raymond Hettinger and Nico Mexis in gh-115808.)

os

Add the reload_environ() function to update os.environ and os.environb with changes to the environ-
ment made by os.putenv() , by os.unsetenv() , or made outside Python in the same process. (Contributed
by Victor Stinner in gh-120057.)
Add the SCHED_DEADLINE and SCHED_NORMAL constants to the os module. (Contributed by James Roy in
gh-127688.)
Add the readinto() function to read into a buffer object from a file descriptor. (Contributed by Cody
Maloney in gh-129205.)

os.path

The strict parameter to realpath() accepts a new value, ALLOW_MISSING . If used, errors other than
FileNotFoundError will be re-raised; the resulting path can be missing but it will be free of symlinks.
(Contributed by Petr Viktorin for CVE 2025-4517.)

pathlib

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Add methods to pathlib.Path to recursively copy or move files and directories:

copy() copies a file or directory tree to a destination.

copy_into() copies into a destination directory.
move() moves a file or directory tree to a destination.
move_into() moves into a destination directory.

(Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-73991.)

Add the info attribute, which stores an object implementing the new pathlib.types.PathInfo protocol.
The object supports querying the file type and internally caching stat() results. Path objects generated by
iterdir() are initialized with file type information gleaned from scanning the parent directory. (Contributed
by Barney Gale in gh-125413.)

pdb

The pdb module now supports remote attaching to a running Python process using a new -p PID
command-line option:

python -m pdb -p 1234

This will connect to the Python process with the given PID and allow you to debug it interactively. Notice
that due to how the Python interpreter works attaching to a remote process that is blocked in a system call
or waiting for I/O will only work once the next bytecode instruction is executed or when the process receives
a signal.

This feature uses PEP 768 and the new sys.remote_exec() function to attach to the remote process and
send the PDB commands to it.

(Contributed by Matt Wozniski and Pablo Galindo in gh-131591.)

Hardcoded breakpoints ( breakpoint() and set_trace() ) now reuse the most recent Pdb instance that
calls set_trace() , instead of creating a new one each time. As a result, all the instance specific data like
display and commands are preserved across hardcoded breakpoints. (Contributed by Tian Gao in
gh-121450.)

Add a new argument mode to pdb.Pdb . Disable the restart command when pdb is in inline mode.
(Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-123757.)

A confirmation prompt will be shown when the user tries to quit pdb in inline mode. y , Y , <Enter> or EOF
will confirm the quit and call sys.exit() , instead of raising bdb.BdbQuit . (Contributed by Tian Gao in
gh-124704.)

Inline breakpoints like breakpoint() or pdb.set_trace() will always stop the program at calling frame, ig-
noring the skip pattern (if any). (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-130493.)

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<tab> at the beginning of the line in pdb multi-line input will fill in a 4-space indentation now, instead of in-
serting a \t character. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-130471.)

Auto-indent is introduced in pdb multi-line input. It will either keep the indentation of the last line or insert a
4-space indentation when it detects a new code block. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-133350.)

$_asynctask is added to access the current asyncio task if applicable. (Contributed by Tian Gao in
gh-124367.)

pdb.set_trace_async() is added to support debugging asyncio coroutines. await statements are sup-
ported with this function. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-132576.)

Source code displayed in pdb will be syntax-highlighted. This feature can be controlled using the same
methods as the default interactive shell, in addition to the newly added colorize argument of pdb.Pdb .
(Contributed by Tian Gao and Łukasz Langa in gh-133355.)

pickle

Set the default protocol version on the pickle module to 5. For more details, see pickle protocols.
Add exception notes for pickle serialization errors that allow identifying the source of the error. (Contributed
by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-122213.)

platform

Add invalidate_caches() , a function to invalidate cached results in the platform module. (Contributed by
Bénédikt Tran in gh-122549.)

pydoc

Annotations in help output are now usually displayed in a format closer to that in the original source.
(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-101552.)

re

Support \z as a synonym for \Z in regular expressions . It is interpreted unambiguously in many other

regular expression engines, unlike \Z , which has subtly different behavior. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka
in gh-133306.)
\B in regular expression now matches the empty input string, meaning that it is now always the opposite
of \b . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-124130.)

socket

Improve and fix support for Bluetooth sockets.

Fix support of Bluetooth sockets on NetBSD and DragonFly BSD. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
gh-132429.)

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Fix support for BTPROTO_HCI on FreeBSD. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-111178.)

Add support for BTPROTO_SCO on FreeBSD. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-85302.)
Add support for cid and bdaddr_type in the address for BTPROTO_L2CAP on FreeBSD. (Contributed by
Serhiy Storchaka in gh-132429.)
Add support for channel in the address for BTPROTO_HCI on Linux. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
gh-70145.)
Accept an integer as the address for BTPROTO_HCI on Linux. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
gh-132099.)
Return cid in getsockname() for BTPROTO_L2CAP . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-132429.)
Add many new constants. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-132734.)

ssl

Indicate through the HAS_PHA Boolean whether the ssl module supports TLSv1.3 post-handshake client au-
thentication (PHA). (Contributed by Will Childs-Klein in gh-128036.)

struct

Support the float complex and double complex C types in the struct module (formatting characters
'F' and 'D' respectively). (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in gh-121249.)

symtable

Expose the following Symbol methods:

is_comp_cell()
is_comp_iter()
is_free_class()

(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-120029.)

sys

The previously undocumented special function sys.getobjects() , which only exists in specialized builds of
Python, may now return objects from other interpreters than the one it’s called in. (Contributed by Eric Snow
in gh-125286.)
Add sys._is_immortal() for determining if an object is immortal. (Contributed by Peter Bierma in
gh-128509.)
On FreeBSD, sys.platform no longer contains the major version number. It is always 'freebsd' , instead of
'freebsd13' or 'freebsd14' . (Contributed by Michael Osipov in gh-129393.)
Raise DeprecationWarning for sys._clear_type_cache() . This function was deprecated in Python 3.13
but it didn’t raise a runtime warning.
Add sys.remote_exec() to implement the new external debugger interface. See PEP 768 for details.
(Contributed by Pablo Galindo Salgado, Matt Wozniski, and Ivona Stojanovic in gh-131591.)

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Add the sys._jit namespace, containing utilities for introspecting just-in-time compilation. (Contributed by
Brandt Bucher in gh-133231.)

sys.monitoring

Add two new monitoring events, BRANCH_LEFT and BRANCH_RIGHT . These replace and deprecate the BRANCH
event. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-122548.)

sysconfig

Add ABIFLAGS key to get_config_vars() on Windows. (Contributed by Xuehai Pan in gh-131799.)

tarfile

data_filter() now normalizes symbolic link targets in order to avoid path traversal attacks. (Contributed
by Petr Viktorin in gh-127987 and CVE 2025-4138.)
extractall() now skips fixing up directory attributes when a directory was removed or replaced by another
kind of file. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in gh-127987 and CVE 2024-12718.)
extract() and extractall() now (re-)apply the extraction filter when substituting a link (hard or symbolic)
with a copy of another archive member, and when fixing up directory attributes. The former raises a new ex-
ception, LinkFallbackError . (Contributed by Petr Viktorin for CVE 2025-4330 and CVE 2024-12718.)
extract() and extractall() no longer extract rejected members when errorlevel() is zero.
(Contributed by Matt Prodani and Petr Viktorin in gh-112887 and CVE 2025-4435.)

threading

threading.Thread.start() now sets the operating system thread name to threading.Thread.name .

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-59705.)

tkinter

Make tkinter widget methods after() and after_idle() accept keyword arguments. (Contributed by
Zhikang Yan in gh-126899.)
Add ability to specify a name for tkinter.OptionMenu and tkinter.ttk.OptionMenu . (Contributed by
Zhikang Yan in gh-130482.)

turtle

Add context managers for turtle.fill() , turtle.poly() , and turtle.no_animation() . (Contributed by

Marie Roald and Yngve Mardal Moe in gh-126350.)

types

types.UnionType is now an alias for typing.Union . See below for more details. (Contributed by Jelle

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Zijlstra in gh-105499.)

typing

The types.UnionType and typing.Union types are now aliases for each other, meaning that both old-style
unions (created with Union[int, str] ) and new-style unions ( int | str ) now create instances of the
same runtime type. This unifies the behavior between the two syntaxes, but leads to some differences in be-
havior that may affect users who introspect types at runtime:

Both syntaxes for creating a union now produce the same string representation in repr() . For example,
repr(Union[int, str]) is now "int | str" instead of "typing.Union[int, str]" .
Unions created using the old syntax are no longer cached. Previously, running Union[int, str] multiple
times would return the same object ( Union[int, str] is Union[int, str] would be True ), but now it
will return two different objects. Use == to compare unions for equality, not is . New-style unions have
never been cached this way. This change could increase memory usage for some programs that use a
large number of unions created by subscripting typing.Union . However, several factors offset this cost:
unions used in annotations are no longer evaluated by default in Python 3.14 because of PEP 649; an in-
stance of types.UnionType is itself much smaller than the object returned by Union[] was on prior
Python versions; and removing the cache also saves some space. It is therefore unlikely that this change
will cause a significant increase in memory usage for most users.
Previously, old-style unions were implemented using the private class typing._UnionGenericAlias . This
class is no longer needed for the implementation, but it has been retained for backward compatibility,
with removal scheduled for Python 3.17. Users should use documented introspection helpers like
get_origin() and typing.get_args() instead of relying on private implementation details.
It is now possible to use typing.Union itself in isinstance() checks. For example, isinstance(int |
str, typing.Union) will return True ; previously this raised TypeError .
The __args__ attribute of typing.Union objects is no longer writable.
It is no longer possible to set any attributes on Union objects. This only ever worked for dunder attributes
on previous versions, was never documented to work, and was subtly broken in many cases.

(Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-105499.)

TypeAliasType now supports star unpacking.

unicodedata

The Unicode database has been updated to Unicode 16.0.0.

unittest

unittest output is now colored by default. This can be controlled by environment variables. (Contributed
by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-127221.)

unittest discovery supports namespace package as start directory again. It was removed in Python 3.11.

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(Contributed by Jacob Walls in gh-80958.)

A number of new methods were added in the TestCase class that provide more specialized tests.

assertHasAttr() and assertNotHasAttr() check whether the object has a particular attribute.
assertIsSubclass() and assertNotIsSubclass() check whether the object is a subclass of a particular
class, or of one of a tuple of classes.
assertStartsWith() , assertNotStartsWith() , assertEndsWith() and assertNotEndsWith() check
whether the Unicode or byte string starts or ends with particular strings.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-71339.)

urllib

Upgrade HTTP digest authentication algorithm for urllib.request by supporting SHA-256 digest authenti-
cation as specified in RFC 7616. (Contributed by Calvin Bui in gh-128193.)

Improve ergonomics and standards compliance when parsing and emitting file: URLs.

In url2pathname() :

Accept a complete URL when the new require_scheme argument is set to true.
Discard URL authority if it matches the local hostname.
Discard URL authority if it resolves to a local IP address when the new resolve_host argument is set to true.
Discard URL query and fragment components.
Raise URLError if a URL authority isn’t local, except on Windows where we return a UNC path as before.

In pathname2url() :

Return a complete URL when the new add_scheme argument is set to true.
Include an empty URL authority when a path begins with a slash. For example, the path /etc/hosts is
converted to the URL ///etc/hosts .

On Windows, drive letters are no longer converted to uppercase, and : characters not following a drive let-
ter no longer cause an OSError exception to be raised.

(Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-125866.)

uuid

Add support for UUID versions 6, 7, and 8 via uuid6() , uuid7() , and uuid8() respectively, as specified in
RFC 9562. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-89083.)
NIL and MAX are now available to represent the Nil and Max UUID formats as defined by RFC 9562.
(Contributed by Nick Pope in gh-128427.)
Allow generating multiple UUIDs simultaneously on the command-line via python -m uuid --count .
(Contributed by Simon Legner in gh-131236.)

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webbrowser

Names in the BROWSER environment variable can now refer to already registered browsers for the
webbrowser module, instead of always generating a new browser command.

This makes it possible to set BROWSER to the value of one of the supported browsers on macOS.

zipfile

Added ZipInfo._for_archive , a method to resolve suitable defaults for a ZipInfo object as used by
ZipFile.writestr . (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-123424.)
ZipFile.writestr() now respects the SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH environment variable in order to better sup-
port reproducible builds. (Contributed by Jiahao Li in gh-91279.)

Optimizations

The import time for several standard library modules has been improved, including annotationlib , ast ,
asyncio , base64 , cmd , csv , gettext , importlib.util , locale , mimetypes , optparse , pickle , pprint ,
pstats , shlex , socket , string , subprocess , threading , tomllib , types , and zipfile .

(Contributed by Adam Turner, Bénédikt Tran, Chris Markiewicz, Eli Schwartz, Hugo van Kemenade, Jelle
Zijlstra, and others in gh-118761.)

The interpreter now avoids some reference count modifications internally when it’s safe to do so. This can
lead to different values being returned from sys.getrefcount() and Py_REFCNT() compared to previous
versions of Python. See below for details.

asyncio

Standard benchmark results have improved by 10-20% following the implementation of a new per-thread
doubly linked list for native tasks , also reducing memory usage. This enables external introspection tools
such as python -m asyncio pstree to introspect the call graph of asyncio tasks running in all threads.
(Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-107803.)
The module now has first class support for free-threading builds. This enables parallel execution of multiple
event loops across different threads, scaling linearly with the number of threads. (Contributed by Kumar
Aditya in gh-128002.)

base64

b16decode() is now up to six times faster. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran, Chris Markiewicz, and Adam
Turner in gh-118761.)

bdb

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The basic debugger now has a sys.monitoring -based backend, which can be selected via the passing
'monitoring' to the Bdb class’s new backend parameter. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-124533.)

difflib

The IS_LINE_JUNK() function is now up to twice as fast. (Contributed by Adam Turner and Semyon Moroz
in gh-130167.)

gc

The new incremental garbage collector means that maximum pause times are reduced by an order of magni-
tude or more for larger heaps.

Because of this optimization, the meaning of the results of get_threshold() and set_threshold() have
changed, along with get_count() and get_stats() .

For backwards compatibility, get_threshold() continues to return a three-item tuple. The first value is
the threshold for young collections, as before; the second value determines the rate at which the old col-
lection is scanned (the default is 10, and higher values mean that the old collection is scanned more
slowly). The third value is now meaningless and is always zero.
set_threshold() now ignores any items after the second.
get_count() and get_stats() continue to return the same format of results. The only difference is that
instead of the results referring to the young, aging and old generations, the results refer to the young
generation and the aging and collecting spaces of the old generation.

In summary, code that attempted to manipulate the behavior of the cycle GC may not work exactly as in-
tended, but it is very unlikely to be harmful. All other code will work just fine.

(Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-108362.)

io

Opening and reading files now executes fewer system calls. Reading a small operating system cached file in
full is up to 15% faster. (Contributed by Cody Maloney and Victor Stinner in gh-120754 and gh-90102.)

pathlib

Path.read_bytes now uses unbuffered mode to open files, which is between 9% and 17% faster to read in
full. (Contributed by Cody Maloney in gh-120754.)

pdb

pdb now supports two backends, based on either sys.settrace() or sys.monitoring . Using the pdb CLI
or breakpoint() will always use the sys.monitoring backend. Explicitly instantiating pdb.Pdb and its de-
rived classes will use the sys.settrace() backend by default, which is configurable. (Contributed by Tian

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Gao in gh-124533.)

uuid

uuid3() and uuid5() are now both roughly 40% faster for 16-byte names and 20% faster for 1024-byte
names. Performance for longer names remains unchanged. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-128150.)
uuid4() is now c. 30% faster. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-128150.)

zlib

On Windows, zlib-ng is now used as the implementation of the zlib module in the default binaries. There
are no known incompatibilities between zlib-ng and the previously-used zlib implementation. This should
result in better performance at all compression levels.

It is worth noting that zlib.Z_BEST_SPEED ( 1 ) may result in significantly less compression than the previous
implementation, whilst also significantly reducing the time taken to compress.

(Contributed by Steve Dower in gh-91349.)

Removed
argparse

Remove the type, choices, and metavar parameters of BooleanOptionalAction . These have been depre-
cated since Python 3.12. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-118805.)
Calling add_argument_group() on an argument group now raises a ValueError . Similarly,
add_argument_group() or add_mutually_exclusive_group() on a mutually exclusive group now both
raise ValueError s. This ‘nesting’ was never supported, often failed to work correctly, and was unintention-
ally exposed through inheritance. This functionality has been deprecated since Python 3.11. (Contributed by
Savannah Ostrowski in gh-127186.)

ast

Remove the following classes, which have been deprecated aliases of Constant since Python 3.8 and have
emitted deprecation warnings since Python 3.12:

Bytes
Ellipsis
NameConstant
Num
Str

As a consequence of these removals, user-defined visit_Num , visit_Str , visit_Bytes ,

visit_NameConstant and visit_Ellipsis methods on custom NodeVisitor subclasses will no longer be
called when the NodeVisitor subclass is visiting an AST. Define a visit_Constant method instead.

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(Contributed by Alex Waygood in gh-119562.)

Remove the following deprecated properties on ast.Constant , which were present for compatibility with
the now-removed AST classes:

Constant.n
Constant.s

Use Constant.value instead. (Contributed by Alex Waygood in gh-119562.)

asyncio

Remove the following classes, methods, and functions, which have been deprecated since Python 3.12:

AbstractChildWatcher
FastChildWatcher
MultiLoopChildWatcher
PidfdChildWatcher
SafeChildWatcher
ThreadedChildWatcher
AbstractEventLoopPolicy.get_child_watcher()
AbstractEventLoopPolicy.set_child_watcher()
get_child_watcher()
set_child_watcher()

(Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-120804.)

asyncio.get_event_loop() now raises a RuntimeError if there is no current event loop, and no longer im-
plicitly creates an event loop.

(Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-126353.)

There’s a few patterns that use asyncio.get_event_loop() , most of them can be replaced with
asyncio.run() .

If you’re running an async function, simply use asyncio.run() .

Before:

async def main():

...

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
try:
loop.run_until_complete(main())
finally:
loop.close()

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After:

async def main():

...

asyncio.run(main())

If you need to start something, for example, a server listening on a socket and then run forever, use
asyncio.run() and an asyncio.Event .

Before:

def start_server(loop): ...

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
try:
start_server(loop)
loop.run_forever()
finally:
loop.close()

After:

def start_server(loop): ...

async def main():

start_server(asyncio.get_running_loop())
await asyncio.Event().wait()

asyncio.run(main())

If you need to run something in an event loop, then run some blocking code around it, use
asyncio.Runner .

Before:

async def operation_one(): ...

def blocking_code(): ...
async def operation_two(): ...

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
try:
loop.run_until_complete(operation_one())
blocking_code()
loop.run_until_complete(operation_two())
finally:
loop.close()

After:

async def operation_one(): ...

def blocking_code(): ...
async def operation_two(): ...

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with asyncio.Runner() as runner:

runner.run(operation_one())
blocking_code()
runner.run(operation_two())

email

Remove email.utils.localtime() ’s isdst parameter, which was deprecated in and has been ignored since
Python 3.12. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-118798.)

importlib.abc

Remove deprecated importlib.abc classes:

ResourceReader (use TraversableResources )

Traversable (use Traversable )
TraversableResources (use TraversableResources )

(Contributed by Jason R. Coombs and Hugo van Kemenade in gh-93963.)

itertools

Remove support for copy, deepcopy, and pickle operations from itertools iterators. These have emitted a
DeprecationWarning since Python 3.12. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in gh-101588.)

pathlib

Remove support for passing additional keyword arguments to Path . In previous versions, any such argu-
ments are ignored. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-74033.)
Remove support for passing additional positional arguments to PurePath.relative_to() and
is_relative_to() . In previous versions, any such arguments are joined onto other. (Contributed by Barney
Gale in gh-78707.)

pkgutil

Remove the get_loader() and find_loader() functions, which have been deprecated since Python 3.12.
(Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-97850.)

pty

Remove the master_open() and slave_open() functions, which have been deprecated since Python 3.12.
Use pty.openpty() instead. (Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-118824.)

sqlite3

Remove version and version_info from the sqlite3 module; use sqlite_version and

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sqlite_version_info for the actual version number of the runtime SQLite library. (Contributed by Hugo
van Kemenade in gh-118924.)
Using a sequence of parameters with named placeholders now raises a ProgrammingError , having been
deprecated since Python 3.12. (Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in gh-118928 and gh-101693.)

urllib

Remove the Quoter class from urllib.parse , which has been deprecated since Python 3.11. (Contributed
by Nikita Sobolev in gh-118827.)

Remove the URLopener and FancyURLopener classes from urllib.request , which have been deprecated
since Python 3.3.

myopener.open() can be replaced with urlopen() . myopener.retrieve() can be replaced with

urlretrieve() . Customisations to the opener classes can be replaced by passing customized handlers to
build_opener() . (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-84850.)

Deprecated
New deprecations

Passing a complex number as the real or imag argument in the complex() constructor is now deprecated;
complex numbers should only be passed as a single positional argument. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka
in gh-109218.)

argparse :

Passing the undocumented keyword argument prefix_chars to the add_argument_group() method is now
deprecated. (Contributed by Savannah Ostrowski in gh-125563.)
Deprecated the argparse.FileType type converter. Anything relating to resource management should
be handled downstream, after the arguments have been parsed. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
gh-58032.)

asyncio :

The asyncio.iscoroutinefunction() is now deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16; use
inspect.iscoroutinefunction() instead. (Contributed by Jiahao Li and Kumar Aditya in gh-122875.)

The asyncio policy system is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16. In particular, the following
classes and functions are deprecated:

asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.get_event_loop_policy()

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asyncio.set_event_loop_policy()

Users should use asyncio.run() or asyncio.Runner with the loop_factory argument to use the desired
event loop implementation.

For example, to use asyncio.SelectorEventLoop on Windows:

import asyncio

async def main():

...

asyncio.run(main(), loop_factory=asyncio.SelectorEventLoop)

(Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-127949.)

codecs : The codecs.open() function is now deprecated, and will be removed in a future version of Python.
Use open() instead. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in gh-133036.)

ctypes :

On non-Windows platforms, setting Structure._pack_ to use a MSVC-compatible default memory lay-

out is now deprecated in favor of setting Structure._layout_ to 'ms' , and will be removed in Python
3.19. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in gh-131747.)
Calling ctypes.POINTER() on a string is now deprecated. Use incomplete types for self-referential struc-
tures. Also, the internal ctypes._pointer_type_cache is deprecated. See ctypes.POINTER() for up-
dated implementation details. (Contributed by Sergey Myrianov in gh-100926.)

functools : Calling the Python implementation of functools.reduce() with function or sequence as key-
word arguments is now deprecated; the parameters will be made positional-only in Python 3.16.
(Contributed by Kirill Podoprigora in gh-121676.)

logging : Support for custom logging handlers with the strm argument is now deprecated and scheduled for
removal in Python 3.16. Define handlers with the stream argument instead. (Contributed by Mariusz Felisiak
in gh-115032.)

mimetypes : Valid extensions are either empty or must start with ‘.’ for mimetypes.MimeTypes.add_type() .
Undotted extensions are deprecated and will raise a ValueError in Python 3.16. (Contributed by Hugo van
Kemenade in gh-75223.)

nturl2path : This module is now deprecated. Call urllib.request.url2pathname() and pathname2url()

instead. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-125866.)

os : The os.popen() and os.spawn* functions are now soft deprecated. They should no longer be used to
write new code. The subprocess module is recommended instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
gh-120743.)

pathlib : pathlib.PurePath.as_uri() is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python 3.19. Use

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pathlib.Path.as_uri() instead. (Contributed by Barney Gale in gh-123599.)

pdb : The undocumented pdb.Pdb.curframe_locals attribute is now a deprecated read-only property,

which will be removed in a future version of Python. The low overhead dynamic frame locals access added in
Python 3.13 by PEP 667 means the frame locals cache reference previously stored in this attribute is no
longer needed. Derived debuggers should access pdb.Pdb.curframe.f_locals directly in Python 3.13 and
later versions. (Contributed by Tian Gao in gh-124369 and gh-125951.)

symtable : Deprecate symtable.Class.get_methods() due to the lack of interest, scheduled for removal in
Python 3.16. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-119698.)

tkinter : The tkinter.Variable methods trace_variable() , trace_vdelete() and trace_vinfo() are

now deprecated. Use trace_add() , trace_remove() and trace_info() instead. (Contributed by Serhiy
Storchaka in gh-120220.)

urllib.parse : Accepting objects with false values (like 0 and [] ) except empty strings, bytes-like objects
and None in parse_qsl() and parse_qs() is now deprecated. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
gh-116897.)

Pending removal in Python 3.15

The import system:

Setting __cached__ on a module while failing to set __spec__.cached is deprecated. In Python 3.15,
__cached__ will cease to be set or take into consideration by the import system or standard library.
(gh-97879)
Setting __package__ on a module while failing to set __spec__.parent is deprecated. In Python 3.15,
__package__ will cease to be set or take into consideration by the import system or standard library.
(gh-97879)
ctypes :
The undocumented ctypes.SetPointerType() function has been deprecated since Python 3.13.
http.server :
The obsolete and rarely used CGIHTTPRequestHandler has been deprecated since Python 3.13. No direct
replacement exists. Anything is better than CGI to interface a web server with a request handler.
The --cgi flag to the python -m http.server command-line interface has been deprecated since Python
3.13.
importlib :
load_module() method: use exec_module() instead.
locale :
The getdefaultlocale() function has been deprecated since Python 3.11. Its removal was originally
planned for Python 3.13 (gh-90817), but has been postponed to Python 3.15. Use getlocale() ,
setlocale() , and getencoding() instead. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in gh-111187.)
pathlib :
PurePath.is_reserved() has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use os.path.isreserved() to detect

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reserved paths on Windows.

platform :
java_ver() has been deprecated since Python 3.13. This function is only useful for Jython support, has a
confusing API, and is largely untested.
sysconfig :
The check_home argument of sysconfig.is_python_build() has been deprecated since Python 3.12.
threading :
RLock() will take no arguments in Python 3.15. Passing any arguments has been deprecated since Python
3.14, as the Python version does not permit any arguments, but the C version allows any number of posi-
tional or keyword arguments, ignoring every argument.
types :
types.CodeType : Accessing co_lnotab was deprecated in PEP 626 since 3.10 and was planned to be re-
moved in 3.12, but it only got a proper DeprecationWarning in 3.12. May be removed in 3.15.
(Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-101866.)
typing :
The undocumented keyword argument syntax for creating NamedTuple classes (for example, Point =
NamedTuple("Point", x=int, y=int) ) has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use the class-based syn-
tax or the functional syntax instead.
When using the functional syntax of TypedDict s, failing to pass a value to the fields parameter ( TD =
TypedDict("TD") ) or passing None ( TD = TypedDict("TD", None) ) has been deprecated since Python
3.13. Use class TD(TypedDict): pass or TD = TypedDict("TD", {}) to create a TypedDict with zero
field.
The typing.no_type_check_decorator() decorator function has been deprecated since Python 3.13.
After eight years in the typing module, it has yet to be supported by any major type checker.
wave :
The getmark() , setmark() , and getmarkers() methods of the Wave_read and Wave_write classes have
been deprecated since Python 3.13.
zipimport :
load_module() has been deprecated since Python 3.10. Use exec_module() instead. (Contributed by
Jiahao Li in gh-125746.)

Pending removal in Python 3.16

The import system:

Setting __loader__ on a module while failing to set __spec__.loader is deprecated. In Python 3.16,
__loader__ will cease to be set or taken into consideration by the import system or the standard library.

array :

The 'u' format code ( wchar_t ) has been deprecated in documentation since Python 3.3 and at runtime
since Python 3.13. Use the 'w' format code ( Py_UCS4 ) for Unicode characters instead.

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asyncio :

asyncio.iscoroutinefunction() is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16; use

inspect.iscoroutinefunction() instead. (Contributed by Jiahao Li and Kumar Aditya in gh-122875.)

asyncio policy system is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16. In particular, the following
classes and functions are deprecated:

asyncio.AbstractEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy
asyncio.get_event_loop_policy()
asyncio.set_event_loop_policy()

Users should use asyncio.run() or asyncio.Runner with loop_factory to use the desired event loop im-
plementation.

For example, to use asyncio.SelectorEventLoop on Windows:

import asyncio

async def main():

...

asyncio.run(main(), loop_factory=asyncio.SelectorEventLoop)

(Contributed by Kumar Aditya in gh-127949.)

builtins :

Bitwise inversion on boolean types, ~True or ~False has been deprecated since Python 3.12, as it pro-
duces surprising and unintuitive results ( -2 and -1 ). Use not x instead for the logical negation of a
Boolean. In the rare case that you need the bitwise inversion of the underlying integer, convert to int ex-
plicitly ( ~int(x) ).

functools :

Calling the Python implementation of functools.reduce() with function or sequence as keyword argu-
ments has been deprecated since Python 3.14.

logging :

Support for custom logging handlers with the strm argument is deprecated and scheduled for removal in
Python 3.16. Define handlers with the stream argument instead. (Contributed by Mariusz Felisiak in
gh-115032.)

mimetypes :

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Valid extensions start with a ‘.’ or are empty for mimetypes.MimeTypes.add_type() . Undotted extensions
are deprecated and will raise a ValueError in Python 3.16. (Contributed by Hugo van Kemenade in
gh-75223.)

shutil :

The ExecError exception has been deprecated since Python 3.14. It has not been used by any function in
shutil since Python 3.4, and is now an alias of RuntimeError .

symtable :

The Class.get_methods method has been deprecated since Python 3.14.

sys :

The _enablelegacywindowsfsencoding() function has been deprecated since Python 3.13. Use the
PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING environment variable instead.

sysconfig :

The sysconfig.expand_makefile_vars() function has been deprecated since Python 3.14. Use the vars
argument of sysconfig.get_paths() instead.

tarfile :

The undocumented and unused TarFile.tarfile attribute has been deprecated since Python 3.13.

Pending removal in Python 3.17

collections.abc :

collections.abc.ByteString is scheduled for removal in Python 3.17.

Use isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Buffer) to test if obj implements the buffer protocol at run-
time. For use in type annotations, either use Buffer or a union that explicitly specifies the types your code
supports (e.g., bytes | bytearray | memoryview ).

ByteString was originally intended to be an abstract class that would serve as a supertype of both bytes
and bytearray . However, since the ABC never had any methods, knowing that an object was an instance
of ByteString never actually told you anything useful about the object. Other common buffer types such
as memoryview were also never understood as subtypes of ByteString (either at runtime or by static type
checkers).

See PEP 688 for more details. (Contributed by Shantanu Jain in gh-91896.)

typing :

Before Python 3.14, old-style unions were implemented using the private class

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typing._UnionGenericAlias . This class is no longer needed for the implementation, but it has been re-
tained for backward compatibility, with removal scheduled for Python 3.17. Users should use documented
introspection helpers like typing.get_origin() and typing.get_args() instead of relying on private
implementation details.

typing.ByteString , deprecated since Python 3.9, is scheduled for removal in Python 3.17.

Use isinstance(obj, collections.abc.Buffer) to test if obj implements the buffer protocol at run-
time. For use in type annotations, either use Buffer or a union that explicitly specifies the types your code
supports (e.g., bytes | bytearray | memoryview ).

ByteString was originally intended to be an abstract class that would serve as a supertype of both bytes
and bytearray . However, since the ABC never had any methods, knowing that an object was an instance
of ByteString never actually told you anything useful about the object. Other common buffer types such
as memoryview were also never understood as subtypes of ByteString (either at runtime or by static type
checkers).

See PEP 688 for more details. (Contributed by Shantanu Jain in gh-91896.)

Pending removal in Python 3.19

ctypes :
Implicitly switching to the MSVC-compatible struct layout by setting _pack_ but not _layout_ on non-
Windows platforms.

Pending removal in future versions

The following APIs will be removed in the future, although there is currently no date scheduled for their re-
moval.

argparse :
Nesting argument groups and nesting mutually exclusive groups are deprecated.
Passing the undocumented keyword argument prefix_chars to add_argument_group() is now deprecated.
The argparse.FileType type converter is deprecated.
builtins :
Generators: throw(type, exc, tb) and athrow(type, exc, tb) signature is deprecated: use
throw(exc) and athrow(exc) instead, the single argument signature.
Currently Python accepts numeric literals immediately followed by keywords, for example 0in x , 1or x ,
0if 1else 2 . It allows confusing and ambiguous expressions like [0x1for x in y] (which can be inter-
preted as [0x1 for x in y] or [0x1f or x in y] ). A syntax warning is raised if the numeric literal is
immediately followed by one of keywords and , else , for , if , in , is and or . In a future release it will be
changed to a syntax error. (gh-87999)
Support for __index__() and __int__() method returning non-int type: these methods will be required
to return an instance of a strict subclass of int .

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Support for __float__() method returning a strict subclass of float : these methods will be required to
return an instance of float .
Support for __complex__() method returning a strict subclass of complex : these methods will be re-
quired to return an instance of complex .
Delegation of int() to __trunc__() method.
Passing a complex number as the real or imag argument in the complex() constructor is now deprecated;
it should only be passed as a single positional argument. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-109218.)
calendar : calendar.January and calendar.February constants are deprecated and replaced by
calendar.JANUARY and calendar.FEBRUARY . (Contributed by Prince Roshan in gh-103636.)
codecs : use open() instead of codecs.open() . (gh-133038)
codeobject.co_lnotab : use the codeobject.co_lines() method instead.
datetime :
utcnow() : use datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.UTC) .
utcfromtimestamp() : use datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=datetime.UTC) .
gettext : Plural value must be an integer.
importlib :
cache_from_source() debug_override parameter is deprecated: use the optimization parameter instead.
importlib.metadata :
EntryPoints tuple interface.
Implicit None on return values.
logging : the warn() method has been deprecated since Python 3.3, use warning() instead.
mailbox : Use of StringIO input and text mode is deprecated, use BytesIO and binary mode instead.
os : Calling os.register_at_fork() in multi-threaded process.
pydoc.ErrorDuringImport : A tuple value for exc_info parameter is deprecated, use an exception instance.
re : More strict rules are now applied for numerical group references and group names in regular expres-
sions. Only sequence of ASCII digits is now accepted as a numerical reference. The group name in bytes pat-
terns and replacement strings can now only contain ASCII letters and digits and underscore. (Contributed by
Serhiy Storchaka in gh-91760.)
sre_compile , sre_constants and sre_parse modules.
shutil : rmtree() ’s onerror parameter is deprecated in Python 3.12; use the onexc parameter instead.
ssl options and protocols:
ssl.SSLContext without protocol argument is deprecated.
ssl.SSLContext : set_npn_protocols() and selected_npn_protocol() are deprecated: use ALPN in-
stead.
ssl.OP_NO_SSL* options
ssl.OP_NO_TLS* options
ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1
ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2

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ssl.TLSVersion.SSLv3
ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1
ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_1
threading methods:
threading.Condition.notifyAll() : use notify_all() .
threading.Event.isSet() : use is_set() .
threading.Thread.isDaemon() , threading.Thread.setDaemon() : use threading.Thread.daemon at-
tribute.
threading.Thread.getName() , threading.Thread.setName() : use threading.Thread.name attribute.
threading.currentThread() : use threading.current_thread() .
threading.activeCount() : use threading.active_count() .
typing.Text (gh-92332).
The internal class typing._UnionGenericAlias is no longer used to implement typing.Union . To preserve
compatibility with users using this private class, a compatibility shim will be provided until at least Python
3.17. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-105499.)
unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase : it is deprecated to return a value that is not None from a test case.
urllib.parse deprecated functions: urlparse() instead
splitattr()
splithost()
splitnport()
splitpasswd()
splitport()
splitquery()
splittag()
splittype()
splituser()
splitvalue()
to_bytes()
wsgiref : SimpleHandler.stdout.write() should not do partial writes.
xml.etree.ElementTree : Testing the truth value of an Element is deprecated. In a future release it will al-
ways return True . Prefer explicit len(elem) or elem is not None tests instead.
sys._clear_type_cache() is deprecated: use sys._clear_internal_caches() instead.

CPython bytecode changes

Replaced the opcode BINARY_SUBSCR by the BINARY_OP opcode with the NB_SUBSCR oparg. (Contributed by
Irit Katriel in gh-100239.)
Add the BUILD_INTERPOLATION and BUILD_TEMPLATE opcodes to construct new Interpolation and
Template instances, respectively. (Contributed by Lysandros Nikolaou and others in gh-132661; see also PEP
750: Template strings).
Remove the BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP opcode. Use BUILD_MAP instead. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in

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gh-122160.)
Replace the LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR opcode with LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT and add support for loading
NotImplementedError .
Add the LOAD_FAST_BORROW and LOAD_FAST_BORROW_LOAD_FAST_BORROW opcodes to reduce reference
counting overhead when the interpreter can prove that the reference in the frame outlives the reference
loaded onto the stack. (Contributed by Matt Page in gh-130704.)
Add the LOAD_SMALL_INT opcode, which pushes a small integer equal to the oparg to the stack. The
RETURN_CONST opcode is removed as it is no longer used. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-125837.)
Add the new LOAD_SPECIAL instruction. Generate code for with and async with statements using the new
instruction. Removed the BEFORE_WITH and BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH instructions. (Contributed by Mark
Shannon in gh-120507.)
Add the POP_ITER opcode to support ‘virtual’ iterators. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-132554.)

Pseudo-instructions

Add the ANNOTATIONS_PLACEHOLDER pseudo instruction to support partially executed module-level annota-
tions with deferred evaluation of annotations. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-130907.)
Add the BINARY_OP_EXTEND pseudo instruction, which executes a pair of functions (guard and specialization
functions) accessed from the inline cache. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in gh-100239.)
Add three specializations for CALL_KW ; CALL_KW_PY for calls to Python functions, CALL_KW_BOUND_METHOD for
calls to bound methods, and CALL_KW_NON_PY for all other calls. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in
gh-118093.)
Add the JUMP_IF_TRUE and JUMP_IF_FALSE pseudo instructions, conditional jumps which do not impact the
stack. Replaced by the sequence COPY 1 , TO_BOOL , POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE/FALSE . (Contributed by Irit Katriel in
gh-124285.)
Add the LOAD_CONST_MORTAL pseudo instruction. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-128685.)
Add the LOAD_CONST_IMMORTAL pseudo instruction, which does the same as LOAD_CONST , but is more effi-
cient for immortal objects. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-125837.)
Add the NOT_TAKEN pseudo instruction, used by sys.monitoring to record branch events (such as
BRANCH_LEFT ). (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-122548.)

C API changes
Python configuration C API

Add a PyInitConfig C API to configure the Python initialization without relying on C structures and the ability to
make ABI-compatible changes in the future.

Complete the PEP 587 PyConfig C API by adding PyInitConfig_AddModule() which can be used to add a
built-in extension module; a feature previously referred to as the “inittab”.

Add PyConfig_Get() and PyConfig_Set() functions to get and set the current runtime configuration.

PEP 587 ‘Python Initialization Configuration’ unified all the ways to configure Python’s initialization. This PEP

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also unifies the configuration of Python’s preinitialization and initialization in a single API. Moreover, this PEP
only provides a single choice to embed Python, instead of having two ‘Python’ and ‘Isolated’ choices (PEP 587),
to further simplify the API.

The lower level PEP 587 PyConfig API remains available for use cases with an intentionally higher level of cou-
pling to CPython implementation details (such as emulating the full functionality of CPython’s CLI, including its
configuration mechanisms).

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-107954.)

See also: PEP 741 and PEP 587

New features in the C API

Add Py_PACK_VERSION() and Py_PACK_FULL_VERSION() , two new macros for bit-packing Python version
numbers. This is useful for comparisons with Py_Version or PY_VERSION_HEX . (Contributed by Petr Viktorin
in gh-128629.)

Add PyBytes_Join(sep, iterable) function, similar to sep.join(iterable) in Python. (Contributed by

Victor Stinner in gh-121645.)

Add functions to manipulate the configuration of the current runtime Python interpreter (PEP 741: Python
configuration C API):

PyConfig_Get()
PyConfig_GetInt()
PyConfig_Set()
PyConfig_Names()

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-107954.)

Add functions to configure Python initialization (PEP 741: Python configuration C API):

Py_InitializeFromInitConfig()
PyInitConfig_AddModule()
PyInitConfig_Create()
PyInitConfig_Free()
PyInitConfig_FreeStrList()
PyInitConfig_GetError()
PyInitConfig_GetExitCode()
PyInitConfig_GetInt()
PyInitConfig_GetStr()
PyInitConfig_GetStrList()
PyInitConfig_HasOption()
PyInitConfig_SetInt()

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PyInitConfig_SetStr()
PyInitConfig_SetStrList()

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-107954.)

Add Py_fopen() function to open a file. This works similarly to the standard C fopen() function, instead ac-
cepting a Python object for the path parameter and setting an exception on error. The corresponding new
Py_fclose() function should be used to close a file. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-127350.)

Add Py_HashBuffer() to compute and return the hash value of a buffer. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou
and Victor Stinner in gh-122854.)

Add PyImport_ImportModuleAttr() and PyImport_ImportModuleAttrString() helper functions to im-

port a module and get an attribute of the module. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-128911.)

Add PyIter_NextItem() to replace PyIter_Next() , which has an ambiguous return value. (Contributed by
Irit Katriel and Erlend Aasland in gh-105201.)

Add PyLong_GetSign() function to get the sign of int objects. (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in
gh-116560.)

Add PyLong_IsPositive() , PyLong_IsNegative() and PyLong_IsZero() for checking if PyLongObject is

positive, negative, or zero, respectively. (Contributed by James Roy and Sergey B Kirpichev in gh-126061.)

Add new functions to convert C <stdint.h> numbers to/from Python int objects:

PyLong_AsInt32()
PyLong_AsInt64()
PyLong_AsUInt32()
PyLong_AsUInt64()
PyLong_FromInt32()
PyLong_FromInt64()
PyLong_FromUInt32()
PyLong_FromUInt64()

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-120389.)

Add a new import and export API for Python int objects (PEP 757):

PyLong_GetNativeLayout()
PyLong_Export()
PyLong_FreeExport()
PyLongWriter_Create()
PyLongWriter_Finish()
PyLongWriter_Discard()

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(Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev and Victor Stinner in gh-102471.)

Add PyMonitoring_FireBranchLeftEvent() and PyMonitoring_FireBranchRightEvent() for generating

BRANCH_LEFT and BRANCH_RIGHT events, respectively. (Contributed by Mark Shannon in gh-122548.)

Add PyType_Freeze() function to make a type immutable. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-121654.)

Add PyType_GetBaseByToken() and Py_tp_token slot for easier superclass identification, which attempts
to resolve the type checking issue mentioned in PEP 630. (Contributed in gh-124153.)

Add a new PyUnicode_Equal() function to test if two strings are equal. The function is also added to the
Limited C API. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-124502.)

Add a new PyUnicodeWriter API to create a Python str object, with the following functions:

PyUnicodeWriter_Create()
PyUnicodeWriter_DecodeUTF8Stateful()
PyUnicodeWriter_Discard()
PyUnicodeWriter_Finish()
PyUnicodeWriter_Format()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCII()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteRepr()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUCS4()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUTF8()
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteWideChar()

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-119182.)

The k and K formats in PyArg_ParseTuple() and similar functions now use __index__() if available, like all
other integer formats. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-112068.)

Add support for a new p format unit in Py_BuildValue() that produces a Python bool object from a C in-
teger. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in bpo-45325.)

Add PyUnstable_IsImmortal() for determining if an object is immortal, for debugging purposes.

(Contributed by Peter Bierma in gh-128509.)

Add PyUnstable_Object_EnableDeferredRefcount() for enabling deferred reference counting, as out-

lined in PEP 703.

Add PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced() as a replacement for Py_REFCNT(op) == 1 on free

threaded builds. (Contributed by Peter Bierma in gh-133140.)

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Add PyUnstable_Object_IsUniqueReferencedTemporary() to determine if an object is a unique tempo-

rary object on the interpreter’s operand stack. This can be used in some cases as a replacement for checking
if Py_REFCNT() is 1 for Python objects passed as arguments to C API functions. (Contributed by Sam Gross
in gh-133164.)

Limited C API changes

In the limited C API version 3.14 and newer, Py_TYPE() and Py_REFCNT() are now implemented as an
opaque function call to hide implementation details. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-120600 and
gh-124127.)
Remove the PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE , PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM , and PySequence_Fast_ITEMS
macros from the limited C API, since they have always been broken in the limited C API. (Contributed by
Victor Stinner in gh-91417.)

Removed C APIs

Creating immutable types with mutable bases was deprecated in Python 3.12, and now raises a TypeError .
(Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh-119775.)
Remove PyDictObject.ma_version_tag member, which was deprecated in Python 3.12. Use the
PyDict_AddWatcher() API instead. (Contributed by Sam Gross in gh-124296.)
Remove the private _Py_InitializeMain() function. It was a provisional API added to Python 3.8 by PEP
587. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-129033.)
Remove the undocumented APIs Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT and PyThreadState.c_recursion_remaining .
These were added in 3.13 and have been removed without deprecation. Use Py_EnterRecursiveCall() to
guard against runaway recursion in C code. (Removed by Petr Viktorin in gh-133079, see also gh-130396.)

Deprecated C APIs

The Py_HUGE_VAL macro is now soft deprecated. Use Py_INFINITY instead. (Contributed by Sergey B
Kirpichev in gh-120026.)
The Py_IS_NAN , Py_IS_INFINITY , and Py_IS_FINITE macros are now soft deprecated. Use isnan , isinf
and isfinite instead, available from math.h since C99. (Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in gh-119613.)
Non-tuple sequences are now deprecated as argument for the (items) format unit in PyArg_ParseTuple()
and other argument parsing functions if items contains format units which store a borrowed buffer or a bor-
rowed reference. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-50333.)
The _PyMonitoring_FireBranchEvent function is now deprecated and should be replaced with calls to
PyMonitoring_FireBranchLeftEvent() and PyMonitoring_FireBranchRightEvent() .
The previously undocumented function PySequence_In() is now soft deprecated. Use
PySequence_Contains() instead. (Contributed by Yuki Kobayashi in gh-127896.)

Pending removal in Python 3.15

The PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock() : Use PyImport_ImportModule() instead.

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PyWeakref_GetObject() and PyWeakref_GET_OBJECT() : Use PyWeakref_GetRef() instead. The

pythoncapi-compat project can be used to get PyWeakref_GetRef() on Python 3.12 and older.

Py_UNICODE type and the Py_UNICODE_WIDE macro: Use wchar_t instead.

PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject() : Use PyCodec_Decode() instead.

PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode() : Use PyCodec_Decode() instead; Note that some codecs (for example,
“base64”) may return a type other than str , such as bytes .

PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject() : Use PyCodec_Encode() instead.

PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode() : Use PyCodec_Encode() instead; Note that some codecs (for example,
“base64”) may return a type other than bytes , such as str .

Python initialization functions, deprecated in Python 3.13:

Py_GetPath() : Use PyConfig_Get("module_search_paths") ( sys.path ) instead.

Py_GetPrefix() : Use PyConfig_Get("base_prefix") ( sys.base_prefix ) instead. Use
PyConfig_Get("prefix") ( sys.prefix ) if virtual environments need to be handled.
Py_GetExecPrefix() : Use PyConfig_Get("base_exec_prefix") ( sys.base_exec_prefix ) instead. Use
PyConfig_Get("exec_prefix") ( sys.exec_prefix ) if virtual environments need to be handled.
Py_GetProgramFullPath() : Use PyConfig_Get("executable") ( sys.executable ) instead.
Py_GetProgramName() : Use PyConfig_Get("executable") ( sys.executable ) instead.
Py_GetPythonHome() : Use PyConfig_Get("home") or the PYTHONHOME environment variable instead.

The pythoncapi-compat project can be used to get PyConfig_Get() on Python 3.13 and older.

Functions to configure Python’s initialization, deprecated in Python 3.11:

PySys_SetArgvEx() : Set PyConfig.argv instead.

PySys_SetArgv() : Set PyConfig.argv instead.
Py_SetProgramName() : Set PyConfig.program_name instead.
Py_SetPythonHome() : Set PyConfig.home instead.
PySys_ResetWarnOptions() : Clear sys.warnoptions and warnings.filters instead.

The Py_InitializeFromConfig() API should be used with PyConfig instead.

Global configuration variables:

Py_DebugFlag : Use PyConfig.parser_debug or PyConfig_Get("parser_debug") instead.

Py_VerboseFlag : Use PyConfig.verbose or PyConfig_Get("verbose") instead.
Py_QuietFlag : Use PyConfig.quiet or PyConfig_Get("quiet") instead.
Py_InteractiveFlag : Use PyConfig.interactive or PyConfig_Get("interactive") instead.
Py_InspectFlag : Use PyConfig.inspect or PyConfig_Get("inspect") instead.
Py_OptimizeFlag : Use PyConfig.optimization_level or PyConfig_Get("optimization_level") in-

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stead.
Py_NoSiteFlag : Use PyConfig.site_import or PyConfig_Get("site_import") instead.
Py_BytesWarningFlag : Use PyConfig.bytes_warning or PyConfig_Get("bytes_warning") instead.
Py_FrozenFlag : Use PyConfig.pathconfig_warnings or PyConfig_Get("pathconfig_warnings") in-
stead.
Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag : Use PyConfig.use_environment or PyConfig_Get("use_environment")
instead.
Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag : Use PyConfig.write_bytecode or PyConfig_Get("write_bytecode") in-
stead.
Py_NoUserSiteDirectory : Use PyConfig.user_site_directory or
PyConfig_Get("user_site_directory") instead.
Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag : Use PyConfig.buffered_stdio or PyConfig_Get("buffered_stdio") in-
stead.
Py_HashRandomizationFlag : Use PyConfig.use_hash_seed and PyConfig.hash_seed or
PyConfig_Get("hash_seed") instead.
Py_IsolatedFlag : Use PyConfig.isolated or PyConfig_Get("isolated") instead.
Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag : Use PyPreConfig.legacy_windows_fs_encoding or
PyConfig_Get("legacy_windows_fs_encoding") instead.
Py_LegacyWindowsStdioFlag : Use PyConfig.legacy_windows_stdio or
PyConfig_Get("legacy_windows_stdio") instead.
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding , Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding : Use
PyConfig.filesystem_encoding or PyConfig_Get("filesystem_encoding") instead.
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors : Use PyConfig.filesystem_errors or
PyConfig_Get("filesystem_errors") instead.
Py_UTF8Mode : Use PyPreConfig.utf8_mode or PyConfig_Get("utf8_mode") instead. (see
Py_PreInitialize() )

The Py_InitializeFromConfig() API should be used with PyConfig to set these options. Or
PyConfig_Get() can be used to get these options at runtime.

Pending removal in Python 3.16

The bundled copy of libmpdec .

Pending removal in Python 3.18

The following private functions are deprecated and planned for removal in Python 3.18:

_PyBytes_Join() : use PyBytes_Join() .

_PyDict_GetItemStringWithError() : use PyDict_GetItemStringRef() .
_PyDict_Pop() : use PyDict_Pop() .
_PyLong_Sign() : use PyLong_GetSign() .
_PyLong_FromDigits() and _PyLong_New() : use PyLongWriter_Create() .

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_PyThreadState_UncheckedGet() : use PyThreadState_GetUnchecked() .

_PyUnicode_AsString() : use PyUnicode_AsUTF8() .
_PyUnicodeWriter_Init() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer) with writer =
PyUnicodeWriter_Create(0) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_Finish() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer) with
PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(writer) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer) with
PyUnicodeWriter_Discard(writer) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar(&writer, ch) with
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar(writer, ch) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(&writer, str) with
PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, str) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring(&writer, str,
start, end) with PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring(writer, str, start, end) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(&writer,
str) with PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCII(writer, str) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteLatin1String() : replace _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteLatin1String(&writer,
str) with PyUnicodeWriter_WriteUTF8(writer, str) .
_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare() : (no replacement).
_PyUnicodeWriter_PrepareKind() : (no replacement).
_Py_HashPointer() : use Py_HashPointer() .
_Py_fopen_obj() : use Py_fopen() .

The pythoncapi-compat project can be used to get these new public functions on Python 3.13 and older.
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in gh-128863.)

Pending removal in future versions

The following APIs are deprecated and will be removed, although there is currently no date scheduled for their
removal.

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE : Unneeded since Python 3.8.

PyErr_Fetch() : Use PyErr_GetRaisedException() instead.
PyErr_NormalizeException() : Use PyErr_GetRaisedException() instead.
PyErr_Restore() : Use PyErr_SetRaisedException() instead.
PyModule_GetFilename() : Use PyModule_GetFilenameObject() instead.
PyOS_AfterFork() : Use PyOS_AfterFork_Child() instead.
PySlice_GetIndicesEx() : Use PySlice_Unpack() and PySlice_AdjustIndices() instead.
PyUnicode_READY() : Unneeded since Python 3.12
PyErr_Display() : Use PyErr_DisplayException() instead.
_PyErr_ChainExceptions() : Use _PyErr_ChainExceptions1() instead.
PyBytesObject.ob_shash member: call PyObject_Hash() instead.

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Thread Local Storage (TLS) API:

PyThread_create_key() : Use PyThread_tss_alloc() instead.
PyThread_delete_key() : Use PyThread_tss_free() instead.
PyThread_set_key_value() : Use PyThread_tss_set() instead.
PyThread_get_key_value() : Use PyThread_tss_get() instead.
PyThread_delete_key_value() : Use PyThread_tss_delete() instead.
PyThread_ReInitTLS() : Unneeded since Python 3.7.

Build changes

PEP 776: Emscripten is now an officially supported platform at tier 3. As a part of this effort, more than 25
bugs in Emscripten libc were fixed. Emscripten now includes support for ctypes , termios , and fcntl , as
well as experimental support for the new default interactive shell. (Contributed by R. Hood Chatham in
gh-127146, gh-127683, and gh-136931.)
Official Android binary releases are now provided on python.org.
GNU Autoconf 2.72 is now required to generate configure . (Contributed by Erlend Aasland in gh-115765.)
wasm32-unknown-emscripten is now a PEP 11 tier 3 platform. (Contributed by R. Hood Chatham in
gh-127146, gh-127683, and gh-136931.)
#pragma -based linking with python3*.lib can now be switched off with Py_NO_LINK_LIB. (Contributed by
Jean-Christophe Fillion-Robin in gh-82909.)
CPython now enables a set of recommended compiler options by default for improved security. Use the --
disable-safety configure option to disable them, or the --enable-slower-safety option for a larger
set of compiler options, albeit with a performance cost.
The WITH_FREELISTS macro and --without-freelists configure option have been removed.
The new configure option --with-tail-call-interp may be used to enable the experimental tail call in-
terpreter. See A new type of interpreter for further details.
To disable the new remote debugging support, use the --without-remote-debug configure option. This
may be useful for security reasons.
iOS and macOS apps can now be configured to redirect stdout and stderr content to the system log.
(Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in gh-127592.)
The iOS testbed is now able to stream test output while the test is running. The testbed can also be used to
run the test suite of projects other than CPython itself. (Contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in gh-127592.)

build-details.json

Installations of Python now contain a new file, build-details.json . This is a static JSON document containing
build details for CPython, to allow for introspection without needing to run code. This is helpful for use-cases
such as Python launchers, cross-compilation, and so on.

build-details.json must be installed in the platform-independent standard library directory. This corre-
sponds to the ‘stdlib’ sysconfig installation path, which can be found by running
sysconfig.get_path('stdlib') .

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See also: PEP 739 – build-details.json 1.0 – a static description file for Python build details

Discontinuation of PGP signatures

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) signatures will not be provided for releases of Python 3.14 or future versions. To ver-
ify CPython artifacts, users must use Sigstore verification materials. Releases have been signed using Sigstore
since Python 3.11.

This change in release process was specified in PEP 761.

Free-threaded Python is officially supported

The free-threaded build of Python is now supported and no longer experimental. This is the start of phase II
where free-threaded Python is officially supported but still optional.

The free-threading team are confident that the project is on the right path, and appreciate the continued dedi-
cation from everyone working to make free-threading ready for broader adoption across the Python commu-
nity.

With these recommendations and the acceptance of this PEP, the Python developer community should broadly
advertise that free-threading is a supported Python build option now and into the future, and that it will not be
removed without a proper deprecation schedule.

Any decision to transition to phase III, with free-threading as the default or sole build of Python is still unde-
cided, and dependent on many factors both within CPython itself and the community. This decision is for the
future.

See also: PEP 779

PEP 779’s acceptance

Binary releases for the experimental just-in-time compiler

The official macOS and Windows release binaries now include an experimental just-in-time (JIT) compiler.
Although it is not recommended for production use, it can be tested by setting PYTHON_JIT=1 as an environ-
ment variable. Downstream source builds and redistributors can use the --enable-experimental-jit=yes-
off configuration option for similar behavior.

The JIT is at an early stage and still in active development. As such, the typical performance impact of enabling
it can range from 10% slower to 20% faster, depending on workload. To aid in testing and evaluation, a set of
introspection functions has been provided in the sys._jit namespace. sys._jit.is_available() can be
used to determine if the current executable supports JIT compilation, while sys._jit.is_enabled() can be
used to tell if JIT compilation has been enabled for the current process.

Currently, the most significant missing functionality is that native debuggers and profilers like gdb and perf

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are unable to unwind through JIT frames (Python debuggers and profilers, like pdb or profile , continue to
work without modification). Free-threaded builds do not support JIT compilation.

Please report any bugs or major performance regressions that you encounter!

See also: PEP 744

Porting to Python 3.14

This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes to your code.

Changes in the Python API

On Unix platforms other than macOS, forkserver is now the default start method for multiprocessing and
ProcessPoolExecutor , instead of fork.

See (1) and (2) for details.

If you encounter NameError s or pickling errors coming out of multiprocessing or concurrent.futures ,

see the forkserver restrictions.

This change does not affect Windows or macOS, where ‘spawn’ remains the default start method.

functools.partial is now a method descriptor. Wrap it in staticmethod() if you want to preserve the old
behavior. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Dominykas Grigonis in gh-121027.)

The garbage collector is now incremental, which means that the behavior of gc.collect() changes slightly:

gc.collect(1) : Performs an increment of garbage collection, rather than collecting generation 1.

Other calls to gc.collect() are unchanged.

The locale.nl_langinfo() function now temporarily sets the LC_CTYPE locale in some cases. This tempo-
rary change affects other threads. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-69998.)

types.UnionType is now an alias for typing.Union , causing changes in some behaviors. See above for
more details. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in gh-105499.)

The runtime behavior of annotations has changed in various ways; see above for details. While most code
that interacts with annotations should continue to work, some undocumented details may behave differ-
ently.

As part of making the mimetypes CLI public, it now exits with 1 on failure instead of 0 and 2 on incorrect
command-line parameters instead of 1 . Error messages are now printed to stderr.

The \B pattern in regular expression now matches the empty string when given as the entire pattern, which
may cause behavioural changes.

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On FreeBSD, sys.platform no longer contains the major version number.

Changes in annotations (PEP 649 and PEP 749)

This section contains guidance on changes that may be needed to annotations or Python code that interacts
with or introspects annotations, due to the changes related to deferred evaluation of annotations.

In the majority of cases, working code from older versions of Python will not require any changes.

Implications for annotated code

If you define annotations in your code (for example, for use with a static type checker), then this change proba-
bly does not affect you: you can keep writing annotations the same way you did with previous versions of
Python.

You will likely be able to remove quoted strings in annotations, which are frequently used for forward refer-
ences. Similarly, if you use from __future__ import annotations to avoid having to write strings in annota-
tions, you may well be able to remove that import once you support only Python 3.14 and newer. However, if
you rely on third-party libraries that read annotations, those libraries may need changes to support unquoted
annotations before they work as expected.

Implications for readers of __annotations__

If your code reads the __annotations__ attribute on objects, you may want to make changes in order to sup-
port code that relies on deferred evaluation of annotations. For example, you may want to use
annotationlib.get_annotations() with the FORWARDREF format, as the dataclasses module now does.

The external typing_extensions package provides partial backports of some of the functionality of the
annotationlib module, such as the Format enum and the get_annotations() function. These can be used
to write cross-version code that takes advantage of the new behavior in Python 3.14.

Related changes

The changes in Python 3.14 are designed to rework how __annotations__ works at runtime while minimizing
breakage to code that contains annotations in source code and to code that reads __annotations__ .
However, if you rely on undocumented details of the annotation behavior or on private functions in the stan-
dard library, there are many ways in which your code may not work in Python 3.14. To safeguard your code
against future changes, only use the documented functionality of the annotationlib module.

In particular, do not read annotations directly from the namespace dictionary attribute of type objects. Use
annotationlib.get_annotate_from_class_namespace() during class construction and
annotationlib.get_annotations() afterwards.

In previous releases, it was sometimes possible to access class annotations from an instance of an annotated
class. This behavior was undocumented and accidental, and will no longer work in Python 3.14.

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from __future__ import annotations

In Python 3.7, PEP 563 introduced the from __future__ import annotations future statement, which turns
all annotations into strings.

However, this statement is now deprecated and it is expected to be removed in a future version of Python. This
removal will not happen until after Python 3.13 reaches its end of life in 2029, being the last version of Python
without support for deferred evaluation of annotations.

In Python 3.14, the behavior of code using from __future__ import annotations is unchanged.

Changes in the C API

Py_Finalize() now deletes all interned strings. This is backwards incompatible to any C extension that
holds onto an interned string after a call to Py_Finalize() and is then reused after a call to
Py_Initialize() . Any issues arising from this behavior will normally result in crashes during the execution
of the subsequent call to Py_Initialize() from accessing uninitialized memory. To fix, use an address sani-
tizer to identify any use-after-free coming from an interned string and deallocate it during module shut-
down. (Contributed by Eddie Elizondo in gh-113601.)
The Unicode Exception Objects C API now raises a TypeError if its exception argument is not a
UnicodeError object. (Contributed by Bénédikt Tran in gh-127691.)

The interpreter internally avoids some reference count modifications when loading objects onto the oper-
ands stack by borrowing references when possible. This can lead to smaller reference count values compared
to previous Python versions. C API extensions that checked Py_REFCNT() of 1 to determine if an function ar-
gument is not referenced by any other code should instead use
PyUnstable_Object_IsUniqueReferencedTemporary() as a safer replacement.

Private functions promoted to public C APIs:

_PyBytes_Join() : PyBytes_Join()
_PyLong_IsNegative() : PyLong_IsNegative()
_PyLong_IsPositive() : PyLong_IsPositive()
_PyLong_IsZero() : PyLong_IsZero()
_PyLong_Sign() : PyLong_GetSign()
_PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc() : PyUnicodeWriter_Discard()
_PyUnicodeWriter_Finish() : PyUnicodeWriter_Finish()
_PyUnicodeWriter_Init() : use PyUnicodeWriter_Create()
_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare() : (no replacement)
_PyUnicodeWriter_PrepareKind() : (no replacement)
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar() : PyUnicodeWriter_WriteChar()
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr() : PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr()
_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring() : PyUnicodeWriter_WriteSubstring()
_PyUnicode_EQ() : PyUnicode_Equal()

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_PyUnicode_Equal() : PyUnicode_Equal()
_Py_GetConfig() : PyConfig_Get() and PyConfig_GetInt()
_Py_HashBytes() : Py_HashBuffer()
_Py_fopen_obj() : Py_fopen()
PyMutex_IsLocked() : PyMutex_IsLocked()

The pythoncapi-compat project can be used to get most of these new functions on Python 3.13 and older.

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