UNIT-V GU Interface: GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. In Python, GUI is a way to create visual interfaces for users to interact with the program. It allows the user to interact with the program by using graphical elements al. such as buttons, menus, text boxes, etc. instead of typing commands in the tei GUI (Graphical User Interface) is a way to provide a visual interface In Python, there are several libraries available to create GUIs. One of the most popular is Tkinter, whit or users (0 interact with the program. h comes pre-installed with Python, ‘The tkinter Modul ‘Tkinter is a built-in module in Python that provides a way to create GUI (Graphical User Interface) applications. It is the standard Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit, which is a cross-platform toolkit that is widely used for building desktop applications. Features of the Tkinter module: % It provides a set of widgets, such as buttons, labels, text boxes, and frames, to create GUIs, v It has a powerful layout manager that allows you to place widgets in the window or frame. a It provides event handling mechan m, where you can bind an event, such as a button click, to a function. > It supports standard dialogs such as file open dialog, message boxes, etc. Ithas a simple and easy-to~ Jearn APL. Window and Widgets: "window" typically refers to the top-level container for a graphical user interface (GUI) application Iget" rel ny graphical elem nt inside the window, such as buttons, text boxes, labels, ete. Window(Top level Containers): "window" typically refers to the top-level container for a graphical user interface (GUI) application, Exampl import tkinter as tk # create a new window window = tk.TkQ, window.title(" My First GUI"); # run the main loop window.mainloop() Output: # MyFnnct - o x BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 1Some of the window and widgets of Tkinter ‘Top Level Containers Usage Tk ‘This is the main window or root window of the application, It is the fi « widget that should be created in any Tkinter program. Top level This is a secondary window or dialog box that can be created using the Tkinter Toplevel widget. It can be used to display additional information or to prompt the user for input. Frame This is a container widget that can be used to group, other widgets together. It can be used to organize the layout of the application, Paned Window: ‘This is a container widget that can be used to create a resizable pane with multiple sub-panes. It can be used to create a split view or a resizable layout, Widgets(Low level components): In Tkinter, widgets are the low-level components used to build the graphical user interface (GUD. Here are some of the most commonly used widgets in Tkinter: 1. Label: This widget is used to display text or images. 2. Buttos this widget is used to trigger an action when clicked, . Entry: This widget is used to get user input through a single line text box, |. Text: This widget is used to display or edit multi-line text. . Checkbutton: This widget is used to toggle a boolean value. 1. Listbox: This widget is used to display a list of items from which the user ean select one or more 3. 4 8 6. Radiobutton: This widget is used to select a single option from a group of options. 1 8 Seale: Thi widget is used to sel ta value from a range of values by slider. 9. Canvas: This widget is used to draw graphics, shapes, and images. 10. Menu: This widget is used to create menus and sub-menus. aging a 1. Label Widget: The Label widget in Tkinter is used to display text or images on the GUI. It is a simple widget that can be created using the Label class from the tkinter module. Ex urput: import tkinter as tk root tk.TkO, ’ label=tk.Label(root, text." Hello World!") label. pack() root.mainloop() BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 22. Button Widget: The Button widget in Tkinter is used to create a clickable button on the GUL. It is a simple widget that can be created using the Button class from the tkinter module. Ex: import tkinter as tk def button_elick0): rint("Button clicked") ro0t = tk.TkO button = tk.Button(root, text="Click Mel", command=button_click) button. pack() root.mainloop() output: 3. Entry Widget: The Entry widget in Tkinter is used to create a single-line text box where the Jing the Entry class from user can enter text or values. It is a simple widget that can be created the tkinter module, Ex: import tkinter as tk def submit: value = entry.get print("User entered:", value) root = tk.TkO) entry = tk.Entry(root) centry.packO submit_button = tk.Button(root, text="Submit", command=submit) submit_button.packO) root.mainloop() Output: BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 34. Text widget: The Text widget in Tkinter is used to create a mufti-line text box where the user can enter or display multiple lines of text. It is a versatile widget that can be created using the Text class from the tkinter module Ex: import tkinter as tk root = tk.TkO, text = tk.Text(root) text.pack(), textinsert((k.END, ‘This is a multi-line text widget.) root.mainloop() Output: tu = 8 % 5. Cheekbutton Widget: The Checkbutton widget in Tkinter is used to create a checkbox that can be selected or deselected by the user. It is a simple widget that can be created using the Checkbutton class from the tkinter module. import tkinter as tk tk.TkO varl = tk. Boolean Var() var2 = tk.BooleanVar() ekbl = tk.Checkbutton(root, text="Pthon", variable=varl) s=var2) root ckb2 = tk.Checkbutton(root, ext="Java', variabl ckbl.pack() ckb2,puck() root.maintoop() Output: > - fe - ao xX FF Pthon F Joe 6. Radiobutton Widget: The Radiobutton widget in Tkinter is used to create a group of radio buttons where only one option can be selected at a time. It is a simple widget that can be created using the Radiobutton class from the tkinter module. BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 4import tkinter as tk root = tk.TkO) var = tk.StringVar(value="Option 1") r1= tk,Radiobutton(root, text ‘Male", variable=var, value="Male") FL.pack0 12 = tk.Radiobutton(root, text="Female", variable=var, value~"Female”) 12.packO, root.mainloop() Output: 7. Listbox Widget: The Listbox widget in Tkinter is used to display a list of items from which the user can select one or more items. It is a versatile widget that can be created using the Listbox class from the tkinter module, Ex: import tkinter as tk root = tk. TKO, Ib = tk.Listbox(root) Ib.pack) Ib.insert(1, "India") Ib.insert(2, "USA") Ib.insert(3, "China") root.mainloop() Output: BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 58. Seale Widget: The Scale widget in Tkinter is used to create a slider that allows the user to select a value from a range of values. It is a simple widget that can be created using the Scale class from the tkinter module. Ex: import tkinter as tk root = tk. TKO, scale = tk,Scale(root, from_=0, t0=100, orient=tk. HORIZONTAL) seale.pack() root.mainloopO Output: 9. Canyas Widget: The Canvas widget in Tkinter is a versatile widget that allows you to create and manipulate 2D graphics. It provides a virtual canvas on which you can draw various shapes and images, as well as add text and other widgets. import tkinter as tk ro0t = tk.TkO) canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=200, height=200) canvas. packO canvas.create_rectangle(50, 50, 150, 150, fill="red") root.mainloop() Output: 10. Menu Widget: The Menu widget in Tkinter provides a way to create menus in your GUL. It rarchical structure of menu items, with each item either iggering a allows you to create a command or displaying a submenu. Ex: import tkinter as tk root = tk. TKO, BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 6menu_bar = tk.Menu(root) file menu = tk.Menu(nnenu_bar, tearoff=0) file_menu.add_command(labe! file menu.add_cornmand(label file_menu.add_separatorO, file menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=root.quit) menu_bar.add_cascade( label root.config(menu=menu_bar) root.mainloop)) Output: Layout Management- pack, grid and place. In Tkinter, there are three layout managers that can be used to arrange the widgets on the screen: pack, grid, and place. 1. pack: The pack layout manager places widgets in the available space in a horizontal or vertical direction. It is the simplest of the three managers and is often used for s method takes several options, mple interfaces. The pack has side to specify the side of the parent widget to pack the child widget and fill to specify how the widget should expand to fill available space, x: import tkinter as tk root = tk.TkO, root geometry("200x200") # Using pack layout manager labell =tklabel(root, text="Enter your name: label L_pack(side=" entryi = tk.Entry(ro0) entryl_pack(side="left") buttonl tk Button(root, te: ick (si buttonl, root.mainloop), BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 7a | 2. grid: The grid layout manager arranges widgets in a grid pattern with rows and columns. You can specify the number of rows and columns and then plaice the widgets in the cells using the grid method. The grid method takes several options, such as row and column to specify the cell to place the widget and sticky to specify how the widget should expand to fill the cell x: import tkinter as tk root = tk. TKO, root. geometry("" 300)(300") # Using grid layout manager label2= tk.Label(root, text="Enter your age: label2.grid(row=0, column=0) centry2 = tk-Entry(root) entry2.grid(row=0, column=1) button? = tk.Button(root, te: button2.grid(row=1, column=0, columnspan: root.mainloop() Output: 3. place: The place layout manager allows you to speci the exact location of a widget using x and y coordinates. You can also use relative positioning and offsets to position the widget. The place method takes several options, such as x and y to specify the coordinates of the widget and relx and rely to specify the relative position of the widget. BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 8import tkinter as tk root = tieTk) root.zeometry("300x 100") # Using place layout manager label3=tklabel(root, tex labe 13.place(x=10, y=70) Enter your email:") entry3 = tk Entry(root) entry3.place(x=100, y=70) button3 = tk Button(root, text="Subrnit") button3.place(x=220, y=65) root.mainloopQ, Output: Python SQLite: SQLite is a lightweight, Python, erverless, and self-contained SQL database engine that is widely used with SQLite is a software library that provides a relational database management system (RDBMS) for embedded and small-scale applications. ‘It is a_ self-contained, —_serverless, _zero- and transa configuration, jonal SQL database engine that is widely used in various applications such as mobile devices, desktop applications, and web browsers, SQLite is designed to be fast, lightweight, and easy to use, with a small memory footprint and low CPU usage. It stores data in a single file, making it easy to distribute and manage, and supports many standard SQL features, such as transactions, indexes, triggers, and views. SQLite is a popular choice for developers who need a local database solution that is easy to set up and use, and does not require a dedi -ated server or complex administration. It is also used as a testing and, development database, and 3 5 a data storage format for many applications and operating systems. Light-weight RDBMS software to manage data in file format. Download link: https://solitebrowser,org/d1/ BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 9The SQLite3 module: The sqlite3 module is a built-in module in Python that provides a simple and easy-to-use interface for working with SQLite databases. It allows you to create, conne: ct to, and manipulate SQLite databases using SQL commands, To use the sqlite3 module in your Python code, you first need to import it by adding the following line at the beginning of your code: import solite3 SQLite Methods - connect, cursor, execute, close; The sqlite3 module in Python provides several methods for working with SQLite databases: Connect to Database: 1 connect: connect() method: This method is used to create a connection to an SQLite database. It takes « single argument - the name of the database file - and returns a connection object that can be used to execute SQL commands. If the database file does not exist, it will be created automatically Here's an example: import sqlite3 # Create a connection to the database conn sqlite3.connect(‘example.db') Cursor Object and its methods: A cursor object is used to interact with a database, A cursor is created by a database connection object, and it is used to execute SQL. statements and retrieve data from the database. 2. cursor method: This method is used to create a cursor object that can be used to execute SQL commands. It is called on a connection object and returns a cursor object. Here's an example: # Create a cursor object = conn.cursor() 3. execute() method: This method is used to execute an SQL command. It takes a single argument - the SQL command - and returns a cursor object that can be used to fetch the results. Here's an example: yerson (id integer, name text)") 4. fetchone() method: This method is u tuple of values or None if there are no more rows to fetch, Here's an exa ed to fetch the next row of a query result set. It returns a le: # Fetch the next row row = cfetchone), BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 105. fetchall) method: This method is used to fetch all the rows of a query result set. It returns a list of tuples of values, Here's an example: # Fetch all the rows rows = e.fetchall) 6. commit) method: This method is used to save the changes made to the databass on a connection object and commits the current transaction, Here's an example: It is called # Commit the changes conn.commit() 7. close() method: This method is used to close the cursor and the connection. It is called on both the cursor object and the connection object. Here's an example: # Close the cursor and the connection c.close() jose Operations on Tables Create, Insert, Select, Update. Delete and Drop Records. import sqlite3 # create a connection to a SC/Lite database conn = sqlite3.connect(‘test.dbl) cursor = conn.cursor() # create a table cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE employee (id INTEGER, name TEXT)") # insert records into the table cursor.execute(“INSERT INTO employee(id,name) VALUES (101, 'Ravi INSERT INTO employee(id,name) VALUES (102, ‘Ravishankar’") cursor.execute("INSERT INTO employee(id,name) VALUES (103, ‘Ramesh’ cursor.execut # select records from the table cursorexecute("SELECT " FROM employee") cursor.fetchall() for row in rows: print(row) # update a record in the table. cursor.execute("update employee set name = ‘Rakesh’ where id = 101") BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 11# delete a record from the table cursor.execute("“delete from employee where id = 103") # drop the table cursor.execute("DROP TABLE employee") #commit the transac! conn.commit() # close the cursor and connection cursor.closeQ) conn.close() BSc V - Python Programming(NEP) -2023-24 Page 12