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Deep Learning Complete Lecture Notes

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that utilizes multi-layer neural networks to learn hierarchical representations from data. Key architectures include Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image recognition, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequential data, and Transformers for advanced processing. The document also covers training methods, loss functions, and optimization algorithms essential for developing deep learning models.

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23 views5 pages

Deep Learning Complete Lecture Notes

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that utilizes multi-layer neural networks to learn hierarchical representations from data. Key architectures include Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image recognition, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sequential data, and Transformers for advanced processing. The document also covers training methods, loss functions, and optimization algorithms essential for developing deep learning models.

Uploaded by

ladlahamzasial
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEEP LEARNING — COMPLETE LECTURE NOTES

Author: Generated by ChatGPT (GPT■5)

Course Type: Lecture Notes / Research Based


1. Introduction to Deep Learning

Deep learning is a sub-field of machine learning focused on using neural networks with multiple
layers (deep architectures). It allows machines to learn hierarchical representations from raw data
such as images, audio, and text.

Example: A CNN identifies edges → shapes → objects layer by layer.

Difference Between Machine Learning & Deep Learning

Machine Learning Deep Learning


Requires feature engineering Automatically extracts features
Works with smaller datasets Requires large datasets
Algorithms: SVM, Decision Trees Neural Networks: CNN, RNN, Transformers

2. Neural Networks

A neural network consists of neurons arranged in layers. Each neuron computes:

y = ActivationFunction(Wx + b)

Activation Functions

1 Sigmoid → used in binary classification


2 ReLU → used in hidden layers (fast & efficient)
3 Softmax → used in multi-class classification

3. Training Deep Neural Networks

Forward Propagation: Calculates predictions using weights.

Backward Propagation: Updates weights by minimizing loss function using gradient descent.

Optimization Algorithms: Gradient Descent, Adam, RMSProp

4. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)

CNNs are used for image recognition. They extract features via convolution operations.

Popular Use Cases: Face detection, Medical imaging, Object detection.

CNN Architecture
1 Convolution Layer — detects features such as edges or shapes.
2 Pooling Layer — reduces spatial size (Max Pooling).
3 Fully Connected Layer — performs final classification.

5. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNNs process sequential data such as text or time-series. RNNs store previous outputs as
memory.

Use Cases: Text generation, language translation, stock prediction.

LSTM vs GRU

LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit)


3 gates (input, forget, output) 2 gates (update and reset)
More accurate Computationally faster

6. Transformers (State■of■the■Art Architecture)

Transformers solved the limitation of RNNs by using parallel processing instead of sequential
processing.

Self Attention allows the model to focus on important words in the sentence.

Key Formula: Self Attention

Attention(Q, K, V) = softmax((Q × K■) / √dk) × V

Where Q = Query, K = Key, V = Value matrices.

Real World Applications:

1 ChatGPT / GPT Models


2 Google Translate (Neural translation)
3 Speech recognition + text generation
7. Loss Functions

Loss functions measure how wrong the model is. Training aims to minimize loss.

1 Cross Entropy Loss — classification


2 Mean Squared Error — regression

8. Optimization Algorithms

1 Gradient Descent
2 Adam Optimizer (most commonly used)
3 RMSProp (good for RNNs)
Conclusion

Deep learning powers modern AI applications. With CNNs, RNNs, and Transformers, deep learning
can understand images, speech, and natural language. The future of AI depends on deep neural
networks.

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