Ration Formulation
For Ruminant
FACULTY OF VETERINARY
MEDICINE, UNIVERSITAS
AIRLANGGA
Surabaya, Indonesia
2024/2025
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RUMINANT RATIONS
Forage te Concentra
rt a )
Forages ≥ 50% + en W te
• c B • CONSENTRATE≤ 50%
n
o % • Protein content: 12-17%
• Wilted first (4-6 C -2
hours), then chopped. (1 • TDN 70-80%
• given ± 2 hours before
ge
a feeding
r
fo )
s h BW For fattening, the ratio
re % (DM) concentrate (75:25) can be
F 0 Forage
(1 changed by increasing the concentrate
ratio Manusya
(60:40). 2
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CONCENTRATES (Supplementary Feed):
1.Made/formulated from several feed ingredients of animal or plant
origin.
2. Materials should not compete with humans
3. Waste from factories or agricultural by-products can be used
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Feed Ingredients that Make Up Concentrates
Raw materials for making concentrate feed for cattle or goats are
categorized into :
1. Energy Sources
Examples: rice bran, onggok, cassava, chocolate chips, coffee chips, etc.
2. Protein Sources
Examples: palm meal, copra meal, milk powder, soybean meal, soy
sauce dregs
3. Minera; Source
Example: calcite and zeolite
4. Vitamin
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Nutrients that are considered in the ration arrangement of
ruminants are:
1. Amount of energy and protein.
2. Calcium and phosphorus minerals.
3. Vit. D and A.
All Nutrients can be met from forage and concentrates
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Comparison of Forage & Concentrate Feeding and Desired
Results
Forage Concentrate RESULT
Highest milk fat
P1 70% 30 % Lowest production
Milk Fat < P1
P2 60% 40% Production < P3
Lowest milk fat
P3 50% 50% Highest production
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Amount of Feed
In general, although not quite right, the amount of fresh forage that is often
given to ruminants is 10% of the body weight, the concentrate is only given
1% of the body weight
The amount of feed (forage + concentrate) more precisely can be
estimated from the requirement of dry matter (DM).
Requirement of dry matter in dairy cattle: ± 3,5% BW
Requirement of dry matter in beef cattle ± 3 % BW
Requirement of dry matter in sheep and goat: 4 - 4,5 %BW
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Calculation Based on Dry Matter
• Ex : Dairy cattle, BW: 300Kg,
DM requirement: 3,5 %
Forage : Concentrate = 70 : 30
• Dairy cattle, BW: 300 Kg
• DM requirement 3,5 %
3,5/100 x 300 = 10,5 Kg DM
• Forage 70 %70/100x10,5Kg=7,35 Kg DM
• Fresh forage100/20x7,35 Kg=36,75 Kg
• Concentrate 30%30/100x10,5 Kg=3,15 Kg
• Available Concentrate 100/86x3,15=3,66Kg
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Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock
Depend on:
1. Type of livestock, age
2. fase (growth, adult, pregnant,
lactating),
3. Body condition (normal, sick)
4. Environment (temperature,
humidity)
5. Body weight.
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Calf Feeding
Colostrum is given as soon as possible at the latest 30
minutes post partum
age of 2 weeks is given grain because the rumen starts to
develop
The first 4 weeks of calves are given liquid feed (milk
replacer) which consists of: prot 20%, 12% fat, CF <0.25%,
and antibiotics). It should be given after 2 weeks
Vit.A, D and E are needed because Colostrum is low
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Feeding growing cattle
• Feeding beef cattle during the growth period aims to achieve
optimal growth.
• Growing animals have a relatively large appetite compared to
their live weight.
• Livestock can grow optimally with high-quality forage, as long as
there is enough rumen degradable protein (RDP) in the rumen to
promote microbial activity in the rumen.
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Nutrients that are considered in the
preparation of Ruminant Rations
The amount of energy and protein
Important Minerals : Ca and P,
Vitamins that must be fulfilled : vit. D dan A.
Can be filled from forage and concentrate
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The methods for ration formulation:
TrialMethods
Pearson Square Methods
Equation methods
Linear Programing
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Equation methods
Can be used to compile ruminant and non-ruminant animal feed
Requirements for the Equation Method:
1. There are 2-3 nutrients that must be fulfilled. In this discussion only two
so that two equations are used. For example protein and energy or
protein and minerals.
2. There must be two ingredients to look for to meet the shortcomings of
the ingredients that have been determined, one as a source of protein
and the other as an energy source
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Preparation of rations for beef cattle: energy that must be
fulfilled,
1. Net energy for maintenance (NEm)
2. Net energy gain (Neg),
for dairy cattle, only :
1. Net energy lactation (NE.lac).
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Example Dairy Cattle:
Ration composition of dairy cows with milk production of less than
20 kg/day.
Available feed ingredients:
elephant grass hay, corn stalk silage, straw, drops, urea, salt, dicalcium
phosphate, polar and kapok seed meal.
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Based on the nutritional requirements table (NRC), lactating cows need:
Protein 140 g
Energy 1,4 Mcal/Kg
Predetermined ingredients for the cow:
elephant grass hay 35%,
corn stalk silage 20%,
Rice straw 15%,
Molasses 4%,
urea 0,5%,
NaCl/ Salt 0,3 %,
dicalcium phosphate 0,5%,
while the unspecified polar and kapok seed meal.
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Table of Feedstuff composition
DM Protein (%) NE.lac. (Mcal/Kg)
Feedstuff
elephant grass hay (Hay EG) 86,0 10,3 1,14
Maize stalk silage (Silage MS) 27,9 8,4 1,7
Straw 90,1 3,6 0,88
Molasses 75,0 4,5 2,42
Urea 100 281 -
Kapok seed meal (KSM) 94,0 43,6 1,97
Pollard 89,0 18 2,32
Salt 100 - -
Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) 100 - -
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If the total feed given is 1 kg of dry matter, then ask:
1. How much feed ingredients have been determined?
2. How much total protein from the feed ingredients that have been
determined?
3. How much total energy from the feed ingredients that have been
determined?
4. How many grams of Polard are given?
5. How many grams of Kapok Seed Meal are given?
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Answer: Feed ingredients to be made as much as 1 Kg (1000 g)
I. Weight of feedstuff that have been determined
Σ Percentage Feedstuff Weight
35% elephant grass hay 35/100 x 1000 g 350 g
20% Maize stalk silage 20/100 x 1000 g 200 g
15% Straw 15/100 x 1000 g 150 g
4% Molasses 4/100 x 1000 g 40 g
0,5% Urea 0,5/100 x1000 g 5g
0,3 % Salt 0,3/100 x1000 g 3g
0,5 % Dicalcium phosphate 0,5/100 x1000 g 5g
Total = 753 g
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II. Total Protein of the specified feed ingredients:
Weight Feedstuff Protein Protein
Table content
350g elephant grass hay 10,3% 10,3/100 x 350 g 36,05 g
200 g Maize stalk silage 8,4% 8,4/100 x 200 g 16,80 g
150 g Straw 3,6% 3,6/100 x 150 g 5,40 g
40 g Molases 4,6% 4,6/100 x 40 g 1,84 g
5g Urea 281% 281/100 x 5g 14,05 g
3g Salt 0% 0
5g Dicalcium phosphate 0% 0
Total 74,14 g
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III. Total NE.lac of feedstuff that have been determined :
Weight Feedstuff NE.lac NE Mcal
Table
Mcal/Kg
350g elephant grass hay 1,14 1,14 x 350/1000 0,399
200 g Maize stalk silage 1,7 1,7x 200/1000 0,340
150 g Straw 0,88 0,88 x 150/1000 0,132
40 g Molases 2,42 2,42 x 40/1000 0,097
5g Urea 0 0
3g Salt 0 0
5g Dicalcium phosphate 0 0
Total 0,968
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I V. P r o t e i n a n d E n e r g y d e f i c i e n c y f r o m
feedstuff that have been determined :
Protein (g) Energy (Mcal)
Requirement 140 1,4
Already fulfilled 74,14 0,968
Deficiency 65,86 0.432
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Arranging with equations:
For example polard is given as much as X g and Kapok seed meal =
Yg
1. Making equation :
equation I (Protein) 18/100 X+ 43,6/100 Y = 65,86
equation II(Energy) 2,32 X/1000+1,97Y/1000= 0,432
2. Eliminated the denominator :
equation I (Protein) x 100 18 X + 43,6 Y = 6586
equation II (Energy) x 1000 2,32 X+1,97Y = 432
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3. eliminated one of the variables: eq, X , then
equation I (Protein)x 2,32
41,76X+101,152 Y = 15.279,52
equation II (Energy) x 18
41,76 X + 35,46Y = 7.776
---------------------------------------
65,692 Y = 7.503,52
Y = 7.503,52/65,692 = 114,222 (Kapok seed meal)
4. Calculate unknown variables:
equation I 18 X + 43,6 (114,222) = 6586
18 X = 6586 - 4980,079
X =1605,921/18 = 89,218 (Pollard)
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Feedstuff weight that has been determined: = 753 g
Total Protein from feedstuff that has been determined =
74, 14 g
Total Net. Energy from feedstuff that has been determined
= 0,968 Mcal
Pollard weight that used = 89,218 g
Kapok seed meal weight that used = 114,222 g
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Crosscheck :
Percentage Weight(g) Protein (g) Net.Energy (Mcal)
elephant grass hay 35% 350 36,05 0,399
Maize stalk silage 20% 200 16,80 0,340
straw 15% 150 5,40 0,132
molasses 4% 40 1,84 0,097
urea 0,5% 5 14,05 0
Salt 0,3 % 3 0 0
dicalcium phosphate 0,5% 5 0 0
SUB -T O T A L 753 74,14 0,968
Pollard 89,218 16,059 0,207
Kapok seed meal 114,222 49,800 0,225
TOTAL 956,444 139,999 1,4
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Manusya mriga satwa sewaka-human welfare through animal welfare.
Manusya mriga satwa sewaka-human welfare through animal welfare.
