Cloud Computing (BCS071/BCS713)

Unit – 3 Cloud Architecture, Services &

Storage
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🌩What is Cloud Architecture?

Cloud architecture means the design/structure of cloud computing.
Just like a house has foundation, walls, rooms, and roof, cloud has different layers that work
together.
These layers make it easy to:
• Store data
• Run applications
• Provide services to users
• Cloud architecture is a key element of building in the cloud. It refers to the layout and
connects all the necessary components and technologies required for cloud computing.
• Cloud architecture dictates how components are integrated so that you can pool, share, and
scale resources over a network. Think of it as a building blueprint for running and deploying
applications in cloud environments.
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🌩Layered Cloud Architecture Design

Cloud is built in layers. Each layer has its own job, and together they make cloud computing
possible.
Think of it like a shopping mall 🏢: basement (foundation), shops (services), managers (control),
and utilities (electricity, lifts, AC).

1. Physical Layer (Foundation Layer)

This is the hardware part of the cloud.
It includes servers, hard disks, network cables, switches, routers, data centers.
It is the backbone of the cloud.
👉 Example:
The huge Amazon Data Centers where thousands of servers are stored.
Like the basement of a mall that holds the structure.
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2. Virtual Layer (Magic Layer ⚡)

The physical hardware is divided into virtual machines (VMs) using virtualization software.
This layer makes one big server act like many small servers.
Helps in scalability (increase capacity anytime) and efficiency (use all resources properly).
👉 Example:
AWS EC2 instances → one server can run many virtual computers.
Like in a mall, a big hall is divided into small shops so many people can use it.
3. Control Layer (Manager Layer 👨💼)
This layer manages and monitors everything.
It decides:
• How much CPU, memory, storage each user gets.
• Security (who can access what).
• Performance monitoring (keep system running smoothly).
Basically, it allocates
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👉 Example:
Kubernetes, OpenStack, VMware vSphere – they manage virtual resources.
Like in a mall, mall management assigns shops, controls electricity, water, lifts, and ensures
security.
4. Service Layer (User Layer 🎁)
This is the layer that users interact with.
It provides services in three categories:
a) IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service)
Raw computing resources: servers, storage, and networking.
You rent infrastructure instead of buying hardware.
👉 Example: AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine.
b) PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service)
Provides a platform to build and deploy apps.
You don’t manage servers, just focus on your app.
👉 Example: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Service.
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c) SaaS (Software-as-a-Service)
Ready-to-use software delivered over the internet.
You just log in and use.
👉 Example: Gmail, Zoom, Google Docs.
• Like in a mall →
• IaaS = Mall provides empty shop space.
• PaaS = Mall provides shop + shelves + electricity.
• SaaS = Mall provides a fully ready shop (you can start business immediately).
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Service layer
(SaaS, PaaS , IaaS)

Control Layer

Virtual Layer

Physical Layer
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🌩NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

👉 NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) created a standard model that
explains the main roles/players in cloud computing.
It helps us understand who does what in cloud.
There are 5 main roles:

Cloud
Auditor
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1. Cloud Consumer (User 👤)

The person or organization that uses the cloud services.
They can use SaaS, PaaS, or IaaS depending on their needs.
👉 Example:
You using Google Drive (SaaS).
A developer using Heroku (PaaS).
A company using AWS EC2 servers (IaaS).

2. Cloud Provider (Owner 🏢)

The company that owns and manages the cloud infrastructure.
They provide computing, storage, and services to consumers.
👉 Example:
Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud are cloud providers.
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3. Cloud Broker (Middleman)

Acts as a mediator between the cloud provider and consumer.
Helps consumers choose the best service, manages multiple providers, and may add extra
services like billing or security.
👉 Example:
A company using RightScale or CloudCheckr to manage AWS + Azure together.
Like a travel agent who books flights from different airlines for you.
4. Cloud Auditor (Inspector Q)
An independent examiner who checks the cloud services for:
• Security
• Privacy
• Compliance (rules, regulations)
Ensures the provider is trustworthy.
👉 Example:
Third-party security auditors that certify AWS for GDPR, ISO standards, etc.
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5. Cloud Carrier (Transporter 🚚)

The network provider that delivers cloud services from provider to consumer.
Basically, the Internet or telecom company.
👉 Example:
Airtel, Jio, AT&T, Verizon → provide the internet connection that carries cloud services.

🌟 Quick Analogy (Easy to Remember)

Think of Cloud as an Online Shopping Mall 🛒
✓ Cloud Provider = The Mall Owner (runs shops).
✓ Cloud Consumer = The Customer (buys products).
✓ Cloud Broker = The Shopping Assistant (helps you find the best deal).
✓ Cloud Auditor = Quality Inspector (checks product quality).
✓ Cloud Carrier = The Delivery Service (brings products to you).
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🌩Architectural Design Challenges in Cloud Computing

When we design cloud systems, there are some problems (challenges) we must handle.
1. Security and Privacy A
Data is stored on remote servers (not on your own computer).
Risk of hacking, unauthorized access, and data leaks.
👉 Example: If a hacker gets into AWS, they can steal sensitive company data.
2. Performance and Reliability ⚡
Cloud services depend on the internet.
If the internet is slow or the provider’s server crashes, performance suffers.
👉 Example: A website hosted on cloud may go down if servers fail.
3. Portability and Interoperability 🔄
Portability → Can I move my app/data from AWS to Google Cloud easily?
Interoperability → Can different cloud services work together smoothly?
👉 Example: Migrating from AWS S3 to Azure Storage is not very simple.
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4. Cost Management 💰
Cloud seems cheap at first, but costs can grow quickly if not monitored.
Pay-per-use model may lead to unexpected high bills.
👉 Example: A startup forgets to turn off unused AWS servers and gets a huge bill.
5. Scalability and Elasticity 📈
Cloud should scale up or down automatically based on demand.
Designing apps that can handle sudden spikes in traffic is a challenge.
👉 Example: An online shopping site crashes during a festival sale because it couldn’t scale fast
enough.
6. Availability and Disaster Recovery 🌍
Cloud must be available 24/7.
Need backup and recovery plans for natural disasters or cyber-attacks.
👉 Example: Google Cloud provides multi-region backups to prevent data loss.
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🌩Cloud Deployment Models

Deployment model = How the cloud is set up and who can use it.
There are 4 main models:
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1. Public Cloud
• Public cloud is a type of cloud open for everyone on the internet.
• The cloud is owned and managed by a Cloud Service Provider (CSP) like AWS, Azure, Google
Cloud.
• Users (individuals, companies) rent resources like servers, storage, or applications instead of
owning them.
• Payment is usually Pay-as-you-go (like electricity bill).
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❖ How It Works
➢ Cloud Service Provider (CSP) → owns the servers, data centers, and services.
➢ Enterprises P and Q → different companies that both use the same public cloud.
➢ User R → an end-user who accesses applications hosted on the cloud.
👉 All of them share the same cloud infrastructure but their data remains separate and
secure.

❖ Features of Public Cloud

✓ Shared Infrastructure → Many users share the same physical hardware.
✓ On-demand resources → Scale up or down anytime.
✓ Low cost → No need to buy hardware.
✓ Accessible Anywhere → Available via the internet.
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Advantages ✅
✓ Cost-effective → No need to invest in hardware.
✓ Scalability → Increase resources easily.
✓ Reliability → Data stored across multiple servers.
✓ Maintenance-free → Provider takes care of updates and security.
Disadvantages ❌
▪ Security concerns → Since it’s shared, there’s more risk.
▪ Less control → You can’t control hardware directly.
▪ Internet dependency → Needs good internet.
Examples
• AWS (Amazon Web Services)
• Microsoft Azure
• Google Cloud Platform
• IBM Cloud
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2. Private Cloud
A private cloud is used by only one organization.
It is not shared with others like public cloud.
Can be hosted:
• On-premises (inside company’s own data center).
• By a third-party vendor (but still dedicated only to that organization).
It gives more control and security, but it’s costly.
❖ How It Works
The organization either owns the servers or rents a private cloud from a provider.
Only employees/customers of that organization can access it.
Data is completely isolated from other companies.
👉 Example:
A bank creating its own private cloud for customer financial data.
Government using private cloud for confidential records.
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❖ Features of Private Cloud

✓ Exclusive use → Only one organization uses it.
✓ High Security → Sensitive data is protected.
✓ Customization → Organization controls hardware, software, and policies.
✓ Better performance → No sharing with others.
Advantages ✅
✓ High security & privacy (best for sensitive data).
✓ Full control over infrastructure. Examples
✓ Customization as per company needs. • VMware vCloud
✓ Better reliability since not shared. • OpenStack private cloud
• Microsoft Azure Stack (private version of Azure)
Disadvantages ❌
✓ Expensive → Needs more investment in servers & staff.
✓ Maintenance responsibility (if on-premises).
✓ Less scalability compared to public cloud.
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Private Cloud

3. Hybrid Cloud
• A hybrid cloud is a combination of public cloud + private cloud.
• Some data/applications run on the private cloud (secure, sensitive), while others run on
the public cloud (scalable, cost-effective).
• It gives the best of both worlds → security + flexibility.
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How It Works
• An organization uses private cloud for sensitive data (like customer info, financial records).
• At the same time, it uses public cloud for less sensitive tasks (like hosting apps, big data
analysis).
• Both clouds are connected and work together.
👉 Example:
A hospital:
Stores patient data in private cloud (secure).
Uses public cloud for running healthcare apps and research.
Features of Hybrid Cloud
▪ Mix of private + public.
▪ Flexible → Can move workloads between clouds.
▪ Cost efficient → Keep critical apps private, non-critical apps public.
▪ Scalable → Public cloud handles sudden spikes in traffic.
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Advantages ✅
✓ Security + Privacy for sensitive data (private).
✓ Cost savings by using public cloud for normal tasks.
✓ Flexibility to run apps where they fit best.
✓ Scalability → Handle sudden demand using public cloud.

Disadvantages ❌
✓ Complex setup (needs good planning).
✓ Integration issues between private & public cloud.
✓ Higher management cost compared to using only one cloud.
Examples :
o Microsoft Azure Hybrid Cloud
o AWS Outposts (connects AWS with private data centers)
o Google Anthos (manages apps across private + public cloud)
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Hybrid Cloud
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4. Community Cloud
• A community cloud is a cloud environment shared by multiple organizations that have
similar needs or goals.
• It is not public (open for everyone) and not private (used by only one org).
• Instead, it is shared by a group of organizations (community).
How It Works
• A group of organizations with similar requirements (like security, compliance, or
industry rules) come together.
• They share the same cloud infrastructure.
• The cost and resources are divided among them.
👉 Example:
▪ Several banks can use a community cloud designed for financial services (with strong
security and compliance).
▪ Several hospitals can share a cloud to store and process medical records safely.
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❖ Features of Community Cloud

✓ Shared infrastructure → used by multiple organizations.
✓ Common interest/purpose → healthcare, government, finance, education.
✓ Cost sharing → cheaper than private cloud.
✓ More secure than public cloud (since not open for everyone).
Advantages ✅
✓ Cost effective → cost shared among organizations.
✓ Security & compliance → follows industry rules.
✓ Collaboration → easy data & resource sharing between organizations.
✓ Customizable → built for a specific community’s needs. Examples
Disadvantages ❌ • Government Community Cloud (different
government departments sharing one cloud).
• Costlier than public cloud (since it’s not open for all). • Healthcare Community Cloud (multiple hospital
• Limited scalability compared to public cloud. sharing patient data securely).
• Banking/Financial Community Cloud (several
• Management complexity (multiple organizations involved). banks following same rules like RBI, PCI DSS).
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Community Cloud
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5. Multi-Cloud
Multi-cloud means using services from more than one cloud provider at the same time.
Instead of depending on only one cloud provider (like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud), an
organization uses two or more for different purposes.
👉 Example:
A company may use AWS for data storage, Google Cloud for machine learning, and Microsoft
Azure for running apps.

Why Multi-Cloud?
▪ To avoid vendor lock-in (not being stuck with only one provider).
▪ To use best features from different providers.
▪ To increase reliability → if one provider fails, another can still serve.
▪ To reduce cost → choose cheaper services for specific tasks.
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Advantages ✅
✓ No vendor lock-in → not dependent on one provider.
✓ High reliability → backup from another cloud if one fails.
✓ Best services → pick the strongest service from each provider.
✓ Cost optimization → choose cheaper options for different tasks.
Disadvantages ❌
➢ Complex management → managing multiple providers is difficult.
➢ Higher skill required → IT team must know different platforms.
➢ Security challenges → need strong security across all providers.

🌟 Real-life Analogy
Multi-cloud = Using multiple online stores 🛒
You buy clothes from Myntra, electronics from Amazon, and groceries from BigBasket.
You don’t depend on just one store, you pick the best one for each need.
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🌩Principles for Designing Cloud Models :

1. Principles for Designing Public Cloud 🌍

Public cloud is shared by many users → so the design must focus on security, scalability,
and cost efficiency.
✅ Key Principles:
✓ Multi-tenancy → Separate data of different users securely.
✓ Elasticity & Scalability → Handle sudden increase/decrease in demand.
✓ Pay-per-use → Implement a proper billing system.
✓ High Availability → Services should run 24/7 across multiple regions.
✓ Security & Privacy → Strong encryption and access control.
✓ Standardization → Use common APIs and interfaces for easy access.
👉 Example: AWS S3 stores files of millions of users but ensures data isolation + scalability.
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2. Principles for Designing Private Cloud A

Private cloud is for one organization → focus on control, customization, and security.
✅ Key Principles:
✓ Security-first design → Strict access control, firewalls, monitoring.
✓ Customization → Tailored to organization’s needs.
✓ Resource Optimization → Use virtualization to avoid waste.
✓ Compliance → Follow legal and regulatory requirements (e.g., healthcare, banking).
✓ Integration → Should connect smoothly with on-premise systems.
✓ Automation → Automate provisioning, scaling, and monitoring.
👉 Example: A bank’s private cloud ensures data security + regulatory compliance (RBI rules,
PCI-DSS).
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3. Principles for Designing Hybrid Cloud 🔗

Hybrid cloud combines private + public cloud → focus on balance, flexibility, and seamless
movement of data/apps.
✅ Key Principles:
Workload Distribution → Place sensitive data in private, normal apps in public.
Interoperability → Ensure smooth communication between public & private cloud.
Data Portability → Easy to move data between clouds.
Security Consistency → Apply same security rules in both private & public.
Scalability & Flexibility → Public cloud handles extra demand.
Disaster Recovery → Backup in multiple environments.
👉 Example: A hospital stores patient data in private cloud but uses public cloud for analytics
and apps.
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🌩The 3 Cloud Service Models :

Think of them as different levels of “how much the provider does for you.”
IaaS = You rent raw infrastructure (virtual machines, networks, storage).
PaaS = You get a ready platform to run your code (runtime, OS, autoscaling handled).
SaaS = You use finished software (just log in and use).
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1) IaaS — Infrastructure as a Service

“You get virtual computers and disks. You install and manage everything on top.”
👉 You get raw materials.
Cloud gives you: computer (VM), storage, network.
You must install OS, software, and your app.
📌 Example: AWS EC2 (you rent a computer in the cloud).
🔑 Use when: You want full control and can manage servers yourself.

❖ You manage:
• Operating system (Windows/Linux), updates & patches
• Runtime (.NET/Java/Node), web servers, DB engines you install
• Your application code & data
• Security settings (firewalls/NSGs, IAM roles), backups you choose to take
• Scaling rules (unless you add managed services)
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❖ Cloud provider manages:

• Data centers (power, cooling, physical security)
• Physical servers, storage hardware, network cables/switches
• Virtualization layer (hypervisor) and VM availability
• Basic building blocks: virtual networks, load balancers, block/object storage
• Hardware failures, replacement, base SLAs
When to use:
• Maximum control (custom OS, custom networking)
• Lift-and-shift of existing apps
• You have ops skills and want flexibility
Examples:
AWS EC2, EBS, VPC
Azure Virtual Machines, Disks, VNet
Google Compute Engine, Persistent Disks, VPC
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2. PaaS (Platform as a Service)

👉 You get a ready kitchen 🍳, you just cook your food.
Cloud gives you: OS, runtime, database, scaling system.
You only bring your code (your app) and run it.
📌 Example: Google App Engine, Azure App Service.
🔑 Use when: You just want to write code and not worry about OS or servers.
“You push code. The platform runs it. No OS or runtime headaches.”
You manage:
• Your application code, configs, and data
• App-level security (who can use your app), secrets/keys
• Scaling preferences (e.g., min/max instances)
• Cost governance
Cloud provider manages:
• OS installation + patching
• Language runtime & middleware (Java/.NET/Node, web server)
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• Built-in autoscaling, load balancing, health checks

• CI/CD hooks, logs/metrics, rollbacks
• Underlying infrastructure & virtualization
• Security of platform components & patching
When to use:
Faster development, less ops
Standard web/mobile APIs, event workers, microservices
You want auto-scaling and easy deployments
Examples:
AWS Elastic Beanstalk, AWS Fargate, AWS Lambda* (serverless, PaaS-like)
Azure App Service, Azure Functions*
Google App Engine, Cloud Run*, Cloud Functions*
*Serverless is usually considered PaaS (even more managed).
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3. SaaS (Software as a Service)

👉 You get food delivery 🍕, just eat it.
Cloud gives you: full app ready to use.
You don’t build anything, just login and use.
📌 Example: Gmail, Zoom, Netflix, MS Office 365.
🔑 Use when: You just need ready software (no coding, no setup).
“You just use the app in your browser. No servers, no code deployment.”
You manage:
• Your users & access (who gets accounts/permissions)
• Your data (what you upload, retention settings)
• App configuration (settings, integrations)
• Compliance use (how your org uses the tool)
Cloud provider manages:
The entire application (features, updates, bug fixes)
All platform layers: OS, runtime, middleware, scaling
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• Full infrastructure, storage, networking, DR/backup of the service

• Security of the service, monitoring, availability SLAs
When to use:
You need a business tool quickly (email, CRM, docs)
No dev/ops needed, predictable pricing per user
Examples:
Google Workspace (Gmail, Docs), Microsoft 365
Salesforce, Slack, Zoom, Notion
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❖ What is Cloud Storage?

• Cloud storage means saving your files, data, photos, or videos on the internet (cloud)
instead of your computer’s hard disk.
• The files are stored on big servers managed by companies like Google, Amazon, Microsoft.
• You can access your files anytime, anywhere, on any device (phone, laptop, tablet) with
internet.

👉 Example:
Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud, OneDrive.
If you upload a photo to Google Drive, you can see it later on your phone, computer, or even
share it with friends.
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❖ Advantages of Cloud Storage ✅

1. Access from anywhere 🌍
You just need internet, no need to carry USB or hard disk.
2. Data backup & recovery 🔄
If your laptop crashes, your data is still safe in cloud.
3. Sharing is easy 🤝
You can share files/folders with others in one click.
4. Scalable storage 📦
Start with free storage, buy more when needed (like 15GB free in Google Drive).
5. Cost-effective 💰
No need to buy big hard drives; pay only for what you use.
6. Collaboration 👨❢👧👦
Multiple people can work on the same file (Google Docs).
7. Automatic sync 🔄
Changes you make on one device appear on all devices.
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8. Security 🔐
Cloud providers use encryption and strong security to protect your data.
🌟 Simple Analogy
Cloud storage is like a locker in a bank 🏦:
You keep your valuables (files) there.
The bank (cloud provider) keeps them safe.

☁️ Storage as a Service (STaaS)

Storage as a Service means renting storage space from a cloud provider instead of buying
your own hard drives or servers.
You pay only for what you use, just like paying electricity or water bills.
The provider takes care of hardware, backup, scaling, and security.
👉 Example:
Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud (for individuals)
Amazon S3, Microsoft Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage (for busi nesses).
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📦 Storage System in the Cloud

Cloud storage is not just “one type.” Providers offer different storage systems based on use
cases. Let’s break it down:
1. Object Storage
Data is stored as objects (file + metadata + unique ID).
Very good for storing images, videos, backups, big data.
Unlimited scalability, accessed via API/HTTP.
✨ Example: Amazon S3, Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage.
2. File Storage
Data stored in folders & files, like your computer.
Good for shared documents, content management, home directories.
Uses NFS/SMB protocols.
✨ Example: Amazon EFS, Azure Files, Google Filestore.
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3. Block Storage
Data is split into blocks (like pieces of a puzzle).
Works like a virtual hard disk attached to a server.
Very fast → used for databases, virtual machines, transactional apps.
✨ Example: Amazon EBS, Azure Disk Storage, Google Persistent Disk.

✅ Advantages of Storage as a Service

• Cost saving 💰 – no need to buy servers.
• Scalability 📈 – add more storage anytime.
• Accessibility 🌍 – access from anywhere with internet.
• Reliability 🔄 – automatic backup and replication.
• Security 🔐 – encryption and strong protection.
• Pay-per-use ⏱⏱– only pay for what you store.
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❖ What is a Cloud Storage Provider?

A cloud storage provider is a company that gives you storage space on their servers.
They handle hardware, backup, scaling, and security, so you don’t need to buy or manage
your own storage devices.
You just upload your files/data to their cloud and pay only for what you use.
🔑 Main Cloud Storage Providers :
1. Amazon Web Services (AWS) – Amazon S3
❑ Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service):
Stores unlimited data as objects (photos, videos, backups, logs).
Very durable (99.999999999% reliability).
Provides lifecycle policies (automatic move to cheaper storage).
❑ Other AWS storage:
Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Storage): Block storage for VMs/databases.
Amazon EFS (Elastic File System): File storage for apps that need shared folders.
Glacier: Cheap long-term archive.
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Think of Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) as a giant, safe, online hard drive on the
internet. You upload files there and can get them back from anywhere.
Key words (learn these first)
• Bucket → like a folder at the top level. You create it and give it a globally unique name.
Example: edushine-notes.
• Object → your file inside a bucket (PDF, image, video, JSON, etc.).
• Key → the full path/name of the object in the bucket. Example: notes/dsa/stack.pdf.
• Region → the geographic area where your bucket lives (e.g., ap-south-1 = Mumbai).
• Prefix → the “folder path” part of the key (e.g., notes/dsa/).
What can you do with S3?
• Store and share files (photos, backups, logs, datasets).
• Host a static website (HTML/CSS/JS).
• Trigger actions when files arrive (resize images, process logs) using S3 Events + Lambda.
• Keep old versions of files (turn on Versioning).
• Auto-move old files to cheaper storage (set Lifecycle rules).
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2. Microsoft Azure Storage

Azure Blob Storage: Object storage for unstructured data (like S3).
Azure Disk Storage: Block storage for VMs and databases.
Azure File Storage: File storage using SMB/NFS protocols.
Azure Archive Storage: For backup and long-term data.
• Azure integrates easily with Office 365 & Windows systems.
3. Google Cloud Storage
❑ Google Cloud Storage (GCS):
Highly scalable object storage (like Amazon S3).
Multiple storage classes (Standard, Nearline, Coldline, Archive).
Good for AI/ML data, big data analytics.
❑ Other Google storage:
Persistent Disk (Block storage): For Compute Engine VMs.
Filestore (File storage): For applications that need shared file systems.
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4. IBM Cloud Storage

• Offers Object Storage, Block Storage, File Storage.
• Strong in hybrid cloud solutions.
• Known for enterprise-level compliance and security.
5. Oracle Cloud Storage
• Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Object Storage: for backups, big data.
• Block Volumes: for databases and enterprise apps (good for Oracle DB).
• File Storage: shared file systems.
• 💡 Often used by enterprises already using Oracle Databases.
✅ Advantages Cloud Storage Providers Give
✓ Global availability 🌍 → Access data anywhere.
✓ High reliability 🔄 → Automatic replication.
✓ Scalability 📈 → Store GBs or PBs easily.
✓ Security 🔐 → Encryption, firewalls, compliance.
✓ Pay as you go 💰 → Only pay for storage used.
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Thank You….