MODULE 2 QB

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

An Autonomous institution under VTU
(Accredited by NBA, NAAC A+, Q 1-Guage Gold)
Department of Mathematics
Course Title: Mathematics III for Computer Science Stream
Course Code: BCS301
Module 2
1 Define random variable and classify them with an example.
The probability distribution of a random variable X is given by the following data:
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3

2 P(X) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k

i) Find the value of k and calculate the mean and variance

ii) Find P X  1, PX  1 .

Find the men and variance of the probability distribution given by the following table
3 X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.2 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.05

The probability density function of a variate X is

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

4 P(X) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k

For what value of k this represents a valid probability distribution and find
P X  4, P X  5, P3  X  6 . Determine the minimum value of k so that P X  2  0.3
, also find mean and variance of the distribution.

A random variable X has the following probability function:

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2
5 P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2k 7k2 +k

i) Find the value of k

ii) Evaluate P X  6, P X  6, P0  X  5 .
iii) Find the cumulative distribution of X.

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Find the value of k such that the following represents a finite probability distribution
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
6
P(X) k 2k 3k 4k 3k 2k k

Find mean and standard deviation and also find P X  1, P X  1, P1  X  2 .

A random variable X has the following probability mass function

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(X) a 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a 13a 15a 17a
7 i) Determine the value of a
ii) Find P X  3, P X  3, P0  X  5
iii)Find the cumulative distribution function of X
iv) What is the smallest value of X for which P X  x   0.5 .

Find mean and variance for the probability function P X  defined by the following table
X 1 2 3 4  n

8 P(X) k 2k 3k 4k  kn

For what value of k this represents a valid probability distribution and find
P X  4, P X  5, P3  X  6 . Determine the minimum value of k so that P X  2  0.3
, also find mean and variance of the distribution
Suppose a random variable X takes the values -3, -1, 2 and 5 with respective probabilities
2k  3 k  2 k  1 k  1
. Find the value of k and also find P 3  X  4 and P X  2 .
9
, , ,
10 10 10 10
If a random variable X takes the value 1, 2, 3, 4 such that
10 2P X  1  3P X  2  P X  3  5P X  4. Find the probability distribution. And
find cumulative probability of X
A random variable X takes the value -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 such that
11 P X  3  P X  2  P X  1  P X  1  P X  2  P X  3 and
P X  0  P X  0. Find the probability distribution

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A random variable X has the following probability mass function

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
12
P(X) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k
Find k , P X  3, P3  X  5, P X  3 and P X  3 .

A probability of random variable X is given in the following table

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
13
P X  k 5k 10k 10k 5k k

Find k, P  X  1 , P  0  X  3 .

A coin is tossed thrice. A random variable X represents the number of heads turning
14 up. Find the discrete probability distribution for X. Also find mean and variance of
the distribution.

15 A die is tossed thrice. A success is getting ‘1 or 6’ on a toss. Find the mean and variance of
the number of successes.
A pair of dice is rolled once. Let X be the random variable whose value for any outcome is
the sum of the two numbers on the dice.
i) Find the probability distribution of X
16
ii) Find the probability that X is an odd number
iii) Find P  5  X  8 .

A box contains 12 items of which 4 are defective. A sample of 3 items is selected from
the box. Let X denotes the number of defective items in the sample. Find the
17
probability distribution of X. Determine the mean and standard deviation of the
distribution.
Five defective bulbs are accidently mixed with twenty good bulbs. It is not possible to just
18 look at a bulb and tell whether or not it is defective. Find the probability distribution of the
number of defective bulbs, if four bulbs are drawn at random.
From the sealed box containing 3 white and 9 red balls, obtain the probability distribution
19 of the number of white balls when 2 balls are drawn at random. Also, find the mean and
standard deviation.

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BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1 Obtain the mean and standard deviation of a binomial distribution.

2 Find the binomial distribution which has mean 2 and variance 4/3.

3 For a binomial distribution, mean is 6 and variance is 2. Find the probability of getting (i)
at least one success and (ii) at most two success
4 When a coin is tossed 3 times. Find the probability of getting i) exactly one head ii) at
least one head iii) at most 2 head.
5 A die is thrown 8 times. Find the probability that 3 falls (i) exactly 2 times (ii) at least once
(iii) at the most 7 times.

6 The number of telephone lines busy at any instant of time with probability that a line
is busy is 0.1. If 10 lines are chosen at random, what is the probability that (i) no line
is busy (ii) at least one line is busy (iii) at most two lines are busy.

7 The probability that a pen manufactured by a company will be defective is 0.1. If 12

such pens are selected, find the probability that (i) exactly 2 will be defective (ii) at
least 2 will be defective (iii) none will be defective.

8 The probability that a man, aged 60 will live up to 70 is 0.65 out of 10 men. Now at the
age of 60, find the probability that (i) at least 7 will live up to 70 (ii) exactly 9 will up
to 70 (iii) at most 9 will live up to 70.

9 The probability of germination of a seed is found to be 0.7. If 10 seeds are taken for
experimenting on germination in a laboratory, find the probability that i) 8 seeds are
germinate ii) at least 8 seeds germinate iii) at most 8 seeds germinate.

10 The probability that a bomb dropped from a plane will strike the target is 1/5. If six bombs
are dropped, find the probability that (i) exactly two will strike the target (ii) at least two
will strike the target.

11 In a large number of parts manufactured by a machine the mean number of

defectives in a sample of 20 is 2. Out of 1000 such samples, how many would be
expected to obtain at least 3 defective parts?

12 Out of 2000 families with 4 children each. How many families would you expect to
have (i) at least one boy (ii) 2 boys (iii) 1 or 2 girls (iv) no girls?

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13 In 800 families with 5 children each. How many families would you expect to have (i) at
most two girls (ii) 3 boys (iii) either 2 or 3 boys (iv) 5 girls? Assume probabilities for boys
and girls to be equal.

14 If 10% of the rivets produced by a machine are defective. Find the probability that out of
12 randomly chosen rivets: i) Exactly 2 will be defective ii) At least 2 will be defective
iii) None will be defective.

15 A class of 100 students contains 10 bright students. 5 students from the class are
selected at random. Find the probability that i) None of the selected student is bright
ii) all the selected students are bright.

16 In a quiz contest of answering ‘Yes’ or ‘No’, what is the probability of guessing at least 6
answers correctly out of 10 questions asked? Also, find the probability of the same if there
are 4 options for a correct answer.
17 An airline knows that 5% of the people making reservations on a certain flight will not turn
up. Consequently their policy is to sell 52 tickets for a flight that can hold 50 passengers.
What is the probability that there will be seat for every passenger who turns up?
18 Fit a binomial distribution for the following data X 0 1 2 3
f X  28 62 46 10
19 4 coins are tossed 100 times and the following results are obtained. Fit a binomial
distribution for the data and
No. of heads 0 1 2 3 4
calculate the theoretical
X
frequency.
Frequency(f) 5 29 36 25 5

POISSON DISTRIBUTION
1 Obtain the mean and standard deviation of a Poisson distribution.

2 Prove that Poisson distribution is limiting case of binomial distribution when

n  , p  0 & n p  m (finite)

3 X is a Poisson variable and it is found that the probability that X=2 is two thirds of the
probability that X=1. Find the probability that X=0 and X=3. What is the probability that X
exceeds 3?

4 2
In a Poisson distribution if P  2   P 1 . Find P  0  , P  3 & P  X  3
3

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5 A car hire firm has 2 cars which it hires out day by day. The demand for a car on
each day is distributed with mean 1.5. Calculate the probability that on a certain
randomly chosen day i) neither car is used ii) some demand is refused.

6 Suppose 300 misprints are randomly distributed throughout a book of 500 pages, find
the probability that a given page contains (i) exactly three misprints (ii) less than
three misprints and (iii) four or more misprints.

7 The probability that an individual suffers a bad reaction from an injection is 0.001.
Find the probability that out of 2000 individuals more than 2 will get a bad reaction.

8 Alpha particles are emitted by a radioactive source at an average of 5 emissions in 20

minutes. What is the probability that there will be (i) exactly two emissions (ii) at least
two emissions.

9 Given that 2% of the fuses manufactured by a firm are defective. Find the probability that a
box containing 200 fuses has (i) no defective fuses (ii) 3 or more defective fuses (iii) at
least one defective fuse.

10 In a certain factory turning out razor blade, there is a small chance of 0.002 for any
blade to be defective. The blades are supplied in packets of 10. Calculate the
approximate number of packets containing no defective, one defective and two
defective blades respectively in a consignment of 10,000 packets.

11 A certain screw making machine has a chance of producing 2 defectives out of 100.
The screws are packed in boxes of 100. Find the approximate number of boxes
containing i) no defective screws ii) one defective screw iii) two defective screws in a
consignment of 5,000 boxes.

12 A manufacturer produces IC chips 1% of which are defective Find the probability that in a
box containing 100 chips no defective are formed.

13 The number of accidents in a year to taxi drivers in a city follows a Poisson distribution
with mean 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers find approximately the number of the drivers with i)
no accidents in a year ii) more than 3 accidents in a year.
14 It is know from past experience that in a certain plant there are on the average 4 industrial
accidents per month. Find the probability that in a given year there will be less than 4

accidents. Assume Poisson distribution e 4  0.0183 .
15 Fit a Poisson distribution for the following data and calculate the theoretical frequencies.

X 0 1 2 3 4
f X  122 60 15 2 1

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16 Fit a Poisson distribution for the following data and calculate the theoretical frequencies.

X 0 1 2 3 4
f X  46 38 22 9 1

CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

1 The probability distribution function of a continuous random variable is
2e 2 x , x  0
Px    . a) Verify that it is a probability density function b) Find mean and
0 , otherwise
variance.
2 c x 2 , 0  x  3
Find the constant ‘c’ such that Px    is a probability density function.
0 , otherwise
Also compute P1  x  2, Px  1 and Px  1 .
3 The probability density function Px  of a continuous random variable is given by
x
Px   y 0 e , x prove that y 0  1 2 . Find the mean and variance of the
distribution.
4 The daily consumption of electric power in a certain city in million kilo watt hours is a
continuous random variable
1  x 3
 xe , x  0
Where probability density function is defined as Px    9 If the total
0 , otherwise
production of power is 12 mkwl. Find a) Probability of total power consumption. b) The
Probability that there is power cut on any randomly selected day.
5 If X is a continuous random variable whose Probability function is given by
1 X 2
 Xe , 0  X  
P X   4 . a) Verify that it is a probability density function b) Find
0 , otherwise
mean and standard deviation.
6 A continuous random variable has the cumulative density function as
0 ,x 1

F x   k  x  1 ,1  x  3 Find the value of ' k ' and the probability density function.
4

1 , x3

7 ke  x , 0  x  1
Find ' k ' such that P x    is a probability density function. Find
0 , otherwise
mean, variance. Also evaluate F 0.5 .

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8 k x 2 ,  3  x  3
A random variable ‘x’ has the density function P x    Find ' k ' and
0 , otherwise
also Px  2 , Px  1 .
9 Find cumulative distribution function for the following probability density function
 x 0  x 1

of a random variable x if P x   2  x 1  x  2
 0
 otherwise

10 The time 't ' years required to complete a software project has probability density
k t 1  t , 0  t  1
function of the form f t    Find ' k ' and also the probability that
0 , otherwise
the project will be completed in less than 4 months.
11 The probability density function of a random variable X   x  is
k X 2 ,  3  X  3
f X    . Find i) k ii) P 1  X  2  & iii) P  X  1 and P X  1 .
 0 , otherwise

EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
1 If X is an exponential variate with mean 4, evaluate
a) P 0  X  1 b) P  X  2  c) P   X  10 

2 In a certain town the duration of a shower is exponentially distributed with mean

equal to 5 minutes. What is the probability that a shower will last for a) at least 2
minutes b) less than 10 minutes c) between 10 to 12 minutes d) 10 minutes or more e)
not more than 6 minutes

3 The length of telephone conversation has been found to have the exponential
distribution with mean 3 minutes. What is the probability that a call a) Lasting more
than 10 minutes b) takes between 3 to 5 minutes c) end in less than 3 minutes.
4
5 The sale per day in a shop is exponentially distributed with the average sale
amounting to Rs.100 and net profit is 8%. Find the probability that the net profit
exceeds Rs.30 on two consecutive days.

6 If a life time of a certain type of electric bulb is distributed as an exponential variable with
mean value 1000 hours. What is the probability that a bulb will last for more than 1000
hours.

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7 The number of kilometers that a car owner get with a certain type of battery is
exponentially distributed with mean as 30 in thousand kms. Find the probability that one of
the type will last for a) at least 15000 km b) At least 22500 km

8 At a certain city bus stop, three buses arrive per hour, on an average. Assuming that the
time between successive arrivals is exponentially distributed find the probability that the
time between the arrival of successive buses is i) less than 10 minutes ii) at least 30 minutes

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1 For the standard normal distribution of a random variable z evaluate the following
a) P 0  z  1.46 b) P  2.60  z  0
c) P  1.25  z  2.65 d) P 1.6  z  2.1
e) P  2.55  z  0.8 f) P z  1.5
g) P 0  z  1.46 h) P z  2.2
i) P  z  1.85
2 If X is a normal variate with mean 30 and standard deviation 5, find the probabilities that

a) 26  X  40 b) X  45 c) X  30  5
3 The temperature in a certain month is normally distributed with mean 20c and
Standard deviation 3.33c. Find the probability that the temperature is between 21.11c
and 26.66c.

4 An indicator moves from a particular point on either side. If deviation from this point to
either side is approximately normally distributed with mean equal to zero and Standard
deviation 0.2. What is the probability that getting deviation a) Between -0.1and +0.1
b) more than 0.3

5 The daily wages of 1000 workmen are normally distributed around a mean of Rs.70 and
with a Standard Deviation of Rs 5. Estimate the lowest daily wages of the 100 highest paid
workers and also the number of workers whose daily wages will be a) Between Rs.70 and
72 b) More than Rs.80 c) Between Rs.69 and 72 d) Less than Rs.63 e) more than Rs.75

6 The marks of 1000 students in an examination follow a normal distribution with mean
70 and standard deviation 5. Find the number of students whose marks will be a) Less
than 65 b) more than 75 c) between 65 and 75.

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7 The I.Q. of students in a certain college is assumed to be normally distributed with

mean 100 and variance 25. If two students are selected at random, find the probability
that (i) both of them have I.Q. between 102 and 110 (ii) at least one of them have I.Q
.between 102 and 110 (iii) at most one of them have I.Q. between 102 and 110.

8 The marks of 1000 students in a certain test are normally distributed with mean 34.4 and
S.D16.5. Find the number of students obtaining marks between 30 and 60.

9 The life of a certain type of electrical lamps is normally distributed with mean of 2040
hrs and standard deviation 60 hrs. In a consignment of 2000 lamps, find how many
would be expected to burn for i) more than 2150hrs ii) less than 1950 hrs iii) between
1920 hours and 2160 hrs given that A1.5  0.4332; A1.83  0.4664 & A2  0.4772 .

10 In an examination taken by 500 candidates the average and SD of marks obtained are 40%
and 10% respectively. Assuming normal distribution, find

a) How many have scored above 60%

b) How many will pass if 50% is fixed as the minimum for passing
c) What should be the minimum for 350 candidates to pass

11 In a certain examination the percentage of passes and distribution were 46 and 9

respectively. Estimate the average marks and SD obtained by the candidates. The
minimum pass and distinction marks being 40 and 75 respectively. Assume that the
marks scored are normally distributed.

12 In a normal distribution 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over 64. Find the
mean and SD.

13 Find the mean and SD of a normal distribution of marks in an examination where 44% of
the candidates obtained marks below 55 and 6% got above 80.

14 In an examination 7% of the students score less than 35% marks and 89% of students score
less than 60% marks. Find the mean and standard deviation if the marks are normally
distributed. It is given that P(0<Z<1.2263)=0.39 and P(0<Z<1.4757)=0.43

15 Fit a normal distribution for the following data:

x 1 3 5 7 9
y 2 2 3 2 1

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16 Fit a normal distribution for the following data: also calculate the theoretical frequencies.

x 2 4 6 8 10

f x  1 4 6 4 1

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