Dhivyadharsan.K.

T
Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet

1.Basic Mathematics In Physics

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 Dhivyadharsan.K.T
Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet

Basic Mathematics in Physics S =

1st term
1 − common ratio
or S =
a
1− r

Quadratic equation Exponential series

An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of variable is 2) is called a quadratic equation n
 1 1 1 1
Example: ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 The value of e = lt 1 +  = 1 + + + ..... 
n →
 n 1! 2! 3!
It has solution for two values of x which are given by 1 1 1
=1+1+ + + ........  = 2.718
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac 2 6 24
x= and x =
2a 2a  e = 2.718
The quantity (b2 – 4ac) is called discriminant of the equation. x x 2 x3 x x 2 x3
So, ex = 1 + + + + ...............  and e− x = 1 − + − + ............... 
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
Binomial theorem
(i) The binomial theorem for any positive value of n is Logarithms
(x + a)n = xn + nC1 a xn–1 + nC2 a2 xn–2 + ….. + nCr ar xn–r + ….. + an For a positive real number ‘a’ and a rational number m, we have am = b. Another way of expressing the
n!
Where ‘a’ is a constant and n Cr = same fact is “logarithm of ‘b’ to the base ‘a’ is m”.
r!(n − r)!
i.e., loga b = m
Here, n! = n(n – 1) (n – 2) …….. 3  2  1 so log a b = m  b = a m
For example, 6! = 6  5  4  3  2  1 = 720
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3 The logarithms to base ‘e’ are called natural logarithms and the logarithms to base 10 are called common
(ii) (1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + x + ...
2! 3! logarithms.
For |x| << 1, we can neglect higher powers of x log10 1000 = 3  1000 = 103
So, (1 + x)n = 1 + nx loge y = x  y = ex
Similarly (1 – x)n = 1 – nx loge y is also written as ln y.
(1 + x)–n = 1 – nx and (1 – x)–n = 1 + nx Note that loga 1 = 0, log10 10 = 1, log10 2 = 0.693 and loge 10 = 2.303
Here ‘n’ may have any value
Laws of logarithms:
Arithmetic progression [A.P] (i) loga (mn) = loga m + loga n
A sequence like a, a + d, a + 2d, ………. is called arithmetic progression m
(ii) log a   = log a m − log a n
Here ‘d’ is the common difference n
(i) The nth term of an A.P. is given by a n = a + (n − 1)d (iii) log a (m) n = n log a m

(ii) The sum of first ‘n’ terms of an A.P. is given by

n n Angles
Sn = [1st term + n th term] = (a1 + a n ) 1 = 60
2 2
Here a1 = a and an = a + (n – 1)d 1 = 60
n 2  radian = 360 (OR)  radian = 180 l
So, Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d] r

2 1 radian = 57 16
O
If in a circle of radius ‘r’, an arc of length ‘l’ subtends
Geometric progression G.P an angle  radian at the centre, then
l
The progression like a, ar, ar2, ………. is called geometric progression. Here ‘r’ is called geometric ratio =
r
or common ratio.
If l = r the angle subtended at the centre is 1 radian.
(i) The nth term of G.P. is given by a n = a r n −1
a(r n − 1) a(1 − r n ) Trigonometric functions
(ii) The sum of the first n terms of G.P. is given by Sn = for r  1 and Sn = for r  1
(r − 1) (1 − r) In a right angled triangle ABC, we can define that C
(iii) The sum of infinite terms of G.P., for | r | < 1, is given by

r y

3 
4
A B
x
 Dhivyadharsan.K.T
Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet
y
sin  = cosec  =
r (viii) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A
r y 2 tan A
(ix) tan 2A =
cos  =
x
sec  =
r 1 − tan 2 A
r x
y
tan  = cot  =
x Sum and difference formulae
x y
A+B A−B
From the above ratios, we have (i) sin A + sin B = 2sin cos
2 2
1 1 1
cosec  = , sec  = and cot  = A+B A−B
sin  cos  tan  (ii) sin A − sin B = 2cos sin
2 2
A+B A−B
(iii) cos A + cos B = 2cos cos
sin2  + cos2  = 1 2 2
 1 + tan2  = sec2 
(iv) cos A − cos B = 2sin
A+B
sin
B−A
1 + cot2  = cosec2  2 2

Trigonometric ratio values Product formulae

(i) 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
Angle → 0 30 45 60 90
(ii) 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
sin 0 1 1 3 1
2
(iii) 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
2 2
(iv) 2sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2
2 Properties of triangle
tan 0 1 1 3  a b c
(i) Law of sines = = A
3 sin A sin B sin C
(ii) Laws of cosines A
b c
Values of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
Angle – 90 –  90 +  180 –  180 +  270 –  270 +  360 –  360 +  b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ca cos B
C B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
sin – sin  cos  cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin  sin  C a B

cos cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin  sin  cos  cos  Areas and volumes
tan – tan  cot  – cot  – tan  tan  cot  – cot  – tan  tan  (i)
h

 If  (in radian) is very small, then sin  ~ tan  ~ 

Important trigonometric formulae b
1
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B Area of a triangle is A = bh
2
(ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B b
(ii)
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
(iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B h

tan A + tan B
(v) tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B a
1 1
tan A − tan B Area of a trapezium is A = (a + b)h →  height  (sum of the parallel sides)
(vi) tan(A − B) = 2 2
1 + tan A tan B
(iii)
For A = B
(vii) sin 2A = 2sin A cos A R

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Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet
Y

Area of circle is A = R2

P
(iv)

l X
h

dy
i.e., at any point of the curve gives slope of the tangent at that point.
R dx
Formulae in differentiation
Area of curved surface of a cone is A = Rl d n d
(i) x = n x n −1 (ii) k x n = k n x n −1
Total surface area of a cone is A = Rl + R2 dx dx
R 2 h d
Volume of a cone is V = (iii) k=0
3 dx
(v) Let u and v are functions of x, then
(iv) If y = u + v, then
d dy du dv
R (u + v) = = +
dx dx dx dx
Surface area of sphere is A = 4R2 (v) If y = u – v, then (vi) If y = uv, then
4 d dy du dv d dy dv du
Volume of sphere is V = R 3 (u − v) = = − (uv) = =u +v
3 dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
Differentiation u dy  dy   du 
(vii) If y = , then (viii) We can write =   
If ‘y’ is the function of x, then we can write y = f(x) v dx  du   dx 
Here x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. If x varies from x to x + x, then v
du
−u
dv
d  u  dy
y + y = f(x + x)  = = dx dx
dx  v  dx v2
y = (y + y) – y = f(x + x) – f(x)
y f (x + x) − f (x) dy d d
Now, = (ix) If y = sin x, then = sin x = cos x (x) cos x = − sin x
x x dx dx dx
d d
Taking limits on both sides, we have (xi) tan x = sec 2 x (xii) cot x = − cos ec 2 x
 y   f (x + x) − f (x)  dx dx
lt   = xl→t 0   d d
 x 
x →0
 x  (xiii) cos ecx = − cot x cos ecx (xiv) sec x = tan x sec x
dx dx
 y  dy
d 1 d 1
The quantity l t   is called derivative of y w.r.t. x and is written as .
x →0 x
  dx (xv) sin −1 x = (xvi) cos −1 x = −
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
dy f (x + x) − f (x)
Thus, we can write = lt (xvii)
d
lnx =
1
(xviii)
d x
e = ex
dx x → 0 x dx x dx
Geometrical meaning of differentiation Y Maxima and minima Y
Let y = f(x) graph is as shown in figure. Choose two points P(x, y) and Suppose a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner shown in
Q
Q(x + x, y + y) on the curve. The slope of line PQ is given by y figure. It becomes maximum at x1 and minimum at x2.
y 
= tan  . P
x y At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to the X-axis and hence its
X X
slope i s tan  = 0. But the slope of the curve y-x equals the rate of change x1 x2
x x
dy
. Thus, at a maximum or a minimum,
dx
If point Q approaches P, the slope tan  of the line PQ approaches the slope of the tangent at P. Thus, we
dy
 y  dy =0
have l t   = = tan  dx
x →0 x
  dx

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 Dhivyadharsan.K.T
Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum it is zero and just after the maximum it is Definite integral
dy dy When a function is integrated between lower and upper limits, it is called definite integral.
negative. Thus, decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of change of is negative at a maximum
dx dx If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the lower and upper limits of variable x, then
d  dy  b
   0 at a maximum.
 f (x)dx = f (x) + c = f (b) + c − f (a) + c = f (b) − f (a)
i.e., b
dx  dx  a
a
d  dy  d2y
The quantity   is the rate of change of the slope. It is written as . Thus, the condition of a Here, constant of integration c gets cancelled so, there is no need to place it in definite integration.
dx  dx  dx 2
maximum is Geometrical significance of a definite integral
dy 
=0  Consider a function y = f(x) which is represented graphically as shown in Y
dx
 − maximum figure. The area bounded by this curve, the x-axis and the two lines
d2y 
 0 x = a and x = b defines the definite integral of the function f(x),
dx 2
 b

Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive. The slope increases at such a point i.e.,  f (x)dx = shaded area in the figure
d  dy  a
X
   0. The condition of a minimum is
and hence a b
dx  dx  [‘a’ is called lower limit and ‘b’ is called upper limit]
dy  Thus, we can say that the definite integral as defined by the equation signifies the area under the curve
=0  between the limits ‘a’ and ‘b’.
dx
 − minimum
d2y 
 0
dx 2  Graphs
Quite often it is known from the physical situation whether the quantity is a maximum or a Following graphs and their corresponding equations are frequently used in physics.
d2 y
minimum. The test on may then be omitted.
dx 2 Straight line
Integration (i) y = mx, represents a straight line passing through origin. Here m = tan  is called the slope of the line,
The integration is the inverse operation of differentiation. Thus, if the derivative of a function f(x) w.r.t. where  is the angle which the line makes with positive X-axis, when drawn in anticlockwise direction from
d the positive X-axis towards the line.
x is f (x), then the integration of f (x) w.r.t. x will be f(x). That is if f (x) = f (x) the  f (x)dx = f (x) + C
dx Y Y
where c = constant of integration. 

The differentiation of a constant is zero, therefore in integration there may involve constant of X X
integration (C). Thus we write  f (x)dx = f (x) + C .
xy = mx
Formulae xy = −mx
m = tan  is positive m = tan  is negative
(i) 1dx =  dx = x + c (ii)  kdx = k  dx = kx + C [  is acute] [  is obtuse]

x n +1 Note that y = mx or y  x also means that value of y becomes 2 times if x is doubled. Or it will
 x dx = + C (n  –1) x
−1
n
dx = ln x + C
(iii)
n +1
(iv)
 become
1
th

if x becomes
1
times.
4 4
(v)  (u + v)dx =  udx +  vdx + C (vi)  (u − v)dx =  udx −  vdx + C
(ii) y = mx + c, represents a straight line NOT passing through origin. Here, m is the slope and c is the
where u and v are functions of x Y-intercept. +
 e dx = e +C  sin x dx = − cos x + C
x x Y Y Y Y
(vii) (viii)
C C C
 cos x dx = sin x + C  sec x dx = tan x + C
2
(ix) (x) c  
 
X X X X
 cosec x dx = − cot x + C  cosecx cot x dx = − cosec x + C
2
(xi) (xii) − y = − c + mx C
y = c + mx C C y = − c − mx
cos(ax + b)
(xiii)  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C (xiv)  sin (ax + b)dx = − a +C m is positive y = c − mx y = − c + mx m is negative
C is positive m is negative C is negative
m is positive
sin(ax + b) C is positive
(xv)  cos(ax + b)dx = a
+C C is negative

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Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet
 Note that, in y = mx + C, y does not become 2 times if x is doubled. From the graph
x → , y → 0
(and the equation), we can see that y = A at x = 0 and as

Rectangular hyperbola Y
Y
1 3 (ii) y = A(1 – e–kx) represents an exponentially increasing graph. Value of y increases
y  or y = or xy = 4 etc., represents a rectangular A
x x exponentially from 0 to A. The graph is shown
hyperbola in first and third quadrants. The shape of the X
rectangular hyperbola is shown. From the graph (and the equation), we can see that y = 0 at x = 0 and as x → ,
X
y → A.
Y
From the graph, it is clear that as x tends to , y → 0 and as y tends
The graph of x = et
to , x → 0. Y
1 3
Similarly, y  − or y = − or xy = –4 represents a rectangular X
5 x = et
x x x = t is the line of symmetry
hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants as shown. 3

1 x = lnt

X
–2 –1 1 3
 In case of rectangular hyperbola if x is doubled y will become half. 5
–1
Parabola –2
y  x2 or y = 2x2 etc., represents a parabola passing through origin and symmetric about Y-axis as shown.
Y
If x = et then t = loge x or lnt
y  x2 The graphs between x and t for x = et,
x = t and x = lnt are drawn.
X

 Note that in the parabola y = 2x2 or y  x2, if x is doubled, y becomes 4 times.

Illustrations
Y
1. Evaluate 1.01
x  y2 Solution
1 1
X 1
(1.01) 2 = (1 + 0.01) 2 = 1 +  0.01 = 1.005
2
1 1 1
Graph x  y2 or x = 3y2, etc. is again a parabola passing through origin and symmetric about X-axis as shown. 2. Find the sum of progression 1, , , , ......... 
2 4 8
In x  y2, if y is doubled x becomes 4 times.
Solution
y = x2 + 3 or x = y2 – 4 represents a parabola NOT passing through origin. In the first equation (y = x2 + 3),
1
if x is doubled, y will not become 4 times. 1
Exponential graphs It’s a G.P with r = 2 = [r < 1]
1 2
Y
a 1
S = = =2
A 1− r 1− 1
2
 x 3 
X 3. Using binomial expansion, simplify the following expression Q 1 +  − 1 , assuming x to be small in
 x  
(i) y = A e–kx represents exponentially decreasing graph. Value of y decreases exponentially from A to 0. The
graph is shown. comparison to x.

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Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet
Solution dy dy dv du 1 3
Now =   = cos[ln x 3 ]  3  3x 2 = cos[ln x 3 ]
dx dv du dx x x
 x 3   1 x   Qx
Q  1 +  − 1 = Q 1 +  − 1 = dy
 x    3 x   3x 8. If y = sin 2x, evaluate .
dx
4. Determine the values of sin 120, sin 240, sin 300 and sin(–30) Solution
Solution Let 2x = u
3 du d
sin 120 = sin(90 + 30) = cos 30 = [ sin (90 + ) = cos ] = (2x) = 2
2 dx dx
3 dy d
sin 240 = sin(270 − 30) = − cos30 = − [ sin (270 – ) = –cos ] = sin u = cos u = cos 2x
2 du du
3 dy dy du
sin 300 = sin(360 − 60) = − sin 60 = − [ sin (360 – ) = –sin ] =  = cos 2x  2 = 2cos 2x
2 dx du dx
1 9. Find the minimum and maximum values of the function y = x3 – 3x2 + 6. Also, find the values of x at which
sin(−30) = − sin 30 = − [ sin (–) = –sin ]
2 these occur.
dy
5. If y = x3 – 5x2 + 2x + 3, find . Solution
dx
dy d 3
Solution = (x − 3x 2 + 6) = 3x 2 − 6x
dx dx
dy d 3 d 3 d d d
= (x − 5x 2 + 2x + 3) = x − 5x 2 + 2x + 3 At maxima or minima
dy
= 0  3x 2 − 6x = 0  x = 0, +2
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
= 3x2 – 10x + 2 + 0 = 3x2 – 10x + 2 d 2 y d  dy  d
=  = (3x 2 − 6x) = 6x − 6
dx 2 dx  dx  dx

6. If y = (ax + b)2, evaluate

dy  d2 y 
.  2 = 6(0) − 6 = −6  0 ,
dx  dx at x =0
Solution
 d2 y 
 2 = 6(2) − 6 = 6  0
Let ax + b = u  dx at x = 2
du d dy d d
= (ax + b) = a and = (ax + b) 2 = (u) 2 = 2u dy d2 y
dx dx du du du  At x = 0, = 0 and 0.
dx dx 2
dy dy du
 =  = 2u  a = 2au = 2a(ax + b) So at x = 0 y is maximum and y max = (0)3 − 3(0)2 + 6 = 6
dx du dx
dy d2 y
3
7. If y = sin [ln x ], evaluate
dy
. At x = 2, = 0 and 0.
dx dx dx 2
So at x = 2, y is minimum and y min = (2)3 − 3(2)2 + 6 = 2
Solution
Let x3 = u 10. Integrate the following w.r.t. x
1 1
du d 3
= x = 3x 2 (i) x3 (ii) x − (iii) e 2x +
dx dx x x2
1
Let ln x3 = v (iv) cos(4x + 3) (v) (vi) cos2 x
2x + 3
dv 1 1
v = ln u  = = Solution
du u x 3
y = sin [ln x3] = sin v (i) y = x3
x4
dy
 ydx =  x dx = +C
3
= cos v = cos[ln x 3 ] 4
dv
1
(ii) y = x −
x

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Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet
 1 1 x2
 y dx =  x  
 x −  dx = x dx − x dx =
2
− ln x + C

1
(iii) y = e 2x +
x2
 2x 1  e2x x −2 +1 e2x 1
    
−2 Y
y dx = e +  dx = e 2x
dx + x dx = + + C = − +C Y
x2  2 −2 + 1 2 x
2
 
(iv) y = cos(4x + 3) X X
sin(4x + 3) (c) (d)
 y dx =  cos(4x + 3)dx = 4 + C –4

1 y = 4x + 2 y = 6x – 4
(v) y = Y-intercept, c = 2 Slope = tan  = 6
2x + 3 Slope = tan  = 4 Y-intercept, c = –4
1 ln(2x + 3)
 y dx =  2x + 3 dx = 2
+C

(vi) y = cos2 x 13. Write down the x – y equations for the graphs given below:
1 + cos 2x 1 cos 2x x sin 2x x sin 2x
 y dx =  cos x dx =  dx =  dx +  dx = + +C= + +C
2
Y
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 Y

11. Evaluate 45

(a) X (b) X
 30
2 v 4 9 4
1
(a)  x 3dx (b)  Mv dv (c)  x dx (d)  x dx (e)  cos 2x dx
1 u 3 4 0

Solution Y
2
Y
2
 x4  24 14 15 4
(a)  x dx =   = − =
3
135
1  4 1 4 4 4 30
X X
v
(c) (d) 2
v
 v2   v 2 u 2  Mv 2 − Mu 2
(b) u Mvdv = M  
 2 u
= M  − =
2 2 2
4
Solution
1 4
(c)  dx = [ln x]34 = l n 4 − ln 3 = ln (a) Slope is positive and slope = tan  = tan 45 = 1
3
x 3
9 y=x
 1 +1   3  9
 x 2   2x 2  2  32  1
(b) Slope is negative and slope = tan  = tan (180 – 30) = tan 150 = – cot 60 = −
9 3
2
(d)  x dx =  =
1   3 
= 9 − 4 2  = [27 − 8] = 10
3  3 3
4  + 1   4
 2 4  1
 y=− x
 
  3
sin 2   sin
 sin 2x  4  −
4
4 sin 2(0) 2 =1 1
(e)  cos 2x dx =   = = (c) Slope = tan  = tan 30 = , y-intercept is c = + 4
0  2 0 2 2 2 2 3
2
12. Draw the straight lines corresponding to following equations 1
y= x+4 45
3 2
(a) y = 2x (b) y = – 6x (c) y = 4x + 2 (d) y = 6x – 4
(d) Slope = tan  = tan 135 = – 1, y-intercept is c = 2
Solution
Y Y
y=–x+2


14. For the equations given below, tell the nature of graphs.

X X (a) y = 2x2 (b) y = – 4x2 + 6 (c) y = 6 e–4x
(a) (b)
4 2
(d) y = 4(1 – e–2x) (e) y = (f) y = −
x x
y = 2x y = – 6x
slope = tan  = 2 slope = tan  = – 6

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Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQPhysics Smart Booklet
Solution sin  − cos  + 1 (sin  − cos  + 1) / cos  tan  − 1 + sec 
(iv) L.H.S. = = =
sin  + cos  − 1 (sin  + cos  − 1) / cos  tan  + 1 − sec 
(a) Parabola passing through origin
(tan  + sec ) − 1 {(tan  + sec ) − 1}(tan  − sec )
(b) Parabola not passing through origin = =
(tan  − sec ) + 1 {(tan  − sec ) + 1}(tan  − sec )
(c) Exponentially decreasing graph
tan 2  − sec 2  − tan  + sec  −1 − tan  + sec 
(d) Exponentially increasing graph = =
{tan  − sec  + 1}(tan  − sec ) (tan  − sec  + 1)(tan  − sec )
(e) Rectangular hyperbola in first and third quadrants −1 1
= = = R.H.S.
(f) Rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants tan  − sec  sec  − tan 
Hence proved.
1 17. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
15. Calculate (1001) 3 . x
(a) x3 + 5x2 – 2 (b) x sin x (c) (2x + 3)6 (d) (e) e(5x + 2)
Solution sin x

 1  Solution
1001 = 1000 + 1 = 1000 1 +  = 1000(1 + 0.001) (a) Let y = x3 + 5x2 – 2
 1000 
dy d 3 d 3 d d
1 1 1
 1  = (x + 5x 2 − 2) = x + 5x 2 − 2 = 3x 2 + 5(2x) − 0
(1001) 3 = [1000(1 + 0.001)]3 = 10(1 + 0.001) 3 = 10 1 + (0.001) dx dx dx dx dx
 3 
dy
= 10[1 + 0.000333] = 10[1.000333] = 10.00333 = 3x 2 + 10x
dx
3 (b) Let y = x sin x
16. (i) If sin A = , find cos A.
5 dy d d  d dv du 
= x sin x + sin x x  Usin g dx (uv) = u dx + v dx 
(ii) Find tan 120, cot 150, sec 120, cosec 135 dx dx dx  
cot A − cos A cos ecA − 1 = x cos x + sin x
(iii) Prove that =
cot A + cos A cos ecA + 1 (c) Let y = (2x + 3)6
sin  − cos  + 1 1
(iv) Prove that = using sec2  = 1 + tan2  Let 2x + 3 = u 
du
= 2(1) + 0 = 2 ; y = u 6 
dy
= 6u 5
sin  + cos  − 1 sec  − tan  dx du
Solution dy dy du
=  = 6u 5  2 = 12u 5 = 12(2x + 3)5
(i) cos A = 1 − sin 2 A [ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1] dx du dx
x
3
2
9 16 4 (d) Let y =
= 1−   = 1− − = sin x
5 25 25 5 d d  du dv 
sin x x − x sin x  v −u 
4 dy dx dx d u dx dx
cos A = =  Usin g = 
5 dx (sin x)2  dx v v2 
(ii) tan 120 = tan(90 + 30) = – cot 30 = − 3  
sin x(1) − x(cos x) sin x − x cos x
cot 150 = cot(90 + 60) = – tan 60 = − 3 = =
sin 2 x sin 2 x
sec 120 = sec(90 + 30) = – cosec 30 = –2 (e) Let y = e(5x + 2) and u = 5x + 2
cosec 135 = cosec(180 – 45) = + cosec 45 = 2 du dy
= 5(1) + 0 = 5 ; y = e u  = eu
cos A dx du
− cos A
cot A − cos A sin A cos A − sin A cos A
(iii) L.H.S. = = = Now,
dy dy du
=  = e u 5 = 5e(5x + 2)
cot A + cos A cos A + cos A cos A + sin A cos A dx du dx
sin A
(cos A − sin A cos A) / sin A cos A cos ec A − 1 18. Integrate the following functions with respect to x.
= = = R.H.S.
(cos A + sin A cos A) / sin A cos A cos ec A + 1  2 1
 (5x + 3x − 2)dx (b)   4sin x −  dx  4x + 5 dx (d)  (6x + 2)3 dx
2
(a) (c)
 x 
Hence proved
Solution

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Physics Smart Booklet XI-AQ
(a)  (5x 2 + 3x − 2)dx = 5 x 2dx + 3 x dx −  2dx
x 2+1 x1+1 5 3
=5 +3 − 2x + C = x 3 + x 2 − 2x + C
2 +1 1+1 3 2
 2 1
(b)   4sin x −  dx = 4 sin x dx − 2 dx
 x  x
= 4(– cos x) – 2(lnx) + C = –4cos x – 2lnx + C
1 ln(4x + 5)
(c)  4x + 5 dx = 4
+C

1 (6x + 2)3+1 (6x + 2) 4

(d)  (6x + 2)3 dx = +C= +C
6 3 +1 24
19. Find the maximum or minimum value of the functions
(a) y = 25x2 + 5 – 10x (b) y = 9 – (x – 3)2
Solution
dy
(a) = 25  2x + 0 − 10(1) = 50x − 10
dx
dy 1
For maxima or minima, = 0  50x − 10 = 0  x =
dx 5
d 2 y d  dy  d
Now, =  = (50x − 10) = 50 − 0 = +50
dx 2 dx  dx  dx
2
1 1
 y min = 25   + 5 − 10   = 1 + 5 − 2 = 4
5 5
(b) y = 9 – (x2 + 9 – 6x) = – x2 + 6x
dy dy
= −2x + 6; = 0  −2x + 6 = 0  x = 3
dx dx
d2 y d
Now, = (−2x + 6) = −2 + 0 = −2
dx 2 dx
d2 y
0  At x = 3, y is maximum
dx 2
 ymax = – (3)2 + 6(3) = 9
20. Draw the lines (i) 3x + 2y = 0 (ii) x – 3y + 6 = 0 Y

Solution 
X
−3
(i) 3x + 2y = 0  y = x
2
−3
Slope = tan  =
2
1
(ii) x – 3y + 6 = 0  – 3y = – x – 6  y = x + 6 Y
3
6
1
Slope = tan  = 
X
3
y-intercept is c = 6

19