MODEL PAPER 2 Marking Scheme

MODEL PAPER 2

SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (c) Delacroix. The image is "The Massacre at Chios" by Eugène Delacroix, a French
Romantic painter. This painting is a powerful example of Romanticism and depicts
the suffering of the Greeks at the hands of the Turks.

2. (d) 2, 1, 4, 3. The correct chronological order is:

o Khilafat Movement (1919): Started by the Ali brothers to support the

Ottoman Caliph.

o Chauri-Chaura incident (1922): A violent incident that led to Mahatma

Gandhi calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

o Civil Disobedience Movement (1930): Launched by Mahatma Gandhi with

the famous Salt March.

o Second Round Table Conference (1931): Gandhi-Irwin Pact led to Gandhi

attending this conference in London.

3. (d) Freedom of the individual and equality of all before law. For the new middle
classes, liberalism was a key ideology. Politically, it advocated for a government by
consent and an end to autocracy and clerical privileges. Economically, it stood for the
freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement
of goods and capital.

4. (d) The main intention was to restore the liberal democratic order that had been
overthrown by Napoleon. This is the incorrect option. The Treaty of Vienna (1815)
was a conservative reaction aimed at restoring the monarchies and the traditional
order of Europe that had been overthrown by Napoleon. The main goal was to undo
the changes brought about by the Napoleonic wars and prevent future French
expansion.

5. Situation: The picture depicts the situation of famine and poverty during the time of
economic hardship in Europe, specifically during the 1848 revolution. It shows a
scene of people suffering and waiting for work. The year 1848 was one of the most
significant years of revolt and social unrest in European history.

o Artist: This painting, "The Weaver," was made by Julius Hübner.

6. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom and the notion of Swaraj had a distinct
meaning. For them, it meant the right to move freely in and out of the tea gardens
where they were confined. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and that they
would be given land in their own villages. They left the plantations and headed
 home, but they were caught on the way and brutally beaten by police, highlighting
the gap between their understanding of Swaraj and that of the nationalist
movement.

7. Political scenario of India from 1922 to 1930:

o End of Non-Cooperation Movement: The movement was called off by

Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 after the Chauri-Chaura incident in Uttar Pradesh,
where protestors clashed with the police, leading to violence.

o Swaraj Party: Within the Congress, leaders like C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
formed the Swaraj Party to argue for a return to council politics, believing
they could influence British policies from within.

o Economic Depression and Simon Commission: The Great Depression of 1929

had a significant impact on India's economy. The British government
appointed the Simon Commission in 1928, an all-British commission, to look
into constitutional reforms, but it was boycotted by all Indian parties because
it had no Indian members.

o Lahore Session: The Lahore Congress session of 1929, under the presidency
of Jawaharlal Nehru, formalized the demand for Poorna Swaraj (complete
independence) and decided to celebrate January 26, 1930, as Independence
Day.

o Launch of Civil Disobedience: The Civil Disobedience Movement was

launched in 1930 with the famous Salt March.

o OR: Revival of Indian Folklore: The idea of nationalism was significantly

developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore and culture.

 Collection of folk tales: Nationalists like Rabindranath Tagore and

Natesa Sastri collected folk tales and songs to restore a sense of pride
in India's traditional culture and national identity.

 Creation of national icons: The national flag, the image of Bharat

Mata, and the national anthem helped in creating a sense of national
identity.

 Interpretation of history: The history of India was reinterpreted, and

the glorious past of ancient India was highlighted, which instilled pride
and encouraged a desire for a free India.

8. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. What was the reason behind Germany, Italy, and Switzerland not being a
nation-state? They were divided into autonomous kingdoms, duchies, and
cantons ruled by different rulers, and the people did not share a collective
identity, language, or culture.
 o 2. Were there any nation-states in Europe till the mid-18th Century? How?
No, there were no nation-states in Europe till the mid-18th century. Instead,
there were multi-national dynastic empires, such as the Habsburg Empire,
which ruled over a diverse range of peoples and regions.

o 3. Describe the Habsburg Empire: The Habsburg Empire was a patchwork of

many different regions and peoples, including German-speaking aristocrats,
Italian-speaking provinces, and a large population of subject peasants
speaking various dialects.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o A. The place where the Congress Session was held in September 1920 is
Calcutta (now Kolkata).

o B. A place associated with Peasant Satyagraha is Kheda, Gujarat.

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY

10. (d) Maize. Maize is a Kharif crop that requires a temperature between 21°C and
27°C, grows well in alluvial soil, and is used both as food and fodder.

11. (d) Black soil. Bajra grows well on sandy and shallow black soils.

12. Jharkhand has coal, and Arunachal Pradesh has water resources.

13. (a) No, the State government could not prevent the Central government from
conducting the nuclear tests because ‘Defence’ is the subject of the Union List, and
nuclear tests are part of the Defence.

14. (d) Global warming, acid rain, etc., are to be controlled by one nation. This statement
is incorrect. The consequences of environmental degradation are global issues that
require international cooperation, not the efforts of a single nation.

15. (c) Laterite soil - Useful for tea, coffee, and cashew with proper conservation
methods. Alluvial soil is very fertile and ideal for crops like rice and wheat. Black soil
is known for its cotton cultivation. Red and yellow soils are formed from the
weathering of crystalline igneous rocks, not by river deposition.

16. Climate change affects the cultivation of beverage crops like tea and coffee in the
following ways:

o Changes in rainfall patterns: These crops require a hot and humid climate
with frequent, well-distributed rainfall. Changes in rainfall patterns, such as
droughts or excessive rain, can harm the crop.

o Temperature fluctuations: An increase in temperature can affect the quality

of the crop and increase the risk of pests and diseases.
 o Altered humidity levels: Changes in humidity can affect the growth and yield
of the plants.

17. Significance of conservation of minerals: Minerals are non-renewable resources

that take millions of years to form. Their conservation is crucial because they are
finite and their continuous consumption is leading to their exhaustion.

o Measures to conserve them:

 Recycling: Recycling of metals.

 Use of substitutes: Use of renewable substitutes.

 Better technology: Use of advanced technology to extract minerals.

o OR: Nuclear Energy: Nuclear energy is expected to play a vital role in India
because:

 Energy security: India has limited reserves of fossil fuels, so nuclear

energy provides a stable source of power.

 Clean energy: It is a clean source of energy that produces less carbon

emissions compared to fossil fuels.

 Large reserves: India has vast reserves of thorium, a nuclear fuel,

which can provide a long-term energy source.

18. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Alluvial soil is the most important soil because: It is very fertile and
supports a wide variety of crops due to its high nutrient content.

o 2. Which river systems are responsible for the deposition of Alluvial soil?
The Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems are responsible for the
deposition of Alluvial soil in the Northern Plains of India.

o 3. Where is this soil found in India? It is found in the Northern Plains, the
Eastern Coastal Plains, and the deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
and Kaveri rivers.

19. Map-Based Questions:

o (A) A place associated with an iron and steel plant located in Chhattisgarh is
Durgapur.

o (B) A place associated with a cotton textile industry in Tamil Nadu is

Coimbatore.

o (C) A software technology park in Gujarat is Gandhinagar.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

20. (d) 1 and 2 only. Power can be shared among different organs of government, such as
the legislature, executive, and judiciary (horizontal power sharing). Power can also
be shared among governments at different levels, such as the central government,
state government, and local government (vertical power sharing).

21. (c) To create a separate state for the Sinhala community. This is incorrect. The Sri
Lankan government did not create a separate state for the Sinhalese; rather, they
used majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy, which led to a civil war.

22. (b) The judiciary has the power to check the laws made by the legislature and the
actions of the executive. This is an example of the system of checks and balances, a
key feature of horizontal power sharing, which ensures that no single organ of
government has unlimited power.

23. (d) Power sharing is not desirable in a democracy. This is a false statement. Power
sharing is the very spirit of democracy and helps reduce conflict among different
social groups by ensuring that all groups have a say in the government.

24. Difference between a political party and a pressure group:

o Political Party: A political party aims to contest elections and hold power in
the government.

o Pressure Group: A pressure group aims to influence government policies

without directly contesting elections. They put pressure on the government
to act in a certain way.

25. Social divisions:

o Based on religion: Sectarian divisions between Hindus and Muslims, or

Protestants and Catholics, can be seen in many parts of the world.

o Based on language: Differences in language have also led to social divisions,

as seen in Sri Lanka and Belgium.

o Based on caste: The caste system in India is a unique form of social division
that has been a major source of inequality and conflict.

26. Democracy produces an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government:

o Accountable: The government is accountable to the people and has to

answer for its decisions and actions. If the government does not perform
well, the people can vote it out in the next election.

o Responsive: A democratic government is responsive to the needs and

expectations of the citizens. It has to make laws and policies that reflect
public opinion.

o Legitimate: A democratic government is legitimate because it is elected by

the people through free and fair elections.
 27. Federalism vs. Unitary System:

o Federalism: Power is shared between two or more levels of government,

each with its own jurisdiction. The central government cannot order the state
governments to do something.

o Unitary System: There is only one level of government, and the sub-units are
subordinate to the central government. The central government can pass
orders to the local governments.

28. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. What is the most common form of government in today's world? The

most common form of government is a democracy.

o 2. Why do people believe that democracy is the best form of government? It

promotes equality among citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual,
improves the quality of decision-making, provides a method to resolve
conflicts, and allows for room to correct mistakes.

o 3. Name two countries in the world which have a democratic government.

The United States of America and India.

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (b) A small number of ultra-rich and those at the bottom of the society. Economic
inequality is a major challenge in democracies, where a small number of rich people
have a disproportionate share of wealth and income, leading to social and political
disparities.

30. (c) Teaching. The tertiary sector is the service sector, and teaching is a service that
contributes to the economy without producing a tangible good.

31. (a) An asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee. Collateral is an asset
that the borrower uses as a guarantee for a loan. If the borrower fails to repay the
loan, the lender has the right to sell the collateral to recover the money.

32. (a) Only 1. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of the
central government. It supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans (banks
and cooperative societies), not informal ones.

33. (d) B and C. B refers to the value of goods and services produced in the secondary
sector (manufacturing), and C refers to the value of goods and services produced in
the tertiary sector (services).

34. (a) 9.6%. The percentage of people in the organized sector is calculated as: (Total
number of people in the organized sector / Grand total of people) * 100. (27 / 357) *
100 ≈ 7.6%. The question has an error. The closest option is 9.6%, but based on the
data, 7.6% is the correct calculation.
35. Why has the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council been set up? The
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council has been set up to enhance the
competitiveness of the Indian manufacturing sector, improve its productivity, and
make it more efficient in the global market.

o OR: On what basis is the industrial sector classified into public and private
sectors? The industrial sector is classified into public and private sectors on
the basis of ownership of assets and the delivery of services. In the public
sector, the government owns the assets and provides services. In the private
sector, private individuals or companies own the assets and provide services.

36. Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange without any use of its own.
Why? Modern currency, such as the Indian Rupee, is accepted as a medium of
exchange because it is authorized by the government of the country. In India, the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of the central
government. This authorization gives it value and ensures that no one can refuse a
payment made in Indian rupees.

37. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders. What would be his
position after 5 or 6 years? If Salim continues to get orders from traders, his
business will flourish. He will be able to repay his loan, earn a profit, and
expand his business. This is an example of a positive outcome of credit,
where it helps a person to increase their earnings and become successful.

o 2. Mention any one reason that makes Swapna’s situation so risky. Swapna's
situation is risky because of the high risk of crop failure. If her crop fails, she
will not be able to earn enough money to repay the loan, which can push her
into a debt trap, a situation from which it is very difficult to escape.

38. Unorganized sector:

o Characteristics: It is characterized by small and scattered units that are largely

outside the control of the government. Jobs in this sector are low-paying and
irregular, and there is no provision for paid leave, holidays, or social security.

o Why it needs protection: It needs protection because a large number of poor

and vulnerable people are employed in it. They are often exploited and do
not have any job security or benefits.
MODEL PAPER 3 Marking Scheme
marking scheme for Model Paper 3 (Class X Social Science).

MODEL PAPER 3

SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (b) This image was painted by artist Julius Hübner. The image is titled "The Weaver." It depicts the
social unrest and suffering of weavers during a time of economic hardship.

2. (b) Bible. Gutenberg's first printed book was the Bible. He perfected the printing press technology,
which revolutionized the production of books and led to the print revolution.

3. (d) Unification of Italy 1859-1870. The Unification of Germany was from 1866-1871, the Vienna
Peace Treaty was in 1815, and the Napoleonic Wars were from 1803-1815.

4. C. To create a sense of unity and national identity. The French revolutionaries aimed to create a
collective identity and a sense of shared nationhood among the French people by introducing a new
flag, a centralized administrative system, and new hymns and oaths.

5. Silk Routes: The silk routes were a network of trade and cultural links that connected distant parts
of the world. They were used by traders to carry goods from Asia to Europe. These routes also
facilitated the spread of ideas, religions, and culture. For example, Christian missionaries and
Buddhist monks traveled along these routes to spread their religion.

6. Salt March as an effective symbol of resistance:

o Broad appeal: Salt was a basic food item for everyone, so the tax on it affected all social
groups, making it a powerful symbol of protest.

o Visible act of defiance: The march was a public and peaceful act of defiance against the
British law, which attracted global attention.

o Symbol of Swaraj: It became a symbol of the common man's fight against British oppression
and a means to unite the nation.

7. Conservatism: Conservatism is a political philosophy that emerged after the defeat of Napoleon in
1815. Conservatives believed in the importance of tradition, established institutions, and customs.
They advocated for a gradual change rather than a sudden revolution. They wanted to restore the
monarchies and social hierarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.

o OR: French revolutionaries' measures: The French revolutionaries introduced the following
measures to create a sense of collective identity:

 Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen): This emphasized a
united community.

 New French flag: A new tricolour flag was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
  Centralized administrative system: A uniform system of laws was formulated for all
citizens.

 Hymns and oaths: New hymns were composed, and oaths were taken in the name of
the nation.

 Abolition of internal customs and duties: Uniform weights and measures were
adopted.

8. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Why was salt chosen as a symbol of protest? Salt was a powerful symbol because it was
consumed by both the rich and the poor, and the tax on it was considered the most
oppressive aspect of British rule. By breaking the salt law, Gandhiji made the struggle for
independence a mass movement.

o 2. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement launched? It was launched as a response to
Viceroy Irwin's refusal to negotiate and accept the eleven demands sent by Mahatma
Gandhi, which included the abolition of the salt tax.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o A. The place where Gandhiji ceremonially violated the Salt Law is Dandi, Gujarat.

o B. The place where the Indian National Congress session took place in 1927 is Madras (now
Chennai).

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY

10. (d) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II.

o Black Soil: Cotton

o Laterite Soil: Cashew nut

o Alluvial Soil: Sugarcane

o Red and Yellow Soil: Tobacco

11. (c) Rabi. Rabi crops are sown in winter (October-December) and harvested in summer (April-June),
and their major crops are wheat, gram, and mustard.

12. (c) Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Maize. This is the odd one out because it contains both Rabi (wheat) and
Kharif (rice, jowar, maize) crops. The other groups are all either Zaid crops, plantation crops, or
pulses.

13. (c) 1 and 4 only. Joint Forest Management (JFM) involves local communities in the management
and restoration of degraded forests, and the members are entitled to non-timber forest produce.
The JFM program has been in formal existence since 1988, not 1980.

14. (c) Supporting traditional seed conservation and chemical-free farming. These movements focus on
preserving traditional seeds and promoting organic, chemical-free farming to protect biodiversity
and ensure sustainable agriculture.
15. (d) Pulses. Pulses are leguminous crops that naturally restore soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the
air. They are a valuable crop in a crop rotation system.

16. Agriculture and industry move hand-in-hand:

o Industrial dependence on agriculture: The agro-based industries like cotton textiles and
sugar industries depend on agricultural products for their raw materials.

o Agricultural dependence on industry: Agriculture depends on industries for inputs like

fertilizers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines, and tools.

o Market for industrial goods: Industries sell their products like tractors, tools, and fertilizers
to the agricultural sector, creating a market for industrial goods.

17. Factors for localisation of cotton textile industry:

o Proximity to raw material: The availability of raw cotton in states like Maharashtra and
Gujarat is a key factor.

o Humid climate: The humid climate is suitable for spinning and weaving, as it prevents the
yarn from breaking.

o Availability of capital and market: Mumbai and Ahmedabad, with their port facilities and
large markets, are major centres.

o Cheap labor: The availability of cheap and skilled labor.

o Benefits to local people: It provides employment to a large number of people, creates a

market for agricultural produce, and promotes allied industries.

o OR: Characteristics of Sugar Industry:

 Seasonal in nature: The industry is seasonal because sugarcane is a seasonal crop.

 Bulky raw material: Sugarcane is bulky, and its sucrose content reduces during
transit.

 Locational shift: The industry is shifting to southern and western states because of
the higher sucrose content of cane and a longer crushing season.

 Cooperative sector: It is ideally suited for the cooperative sector.

 By-products: The industry's by-products like molasses are used to make alcohol.

18. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Optimum utilization of resources can be done by planning: Planning involves identifying,

measuring, and managing resources effectively. It helps to prevent the over-exploitation of
resources and ensures their equitable distribution.

o 2. Necessity of planning in India: India has a vast diversity in the availability of resources.
Some regions are rich in minerals but lack infrastructure, while others have water resources
but are deficient in minerals. Resource planning is essential for a balanced and sustainable
development.
 o 3. Examples of resource availability: The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya
Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits, while Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance
of water resources.

19. Map-Based Questions:

o (A) A place associated with a cotton textile industry in Tamil Nadu is Coimbatore.

o (B) A place associated with a software technology park in Gujarat is Gandhinagar.

o (C) A place associated with an iron and steel plant is Durgapur, West Bengal.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

20. (d) All of the above. The various forms of power sharing include sharing power among different
organs of government, among governments at different levels, among different social groups, and
among political parties, pressure groups, and movements.

21. (b) Vertical power sharing. Vertical power sharing is the sharing of power among governments at
different levels, such as the central government, state government, and local government.

22. (b) Political equality. Universal Adult Franchise refers to political equality as it gives all citizens the
right to vote regardless of their caste, religion, or gender.

23. (d) Both B and C. A multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties
compete for power, and a coalition government is formed when two or more parties join together
to form a government. A single-party system has one dominant political party.

24. Difference between a political party and a pressure group:

o Political Party: A political party aims to contest elections and hold power in the government.

o Pressure Group: A pressure group aims to influence government policies without directly
contesting elections. They put pressure on the government to act in a certain way.

25. Social divisions:

o Based on religion: Sectarian divisions between Hindus and Muslims, or Protestants and
Catholics, can be seen in many parts of the world.

o Based on language: Differences in language have also led to social divisions, as seen in Sri
Lanka and Belgium.

o Based on caste: The caste system in India is a unique form of social division that has been a
major source of inequality and conflict.

26. Democracy produces an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government:

o Accountable: The government is accountable to the people and has to answer for its
decisions and actions. If the government does not perform well, the people can vote it out in
the next election.

o Responsive: A democratic government is responsive to the needs and expectations of the

citizens. It has to make laws and policies that reflect public opinion.
 o Legitimate: A democratic government is legitimate because it is elected by the people
through free and fair elections.

27. Federalism vs. Unitary System:

o Federalism: Power is shared between two or more levels of government, each with its own
jurisdiction. The central government cannot order the state governments to do something.

o Unitary System: There is only one level of government, and the sub-units are subordinate to
the central government. The central government can pass orders to the local governments.

28. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. What is the most common form of government in today's world? The most common
form of government is a democracy.

o 2. Why do people believe that democracy is the best form of government? It promotes
equality among citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual, improves the quality of
decision-making, provides a method to resolve conflicts, and allows for room to correct
mistakes.

o 3. Name two countries in the world which have a democratic government. The United
States of America and India.

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. The assertion that democracy is
based on political equality is true, but the reason that all citizens have equal weight in electing
representatives does not explain why democracy is based on political equality.

30. (c) (a) The person who does this work is called a secondary worker. This is incorrect. The person is a
primary worker.

31. (d) Services are intangible and cannot be stored for future use. The tertiary sector produces
services, which are intangible and cannot be stored.

32. (d) (ii) and (iii). The unorganized sector is characterized by low pay, no job security, and no provision
for paid leave or social security. It is not registered by the government and does not provide workers
with benefits like provident funds.

33. (d) B and C. B refers to the value of goods and services produced in the secondary sector
(manufacturing), and C refers to the value of goods and services produced in the tertiary sector
(services).

34. (a) 9.6%. The percentage of people in the organized sector is (27/357) * 100 = 7.56%, which is
rounded to 7.6%. The question has an error.

35. a. Why has the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council been set up? The National
Manufacturing Competitiveness Council has been set up to enhance the competitiveness of the
Indian manufacturing sector, improve its productivity, and make it more efficient in the global
market.
 o OR: b. On what basis is the industrial sector classified into public and private sectors? The
industrial sector is classified into public and private sectors on the basis of ownership of
assets and the delivery of services. In the public sector, the government owns the assets
and provides services. In the private sector, private individuals or companies own the assets
and provide services.

36. Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange without any use of its own. Why? Modern
currency, such as the Indian Rupee, is accepted as a medium of exchange because it is authorized
by the government of the country. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes
on behalf of the central government. This authorization gives it value and ensures that no one can
refuse a payment made in Indian rupees.

37. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after
5 or 6 years? If Salim continues to get orders from traders, his business will flourish. He will
be able to repay his loan, earn a profit, and expand his business. This is an example of a
positive outcome of credit, where it helps a person to increase their earnings and become
successful.

o 2. Mention any one reason that makes Swapna’s situation so risky. Swapna's situation is
risky because of the high risk of crop failure. If her crop fails, she will not be able to earn
enough money to repay the loan, which can push her into a debt trap, a situation from
which it is very difficult to escape.

38. Motive behind formation of Self Help Groups:

o The main motive behind the formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) is to provide collateral-
free loans to the rural poor, especially women. They also serve as a platform for members to
discuss various social issues.

o Functioning: Members pool their savings and provide small loans to each other at a
reasonable interest rate. The group decides on the loans to be granted and the terms of
repayment. The group also helps the members to become financially independent.

o OR: State any five measures from which loan can be made beneficial for poor farmers and
workers:

 Low interest rates: Providing loans at low interest rates.

 Availability of collateral: The government and banks should relax the collateral
requirements.

 Easy access: The formal sources of credit should be easily accessible to the poor.

 Financial literacy: The government should provide financial literacy programs to the
poor to help them manage their loans.

 Support systems: Providing support systems, such as crop insurance and market
linkages, to reduce the risk of debt.
 MODEL PAPER – 4 : ANSWER KEY

SECTION-A: HISTORY (20 marks)

1. Rowlatt Act

The

Rowlatt Act gave the government the power to repress political activities and detain political
prisoners without trial. This Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council.

2. Fraternity among nations

In Sorrieu's utopian vision, the saints, angels, and Christ symbolize the

fraternity among nations. This imagery represents the artist's hope for a world united in
brotherhood and peace.

3. Belgium

The country described is

Belgium. It is a small European nation that shares borders with France, the Netherlands,
Germany, and Luxembourg. The government of Belgium implemented a unique power-
sharing model, dividing power equally between the Dutch and French-speaking populations.

4. Both statements are correct

Both statements are correct. In the 15th century, Martin Luther, a religious reformer, wrote
the

Ninety-Five Theses to criticize the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. This
act led to a division within the Church and marked the beginning of the

Protestant Reformation.

5. Napoleonic Code of 1804

The Napoleonic Code, also known as the Civil Code of 1804, was a set of laws established by
Napoleon Bonaparte. It abolished privileges based on birth, secured the right to property, and
established equality before the law. The code was introduced throughout the territories under
French control.

6. Unification of Italy

The process of Italian unification was a long and complex one, largely led by three key
figures: Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. *
Mazzini: In the 1830s, Mazzini worked to create a unified Italian Republic by forming a
secret society called Young Italy. However, his uprisings failed.

 Cavour: As Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, Cavour led the movement to unify

Italy. He formed a strategic alliance with France in 1859 to defeat the Austrian forces.
 Garibaldi: Giuseppe Garibaldi led a force of armed volunteers, known as the Red
Shirts. In 1860, his forces marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies, driving out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed
the king of a united Italy.

OR

Formation of a nation-state in Britain

The formation of the nation-state in Britain was unlike that of the rest of Europe. It was a
long process, not the result of a sudden revolution or upheaval.

 The primary inhabitants of the British Isles were English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish
ethnic groups.
 As the English nation grew in wealth and power, it began to dominate the other island
nations.
 The

Act of Union in 1707 united England and Scotland, leading to the formation of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain.

 Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.

 The British nation was created through the spread of its culture and institutions, rather
than through a single shared identity or revolution.

7. Gandhiji and the National Movement

Gandhiji brought the masses into the National Movement through a number of innovative and
effective methods.

 He championed the use of

Satyagraha, a non-violent method of protest based on the power of truth.

 He organized mass movements like the

Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit

India Movement. These movements involved people from various social groups,
including peasants, workers, and students.

 Gandhiji emphasized the importance of

Khadi (hand-spun cloth) as a symbol of self-reliance and Swaraj (self-rule). He

encouraged people to boycott foreign goods and institutions.

 He appealed to the common person through his simple lifestyle and his focus on
issues relevant to the masses, such as fighting against untouchability and promoting
Hindu-Muslim unity.
OR

Role of Mahatma Gandhi in the National Movement

Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in the Indian National Movement, with his unique
methods of protest and mass mobilization.

 Satyagraha: Gandhi developed the concept of Satyagraha, a philosophy of non-

violent resistance. He believed that if the cause was true, the oppressor could be
persuaded to see the truth without resorting to physical force.
 Early Satyagraha Movements: He successfully organized Satyagraha movements in
Champaran for indigo planters, in Kheda for peasants, and in Ahmedabad for cotton
mill workers.
 Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Gandhi convinced the Congress to start a non-
cooperation movement against British rule, urging Indians to surrender titles, boycott
civil services, army, police, schools, and foreign goods.
 Civil Disobedience Movement (1930): He launched the Civil Disobedience
Movement with the famous Dandi March, breaking the salt law. This movement was
an act of open defiance against British laws.
 Quit India Movement (1942): At the peak of the Second World War, Gandhi
launched the Quit India Movement, calling for the immediate end of British rule.

8. Impact of Printed Books

 Apprehensions about printed books: Not everyone welcomed the printed book.
Many were worried about the effect that easier access to the printed word could have
on people’s minds. They feared there would be no control over what was printed and
read, and that it could spread irreligious thoughts and wrong notions about religion.
 Effect of print on the Church: Print led to a division within the Church and the
beginning of the Protestant Reformation. The writings of reformers like

Martin Luther, who wrote the Ninety-Five Theses, were quickly and widely
circulated, challenging the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

 Who welcomed print: Both Louise Sebastian Mercier and Martin Luther welcomed
print.

9. Map-Based Questions (History)

 (A)

Madras (now Chennai): The Indian National Congress session was held here in 1927.

 (B)

Champaran (Bihar): Mahatma Gandhi organized a Satyagraha Movement at this

place for indigo planters.

SECTION-B: GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)

10. Population density

Population density is not a physical factor that determines land use; it is a human factor.
Physical factors include soil type and topography.

11. Mica

Koderma in Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica.

12. Bhakra-Nangal and Hirakund Dams

The correct option is

(b) A - Punjab, B - Mahanadi.

 The

Bhakra-Nangal dam is on the Satluj river and is located in Punjab.

 The

Hirakund dam is on the Mahanadi river and is located in Odisha.

13. Air pollution

The Bhopal gas tragedy is a major example of

air pollution.

14. Magnetite

Magnetite is considered the best variety of iron ore.

15. Budan Gramdan Movement

The

Bhoodan-Gramdan movement is known as the bloodless revolution. It was initiated by

Vinoba Bhave to encourage voluntary land redistribution to the landless.

16. Horticulture in India

The cultivation of fruits and vegetables is known as

horticulture.

 Features with reference to India:

o India is the

second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.

o India produces both tropical and temperate fruits.

o Common fruits grown include mangoes, bananas, citrus fruits, and apples.
 o Common vegetables grown are peas, cauliflower, onions, and potatoes.

17. Cereal Crops in India

The two most important cereal crops grown in India are

rice and wheat.

 Rice: It is a Kharif crop that requires high temperature (above 25°C), high humidity,
and annual rainfall above 100 cm. In areas with less rainfall, it is grown with the help
of irrigation.
 Wheat: It is a Rabi crop that requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at
the time of ripening. It needs 50-75 cm of annual rainfall, evenly distributed over the
growing season.

OR

Primitive Subsistence Farming and Commercial Farming

 Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced on small patches

of land using traditional tools like hoes, digging sticks, and the family/community
labor. It heavily depends on the monsoon, natural fertility of the soil, and other
environmental conditions. It is also known as "slash and burn" agriculture.
 Commercial Farming: This type of farming is done to sell the produce in the market.
It uses higher doses of modern inputs like high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds,
chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides to achieve higher productivity.

18. Case-Based Questions (Geography)

1. What will generate by the oceanic tides?

o Electricity is generated by oceanic tides.
2. What ingredients are used in Gobar Gas plants?
o Cattle dung is used in Gobar Gas plants. More broadly, they use shrubs, farm
waste, and animal and human waste to produce biogas.
3. How is atomic energy obtained?
o Atomic energy is obtained by

altering the structure of atoms. This alteration releases a lot of energy in the
form of heat, which is then used to generate electric power.

19. Map-Based Questions (Geography)

(i) Paradip (Major Seaport): Located in Odisha. (ii) Noida (Software Technology Park):
Located in Uttar Pradesh. (iii) Salem (Iron and Steel industry): Located in Tamil Nadu. (iv)
Kalpakkam (Nuclear Power Plant): Located in Tamil Nadu.

SECTION-C: POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)

20. Unitary Form of Government

The correct option is

(c) Statement I, II and III are right.

 Statement I: A unitary government has either one level of government or sub-units

subordinate to the central government.
 Statement II: The central government can pass orders to provincial or local
governments.
 Statement III: Laws made by the center are equally enforced across all states without
territorial distinction.
 Statement IV is incorrect because in a unitary government, the powers of sub-units
are not guaranteed by the constitution.

21. Power Sharing in India and Belgium

The correct option is

(c) A and C.

 A. Both India and Belgium have power shared among governments at different levels
(federalism).
 C. Both countries also have power shared among different social groups. For
example, in Belgium, a community government exists for different social groups, and
in India, there are reservations for different social groups.

22. 'Holding Together' Federations

The correct option is

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

 Assertion (A): Federations formed by 'holding together' do not give equal power to
their constituent units. This is true.
 Reason (R): This is because some states are granted special powers to accommodate
their diverse needs. This is the correct explanation for the assertion.

23. Incorrect Statement about Federal Government

The incorrect statement is

(b) Federation has only one level of government. A federal government, by definition, has
at least two levels of government: a central authority and various constituent units.

24. Sub-groups in Sri Lanka

Based on the map of Sri Lanka, the dominant sub-groups are the

Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhala community is in the majority, and the
Tamil community is a minority.

25. Social Diversities in a Democracy

The assertion of social diversities is normal and healthy in a democracy because:

  Democracy is about respecting different social groups and their unique identities.
 It allows for the free expression of diverse opinions and interests, which prevents
social tensions from becoming violent.
 Democracy's ability to handle social differences, divisions, and conflicts is a major
strength compared to non-democratic regimes, which often suppress them.

26. Changes after 1992 to Strengthen Local Government

Significant changes were brought to the Constitution in 1992 to strengthen local self-
governments, known as the

Third-tier of government.

 It became

constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections for local government bodies.

 Reservation of seats was made for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs),
and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
 At least

one-third of the seats were reserved for women.

 An

independent State Election Commission was created in each state to conduct

panchayat and municipal elections.

 State governments are now required to share some powers and revenue with local
government bodies.

27. Ways to Reform Political Parties in India

Here are five ways to reform political parties in India:

1. Regulate internal affairs: A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of
political parties, making it compulsory for them to maintain a register of their
members and hold open elections for key positions.
2. State funding of elections: The government can provide financial assistance to
political parties to cover their election expenses. This could be done by providing
fuel, paper, and telephone facilities.
3. Prohibition of criminal candidates: A law should be made to prevent people with
criminal cases from contesting elections.
4. Quota for women: There should be a law that mandates a minimum quota, about
one-third, for women candidates in party tickets and in decision-making bodies.
5. Regulation of party finance: There should be a law to regulate how political parties
receive and spend money to ensure transparency.

OR

Characteristics of a Political Party

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power
in the government.
  Contest elections: The primary objective of a political party is to contest elections
and form a government.
 Agree on policies and programs: They agree on some policies and programs for
society, with a view to promoting the collective good.
 Pursue a common interest: They have the common goal of gaining power to
implement their policies.
 Persuade people: Parties try to persuade people that their policies are better than
others.
 Accountability: They are accountable for their actions and policies to the people.

28. Case-Based Questions (Political Science)

1. What are the basis of democracy?

o The passion for

respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.

2. Why is democracy considered the superior form of government?

o Democracy is superior because it promotes the

dignity and freedom of the individual.

o
It also has the ability to effectively handle social differences, divisions, and
conflicts.
3. How has Indian democracy strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged?
o Indian democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged and
discriminated castes for

equal status and equal opportunity.

SECTION-D: ECONOMICS (20 marks)

29. Developmental Goals for Landless Rural Labourers

The correct option is

(d) They can not become leaders in the village. This is not a developmental goal; rather, a
developmental goal would be the ability to become a leader and have social equality, which is
the opposite of this statement. The other options are positive goals.

30. Workers in Different Sectors

This question is a data analysis question. The table shows the number of workers in the
organized and unorganized sectors for primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors, along with the
totals.

31. Developmental Goals (repetition of Q. 29)

The correct option is

(d) They can not become leaders in the village. This is not a developmental goal for
landless rural labourers.

32. Incorrect Statement about Use of Money

The incorrect statement is

(d) The other form in which people hold money is as promissory note with banks. People
hold money with banks as deposits, not promissory notes. A promissory note is a financial
instrument where one party promises in writing to pay a determinate sum of money to the
other party, not the way one holds money in a bank.

33. Correct Statement about India

The correct statement is

(a) Tertiary sector contributes the maximum to GDP. In India, the tertiary (service) sector
has become the largest contributor to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

34. Unorganized Sector Worker

The statement not applicable for a worker in the organized sector is

(b) She is not paid for leave. This is a feature of the unorganized sector. Workers in the
organized sector receive a regular salary, medical allowance, and an appointment letter with
terms and conditions.

35. Role of Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector, or service sector, activities are crucial for the development of both
primary and secondary sectors.

 Transportation: Services like transportation help move goods produced in the

primary (agriculture) and secondary (manufacturing) sectors to markets.
 Storage and Communication: Warehouses provide storage for crops and
manufactured goods, while communication services help in coordinating business
activities.
 Banking: Financial services, such as banking, provide loans to farmers and
industrialists for production and trade.
 Trade: The trade services facilitate the buying and selling of goods from the other
two sectors.

36. Case-Based Questions (Economics)

1. What does the data show about democracies vs. dictatorships?

o The data shows that between 1950 and 2000,

all dictatorial regimes had a slightly higher growth rate (4.42%)

compared to all democratic regimes (3.95%).

2. Which regime will give dignity and equality to people?

o A
 democratic regime will give dignity and equality to people. Democracy is
based on the principle of political equality, where every citizen has the right to
vote and elect representatives. It also promotes the dignity of the individual
and a sense of respect.

37. Case-Based Questions (Economics)

1. What are the things other than income people seek for living?
o People seek things like

equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect from others. They also
resent discrimination.

2. Two developmental goals of a middle-class woman?

o Two developmental goals could be:
 A safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or run a
business.
 Greater respect and sharing of housework to increase her dignity in
the household and society.
3. What is the role of other important things than income?
o Non-material things like respect and security are crucial because they affect
the

quality of our life. They are often more important than more income or
consumption.

38. Consequences of a Farmer's Situation

The farmer in this situation may face dire consequences, which can lead to a

debt trap.

 Increasing debt burden: As he borrows from one lender to pay off another, his total
debt will continue to increase due to high-interest rates.
 Loss of collateral: The money lender may demand collateral, such as land or other
assets, which the farmer could lose if he is unable to repay the loan.
 Poverty and exploitation: The cycle of borrowing and repayment at high interest
rates can lead to perpetual poverty and social degradation.

OR

Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are a powerful tool for eliminating poverty and empowering
women.

 Economic empowerment: SHGs provide a platform for women to pool their savings
and provide small loans to members at reasonable interest rates. This helps women
start small businesses, become financially independent, and break free from the cycle
of debt from informal lenders.
 Social empowerment: SHGs are a collective of women who discuss and take action
on a range of social issues, such as domestic violence, health, nutrition, and education.
This increases their confidence and gives them a voice in their communities.
 Poverty alleviation: By providing micro-credit and fostering entrepreneurship, SHGs
enable women to generate income, which contributes to reducing poverty at the
household level and improving the overall standard of living
 MODEL PAPER – 5 : DETAILED ANSWER KEY
 Section A: History (20 marks)
 Q.1: (c) He carried out the nation-building process with the army and bureaucracy.

 Q.2: (D) 1, 2, 3, 4.

 Q.3: A weekly English magazine edited by James Hickey from 1780.

 Q.4: (d) Mumbai (Bombay).

 Q.5: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who founded the secret
societies of Young Italy and Young Europe. He believed that nations were the natural
units of mankind, and his vision of a democratic republic was a threat to
conservatives.

OR

Count Camillo de Cavour was the chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who led the
movement for Italian unification. He was not a revolutionary but through a diplomatic
alliance with France, he defeated the Austrian forces in 1859, which was a critical step
toward unification.

 Q.6:

o Dissenter: An individual who opposes the policies of an established church.

o Indentured labour: A bonded laborer under contract to an employer for a

specific time to pay off their travel to a new country.

o The Great Depression: A severe worldwide economic downturn that

started in 1929 and lasted through the 1930s.

 Q.7: The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and suggested that non-
violent struggle was enough to fight injustice. The three key Satyagraha movements
led by Mahatma Gandhi were:

1. Champaran (1916): To inspire peasants to fight the oppressive indigo

plantation system.

2. Kheda (1917): To support peasants who could not pay revenue due to crop
failure.

3. Ahmedabad (1918): To organize mill workers for better wages.

OR

The

Lahore Session of Congress (1929), led by Nehru, was significant because it adopted the
resolution for 'Poorna Swaraj,' or complete independence. The session also decided to
launch the Civil Disobedience Movement and declared January 26, 1930, as 'Independence
Day,' marking a shift from the previous demand for dominion status.

 Q.8:

o 8.1: The Congress of Vienna was convened to draw up a settlement for

Europe and undo the changes brought about by the Napoleonic wars.

o 8.2: Conservatives at the Congress focused on preserving traditional

institutions like the monarchy, Church, and family, but they also recognized
that modernization could strengthen these institutions.

o 8.3: The Treaty of Vienna aimed to ensure peace by restoring the Bourbon
dynasty, returning territories to France, and setting up a series of states on
France's borders to prevent future expansion.

 Q.9:

o A. The Congress session in 1920 was held in Calcutta.

o B. The Congress session in 1927 was held in Madras.

Section B: Geography (20 marks)

 Q.10: (C) In 1995 at Chennai.

 Q.11: (A) Clue i.

 Q.12: (c) Both options (a) and (b) are false.

 Q.13: (c) Assam.

 Q.14: (a) Sutlej-Beas.

 Q.15: (d) Copper and bauxite.

 Q.16: Renewable resources are those that can be replenished over time, like solar
and wind energy.

Non-renewable resources are those that take a very long geological time to form and
cannot be easily renewed, such as minerals and fossil fuels.

 Q.17: Required Geographical Conditions for Rice: Rice is a kharif crop requiring
high temperatures (above 25°C), high humidity, and over 100 cm of annual rainfall.
In areas with less rainfall, it is grown with irrigation. Major rice-producing states
include West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab.

OR

Characteristics of the Sugar Industry: It is a seasonal industry with sugarcane as a bulky

raw material whose sucrose content decreases during transport. The industry has shifted
from North to South India due to the higher sucrose content in the south. It also faces
challenges like old milling methods and the need to maximize the use of by-products.
  Q.18:

o 18.1: There are three types of industrial effluent treatments: primary,

secondary, and tertiary.

o 18.2: Pollution from machinery and equipment can be reduced by

redesigning them for energy efficiency and reduced noise. Generators can be
fitted with silencers, and noise-absorbing material or earplugs can be used
to mitigate noise.

o 18.3: The challenge of sustainable development is to integrate economic

growth with environmental concerns.

 Q.19:

o (i) Bhakra Nangal Dam: Located on the Sutlej River.

o (ii) Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport: Located in Mumbai.

o (iii) Paradip: A major seaport in Odisha.

o (iv) Kalpakkam: A nuclear power plant in Tamil Nadu.

Section C: Political Science (20 marks)

 Q.20: (B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

 Q.21: (d) Only statement IV is incorrect.

 Q.22: (a) Principle of individual dignity has legal force in non-democratic regimes.

 Q.23: (D) 1.d), 2.c), 3. b), 4. a).

 Q.24: India's vast population and diversity make it a classic example of effective
power sharing, which is a key principle of democracy. Power is distributed among
different levels of government—central, state, and local—to ensure that no single
group dominates and that all major groups and regions are represented in
governance. This federal structure helps manage the country's diversity by
providing different levels of government with distinct powers and responsibilities.

 Q.25: Local government upholds the principle of decentralization by transferring

power from central and state governments to local bodies. This makes governance
more accessible and responsive to local needs, promoting direct citizen
participation in decision-making and leading to a more inclusive and grassroots
form of democracy.

 Q.26: Majoritarianism was practiced in Sri Lanka through policies that favored the
Sinhalese majority. The

Sinhala language was made the sole official language by an act in 1956, ignoring Tamil.
The government also followed preferential policies favoring Sinhalese applicants for jobs
and university positions. A new constitution also stipulated that the state should
protect and foster Buddhism. These measures alienated the Sri Lankan Tamils and
created distrust, which led to a civil war.

 Q.27: The Belgians resolved their ethnic conflict by amending their constitution four
times to create a power-sharing arrangement. Key measures included:

o Making the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers equal in the

Central government.

o Giving many powers of the Central government to state governments.

o Establishing a 'community government' for each linguistic group to handle

cultural, educational, and language-related issues.

o Giving Brussels a separate government where both communities had equal

representation.

OR

o Power-sharing: Belgium's model is based on equal representation, while Sri

Lanka's is based on majoritarianism, where the majority dominates.

o Language policy: Both Dutch and French were given official status in
Belgium, while only Sinhala was recognized in Sri Lanka.

o Constitutional framework: Belgium's constitution was amended to create

a federal structure, while Sri Lanka adopted a majoritarian constitution.

o Outcome: The Belgian model ensured peace, while the Sri Lankan model led
to civil war.

o Government structure: Belgium has a complex system with central, state,

and community governments to ensure representation, while the unitary
government in Sri Lanka favored the Sinhalese majority.

 Q.28:

o 28.1: The economic outcomes of democracy can be resolved using facts and
figures.

o 28.2: The fact that a small portion of the population enjoys most of the
national income strongly indicates a high degree of economic inequality
within a democracy.

Section D: Economics (20 marks)

 Q.29: (c) I, II and III.

 Q.30: (a) future payment.

 Q.31: (b) More days of work and better wages.

 Q.32: (a) UNDP.

  Q.33: (d) All of these.

 Q.34: (a) Private sector.

 Q.35: Two formal sources of credit are banks and cooperatives. It is necessary to
expand these sources to reduce dependence on informal lenders who charge high
interest rates and to ensure that a larger share of loans is available to the poor and
marginalized groups, thereby helping them improve their income and fostering
overall economic development.

 Q.36: To protect workers in the unorganized sector, the government can provide
social security benefits like health insurance and provident funds. It can also ensure
better wages by enforcing minimum wage laws and strictly enforcing labor laws.
Additionally, providing access to affordable credit can help them become
independent from local moneylenders.

 Q.37:

o 37.1: If Salim continues to receive orders, his financial position will improve
significantly. He would earn profits, expand his business, and potentially
hire more workers. This would place him in a positive credit situation,
where the use of credit helps him earn more and improve his living
standards.

o 37.2: Swapna's situation is risky because she is a small farmer, and the
primary risk is crop failure. If her crops fail, she will be unable to repay the
loan, which could trap her in a cycle of debt.

 Q.38:

o (A) Self-Help Groups (SHGs) can help Miss X by providing her with access to
timely and affordable credit for her savory food store. This enables her to
meet her working capital needs without relying on informal lenders who
charge high interest rates. SHGs also provide a collective platform for
women to discuss social issues and work for their empowerment and a
better standard of living.

OR

o (B) Money eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants. In a

barter system, a person had to find someone who not only wanted what they
had but also had what they wanted in return. Money serves as a medium of
exchange, simplifying transactions by being a universally accepted
intermediate step. Modern forms of money in India, such as currency, bank
deposits, and digital payments, have made transactions more efficient and
secure.
 MODEL PAPER – 6 : ANSWER KEY
Section A: History (20 marks)

 Q.1: (a) Rowlatt Act.

 Q.2: The incorrect option is "They were all Americans" as the commission had no
Indian members.

 Q.3: (b) II, I, III, IV.

 Q.4: (c) Both I and II are incorrect.

 Q.5: The conquest of America by the Spanish was not just a result of their military
power but also due to the introduction of germs, especially smallpox. The native
Americans had no immunity to these diseases, so smallpox spread deep into the
continent even before the Spanish forces arrived. The disease decimated the local
populations, making the conquest easier.

 Q.6: Mahatma Gandhi supported the Khilafat Movement to unite Hindus and
Muslims in the struggle against British rule in India. The movement was formed to
defend the temporal powers of the Khalifa, the Ottoman Emperor of Turkey, who was
seen as the spiritual head of the Islamic world. By supporting the Khilafat cause,
Gandhi aimed to bring Muslims into the fold of the Non-Cooperation Movement,
thereby forging a united national movement.

 Q.7: Napoleon is considered a great administrator because of the comprehensive

and efficient system he created. He introduced a civil code in 1804 that abolished all
privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right
to property. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and
freed peasants from serfdom. In towns, guild restrictions were removed, and
transport and communication systems were improved. These measures made the
system more rational and efficient.

OR

The conservatives who met at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 aimed to undo the changes
brought about by the Napoleonic wars. They believed that traditional institutions like the
monarchy, Church, and social hierarchies should be preserved. They restored the Bourbon
dynasty to power in France, and a series of states were set up on the boundaries of France
to prevent future expansion. This was done to establish a new conservative order in Europe.

 Q.8:

o 8.1: Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India
dominated the international textile market.

o 8.2: The finer varieties of cotton came from India.

 o 8.3: Trade was carried out in two ways:

 Land trade: Armenian and Persian merchants took goods from Punjab
to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia, and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles
were carried on camelback via the northwest frontier, through
mountain passes and deserts.

 Sea trade: A vibrant sea trade operated through main pre-colonial

ports like Surat, Masulipatnam, and Hooghly. Indian merchants and
bankers were involved in financing production and carrying goods to
these ports.

 Q.9:

o A. The Indian National Congress session in 1920 was held in Calcutta.

o B. Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law at Dandi.

Section B: Geography (20 marks)

 Q.10: (b) Private company.

 Q.11: (d) Odisha.

 Q.12: (d) Permanent Forest-Reserved and unclassed forest for the production of
timber.

 Q.13: (b) Maize.

 Q.14: (a) a-I, b-IV, c-III, d-II.

 Q.15: (c) Radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as
well.

 Q.16: Two ways to conserve energy resources in India are:

o Promoting the use of energy-efficient appliances and devices.

o Encouraging the use of public transport and discouraging the use of private
vehicles for short distances.

OR

Two ways to improve the usage of solar energy are:

o Providing government subsidies and incentives for installing solar panels.

o Creating awareness among the public about the benefits of solar energy as a
clean and renewable resource.

 Q.17: Mining activities have a significant impact on the local environment. They can
lead to land degradation, air pollution from dust, and water contamination from
waste and toxic chemicals. This also affects the health of the surrounding
 communities, causing respiratory and other health problems. Mining also leads to
deforestation and displacement of tribal communities.

 Q.18:

o A. The Sardar Sarovar Dam was built with the objective of providing water to
arid regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan.

o B. The tribal people protested against the dam because it would displace
them from their homes and livelihoods without proper rehabilitation.

o C. The 'Save Narmada Movement' worked on issues like the environmental

impact of the dam, the displacement of local communities, and the need for
proper rehabilitation of the displaced people.

 Q.19:

o A coal mine in Tamil Nadu: Neyveli.

o A dam built on the river Chenab: Salal Dam.

o A large natural major seaport located in Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam.

o Noida Software Technology Park: Located in Uttar Pradesh.

Section C: Political Science (20 marks)

 Q.20: (a) Brussels.

 Q.21: (b) Official language.

 Q.22: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

 Q.23: (c) Power is separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches,
with each branch having its responsibilities and powers.

 Q.24: Based on the map of Belgium, the dominant languages are French, spoken in
the Walloon region (the dark shaded area), and Dutch, spoken in the Flemish region
(the light shaded area).

 Q.25: India is a secular country because:

o There is no official religion for the Indian state.

o The Constitution provides all individuals and communities the freedom to

profess, practice, and propagate their religion.

o The state does not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of their
religion.

 Q.26: The main functions of political parties are:

o To contest elections and form a government.

 o To formulate policies and programs for the welfare of the people.

o To shape public opinion and mobilize people for various issues.

o To provide a check on the government and hold it accountable to the people.

o To provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

 Q.27: While it may seem that caste plays a major role in elections, it is not the only
factor. Voters often consider other factors such as the performance of the
government, the track record of the candidate, and the ideology of the party. No
single caste group can win an election on its own, so parties need to seek the support
of various caste and community groups to form a coalition.

OR

Politics influences the caste system in several ways. Political parties try to mobilize support
from various caste groups by promising them benefits and representation. This gives a
platform to caste groups to assert their identity and demand a share in power. The focus on
caste in politics has also led to the formation of caste-based political parties.

 Q.28:

o 28.1: In 1993, the Constitution of Belgium was amended to give the regional
governments constitutional powers that were no longer dependent on the
Central Government.

o 28.2: In a federation, there are usually two levels of government: the Central
Government for the entire country and governments at the state or provincial
level.

o 28.3: Federations are different from unitary governments in that power is

divided between the central authority and various constituent units, and both
levels of government enjoy power independent of each other. In a unitary
system, either there is only one level of government, or the sub-units are
subordinate to the central government. The central government cannot order
the state government to do something in a federal system, whereas it can do
so in a unitary system.

Section D: Economics (20 marks)

 Q.29: (c) I, II and III.

 Q.30: (a) future payment.

 Q.31: (b) More days of work and better wages.

 Q.32: (a) UNDP.

 Q.33: (d) All of these.

 Q.34: (a) Private sector.

  Q.35: A similar shift out of the primary sector has not happened in employment
because not enough jobs have been created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
While the tertiary sector contributes the most to GDP, its job-creating capacity is
limited. A large number of workers in the primary sector are underemployed,
meaning they are working less than their potential, leading to low income.

 Q.36: To protect workers in the unorganized sector, the government can:

o Provide them with social security benefits like health insurance and provident
fund.

o Set and enforce minimum wage laws to ensure they are paid fairly for their
work.

o Strictly enforce labor laws and create awareness about workers' rights.

o Provide them with access to affordable credit so they are not dependent on
local moneylenders.

 Q.37: The tertiary sector is different from the other two sectors (primary and
secondary) because it provides services rather than producing goods. It helps in the
development of the other two sectors. For example, transport and banking services
are essential for the production of goods in the primary and secondary sectors. The
tertiary sector also includes services that may not directly aid the production of
goods, such as education, healthcare, and tourism.

 Q.38: We need to expand formal sources of credit to reduce dependence on informal

lenders who often charge high interest rates and exploit borrowers. It is also
important to ensure that a larger share of loans goes to the poor and marginalized,
thereby helping them improve their economic condition. The expansion of formal
credit can help create more jobs and foster overall economic development.

OR

Credit has a crucial role in development as it can help people meet their working capital
needs and increase their income. It can also help them expand their businesses, buy new
equipment, or start a new venture. However, credit can also be a risk. If a person is unable to
repay the loan due to unforeseen circumstances, they can get trapped in a cycle of debt,
which can hinder their development.
MARKING SCHEME MODEL PAPER 07

Section-A: History

1. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognized Greece as an independent nation? The Treaty
of 1832 that recognized Greece as an independent nation was the

Treaty of Constantinople.

2. "Who among the following said that 'Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest
one'?"

Martin Luther said that "Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one".

3. Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of "Nationalism" ?

The

French Revolution is called the first expression of "Nationalism".

4. Identify the person in figure given below who is also known as father of printing press.
The person in the figure is

Johannes Gutenberg, who is known as the father of the printing press.

5. Why it is said that the 1830s were the years of Great Hardships in Europe? Explain. The
1830s were considered years of great hardships in Europe due to several factors. There was
a huge increase in population, but not enough jobs to go around. People from rural areas
moved to cities, leading to overcrowded slums. The rise of machine-made goods from
England pushed small producers in towns to the brink, as their handmade products couldn't
compete. In regions that still had aristocratic rule, the peasantry struggled under the burden
of feudal dues and obligations. Widespread food shortages and bad harvests added to the
misery, leading to an increase in food prices and further hardship.

6. How did print come into existence in Europe? Explain. OR How did access to books
create a new culture of reading? Explain. Print came to Europe through the

Silk Route. The technology of woodblock printing reached Europe from China, brought by
Marco Polo in 1295. Soon, Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and as the
demand for books increased, booksellers started exporting them to other European
countries. However, a truly new era began with Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the
printing press in the 1430s, which allowed for much faster production of books.

7. How did Non-Cooperation movement start with participation of middle-class people in

the cities? Explain its impact on the economic front. OR Why was Congress reluctant to
allow women on hold any position of authority within the organization? How did women
participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain. The Non-Cooperation Movement
began in cities with the participation of the middle class, primarily students, teachers, and
lawyers. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges,
headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. This boycott
extended to foreign goods, with foreign cloth being boycotted and liquor shops picketed.

The movement had a significant impact on the economic front. The import of foreign cloth
was cut in half between 1921 and 1922, and its value dropped from ₹102 crore to ₹57 crore.
This led to a surge in the production and sale of Indian textile mills and handlooms, as
people began to discard imported clothes and wear only Indian-made ones.

8. Source based case-based question: The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-
modern trade... (i) What is meant by the 'Silk route'? The "Silk routes" were a network of
pre-modern trade and cultural links that connected distant parts of the world, named for the
importance of Chinese silk cargoes that traveled westward along these routes.

(ii) Who else traveled this route other than traders? Besides traders, early

Christian missionaries and early Muslim preachers also traveled along the Silk Routes.

(iii) What routes were identified by the historians? What exchange did European Europe
return to Asia in the form of trade? Historians have identified several Silk Routes, both over
land and by sea, that connected vast regions of Asia and linked Asia and Europe with
northern Africa. In return for goods like Chinese pottery, Indian textiles and spices, and
Chinese silk, Europe sent precious metals like

gold and silver to Asia.

9. Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them
and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.

 The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was held in
September, 1920: Calcutta (now Kolkata).

 Name the place where Indigo planters organized Satyagraha: Champaran.

Section-B: Geography

10. Which one of the following soils develops in an area with high temperature and heavy
rainfall? The soil that develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall is

Laterite soil.
11. Rearing of Silkworms for production of silk is termed as Rearing of silkworms for the
production of silk is termed as

Sericulture.

12. Mica is used in electric and electronic industries because of its Mica is used in electric
and electronic industries because of its Di-electric strength, low power loss factor, and
insulating properties. Therefore, the correct answer is

All the above.

13. Textile is an example of Textile is an example of an

Agro Industry because it uses agricultural products like cotton and jute as raw materials.

14. __________ soil is suitable for cultivation of cotton.

Black soil is suitable for the cultivation of cotton.

15. "Aus, Aman and boro are related to" "Aus, Aman and boro" are related to Rice. They are
different varieties of rice grown in India.

16. How are communities involved in Forest Conservation? Communities are involved in
forest conservation by participating in various initiatives. For example, in the Sariska Tiger
Reserve in Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection
Act. In the Alwar district of Rajasthan, five villages have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as
the

Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri', creating their own set of rules and regulations to protect the
wildlife. The

Chipko Movement, which involved local communities hugging trees to prevent them from
being cut down, is another classic example of community-led forest conservation.

17. Explain the features of primitive subsistence and commercial farming in India. OR
Explain the features of intensive subsistence and plantation farming in India.

Primitive Subsistence Farming is a type of agriculture where farmers cultivate small patches
of land using simple tools like a hoe, daos, and digging sticks. This farming method depends
on monsoons and the natural fertility of the soil. It is often called 'slash and burn'
agriculture, as farmers clear a patch of land, burn the vegetation, and use the ash as a
natural fertilizer. The yield is low, as no modern inputs are used, and the produce is primarily
for the farmer's family consumption.

Commercial Farming is a type of agriculture where the main purpose is to sell the produce
in the market. Farmers use modern inputs like high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides to achieve higher productivity. The degree of
commercialization varies from region to region; for example, rice is a commercial crop in
Punjab and Haryana but a subsistence crop in Odisha.

18. Source based case based questions: Today dams are built not just for irrigation but for
electricity generation... (i) Hirakud dam is built on which river? The Hirakud dam is built on
the

Mahanadi river.

(ii) Name one multipurpose project that is found in the Sutlej-Beas river basin? The

Bhakra-Nangal project is a multipurpose project found in the Sutlej-Beas river basin.

(iii) Give two reasons for the adverse effect of dams? Two adverse effects of dams are:

1. They create large reservoirs that can submerge fertile agricultural lands and displace
local communities, leading to social and environmental problems.

2. Dams can cause floods in upstream regions and lead to soil erosion downstream due
to changes in water flow.

19. On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with
suitable symbols.

 Kandla - Sea port: Locate and label the port on the coast of Gujarat.

 Kalpakkam - Nuclear power plant: Locate and label the plant in Tamil Nadu.

 Bailadila - Iron ore mines: Locate and label the mines in Chhattisgarh.

 Noida - Software technology park: Locate and label the park in Uttar Pradesh, near
Delhi.

Section C: Political Science

20. Match column I with column II and choose the correct option. The correct option is

(b) i - 4, ii - 3, iii - 2, iv - 1.

 Union list: Foreign affairs.

 State list: Police.

 Concurrent list: Marriage.

 Residuary subjects: Computer Software.

21. Which one of the following is an example of 'holding together federation'?

India is an example of a 'holding together federation'.

22. Assertion – Reason Questions: Power sharing is good. Reason (R): It helps to reduce
the possibility of conflict between social groups. Both the assertion (A) and the reason (R)
are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Power sharing is considered good because it
helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups, thus promoting social
harmony and peace.

23. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as
well. These movements are called __________ movements. These movements are called

Feminist movements.

24. What is the ideology of Indian National Congress party? The Indian National Congress
(INC) is a centrist party that advocates for secularism and welfare of the weaker sections and
minorities. It supports new economic reforms but with a human face. The INC aims to build
a modern secular democratic republic.

25. Mention any two ways of empowering women? Two ways of empowering women are:

1. Ensuring equal pay for equal work: This helps in closing the gender wage gap and
provides women with financial independence.

2. Providing better educational opportunities: Education is a powerful tool that can

help women gain knowledge and skills, enabling them to participate more effectively
in all spheres of life.

26. Write the advantages of multi-party system? The main advantages of a multi-party
system are:

1. It offers a wide range of choices to the voters, allowing them to elect a government
that best represents their interests and views.

2. It allows various social groups, sections, and regions to get representation in the
government and to have their concerns heard.

3. It prevents the concentration of power in a single party and encourages political

competition and cooperation.

27. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
OR How is democracy considered as better than other forms of government? Democracy
produces an accountable government because the people have the right to choose their
rulers and hold them accountable for their decisions. Citizens have the right to participate in
decision-making and have mechanisms to protest or demand answers from the government.
It is a responsive government because it is expected to respond to the needs and demands
of the citizens. A democratic government is legitimate because it is the people's own
government, elected through free and fair elections, and is therefore accepted by the people
as legitimate.

Democracy is considered a better form of government because it promotes equality among

citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual, and provides a method to resolve conflicts
peacefully.

28. Source based case based question: The constitution was amended to prevent elected
MLA's an MP's from changing parties... (i) What is meant by defection? Defection refers to
an elected representative, like an MLA or MP, changing their political party after they have
been elected.

(ii) Give any two suggestions for reforming political parties. Two suggestions for reforming
political parties are:

1. Laws should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties, making them
more transparent and democratic.

2. It should be mandatory for parties to give a minimum number of tickets to women

candidates to increase female representation.

(iii) Give two challenges faced by political parties for which they need reforms. Two
challenges faced by political parties are:

1. Lack of internal democracy: There is a tendency for power to be concentrated in the

hands of a few leaders at the top, without regular organizational elections.

2. Money and muscle power: Parties often tend to choose candidates who have a lot of
money or have a criminal background, as they believe this will help them win
elections.

Section D: Economics

29. Which Among the following issues currency notes on behalf of the Central
Government? The

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.

30. Development criteria includes: Development criteria include a combination of factors

such as income, equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect from others. Therefore, the
correct answer is

all of these.
31. In SHGs, most of the decisions regarding saving and loans are taken by: In Self-Help
Groups (SHGs), most of the decisions regarding savings and loans are taken by the

members of the group.

32. What are the different components of terms of credit? The different components of the
terms of credit are

interest rate, documentation requirement, and collateral. Therefore, the correct answer is

All of these.

33. Which of the following is the example of Trade Barriers. Examples of trade barriers
include

tax on imports, custom duty, and transit permits. Therefore, the correct answer is

All of these.

34. Started at the initiative of the __________, WTO establishes rules regarding
international trade, and sees that these rules are obeyed. The WTO was started at the
initiative of the

developed countries.

35. Describe any three steps taken to strengthen the local self-government by the
constitutional amendments, 1992. The 1992 constitutional amendment introduced key
changes to strengthen local self-government:

1. It was made mandatory to hold regular elections for local bodies.

2. Seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other
Backward Classes (OBCs).

3. At least one-third of the positions were reserved for women.

36. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live
“well. Is it true or not? Elucidate. This statement is true. While money can buy material
things like food, clothes, a house, and a car, there are other essential aspects of life that
money cannot buy. For instance, money cannot buy a clean environment, pollution-free air,
or protection from infectious diseases. It also cannot guarantee friendship, love, or respect
from others, which are crucial for a good quality of life. Therefore, while money is an
important factor, it is not the sole indicator of well-being or development.

37. How can more employment be created/generated in India? Explain with examples. OR
What is the main purpose of the Public Sector? How is Public Sector different from Private
Sector? More employment can be created in India through various measures, such as:
 1. Promoting tourism and local industries: Investing in tourism infrastructure and
promoting local businesses can create jobs on a large scale. For example, building
more tourist attractions and providing facilities can generate employment for guides,
hotel staff, and transport providers.

2. Improving infrastructure: Government spending on building roads, dams, canals, and

other infrastructure can directly create jobs in the construction sector and indirectly
through improved connectivity and business opportunities.

3. Providing credit and training to farmers: Offering cheap credit to farmers can help
them buy better tools and seeds, which can improve their yield and create more
employment in the agricultural sector.

38. Distinguish between Organised and Unorganised sector. OR Classify sectors on the
basis of their economic activities with examples. Organised Sector:

 It is registered with the government and has formal processes and procedures.

 It provides job security and regular employment.

 Employees get benefits like paid leave, provident fund, and gratuity.

 Working hours are fixed, and if an employee works more, they get overtime pay.

 Examples include government employees, banks, and large companies.

Unorganised Sector:

 It is not registered with the government and is characterized by small, scattered

units.

 Jobs are low-paid and not regular, with no job security.

 There is no provision for paid leave, holidays, or social security benefits.

 Working hours are long, and there is no provision for overtime pay.

 Examples include daily wage laborers, small shopkeepers, and street vendors.
MODEL PAPER 8 Marking Scheme
SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (b) To oppose the plantation system. The Satyagraha in Champaran was organized against the oppressive
indigo plantation system.

2. (b) Large landowners. Junkers were the large landowners in Prussia.

3. Print revolution refers to the Shift from hand printing to mechanical printing.

4. (a) It was an all-British Commission. The main problem with the Simon Commission was that it had no
Indian members.

5. The Act of Union (1707) was a treaty between England and Scotland that led to the creation of the 'United
Kingdom of Great Britain'. It resulted in the merger of the two kingdoms' parliaments.

6. Print culture helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways:

o Dissemination of nationalist ideas: Newspapers and books published nationalist ideas, criticisms
of the British, and calls for Swaraj.

o Unity among different communities: Printed materials in various Indian languages helped people
from different regions feel a sense of collective identity.

o Spreading awareness: The print media made it possible to reach a large audience, spreading
awareness about social and political issues.

7. Nationalism in Britain: The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike the rest of Europe. It was not a
result of a sudden revolution or a popular uprising. Instead, it was a long-drawn-out process. The nation-
state of Great Britain was formed through political maneuvering and the Act of Union (1707). England, with
its growing power, was able to assert its influence over Scotland and Ireland.

o Alternative Answer (French Revolutionaries' steps): See answer to Question 6 in Modal Paper 9
for details on the steps taken by French revolutionaries.

8. Case-Based Questions:

o (i) What did Gandhiji's letter to Lord Irwin state? The letter was an ultimatum that if his
demands were not fulfilled by March 11, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.

o (ii) Why did Gandhiji March to Dandi? He marched to Dandi to ceremonially violate the British
Salt Law.

o (iii) Substantiate why Gandhiji chose to defy the Salt Tax. Salt was a basic food item consumed
by rich and poor alike. By making salt and defying the law, Gandhiji made the struggle for
independence a mass movement and a symbol of the common man's fight against British
oppression.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o The place where Gandhiji broke Salt Law: Dandi, Gujarat.

 o The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927: Madras (now
Chennai).

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY

10. (c) Kuls. In the Western Himalayas, diversion channels are called kuls.

11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. The production and consumption of steel
are considered an index of a country's development because all heavy, medium, and light industries depend
on it for their machinery.

12. (b) Rice. Rice is a Kharif crop.

13. (a) Agro Industry. Textile is an agro-based industry as it uses agricultural products (cotton, jute, silk) as
raw materials.

14. (b) Rajasthan. Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in Rajasthan.

15. (d) Uttarakhand. Terrace cultivation is a common practice in hilly states like Uttarakhand.

16. Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas. For them, Swaraj meant
having the right to move freely in and out of the tea gardens. They believed that Gandhi Raj would give
them back their land and that they would be free from the oppressive plantation life.

17. India is rich in certain resources but deficient in others. For example, India has rich reserves of iron ore and
coal but lacks petroleum and natural gas. Some states like Arunachal Pradesh have an abundance of water
resources but lack infrastructure development. This uneven distribution makes resource planning crucial.

o Alternative Answer (Land Degradation): Land degradation can be solved by various measures.
Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help in controlling soil erosion. Planting
shelter belts of plants and stabilizing sand dunes can help in desert areas. Proper management of
mining and quarrying activities can also reduce land degradation.

18. Case-Based Questions:

o (i) How do women collect water in Rajasthan? Women in Rajasthan collect water by balancing
many matkas (earthen pots) and traveling long distances.

o (ii) Why is water scarcity in most areas caused? Water scarcity is mostly caused by over-
exploitation, excessive use, and unequal access to water among different social groups.

o (iii) Do you think rainwater harvesting can help in this state? Yes, rainwater harvesting can
help because it can recharge groundwater aquifers, provide water for domestic use, and reduce
runoff, thus mitigating water scarcity.

19. Map-Based Questions:

o Visakhapatnam Seaport: Located in Andhra Pradesh.

o Talcher Coal Mines: Located in Odisha.

o Kudremukh Iron Ore Mines: Located in Karnataka.

 o Hyderabad Software Technology Park: Located in Telangana.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

20. (d) Their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils. The Sri Lankan government,
dominated by the Sinhala community, repeatedly denied this demand, which led to a civil war.

21. (d) Both i and ii. A community government is elected by people belonging to one language community
(Dutch, French, and German-speaking), and it has the power regarding cultural, educational, and language-
related issues.

22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Power sharing is desirable because it helps
to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

23. (a) Different organs of government. Horizontal power sharing refers to the distribution of power among
different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

24. India is a secular country because the Constitution provides for:

o The state has no official religion.

o The Constitution grants all citizens the right to freedom of religion.

o The state can interfere in religious matters to ensure equality and justice.

25. Unitary vs. Federal System: (See answer to Question 26 in Modal Paper 9 for a detailed explanation.)

26. The three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Government
is divided into three lists:

o Union List: Subjects of national importance like defense, foreign affairs, banking, and
communications.

o State List: Subjects of local importance like police, trade, agriculture, and irrigation.

o Concurrent List: Subjects of common interest to both the Union and the States, such as education,
forests, trade unions, and marriage.

27. Democracy and Government: Democracy produces an accountable, responsive, and legitimate
government.

o Accountable: The government is accountable to the people and has to answer for its decisions and
actions.

o Responsive: A democratic government is responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
It has to make laws and policies that reflect public opinion.

o Legitimate: A democratic government is legitimate because it is elected by the people through free
and fair elections.

o Alternative Answer (Democracy is better): Democracy is considered better than other forms of
government because it promotes equality among citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual,
 improves the quality of decision-making, provides a method to resolve conflicts, and allows for
room to correct mistakes.

28. Case-Based Questions:

o Which type of party system is adopted by India? Multi-party system.

o What are its advantages? It allows for a wider range of opinions to be represented and gives
voters more choices.

o Name one political party of India whose ideology is based on ideas of Marx? Communist Party
of India (Marxist) or CPI(M).

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (a) It has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate
due to its high literacy rate and adequate health facilities.

30. (c) i and ii. Mr. Y would borrow from a bank because it offers a cheaper and affordable loan with a lower
interest rate, and it is free from the risk of falling into a debt trap.

31. (b) Foreign investment. Investments made by MNCs are termed foreign investment.

32. (a) Right to work. The MGNREGA guarantees the right to work to rural people.

33. (b) Globalisation. The rapid integration or interconnection between countries is known as globalization.

34. Tariff or Trade barrier. Tax on imports is an example of a trade barrier.

35. The workers in the unorganized sector require protection on issues such as wages, safety, and health. They
have low wages, no job security, and no paid leave or other benefits. They are vulnerable to exploitation
and harassment.

o Tertiary Sector Importance (Alternative Answer): The tertiary sector is becoming important in
India for several reasons:

 It provides essential services like education, healthcare, and banking.

 The development of agriculture and industry leads to a demand for services like transport
and trade.

 As income levels rise, people demand more services like tourism, shopping, and private
hospitals.

36. Human Development Index (HDI): See answer to Question 38 in Modal Paper 9 for details. The HDI is
measured by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

37. The public sector contributes to economic development by providing essential infrastructure like roads,
railways, ports, and electricity. It also provides basic services like health and education. It creates
employment opportunities and promotes a balanced regional development.

38. The growing importance of the tertiary sector:

o Basic Services: The government is responsible for providing essential services such as healthcare,
education, defense, and administration, which are all part of the tertiary sector.

o Development of Primary and Secondary Sectors: As agriculture and industry develop, there is
an increased demand for support services like transport, banking, and communication.

o Rise in Income Levels: With an increase in per capita income, people demand more services like
shopping, private hospitals, and restaurants.

o New Services: Over the last decade, new services based on information technology, such as the
internet and mobile communication, have become important.

o Job creation: The tertiary sector is a major source of employment, especially for skilled
professionals.
MODEL PAPER 9 Marking Scheme
SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland. This is the incorrect option because the Act of Union
in 1707 was an agreement between England and Scotland.

2. (b) Karol Karpinski, A Scottish Music Composer. This is the incorrect pair. Karol Karpinski was a Polish
patriot and a music composer.

3. (c) Both Statements (I) and (II) are correct. The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade
and cultural links, and trade and cultural exchange did go hand in hand.

4. (d) IV, II, III, I. The correct chronological order is:

o IV. Johannes Gutenberg invented the Printing Press (1440s).

o II. Martin Luther's writing led to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation (1517).

o III. Menocchio re-interpreted the message of the Bible (1580s).

o I. Print culture created the conditions for the French Revolution (1789).

5. Napoleonic Code (1804): Also known as the Civil Code of 1804, it abolished all privileges based on birth,
established equality before the law, and secured the right to property. It simplified administrative
divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom. In towns, guild restrictions were
removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.

6. To create a sense of collective identity among the French people, the French revolutionaries introduced the
following measures:

o Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen): This emphasized a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

o New French flag: A new tricolour flag was chosen to replace the former royal standard.

o Centralized administrative system: A uniform system of laws was formulated for all citizens
within its territory.

o New hymns and oaths: New hymns were composed, oaths were taken, and martyrs were
commemorated in the name of the nation.

o Abolition of internal customs and duties: Uniform weights and measures were adopted.

7. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following
ways:

o Goal: The Non-Cooperation Movement's goal was Swaraj, while the Civil Disobedience Movement's
goal was Poorna Swaraj (complete independence).

o Method: The Non-Cooperation Movement involved the refusal to cooperate with the British, while
the Civil Disobedience Movement involved actively breaking colonial laws, such as the Salt Law.
 o Participants: The Civil Disobedience Movement had a wider participation of women and
industrialists compared to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

o Key events: The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the Dandi March and the breaking of the
Salt Law, whereas the Non-Cooperation Movement was launched after the Jallianwala Bagh
incident.

o Lahore Session of 1929 (Alternative Answer): The Lahore Session of the Congress, presided over
by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929, was significant because it passed the resolution for Poorna Swaraj
(complete independence) and decided to celebrate January 26, 1930, as Independence Day.

8. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Who were chapmen?

Petty peddlars in England who carried and sold penny chapbooks.

o 2. In which country were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ books sold at low price?

France.

o 3. What were the new forms of literature that attracted new readers in Europe?

New forms of popular literature included almanacs or ritual calendars, ballads, folktales, penny chapbooks, and
'Biliotheque Bleue' books.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o (A) The place where the Jallianwalabagh incident took place is Amritsar, Punjab.

o (B) The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927 is Madras (now
Chennai).

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY

10. (d) Forest conservation. The Chipko movement was a forest conservation movement in India.

11. (c) Meghalaya.

12. (c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false. Mining is called a "Killer Industry" due to its dangers and
health hazards, but it does not help in agriculture.

13. Bauxite is the raw material used in the Aluminium industry.

14. (b) White Revolution. Operation Flood is associated with the White Revolution, a program to increase milk
production in India.

15. The soil associated with these features is Alluvial soil. It is very fertile, found near rivers, and is useful for
cultivating rice and wheat.

16. The main objectives of Joint Forest Management (JFM) are to protect forests from degradation and to
restore degraded forest land. The JFM program involves local communities in the management and
protection of forests in return for a share of forest produce.
 17. Land degradation refers to the decline in the overall quality of land resources due to various factors. The
main reasons for land degradation are:

o Deforestation: The cutting down of trees leads to soil erosion and loss of fertility.

o Overgrazing: Excessive grazing by livestock compacts the soil and removes protective vegetation.

o Mining and Quarrying: These activities lead to land damage and waste heaps.

o Over-irrigation: Leads to salinization and waterlogging.

o Industrial Effluents: Waste from industries pollutes land and water.

o Resource Planning (Alternative Answer): Resource planning is the process of identifying,

measuring, and managing resources effectively. It is important for a country like India because it
has immense diversity in the availability of resources. There are regions with resource richness and
others with resource deficiencies. Resource planning helps in equitable distribution, preventing
exploitation, and sustainable development.

18. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Name the solid mineral from which energy can be generated?

Coal.

o 2. What is the basic requirement for economic development?

Energy.

o 3. What are the two major methods of generating electricity?

Hydel (hydroelectric) and thermal.

19. Map-Based Questions:

o State major producer of coffee: Karnataka.

o State major producer of jowar: Maharashtra.

o Marmagao Port: Located in Goa.

o Indira Gandhi International Airport: Located in Delhi.

o Jamshedpur Iron and Steel industry: Located in Jharkhand.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

20. (a) The judges are appointed by the executive and further judges can check the functioning of the executive
or laws made by the legislature. This is the correct description of the system of checks and balances.

21. (d) (i), (ii) and (iii). The statements describing a unitary form of government are that there is only one level
of government or sub-units are subordinate to the central government, the central government can pass
orders to provincial governments, and laws made by the center are enforced without territorial distinction.
 22. (b) A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.

23. (b) Mahatma Gandhi.

24. Alliance vs. Coalition: An alliance is a formal agreement between political parties to cooperate for a
common purpose, often before an election. A coalition is a government formed by two or more political
parties that agree to work together after an election to achieve a majority.

o Single-party system (Alternative Answer):

 Merit: It provides a stable and strong government, allowing for quick and decisive decision-
making.

 Demerit: It restricts the political choices available to the people and may lead to a non-
democratic or authoritarian government.

25. Decentralization of power is the transfer of power and authority from the central government to local
levels. The two administrative units of local governments in India are:

o Panchayats in rural areas.

o Municipalities in urban areas.

26. Unitary vs. Federal Government:

o Unitary System: There is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the
central government. The central government can pass orders to the local governments.

o Federal System: There are two or more levels of government, each with its own jurisdiction. The
central government cannot order the state governments to do something.

27. Why Power Sharing is Desirable: Power sharing is desirable for two main reasons:

o Prudential Reason: It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. An example
from the Indian context is the system of reserved constituencies for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, which ensures their representation in government.

o Moral Reason: Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. It allows citizens to participate in the
government.

o Language Policy (Alternative Answer): India's language policy is based on several key principles.
The Constitution does not declare any language as the national language. Hindi and 21 other
languages are recognized as Scheduled Languages. The creation of linguistic states was a major test
of democratic politics because it proved that federalism and decentralization could be successfully
implemented in a diverse country without leading to disintegration. It also helped to preserve the
linguistic diversity of India.

28. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. ‘Universal Adult Franchise’ refers to which type of equality in a democracy?

Political equality.

o 2. Which two group of people make the economic inequalities?

A small number of ultra-rich and those at the bottom of society.

o 3. What do you understand by the basic needs of life?

Food, clothing, house, education, and health.

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (a) before the age of one year as a proportion to 1000 live births in that particular year.

30. The picture refers to the barter system.

31. (b) Teaching. The tertiary sector is the service sector, and teaching is a service.

32. (b) activities in which natural products are changed into other forms of manufacturing. The secondary
sector is also known as the manufacturing sector.

33. (a) (ii), (i), (iii), (iv). The chronological order is: Shyam applies for a credit, interest rate is discussed,
collateral is agreed upon, and then the terms of credit are signed.

34. (b) Greater competition among producers. Globalization leads to the integration of markets, which
increases competition.

35. Debt-trap is a situation where the borrower is unable to repay a loan and is forced to take on another loan
to repay the first one. Credit can push a borrower into a debt-trap when the loan amount is large, the
interest rate is high, and the borrower's income from the project for which the loan was taken is not
sufficient to repay it.

o Informal Sector Credit (Alternative Answer): The informal sector's credit activities should be
discouraged because they have no legal oversight, often charge very high interest rates, and can use
unfair means to collect the debt. This can lead to borrowers falling into a debt-trap and a cycle of
poverty.

36. The factors that have enabled globalization are:

o Technology: Rapid improvements in technology, especially in transport and communication, have

made it easier to move goods, services, and information across countries.

o Liberalization of Trade: The removal of trade barriers and restrictions by governments has
facilitated the free flow of goods and services.

o Role of MNCs: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have invested heavily in different countries,
connecting them through production and trade networks.

37. Intermediate goods are used as raw materials for producing other goods, such as cotton for cloth. Final
goods are ready for consumption, like the finished cloth. Final goods are included in the calculation of GDP,
but intermediate goods are not, to avoid double-counting.

38. The main criterion used by the World Bank for classifying different countries in development is Per Capita
Income. A country with a higher per capita income is considered more developed. The limitations of this
criterion are:
o It hides disparities in wealth and income distribution within a country.

o It doesn't consider other important factors like health, education, and environmental sustainability.

o Human Development Index (HDI) (Alternative Answer): HDI is a composite index developed by
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to rank countries based on human
development. The three main components of HDI are:

 Life expectancy at birth.

 Educational attainment (literacy rate and gross enrollment ratio).

 Per capita income.

o Comparison of India and Sri Lanka (2004 data is not available, but a general comparison can
be made from your knowledge): Sri Lanka generally performs better than India on the HDI scale
due to its higher literacy rates, better health facilities, and higher life expectancy.
MODEL PAPER 10 Marking Scheme
SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland. This is the incorrect option because the Act of Union
in 1707 was an agreement between England and Scotland.

2. (b) Karol Karpinski, A Scottish Music Composer. This is the incorrect pair. Karol Karpinski was a Polish
patriot and a music composer.

3. (c) Both Statements (I) and (II) are correct. The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade
and cultural links, and trade and cultural exchange did go hand in hand.

4. (d) IV, II, III, I. The correct chronological order is:

o IV. Johannes Gutenberg invented the Printing Press (1440s).

o II. Martin Luther's writing led to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation (1517).

o III. Menocchio re-interpreted the message of the Bible (1580s).

o I. Print culture created the conditions for the French Revolution (1789).

5. Napoleonic Code (1804): Also known as the Civil Code of 1804, it abolished all privileges based on birth,
established equality before the law, and secured the right to property. It simplified administrative
divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom. In towns, guild restrictions were
removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.

6. To create a sense of collective identity among the French people, the French revolutionaries introduced the
following measures:

o Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen): This emphasized a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

o New French flag: A new tricolour flag was chosen to replace the former royal standard.

o Centralized administrative system: A uniform system of laws was formulated for all citizens
within its territory.

o New hymns and oaths: New hymns were composed, oaths were taken, and martyrs were
commemorated in the name of the nation.

o Abolition of internal customs and duties: Uniform weights and measures were adopted.

7. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following
ways:

o Goal: The Non-Cooperation Movement's goal was Swaraj, while the Civil Disobedience Movement's
goal was Poorna Swaraj (complete independence).

o Method: The Non-Cooperation Movement involved the refusal to cooperate with the British, while
the Civil Disobedience Movement involved actively breaking colonial laws, such as the Salt Law.
 o Participants: The Civil Disobedience Movement had a wider participation of women and
industrialists compared to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

o Key events: The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the Dandi March and the breaking of the
Salt Law, whereas the Non-Cooperation Movement was launched after the Jallianwala Bagh
incident.

o Lahore Session of 1929 (Alternative Answer): The Lahore Session of the Congress, presided over
by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929, was significant because it passed the resolution for Poorna Swaraj
(complete independence) and decided to celebrate January 26, 1930, as Independence Day.

8. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Who were chapmen?

Petty peddlars in England who carried and sold penny chapbooks.

o 2. In which country were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ books sold at low price?

France.

o 3. What were the new forms of literature that attracted new readers in Europe?

New forms of popular literature included almanacs or ritual calendars, ballads, folktales, penny chapbooks, and
'Biliotheque Bleue' books.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o (A) The place where the Jallianwalabagh incident took place is Amritsar, Punjab.

o (B) The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927 is Madras (now
Chennai).

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY

10. (d) Forest conservation. The Chipko movement was a forest conservation movement in India.

11. (c) Meghalaya.

12. (c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false. Mining is called a "Killer Industry" due to its dangers and
health hazards, but it does not help in agriculture.

13. Bauxite is the raw material used in the Aluminium industry.

14. (b) White Revolution. Operation Flood is associated with the White Revolution, a program to increase milk
production in India.

15. The soil associated with these features is Alluvial soil. It is very fertile, found near rivers, and is useful for
cultivating rice and wheat.

16. The main objectives of Joint Forest Management (JFM) are to protect forests from degradation and to
restore degraded forest land. The JFM program involves local communities in the management and
protection of forests in return for a share of forest produce.
 17. Land degradation refers to the decline in the overall quality of land resources due to various factors. The
main reasons for land degradation are:

o Deforestation: The cutting down of trees leads to soil erosion and loss of fertility.

o Overgrazing: Excessive grazing by livestock compacts the soil and removes protective vegetation.

o Mining and Quarrying: These activities lead to land damage and waste heaps.

o Over-irrigation: Leads to salinization and waterlogging.

o Industrial Effluents: Waste from industries pollutes land and water.

o Resource Planning (Alternative Answer): Resource planning is the process of identifying,

measuring, and managing resources effectively. It is important for a country like India because it
has immense diversity in the availability of resources. There are regions with resource richness and
others with resource deficiencies. Resource planning helps in equitable distribution, preventing
exploitation, and sustainable development.

18. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Name the solid mineral from which energy can be generated?

Coal.

o 2. What is the basic requirement for economic development?

Energy.

o 3. What are the two major methods of generating electricity?

Hydel (hydroelectric) and thermal.

19. Map-Based Questions:

o State major producer of coffee: Karnataka.

o State major producer of jowar: Maharashtra.

o Marmagao Port: Located in Goa.

o Indira Gandhi International Airport: Located in Delhi.

o Jamshedpur Iron and Steel industry: Located in Jharkhand.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

20. (a) The judges are appointed by the executive and further judges can check the functioning of the executive
or laws made by the legislature. This is the correct description of the system of checks and balances.

21. (d) (i), (ii) and (iii). The statements describing a unitary form of government are that there is only one level
of government or sub-units are subordinate to the central government, the central government can pass
orders to provincial governments, and laws made by the center are enforced without territorial distinction.
 22. (b) A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.

23. (b) Mahatma Gandhi.

24. Alliance vs. Coalition: An alliance is a formal agreement between political parties to cooperate for a
common purpose, often before an election. A coalition is a government formed by two or more political
parties that agree to work together after an election to achieve a majority.

o Single-party system (Alternative Answer):

 Merit: It provides a stable and strong government, allowing for quick and decisive decision-
making.

 Demerit: It restricts the political choices available to the people and may lead to a non-
democratic or authoritarian government.

25. Decentralization of power is the transfer of power and authority from the central government to local
levels. The two administrative units of local governments in India are:

o Panchayats in rural areas.

o Municipalities in urban areas.

26. Unitary vs. Federal Government:

o Unitary System: There is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the
central government. The central government can pass orders to the local governments.

o Federal System: There are two or more levels of government, each with its own jurisdiction. The
central government cannot order the state governments to do something.

27. Why Power Sharing is Desirable: Power sharing is desirable for two main reasons:

o Prudential Reason: It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. An example
from the Indian context is the system of reserved constituencies for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, which ensures their representation in government.

o Moral Reason: Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. It allows citizens to participate in the
government.

o Language Policy (Alternative Answer): India's language policy is based on several key principles.
The Constitution does not declare any language as the national language. Hindi and 21 other
languages are recognized as Scheduled Languages. The creation of linguistic states was a major test
of democratic politics because it proved that federalism and decentralization could be successfully
implemented in a diverse country without leading to disintegration. It also helped to preserve the
linguistic diversity of India.

28. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. ‘Universal Adult Franchise’ refers to which type of equality in a democracy?

Political equality.

o 2. Which two group of people make the economic inequalities?

A small number of ultra-rich and those at the bottom of society.

o 3. What do you understand by the basic needs of life?

Food, clothing, house, education, and health.

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (a) before the age of one year as a proportion to 1000 live births in that particular year.

30. The picture refers to the barter system.

31. (b) Teaching. The tertiary sector is the service sector, and teaching is a service.

32. (b) activities in which natural products are changed into other forms of manufacturing. The secondary
sector is also known as the manufacturing sector.

33. (a) (ii), (i), (iii), (iv). The chronological order is: Shyam applies for a credit, interest rate is discussed,
collateral is agreed upon, and then the terms of credit are signed.

34. (b) Greater competition among producers. Globalization leads to the integration of markets, which
increases competition.

35. Debt-trap is a situation where the borrower is unable to repay a loan and is forced to take on another loan
to repay the first one. Credit can push a borrower into a debt-trap when the loan amount is large, the
interest rate is high, and the borrower's income from the project for which the loan was taken is not
sufficient to repay it.

o Informal Sector Credit (Alternative Answer): The informal sector's credit activities should be
discouraged because they have no legal oversight, often charge very high interest rates, and can use
unfair means to collect the debt. This can lead to borrowers falling into a debt-trap and a cycle of
poverty.

36. The factors that have enabled globalization are:

o Technology: Rapid improvements in technology, especially in transport and communication, have

made it easier to move goods, services, and information across countries.

o Liberalization of Trade: The removal of trade barriers and restrictions by governments has
facilitated the free flow of goods and services.

o Role of MNCs: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have invested heavily in different countries,
connecting them through production and trade networks.

37. Intermediate goods are used as raw materials for producing other goods, such as cotton for cloth. Final
goods are ready for consumption, like the finished cloth. Final goods are included in the calculation of GDP,
but intermediate goods are not, to avoid double-counting.

38. The main criterion used by the World Bank for classifying different countries in development is Per Capita
Income. A country with a higher per capita income is considered more developed. The limitations of this
criterion are:
 o It hides disparities in wealth and income distribution within a country.

o It doesn't consider other important factors like health, education, and environmental sustainability.

o Human Development Index (HDI) (Alternative Answer): HDI is a composite index developed by
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to rank countries based on human
development. The three main components of HDI are:

 Life expectancy at birth.

 Educational attainment (literacy rate and gross enrollment ratio).

 Per capita income.

o Comparison of India and Sri Lanka (2004 data is not available, but a general comparison can
be made from your knowledge): Sri Lanka generally performs better than India on the HDI scale
due to its higher literacy rates, better health facilities, and higher life expectancy.

MODAL PAPER 8

SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (b) To oppose the plantation system. The Satyagraha in Champaran was organized against the oppressive
indigo plantation system.

2. (b) Large landowners. Junkers were the large landowners in Prussia.

3. Print revolution refers to the Shift from hand printing to mechanical printing.

4. (a) It was an all-British Commission. The main problem with the Simon Commission was that it had no
Indian members.

5. The Act of Union (1707) was a treaty between England and Scotland that led to the creation of the 'United
Kingdom of Great Britain'. It resulted in the merger of the two kingdoms' parliaments.

6. Print culture helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways:

o Dissemination of nationalist ideas: Newspapers and books published nationalist ideas, criticisms
of the British, and calls for Swaraj.

o Unity among different communities: Printed materials in various Indian languages helped people
from different regions feel a sense of collective identity.

o Spreading awareness: The print media made it possible to reach a large audience, spreading
awareness about social and political issues.

7. Nationalism in Britain: The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike the rest of Europe. It was not a
result of a sudden revolution or a popular uprising. Instead, it was a long-drawn-out process. The nation-
state of Great Britain was formed through political maneuvering and the Act of Union (1707). England, with
its growing power, was able to assert its influence over Scotland and Ireland.

o Alternative Answer (French Revolutionaries' steps): See answer to Question 6 in Modal Paper 9
for details on the steps taken by French revolutionaries.
 8. Case-Based Questions:

o (i) What did Gandhiji's letter to Lord Irwin state? The letter was an ultimatum that if his
demands were not fulfilled by March 11, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.

o (ii) Why did Gandhiji March to Dandi? He marched to Dandi to ceremonially violate the British
Salt Law.

o (iii) Substantiate why Gandhiji chose to defy the Salt Tax. Salt was a basic food item consumed
by rich and poor alike. By making salt and defying the law, Gandhiji made the struggle for
independence a mass movement and a symbol of the common man's fight against British
oppression.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o The place where Gandhiji broke Salt Law: Dandi, Gujarat.

o The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927: Madras (now
Chennai).

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY

10. (c) Kuls. In the Western Himalayas, diversion channels are called kuls.

11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. The production and consumption of steel
are considered an index of a country's development because all heavy, medium, and light industries depend
on it for their machinery.

12. (b) Rice. Rice is a Kharif crop.

13. (a) Agro Industry. Textile is an agro-based industry as it uses agricultural products (cotton, jute, silk) as
raw materials.

14. (b) Rajasthan. Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in Rajasthan.

15. (d) Uttarakhand. Terrace cultivation is a common practice in hilly states like Uttarakhand.

16. Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas. For them, Swaraj meant
having the right to move freely in and out of the tea gardens. They believed that Gandhi Raj would give
them back their land and that they would be free from the oppressive plantation life.

17. India is rich in certain resources but deficient in others. For example, India has rich reserves of iron ore and
coal but lacks petroleum and natural gas. Some states like Arunachal Pradesh have an abundance of water
resources but lack infrastructure development. This uneven distribution makes resource planning crucial.

o Alternative Answer (Land Degradation): Land degradation can be solved by various measures.
Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help in controlling soil erosion. Planting
shelter belts of plants and stabilizing sand dunes can help in desert areas. Proper management of
mining and quarrying activities can also reduce land degradation.

18. Case-Based Questions:

 o (i) How do women collect water in Rajasthan? Women in Rajasthan collect water by balancing
many matkas (earthen pots) and traveling long distances.

o (ii) Why is water scarcity in most areas caused? Water scarcity is mostly caused by over-
exploitation, excessive use, and unequal access to water among different social groups.

o (iii) Do you think rainwater harvesting can help in this state? Yes, rainwater harvesting can
help because it can recharge groundwater aquifers, provide water for domestic use, and reduce
runoff, thus mitigating water scarcity.

19. Map-Based Questions:

o Visakhapatnam Seaport: Located in Andhra Pradesh.

o Talcher Coal Mines: Located in Odisha.

o Kudremukh Iron Ore Mines: Located in Karnataka.

o Hyderabad Software Technology Park: Located in Telangana.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

20. (d) Their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils. The Sri Lankan government,
dominated by the Sinhala community, repeatedly denied this demand, which led to a civil war.

21. (d) Both i and ii. A community government is elected by people belonging to one language community
(Dutch, French, and German-speaking), and it has the power regarding cultural, educational, and language-
related issues.

22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Power sharing is desirable because it helps
to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

23. (a) Different organs of government. Horizontal power sharing refers to the distribution of power among
different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

24. India is a secular country because the Constitution provides for:

o The state has no official religion.

o The Constitution grants all citizens the right to freedom of religion.

o The state can interfere in religious matters to ensure equality and justice.

25. Unitary vs. Federal System: (See answer to Question 26 in Modal Paper 9 for a detailed explanation.)

26. The three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Government
is divided into three lists:

o Union List: Subjects of national importance like defense, foreign affairs, banking, and
communications.

o State List: Subjects of local importance like police, trade, agriculture, and irrigation.
 o Concurrent List: Subjects of common interest to both the Union and the States, such as education,
forests, trade unions, and marriage.

27. Democracy and Government: Democracy produces an accountable, responsive, and legitimate
government.

o Accountable: The government is accountable to the people and has to answer for its decisions and
actions.

o Responsive: A democratic government is responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
It has to make laws and policies that reflect public opinion.

o Legitimate: A democratic government is legitimate because it is elected by the people through free
and fair elections.

o Alternative Answer (Democracy is better): Democracy is considered better than other forms of
government because it promotes equality among citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual,
improves the quality of decision-making, provides a method to resolve conflicts, and allows for
room to correct mistakes.

28. Case-Based Questions:

o Which type of party system is adopted by India? Multi-party system.

o What are its advantages? It allows for a wider range of opinions to be represented and gives
voters more choices.

o Name one political party of India whose ideology is based on ideas of Marx? Communist Party
of India (Marxist) or CPI(M).

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (a) It has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate
due to its high literacy rate and adequate health facilities.

30. (c) i and ii. Mr. Y would borrow from a bank because it offers a cheaper and affordable loan with a lower
interest rate, and it is free from the risk of falling into a debt trap.

31. (b) Foreign investment. Investments made by MNCs are termed foreign investment.

32. (a) Right to work. The MGNREGA guarantees the right to work to rural people.

33. (b) Globalisation. The rapid integration or interconnection between countries is known as globalization.

34. Tariff or Trade barrier. Tax on imports is an example of a trade barrier.

35. The workers in the unorganized sector require protection on issues such as wages, safety, and health. They
have low wages, no job security, and no paid leave or other benefits. They are vulnerable to exploitation
and harassment.

o Tertiary Sector Importance (Alternative Answer): The tertiary sector is becoming important in
India for several reasons:
  It provides essential services like education, healthcare, and banking.

 The development of agriculture and industry leads to a demand for services like transport
and trade.

 As income levels rise, people demand more services like tourism, shopping, and private
hospitals.

36. Human Development Index (HDI): See answer to Question 38 in Modal Paper 9 for details. The HDI is
measured by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

37. The public sector contributes to economic development by providing essential infrastructure like roads,
railways, ports, and electricity. It also provides basic services like health and education. It creates
employment opportunities and promotes a balanced regional development.

38. The growing importance of the tertiary sector:

o Basic Services: The government is responsible for providing essential services such as healthcare,
education, defense, and administration, which are all part of the tertiary sector.

o Development of Primary and Secondary Sectors: As agriculture and industry develop, there is
an increased demand for support services like transport, banking, and communication.

o Rise in Income Levels: With an increase in per capita income, people demand more services like
shopping, private hospitals, and restaurants.

o New Services: Over the last decade, new services based on information technology, such as the
internet and mobile communication, have become important.

o Job creation: The tertiary sector is a major source of employment, especially for skilled
professionals.

MODAL PAPER 10

SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (d) ii – i – iv – iii. The chronological order is:

o (ii) The English parliament seized power from the monarchy (1688).

o (i) The Act of Union between England and Scotland (1707).

o (iv) Catholic revolts against British dominance (starting after 1707).

o (iii) Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom (1801).

2. (a) Swaraj Party wanted members of Congress to return to Council Politics. The Swaraj Party was formed
to re-enter the legislative councils and influence government policies from within.

3. (c) Both Statements (I) and (II) are correct. (See answer to Question 3 in Modal Paper 9 for detailed
explanation.)

4. (c) China. The first art of printing was developed in China.

 5. The Silk Route refers to the historical network of interlinking trade routes that connected Asia, Europe,
and Africa. It was a vital link for the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture in the pre-modern world.

6. The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside in the following ways:

o Awadh Peasants: In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Baba Ramchandra protested against
the talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and forced labor.

o Tribal Peasants: Tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh revolted against the
colonial government's forest laws, which restricted their access to forests.

o Swaraj for Plantation Workers: For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move
freely in and out of the plantations. They left the plantations, believing that Gandhi Raj was coming.

7. Napoleon and Revolutionary Principles: Napoleon did destroy democracy in France by returning to a
monarchy, but he incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field. He introduced the
Napoleonic Code, which simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and secured the
right to property. This made the administrative system more rational and efficient.

o Liberalism (Alternative Answer): Liberalism is a political and economic philosophy based on

liberty, consent of the governed, and equality before the law.

 Political ideas: It stood for a government by consent, an end to autocracy and clerical
privileges, and a constitution and a representative government through a parliament.

 Social ideas: It stood for freedom of the individual and equality before the law.

 Economic ideas: It stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

8. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. What was the invention of Gutenberg?

The printing press.

o 2. Which existing technologies helped Gutenberg in his invention?

The olive press, which provided the model for the printing press, and lead moulds used for casting trinkets, which
were used for casting metal types for the alphabet letters.

o 3. Name the first book that was printed by Gutenberg.

The Bible.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o (A) The place where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagraha for Indigo peasants is Champaran, Bihar.

o (B) The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in December 1920 is Nagpur,
Maharashtra.

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY
10. (d) 1, 2 and 3 only. Mountain soils are characterized by organic material deposition, are heterogenous, and
are immature. They are not necessarily clayey.

11. (d) Over-utilisation. The main reason for the declining water level in India is the over-utilization of
groundwater resources for irrigation, domestic, and industrial purposes.

12. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of A. The
Chotanagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries, and the iron and steel
industry is a basic industry. However, the reason for the concentration is the availability of raw materials,
not the fact that it is a basic industry.

13. (d) Muskmelon. Muskmelon is a Zaid crop, which is grown in the short season between the rabi and kharif
crops.

14. (c) Thorium. Monazite sands contain Thorium, a mineral used to generate atomic energy.

15. (a) NTPC. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) is a major power-providing corporation in India.

16. Black soil is the dominant soil of Maharashtra. A key feature of this soil is its capacity to hold moisture.
They are also known as regur soils or black cotton soils.

o Soil Erosion (Alternative Answer): Soil erosion is the denudation of the soil cover and
subsequent washing down of the soil. It is caused by factors such as wind, water, and human
activities like deforestation and overgrazing.

17. Tea is an important beverage crop.

o Geographical Conditions: It requires a hot and humid climate with frequent showers. The soil
should be well-drained loamy soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require warm,
moist, frost-free weather throughout the year.

o Production Areas: Major tea-producing states in India are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and
Kerala.

o Plantation Farming (Alternative Answer): Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming

where a single crop is grown over a large area. It requires a lot of labor and capital. The produce is
processed on-site or in nearby factories. Examples include tea, coffee, rubber, and sugarcane.

18. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Which types of forests in India are referred to as permanent forests? Reserved and
protected forests.

o 2. Which Indian state has the largest reserved forest coverage in India? Madhya Pradesh.

o 3. Why do some wild animals like the cheetah are categorized as ‘critical’ now? Many species,
including the cheetah, are on the threatened list and have become 'critical' due to the loss of their
natural habitat, human-wildlife conflict, and over-hunting.

19. Map-Based Questions:

o (i) Tehri Dam: Located in Uttarakhand, on the Bhagirathi River.

o (ii) A dam built on river Tungabhadra: Tungabhadra Dam, located in Karnataka.

 o (iii) Tuticorin Port: Located in Tamil Nadu.

o (iv) Rajiv Gandhi International Airport: Located in Hyderabad, Telangana.

o (v) Pune Software Technology Park: Located in Maharashtra.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

20. (c) Provinces autonomy was given to Tamils. This was a demand of the Tamils that was denied by the
government, not a provision of the Act of 1956. The Act of 1956 made Sinhala the only official language and
promoted Buddhism.

21. (d) 1.d), 2.c), 3.b), 4.a).

o Ethnic: A social division based on shared culture.

o Majoritarianism: Belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country.

o Civil war: A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country.

o Unitary system: Either only one or two levels of government.

22. (c) Concurrent List. Education is a subject in the Concurrent List, where both the central and state
governments can make laws. Police is a State List subject.

23. (b) Caste in politics always produces positive results. This is the incorrect statement. Caste-based politics
can lead to negative outcomes like social division and conflict.

24. Majoritarianism is the belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever
way it wants, disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority community.

25. Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Party System: (See answer to Question 24 in Modal Paper 9 for
details).

26. Three-fold distribution of legislative powers: (See answer to Question 26 in Modal Paper 8 for details).

27. Major functions of political parties:

o Contesting elections: Parties put forward candidates and their policies to the public.

o Forming governments: The party that wins a majority forms the government.

o Providing a platform for public opinion: Parties raise and debate issues, shaping public opinion.

o Providing access to government machinery: They provide citizens with access to government
welfare schemes.

o Serving as opposition: The losing parties serve as the opposition, keeping a check on the ruling
party.

o National Political Party (Alternative Answer): A national political party is a party that has a
significant presence across multiple states. To be a national party, a party must secure at least 6%
of the total votes in a general election for the Lok Sabha or Assembly elections in four states and
 win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha. The major national political parties in India include the
Indian National Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP),
and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M).

28. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. Which work is devalued and not recognised by most people? Women's domestic labor, such
as cooking, cleaning, and looking after children.

o 2. What kind of outside work do rural women do? They fetch water, collect fuel, and work in
fields.

o 3. What do you mean by the Sexual Division of Labour? It is a system in which all work inside
the home is done by women, and men do all the work outside the home. This division is not based
on ability but on a social belief that such work is the sole responsibility of women.

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (b) It is the total value of all final goods and services produced during a particular year. GDP is the total
value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period.

30. (a) Kerala. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate and the highest literacy rate among the states listed,
indicating a higher Human Development Index.

31. (c) Organised sector. The organised sector is registered with the government and provides workers with
job security, benefits, and regular employment.

32. (c) Only I. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. It
supervises the functioning of the formal sources of loans, not informal ones.

33. (d) Asset as guarantee for a loan. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee to a
lender until the loan is repaid.

34. (d) To regulate the type and amount of goods that can enter the country. Governments impose trade
barriers like taxes on imports to protect domestic producers and to regulate foreign trade.

35. Human Development Index (HDI): (See answer to Question 38 in Modal Paper 9 for details). The major
components are life expectancy, educational attainment, and per capita income.

36. Advantages of Globalisation:

o Increased competition: It leads to greater competition among producers, which benefits

consumers with more choices and better quality products at lower prices.

o New job opportunities: It creates new job opportunities in industries related to foreign
investment and trade.

o Transfer of technology: It allows for the transfer of new technology and production methods from
foreign countries.

o Access to foreign goods and services: Consumers get a wider variety of goods and services from
all over the world.
37. Unorganised Sector: It is characterized by small and scattered units that are largely outside the control of
the government. Jobs in this sector are low-paying and irregular, and there is no provision for paid leave,
holidays, or social security. It is important to protect this sector because a large number of poor and
vulnerable people are employed in it.

38. Credit is a loan or an agreement to lend money or provide goods or services in the future in return for a
promise of payment.

o Terms of credit:

 Interest Rate: The amount charged by the lender for the use of assets.

 Collateral: An asset the borrower owns that is used as a guarantee to the lender.

 Documentation Requirement: The documents needed by the lender before sanctioning

the loan, such as proof of identity and income.

 Mode of Repayment: The method and schedule of how the loan will be repaid.

o Self-Help Groups (SHGs) (Alternative Answer): SHGs are a group of rural poor, especially
women, who pool their savings together. The members can take small loans from the group to meet
their needs. The group provides collateral-free loans at reasonable interest rates. SHGs help
borrowers overcome the problem of a lack of collateral and provide a platform for discussions on
social issues like health and education.
 MARKING SCHEME-11

SECTION-A HISTORY (20 marks)

1.
(d) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
Explanation:
(a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)

2. (a) It is a page from the Gita Govinda of Jayadeva

Explanation:
It is a page from the Gita Govinda of Jayadeva, eighteenth century. This is a palm-leaf handwritten manuscript in accordion
format.
3.
(c) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
Explanation:
C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru

4. (a) ii, iii, iv, i

Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to
search for truth. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians. After arriving in India,
Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements in various places.
5. The nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the eighteenth and nineteenth century in the following ways:
i. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski, kept up the national struggle by staging his polish operas
and music.
ii. The Polish people used dances like polonaise and mazurka making them into nationalist symbols.
iii. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In 1831, there was a Polish armed
rebellion against Russian rule but the rebellion was crushed.
OR
Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of the Prussian king Kaiser William-I. He was the architect of German Unification.
i. He made Prussia to take over the leadership of the movement of national unification. He followed the policy of Blood and
Iron.
ii. The land owners in Prussia were in support of the movement. He materialized this nationalist sentiment.
iii. He sought the help of the Prussian army & made many secret alliances to fight wars.
iv. Finally, he defeated Austria, Denmark and France and German Unification was declared with King William-I as the head of
the state.
6. It is difficult for us to imagine a world without printed matter because:
a. We find print everywhere around us in books, newspapers, journals, magazines, famous paintings, official circulars, calendars,
diaries, advertisements and cinema posters.
b. We read printed literature, books, novels and stories. Newspapers are being read every day and track public debates.
c. Printed matter helps in preservation and dissemination of history, scientific knowledge and culture, etc.
OR
i. After the revolt of 1857, enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press.
ii. Vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist. They openly criticized and debated government policies.
iii. The colonial government wanted stringent control. So, in 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was passed.
iv. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was passed which empowered the government to censor reports and editorials.
v. The government kept a regular track of vernacular newspapers. If a report was judged seditious, the newspaper was warned
and if the warning was ignored appropriate actions were taken.
 7. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways:
i. Art, music, literature, and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments.
ii. Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered
only among the common people, the das Volk.
iii. The glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they favoured emotions, intuitions and
mystical feelings.
iv. Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the ban on the Polish language, by
using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and for religious instruction. The Polish language became a
weapon of the nationalists.
v. Two Germans, Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to promote the German spirit against the
domination of the French.
vi. Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit.
vii. Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka became national symbols.
OR
Mazzini was a remarkable thinker and writer, who played a major role in the unification of Italy. He wrote the books, Italy,
Austria and Papacy, which provoked the youth of Italy.
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa, 1807.
He instilled the feeling of national integration, freedom and rebellious thoughts among the people. He inspired the people
to revolt for national freedom and integration of Italy.
He attempted revolution in Liguria.
He was sent to prison for revolting against the monarchs at the age of 24.
He then formed secret society i.e. Young Italy and Young Europe in Marseilles and Berne respectively.
He also helped Bismarck during the war for unification of Italy (he had sought to put together coherent program for a
unitary Italian Republic)
He wanted unification with wider alliance of nations.
He frightened conservatives through opposition of monarchy and vision of democratic republics.
He favored war for unification of Italy.
He wanted Economic development and Political dominance.
He believed that good had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy couldn't continue to be the
patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
8. i. Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
ii. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. Seeing violence spread,
Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement.
iii. This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian
members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed the detention of political
prisoners without trial for two years.
9. a. Madras (Chennai)
b. Champaran, Bihar
SECTION-B GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)
10.
(d) much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes.
Explanation: Where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, but, the area still suffers from water
scarcity .This scarcity may be due to bad quality of water. Lately, there has been a growing concern that even if there is ample
water to meet the needs of the people, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and
fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
11. (a) Clue i and iii
Explanation: Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some
areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
12.
(c) Odisha
Explanation:
Odisha
13.
(c) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
Explanation:
Statement i, ii, & iii are about forests and trees while statement iv is about traditional methods of conserving nature and its
creations by ascribing sacred qualities to anything like springs, mountain peaks, plants, and animals that are closely protected.

14.
(c) Brazil
Explanation:
India is the second-largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.

15.
(d) Statement i and ii are correct.
Explanation:
Horticulture involves floriculture, olericulture, pomology, viticulture, etc. (Viticulture deals with the cultivation and harvesting of
grapes. Floriculture deals with growing and marketing flowers and ornamental plants. Olericulture deals with the scientific study
of vegetable crops.)
While Pisciculture is a process of growing fish and selling it or using its products for domestic or commercial use.

16. 1. Resource planning is essential for the sustainable existence of all life forms, which requires resource planning.
2. Sustainable development includes sustainable living. Resources are necessary for human life as well as for maintaining the
level of living. Resources were considered undeserved gifts from nature.
3. As a result, people irresponsibly exploit resources, leading to resource depletion, the concentration of resources in a limited
number of hands, and resource exploitation.
4. An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace. If the present trend
of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet is in danger.
17. (a) Mica is the mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It can be easily split into thin sheets.
(b) Its properties are as follows:
i. Mica sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered in to mica sheet of a few centimeters high.
ii. Mica can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
iii. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, it used in
electric and electronic industries.
The major mica producing areas are:
i. Mica is found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
ii. Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer
iii. In Rajasthan the major mica producing area is around Ajmer.
iv. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.
OR
Coal is a naturally occurring black material which is a mixture of carbon and compounds of carbon-containing hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur. Its formation is called fossilation. It is formed due to the compression of plant material (containing
carbon, the major component of coal) over millions of years. Indian coal was mainly formed during two geological ages the
Gondwana and the Tertiary ages. The Gondwana coal deposits (called ‘metallurgical coal), which are more than 200 million years
old, are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal - Jharkhand), where Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro are important coal-fields. It
is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. The tertiary age deposits, only about 55 million years old, are
mostly found in North-Eastern India in Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland. Thus, the formation of coal is a
long drawn process spread over various periods.
18. i. a. Stiff competition in the international market
b. Competitors are Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand
c. Stiff competition from the synthetic substitutes
ii. a. To increase productivity
 b. To improve quality
c. To ensure good prices to the farmers
d. To enhance the yield per hectare
iii. a. Biodegradable materials have once again opened the opportunity for jute products.
b. The global concern for environment-friendly products is increasing day by day.
c. Synthetic substitutes are being avoided.
U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia.
19. i. Kalpakkam - Nuclear Power Plant
ii. Vijayanagar - Iron and Steel Plant

SECTION-C POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)

20.
(b) Statement i and ii are right.
Explanation:

If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their
own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multiparty system. In this system, the government is formed by various
parties coming together in a coalition when no party gets a clear majority.

21.
(b) Perils of Running a Coalition Government
Explanation:
The cartoon is highligihting Perils of Running a Coalition Government

22.
(b) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
Explanation:
Expectations from democracy also function as the criteria for judging any democratic country. The fact that people are
complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy: it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to
expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty. A public expression of dissatisfaction with
democracy shows the success of the democratic project.

23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
 The Census of India counts two social groups: the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and the Scheduled Tribes (STs). Both these broad
groups(SCs and STs) include hundreds of castes or tribes whose names are listed in an official Schedule. Hence the prefix
'Scheduled' in their name.
24. The main elements of the Belgium model of power-sharing include:
i. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government.
Some special laws require the support of the majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can
make decisions unilaterally.
ii. Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State Governments of the two regions of the country.
iii. The Belgium model introduced a new concept of the third kind of government, i,e. the communist government. This
government is elected by the people belonging to one language community.
25. Democracies accommodate social diversities when it is well understood that democracy is not just the rule of the majority and that
the rule of the majority is not just the rule of a single religious or social community. Democracy also ensures that the government
is not formed by the majority and has the representation of minorities as well where the minority can't be suppressed by the
majority. In this way, democracy accommodates social diversity as it not only takes the interest of the majority but it also takes
care of the interests of weaker sections.
26. i. Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. Although the majority of voters constitute
the poverty-ridden group, yet democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the question of
poverty as you would expect them to.
ii. The situation is much worse in some of the countries where people depend upon rich countries for food supplies.
iii. But even then, democracy is favoured because it provides the opportunity to change the riders.
27. Two party system:
In a democratic system power usually changes between two main parties, several other parties may exists but only the two main
parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form government is known as Two Party System.
Advantages:
i. Several other parties contest election.
ii. Clarity of manifestoes and programs.
iii. Political stability.
iv. Fair chance of competition among parties.
v. Representation of various ideologies.
Disadvantages:
i. Limited choice to the voters.
ii. Limited representation.
iii. Limited scope for plural society.
OR
Major functions of the Political Parties are as follows:
i. Parties contest elections. They are the very essence of a democracy where elections are contested between the candidates of
different parties.
ii. Parties put forward different policies and programmes. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions
which it supports.
iii. Parties play a decisive role in making laws of a country.
iv. Parties form and run the government. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government
in the way they want.
v. Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition. They often criticize the government for its failures and
wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government
28. i. Giving power to Panchayats aligns with Mahatma Gandhi's vision of decentralizing power and ensuring that governance is
rooted in local self-government. Gandhi believed in empowering villages to manage their own affairs, which is a core
principle of Panchayati Raj.
ii. The primary objective of giving power to Panchayats is to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency by
involving local people in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes. This local involvement helps eliminate
corrupt middlemen and ensures better control over these schemes.
iii. The establishment of Panchayati Raj contributes to democracy by restoring power to the people, which is the essence of true
democracy. It allows for greater public participation in governance, ensuring that decisions reflect the needs and aspirations of
 the local population. This grassroots involvement strengthens the democratic foundations by making governance more
transparent, accountable, and responsive to the people.

SECTION-D ECONOMICS (20 marks)

29.
(d) Privatisation
Explanation:
Privatisation refers to a process that reduces the involvement of the public sector and increases the role of the private sector in
economic activities of the country.

30. (a) Situation of debt trap

Explanation:
In Swapna’s case, the failure of the crop made loan repayment impossible. She had to sell part of the land to repay the loan.
Credit, instead of helping Swapna improve her earnings, left her worse off. This is an example of what is commonly called debt-
trap.
31.
(d) Yarn, Fabric, Button
Explanation:
Yarn, Fabric, Button

32.
(b) Only B
Explanation:
Prosperous farmer from Punjab wants to assure a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through
hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.

33. (a) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
Explanation:
(a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
34.
(d) Tertiary sector
Explanation: Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. Since these activities
generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called the service sector.
35. The use of containers has helped much greater volumes of goods being transported by airlines.Goods are placed in containers that
can be loaded intact into planes. Containers have led to huge reduction in port handling costs and increased the speed with which
exports can reach markets. Similarly, the cost of air transport has fallen. This has enabled much greater volumes of goods being
transported by airlines. Airlines are the fastest means of transportation.
36. Despite half the source of credit being the formal source the remaining half is derived from the informal source due to the
following reasons:
1. Compared to formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge much higher interest rates on loans like 3% to 5% per month
i.e. 36% a year.
2. Besides the high interest rate, informal lenders impose various other tough conditions. For example, they make the farmers
promise to sell the crop to him at a low price. There is no such condition informal sector.
3. Informal lenders do not treat well with the borrowers. On the other hand, there is no such situation no such situation in the
formal sector.
5. Loans taken by poor people from informal lenders sometimes, lead them to debt-trap because of high interest rate.
6. The formal sources of credit in India still meets only about half of the total credit needs of rural people.
So, it is necessary that the formal sources of credit expand their lending, especially, in rural areas so that the dependence on
informal sources of credit reduces as this will also help in the development of the country.
37. Human wants and aspirations are unlimited but the resources required to satisfy these wants are scarce. Our earth has provided us
with enough resources. But nowadays human beings have become so greedy that for their progress and development that they
readily succumb to the activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, encroachment into forest lands, overuse of groundwater, use
of plastics, etc. The exploitation of natural resources not only harms the environment but may cripple the future generations of the
 Marking Scheme -12
Section A

1.
(d) (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)
Explanation:
(a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)

2.
(c) 78
Explanation:
During the Salt March, Mahatma Gandhi was accompanied by 78 volunteers. On the way, they were joined by thousands.

3. (a) the crop failure

Explanation:
In 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure and a
plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.
4. (a) Italian
Explanation:
Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. One such
individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
5. The Portuguese and Spanish started the conquest and colonisation of America. The most interesting fact is that it was not a result
of any military or political action. It was through a global transfer of diseases, which took place in the following ways:
i. America was long isolated from the rest of the world. Its inhabitants had no knowledge and immunity against diseases of
Europe.
ii. The Spanish conquerors used their instance to introduce germs of smallpox through their smallpox-infected person. It proved
to be a deadly killer.
iii. These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could
not be used against the colonies as they might have proved fatal for the colonizers as well. The diseases were the only
weapons that could not be fought against.
OR
The following were consequences of the Liberal Revolution of 1848:
i. It became a basis for the unification of Germany and Italy.
ii. Conservatives could not restore the old order.
iii. The realised that they would have to give concessions to the liberal nationalist revolutionaries.
iv. Abolition of serfdom and bonded labour took place both in Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
v. The Hungarians were granted more autonomy by the Habsburg rulers in 1867.
6. It can be said that nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914, because of the following reasons:
i. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment of the
first half of the century but became a narrow creed with limited ends.
ii. Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914. But, many countries in the world which were colonised
were in a very bad shape.
iii. During the period an intense rivalry among the European powers emerged over trade and colonies as well as naval and
military might. This led to a series of wars in the region and final the First World War
OR
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation:
i. The shaping of nationalist feeling and its expression was helped by art and poetry, stories and music.
ii. Romantic artists and poets generally strongly criticised reason and science in their glorified forms.
 iii. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore, recovered an ancient national spirit, as well as
carried the modern nationalist message to large audiences that were mostly illiterate.
7. Gandhi launched a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 for the following reasons:
i. Violation of Civil Liberties: The Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and
allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhi saw this as a grave violation of individual rights
and an assault on the principles of justice.
ii. Betrayal of Promises: The British government had promised self-governance and reforms during World War I, but the Act went
against that promise. Gandhi said that the Act showed a lack of sincere intention to provide Indians their constitutional rights.
iii. Peaceful Protest: Gandhi believed in the efficacy of nonviolent resistance, or Satyagraha, as a powerful tool against unjust
laws. He saw the Rowlatt Act as an opportunity to mobilize the masses and channel their frustrations into a peaceful
movement for change.
iv. Unity and Solidarity: The Act posed a threat to communal harmony, and Gandhi aimed to forge Hindu-Muslim unity through
the Satyagraha, fostering a broader sense of solidarity against British oppression.
v. National Awakening: By launching a nationwide protest, Gandhi sought to awaken a sense of national consciousness among
Indians, instilling a spirit of self-reliance and self-governance in the face of colonial repression.
OR
Civil Disobedience Movement: Violation of Salt Law by manufacturing salt from seawater by Gandhiji marked the beginning of
the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The peasants joined the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the following reasons:
a. In the countryside, the rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh took an active part in the
movement. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices and were unable to pay the government's revenue
demand.
b. For the rich peasants, the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenue.
c. As the depression continued poor peasantry found it difficult to pay the rent. They joined a variety of radical movements often
led by socialists and communists.
d. Poor peasants wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord be remitted so they joined the Civil Disobedience Movement.
8. i. Edo is the ancient name of Tokyo.
ii. Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools. From hand printing, there was now a
gradual shift to mechanical printing.
iii. Buddhist Diamond Sutra is the name of the oldest printed book of Japan. It contains six sheets of text and woodcut
illustrations.
9. A. Madras B. Dandi
Section B
10. (a) hydel power production and irrigation
Explanation:

For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra - Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production
and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
11.
(b) Statement i and ii are correct.
Explanation:
In India joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the
management and restoration of degraded forests. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake
protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department.

12. (a) ii, i, iv, iii

Explanation:
13.
(c) 4.9
Explanation:
4.9

14.
(d) fruits and vegetables
Explanation:
Horticulture is the practice of the production of both fruits and vegetable crops. India is a producer of tropical as well as
temperate fruits.

15.
(c) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
Explanation:
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting done and recharge through Hand Pump

16. i. Two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil erosion are deforestation and overgrazing.
ii. Types of Soil Erosion
a. Sheet erosion: Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The top soil is washed away. This process is known as
sheet erosion. Sheet erosion is harmful since it removes the finer and more fertile top soil.
b. Gully erosion: When soil is removed by water flowing along definite paths downs the slope or in channels, it is called
gully erosion. Gullies cut up agricultural land and make it unfit for cultivation. Badland is a region with a large number of
deep gullies or ravines, e.g., Chambal Valley in Madhya Pradesh.
17. The growing consumption of energy has resulted in a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide,
biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources. India is blessed with an abundance of
sunlight, water, wind and biomass. It has the largest programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources.
i. Solar energy: India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology
converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. The largest solar
plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilize milk cans.
ii. Wind power: India now ranks as a wind super power in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from
Nagarcoil to Madurai.
iii. Biogas: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic purpose in rural area.
Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and
charcoal.
iv. Tidal energy: Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water
flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. From that stored water electricity is generated.
 v. Geo thermal Energy: Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the
earth.
OR
Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Aluminium is an important metal because it
combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleable ability.
Formation: Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
Distribution:
i. Bauxite is found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
ii. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India.
iii. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.
iv. 45 per cent of the country’s total production in 2000-01 was in Odisha.
18. i. a. Guls or Kuls
b. Rooftop rain water harvesting
ii. ‘Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
iii. a. Recharge of groundwater
b. Conservation of water
c. Sustainable Water Supply
19. i. Meenambakkam - International Airport
ii. Hyderabad - Software Technology Park

Section C
20.
(c) Union Government, State Government and Local bodies
Explanation:
Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at
the provincial or regional level.
21.
(c) World’s Wealth Owned by a Few
Explanation:
World’s Wealth Owned by a Few

22.
(c) Only statement iv is right.
Explanation:
No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in the Lok Sabha, until 2014. As a result, the national parties are
compelled to form alliances with State parties. Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a
part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and
democracy in our country.

23.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both the statements are correct about the distribution of power but in two different aspects. The assertion talks about the
horizontal distribution of power where power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature,
executive, and judiciary. Since it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers, it
works as a check and balance of power.
While the reason states power-sharing among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and
governments at the provincial or regional level. This division of powers involving higher and lower levels of government is
called the vertical division of power.

24. Features of Federalism:

i. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
ii. Different tiers of government govern the same citizen, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific maters of legislation,
taxation and administration.
iii. The jurisdictions of the respective levels of government are specified in the constitution.
iv. Constitution's fundamental provisions cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government.
v. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government.
vi. Sources of reserve for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
25. A. From the 1960s on, the women's liberation movement campaigned for women's rights, including the same pay as men, equal
rights in law, and the freedom to plan their families. Their efforts were met with mixed results.
B. Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to, the right to bodily integrity and
autonomy, to vote, to hold public office, to work, to get equal pay, to own property, to education, to serve in the military, to
enter into legal contracts, and to have marital, parental, and religious rights.
C. Feminists have worked to protect women and girls from child sexual abuse.
26. The party that draws inspiration from the ideas of Mahatma Phule is BSP. ( Bahujan Samaj Party ).
Policies of BSP are :
1. It seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs and religious
minorities,
2. It stands for the cause of securing interests and welfare of the oppressed people.
3. The Party shall regard its ideology as a movement for ending exploitation of the weaker sections and suppression of the
deprived through social and economic change in keeping with the above stated chief aim, and its political activity and
participation in governance as an instrument of furthering such a movement and bringing in such a change.
4. All citizens of India being equal before law are entitled to be treated as equal in true sense and in all matters and all walks of
life, and where equality does not exist it has to be fostered and where equality is denied it has to be upheld and fought for.
27. Democracy can adjust to the dignity of women and caste discrimination in one system in the following manner:
A. By extending legal and political equality to women, to the weaker sections of society, to the marginalized.
B. By guaranteeing fundamentals rights to all.
C. Giving adequate representation to them and protection through various safeguards.
 D. This will give political voice to the marginalized and will increase their democratic consciousness.
E. This will enable women, lower casts and other disadvantaged groups to wage their struggle for justice, fairness with a legal
backing.
OR
Democracy is mostly based on the principle of equality and is likely to promote greater social justice too. Democratic laws work
for the betterment of the people as a whole.
The ways in which democracies have been able to reduce inequality and poverty are:
i. In most of the democratic countries, women have been given equal rights like those of men such as in India.
ii. In a democracy, special efforts have been made to uplift the weaker sections ( SCs & STs ) of the society so that they could
live with dignity and honour.
iii. Democracies everywhere insist on a fair share to every citizen in the natural resources of the country.
iv. In almost all democratic countries of the world, poor people are given many concessions for their upliftment but richer classes
are made to pay more income tax.
28. i. Buddhism
ii. The Sinhala leaders sought to secure dominance over the government due to their majority.
iii. Majoritarianism policy increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They believed that their language and
culture were not being adequately respected, that they were denied equal political rights, discriminated against in job
opportunities, and their interests were ignored.
Section D
29. (a) negligible costs
Explanation:

The internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) at negligible costs.
30.
(c) Credit Situation
Explanation:
In this case, Rahim obtains credit to meet the working capital needs of production. The credit helps him to meet the ongoing
expenses of production, complete production on time, and thereby increase his earnings. Credit therefore plays a vital and
positive role in this situation.

31. (a) Sri Lanka

Explanation:
Sri Lanka
32. (a) Statements i and ii are appropriate.
Explanation:
Statements i and ii are appropriate.
33. (a) (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)
Explanation:
(a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)
34.
(b) The bank saves the farmer from debt-trap.
Explanation:
The bank saves the farmer from debt-trap.

35. In 1991, the Government of India liberalised its policy and decided to remove the barriers on foreign trade and foreign
investment around 1991 as it was realized that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around
the globe.
The removal of barriers meant that goods could be imported as well as exported easily and also foreign companies could
set up their factories and offices in India.
The Government had an opinion that trade competition would improve the performance of the local producers within the
country since they will be forced to improve their quality.
 Another reason was the economic crises in India in 1990-91 and support of WTO and IMF led the government to remove
trade barriers.
Thus, the Indian Government removed barriers to a large extent on foreign trade and foreign investment.
36. The Primary sector includes activities related to agriculture, forestry, mining, quarrying and fishing. This sector includes all those
activities which directly uses natural resources. The services in this sector are entirely dependent on the availability of natural
resources in order to keep the day-to-day operations running. These activities form the base for all other products that are
manufactured. An example is of a carpenter making wooden furniture.
For this Secondary activity, he will need wood as a raw material, which is obtained through the forestry activity. Similarly, jeans
are made from cotton, which is provided by agriculture. This is the reason why the word ‘Primary’ is used for these activities.
37. Per capita income or average income is certainly an important criterion for measuring the development of an economy and it is
considered to be one of the most important attributes for comparing different countries but taking per capita income as the sole
indicator for measuring the economic development has the following limitations:
a. It does not tell us anything about the distribution of income. A country with a low per capita income and an equitable
distribution of income would be better than a country with a high per capita income and an unequal distribution of income.
b. It does not measure various facilities and services that influence quality of life such as health facilities, education facilities and
equal treatment, freedom, security etc.
c. It is affected by the size of the population. Even with a high level of national income, the per capita income of a country can
be low, if that country has a large population.
38. Poor households are indeed still dependent on Informal sources of Credit till date. This is because of the following reasons:
i. Banks are not present everywhere in rural India, whereas the informal sources are easily available in all the villages.
ii. Even if banks are present everywhere still getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from the
informal resources because bank loans require proper documents poor households generally do not have many documents
regarding themselves. Hence they fail to avail loans from Formal Sources.
iii. Formal sources require a guarantee from the borrower as an asset they own. Generally, poor households do not have any such
asset and hence, they need to take up a credit from informal sources.
iv. The formal sources provide loans only for productive purposes, whereas the informal sources provide credit for productive
and non-productive purposes.
v. The methods of business of the formal sources are very complex, whereas the informal resources have a very simple way of
business.
OR
The self-help groups (SHG) has 1have0 members, usually belonging to one neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly. The
members save their money according to their capacity and can take small loans. The SHGs are the building blocks of the
organisation of the rural poor because of the following reasons:
The SHGs provide small loans to its members at a reasonable rate of interest to meet their needs.
The SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
Not only does it help women to become financially self-reliant, but the regular meetings of the group provide a platform to
discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the bank.
 MARKING SCHEME-13

Section A

1. (a) (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iv)

Explanation:
a. Broken chains - Being freed
b. Breastplate with eagle - Symbol of the German empire – strength
c. Crown of oak leaves - Heroism
d. Sword - Readiness to fight
2. (a) Bible
Explanation:
Pages of Gutenberg’s Bible, the first printed book in Europe
3. (a) Vallabhbhai Patel
Explanation:
Vallabhbhai Patel
4.
(b) II - I - IV - III
Explanation:
II - I - IV - III

5. Ideology of liberalism in France:

i. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
ii. Politically it emphasized the right to vote, government by consent and universal suffrage.
iii. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
iv. Asked for constitution and representative government through parliament.
OR
In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-
out process:
i. Before the eighteenth century, there were different ethnic identities- English, Welsh, Scot, and Irish.
ii. These groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
iii. English nation grew steadily in wealth, importance and power to influence over the other nation of the islands.
iv. The English parliament seized the power from monarchy (1688) was instrumental for the establishment of nation state.
v. The act of Union (1707) between English & Scotland resulted in the formation of U.K.
6. New forms of popular literature like almanacs, newspapers, and journals, appeared in print targeting new audiences in the
eighteenth century in the following ways:
i. Books could reach a wider population. Even those who disagreed with existing customers could express themselves through
print.
ii. Novels carried themes related to women’s lives and emotions. Such journals were often written and edited by women
themselves.
iii. With the expansion of compulsory education, children became important readers. A children’s press was devoted to children
literature alone. It published old fairy tales and folk tales along with new works. Grimm Brothers spent years compiling folk
tales. All that was considered unsuitable was not included.
iv. Fictional narratives, poetic, autobiographies, anthologies, and romantic plays were preferred by new readers.
OR
From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine that described Itself as a commercial
paper open to all. but influenced by none.
i. It was a private English weekly magazine in India, independent of colonial influence.
 ii. Hickey not only published a lot of advertisement including the import and sale of slaves but also published lots of gossip
about the Company's senior officials in India.
iii. Enraged by this, Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey, and encouraged the publication of officially
sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government.
7. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
The Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution
proclaimed that it was the people who would hence forth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying
equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were
composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the
nation.
The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of
Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.
OR
Napoleon became the ruler of France on 2nd December 1804. He established a monarchical political system. He was worried by
the democratic forces unleashed by the revolution. But at the same time, he did not want to ignore them entirely. So he introduced
some reform in the administrative system. He tried to make the whole system more rational and efficient. To achieve this goal, he took
some important steps.
These were as follows:
i. The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, established equality
before the law and gave the right to property.
ii. The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like Italy, Germany, Switzerland, simplified
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues
iii. Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the movement of goods and capital from
one region to another.
iv. Moreover, guild restrictions were removed, transport and communications systems were improved. By these new policies
peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were benefitted and started to enjoy new-found freedom.
Thus, it can be concluded that Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had
incorporated revolutionary principles.
8. i. Picketing is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory, or office.
ii. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
iii. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons: Khadi being expensive was unaffordable was poor
people, lack of alternative Indian institutions posed a problem in boycotting British institutions.
9. A. Calcutta B. Dandi
Section B
10.
(b) Karnataka
Explanation:
Karnataka

11. (a) Clue iv

Explanation:
He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
12.
(b) Andhra Pradesh
Explanation: The other three are more or less equal contributors.
13.
(d) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
 Explanation:
All Northeastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests managed by local
communities.

14. (a) Gram

Explanation:
RABI CROPS :
Crops which are grown during the winter season(October-March) are calledRabi crops.
Seeds of these crops are sown in the beginning of the winter season. After maturation of crops, they are harvested at the end of
the winter season (April- May). For Example : Gram

KHARIF CROPS:
The kharif cropping season is from July –October during the south-west monsoon.
Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water.
Millet is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.
Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
15.
(c) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
Explanation:
Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.

16. Resource planning is a complex process which involves:

i. Identification and inventory of resources. This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and
measurement.
ii. Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill and institutional setup for implementing resource
development plans.
iii. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
iv. Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
v. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
17. Conservation of energy is essential because it protects our environment from green-house gas emission and also saves valuable
resources from getting depleted. If we save energy then only more energy can be produced. It is essential to use non- conventional
sources of energy.
Following are some measures to conserve energy resources:
i. We should try to use more and more public transport system instead of private vehicles.
ii. Electronic devices must be switched off when not in use.
iii. It is necessary to use more and more power-saving devices.
iv. Reduce consumption of non-renewable sources of energy.
v. If possible solar power should be used to generate electricity.
vi. Minimum use of high power-consuming electrical gadgets, i.e., air conditioner, room heaters, etc.
vii. Recycling of goods and commodities can also help to conserve energy.
OR
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are
called veins and the larger are called lodes.
In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been framed because of the affidavit,
amassing, and fixation in even strata. Coal and a few types of iron metal are found in it.
Different gatherings of Sedimentary minerals, for example, gypsum, potash salt, and sodium salt are framed with the
assistance of vanishing particularly in dry locales.
Another method of arrangement includes the decay of surface rocks, and the evacuation of solvent constituents, leaving a
lingering mass of endured material containing metals. Bauxite is framed thusly.
A few minerals happen as alluvial stores in the sands of valley floors and the base of slopes. These stores contain minerals
that are not disintegrated by water, for instance, gold, silver, tin, and platinum.
 Ocean waters contain immense amounts of minerals. Basic salts, magnesium, and bromine are obtained from seawater.
The sea beds, as well, are wealthy in manganese knobs.
18. i. Sustainable development means 'development' should take place without damaging the environment and developing in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.
ii. ISO certification is a mark of quality and credibility for nay company.
iii. a. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
b. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
NTPC Limited, formerly known as National Thermal Power Corporation, is an Indian central Public Sector Undertaking under
the ownership of the Ministry of Power, Government of India which is engaged in generation of electricity and allied
activities.
19. i. Jamshedpur - Iron and Steel Plant
ii. Vijayawada - Thermal Power Plant

Section C
20. (a) Statement iii is right.
Explanation:

It is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases
pending against him. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public. But there is no system to check if
the information given by the candidates is true.
21.
(d) The States Plead for More Powers
Explanation:
This cartoon is about the States Pleading for More Powers.

22. (a) Statement iii is right.

Explanation:
If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, then the democratic rule ceases to be accommodative for that
person or group.
23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
24. Majoritarianism is a concept which signifies a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever
way it wants. In this type of rule they disregard the wishes and needs of the minority.
A. Majoritarianism is a political philosophy which asserts that a majority of the population has the right to take the decisions
affecting the society.
B. It means submission of the majority group for all the decisions affecting their lives.
 C. It often results in preferential policies being followed, favoring the majority group in university positions and government jobs
and other opportunities and interests, thus denying the minority equal rights and opportunities.
25. Accountable government In democracy: People have the right to choose their representatives. These elected representatives
from the government and participate in the decision-making process on behalf of the people. If these elected representatives do
not work in a proper way, people have a chance to not elect them in the next election. In this way, the democratic government is
accountable to the people.
Responsive government: As a democratic government is elected by the people, it is people’s own government and it is
responsible to full fill the needs of the people. It promotes the formation of public opinion and takes care of the needs and
expectations of the people.
Legitimate government: Further, the democratic government is a legitimate government because regular election after a fixed
time is conducted and everything is done by a procedure. It may be slow, less efficient but it is the people’s own legitimate
government.
26. i. A democratic government is called a legitimate government because it is the people's own government.
ii. It may be slow, less efficient and not very responsive and clean, but it is people's government.
iii. There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People of South Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
India, Pakistan and Nepal have no doubt about the suitability of democracy for their own country.
iv. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Democracy's ability to generate its own support makes it more
legitimate.

27. State Name of Political Party Symbol of Political Party

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Chidiya (Bird)

Tamil Nadu DMK AIADMK Rising Sun Two Leaf

Maharashtra Shiv Sena Dhanush Bann

Assam Assam United Democratic Front Tala Chabi (Key Lock)

Uttar Pradesh Rashtriya Lok Dal Hand Pump

OR
Caste in politics-
i. When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate
candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
ii. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place
in it.
iii. Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support.
iv. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
v. Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of
mobilising and securing political support. It brings consciousness among the people who were treated as inferior and low.
28. i. The balance of power in a federation is determined by the historical context in which it was formed.
ii. The central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states in "holding together" federations.
iii. In federations formed through the first route, such as the USA, Switzerland, and Australia, the constituent states usually have
equal power and are strong compared to the federal government. In federations formed through the second route, like India,
Spain, and Belgium, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states and some constituent units may
have unequal powers.
Section D
29.
(b) Producers
Explanation:

The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This was considered
necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.

30.
(d) Because Rani is engaged in informal sector.
 Explanation:
Rani will not be successfully to get the loan from a formal source because Rani is engaged in informal sector.
Amrita, a government employee who belongs to a rich urban household would be successful in getting a loan from a formal
source as compared to Rani who comes from a poor household and works as a helper on a construction site. This is because
there are certain terms of credit which need to be fulfilled in the formal sector.

31.
(d) Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector
Explanation:
Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector

32.
(d) Only II and III are correct.
Explanation:
Only II and III are correct.

33.
(c) (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
Explanation:
(a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)

34.
(c)
Unorganised Sector

Explanation:
Kamal works in the unorganised sector. The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely
outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and
often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure.
People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be
asked to leave.

35. Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment because the MNCs belonging to the
developed countries can then set-up their manufacturing centres in less-expensive developing nations lowering their
manufacturing costs. This will increase their profits.
In my opinion, the developing countries should demand, in return, some manner of protection of domestic producers against
competition from imports from the developed countries which are subsidised by them. Also, some additional charges should be
levied on MNCs looking to set up base in developing nations.
36. Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment together comprise what is called the terms of
credit. The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another. They may vary depending on the nature of
the lender and the borrower.
Interest rates: The interest rate is the rate elicited when borrowing and lending loans the interest rate is stated in the
document.
Collateral: It is an asset that the borrower owns, such as a house, shop, or property. It is used to borrow money. It is a
guarantee to a lender that the loan will be repaid.
Documentation required: Before lending money, lenders review all documents related to the borrower's employment
history and income.
Mode of Payment: It is the time frame for repaying the loan. Long-term loans can be repaid in 12 months, 6 months, or
monthly instalments via cash, check, or other means.
37. It is true that for development, people look at a mix of goals. Income is not only an important factor leading to the country's
development. The other factors like freedom, respect, peace, harmony are as important as income. We can understand this with the
following example.
 i. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So in this case other than the income
from the job, dignity is an important goal.
ii. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and greater
acceptance of women working outside.
iii. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other
than income. Hence, the development goal is not only for better income but for other important things in life like an increase
in human value.

38. ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SECTOR

1. Terms of employment are regular and secure. 1. Employment is not regular and secure.

2. They are registered and follow govt. rules and regulations e.g. 2. They are outside the control of government and not
Factory Act, Minimum wage Act, PF, Gratuity etc. registered. They do not follow govt. rules and regulations.

3. Their job is secure and work for a fixed number of hours. 3. Their job is insecure and work for a longer number of
Paid extra for overtime. hours.

4. They get several benefits from their employer. e.g. medical 4. They do not get any benefits and facilities from their
benefits, paid leaves, gratuity, provident fund etc. employer.

5. They also get facilities like safe drinking water, working

5. They do not get any facility at all.
environment etc.
OR
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy through its share in the Gross Domestic Product has registered a
declining trend (from 1951 onwards). In 1950-51 the share of agriculture in GDP was 52% but in 2013-14 it was only 18%.
However, its share in employment is not declining and in 2010-11 about 52% of the total workforce was employed by the farm
sector which makes more than half of the Indian population is dependent on agriculture for sustenance.
The declining share of agriculture in the GDP is a matter of serious concern because any decline and stagnation in agriculture will
lead to a decline in other spheres of the economy having wider implications for society. Following points will make it more clear.
i. If the produce in agriculture reduces, then it means that there is not much work for rural farmers. There is more
unemployment.
ii. There are many industries that process crops/foods from the agricultural sector. They will be out of business too. So, the
economy goes down.
iii. The stock exchange indices also go down. That leads also the devaluation of the currency. People in the nation go hungry due
to lack of sufficient produce.
iv. Grains and seeds need to be imported. Hence, the government and people have to spend money on import and pay extra too.
v. That also means self-sufficiency suffers. This could topple even governments.
 MARKING SCHEME-14

SECTION-A HISTORY (20 marks)

1.
(c) Treaty of Vienna
Explanation:
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria - who had collectively defeated
Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the
object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.

2. (a) Quit India Movement

Explanation:
This procession of women in Bombay pertains to Quit India Movement. The participation of women in the Quit India
Movement of 1942 was significant from several aspects. The women of India, at large, were endowed with a new spirit on the
call of Mahatma’s ‘do or die’.
3.
(d) Surat remained the main centre of overseas trade in the western Indian Ocean.
Explanation:
A distant view of Surat and its river. All through the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Surat remained the main centre
of overseas trade in the western Indian Ocean.

4.
(d) Jyotiba Phule
Explanation:
Jyotiba Phule

5. The following were the effects of abolishing the Com Laws in England:
i. After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the
country.
ii. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.
iii. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.
iv. Peasants flocked to the cities or migrated overs.
OR
The impact of the Great Depression of 1929-1934 on the world’s economy was:
i. There was deterioration of the economic conditions of the capitalists.
ii. There had been great fall in the industrial production as the demand for goods of all types also fell.
iii. Unemployment soared very high.
iv. There was a great fall in the living standard of the people.
v. Agricultural prices fell disastrously.
6. The following points analyse the role of merchants and the industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
i. During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists made huge profits and emerged as a powerful section. They
opposed colonial policies that restricted business activities because they wanted to expand their business.
ii. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage
imports.
iii. The industrialists criticised colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement at its
first stage.
iv. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
 v. Most industrialists thought ‘Swaraj’ as a time when colonial restriction did not exist in the business world, as a result, trade
and business would flourish without constraints.
OR
The Non-Cooperation Movement drew into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals. It became wider with the integration of
the Awadh Peasants Struggle:
In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Here the movement was against talukdars and landlords. Peasants had
to do begar and had no right over the leased land.
The peasant movement demanded a reduction of revenue. Nai-dhobi bandhs were organised. Oudh Kisan Sabha was
organised headed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra.
This Awadh peasant struggle was integrated with the Non-Cooperation movement into the wider struggle.
7. Ernst Renan was a French philosopher, who outlined the attributes of a nation which are as follows:
i. A nation is not formed by a common language, race, religion or territory.
ii. To form a nation, social capital, common glories and deeds of the past and common will are necessary.
iii. Nation is large scale solidarity.
iv. Inhabitants of a nation have the right to be consulted in reference to large scale solidarity.
v. The existence of a nation is not only a good thing but also a necessity.
vi. A nation has never any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will.
Importance of Nation according to Renam:
i. Existence of the nation is a guarantee of liberty.
ii. Liberty will not be more in case the world had only one law and only one master.
OR
i. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
ii. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
iii. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
iv. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.
v. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and
obligations.
vi. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Any five points to be described.
8. i. Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas. Through the printed message, the reformers could persuade people to
think differently and introduced a new world of debate and discussion. This had significance in different spheres of life.
ii. By the seventeenth century, the print was no longer used just by scholar-officials. Merchants used the print in their everyday
life, as they collected trade information. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional
narratives, poetry, autobiographies, and romantic plays. Books were of various sizes, serving many different purposes and
interests.
iii. Women became important readers and writers. Penny magazines, specially meant for women, contained guidelines on proper
behavior and housekeeping. Some of the best novelists were women like Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, etc., their writings
created a new image of women with a will, the strength of personality, determination and power to think.
9. a. Calcutta
b. Kheda
SECTION-B GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)
10. (a) Karnataka
Explanation:

Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical
areas. Areas with high temperature and high rainfall in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of
Odisha and Assam.
11.
(c) Rabi
Explanation:
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.
12. (a) Successfully resisted deforestation
Explanation:
Successfully resisted deforestation
13.
(b) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
Explanation:
The Wild Life Protection Act of India (1972) provides for the protection of the country’s wild animals, birds, and plant species,
in order to ensure environmental and ecological security. This Act provides legal protection to many marine animals. There is a
total of 31 major Marine Protected Areas in India covering coastal areas that have been notified under the Wildlife Protection
Act, 1972.

14.
(d) Brundtland Commission Report
Explanation:
The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission
Report, 1987. The term sustainable development was coined in the paper Our Common Future, released by the Brundtland
Commission. The UN General Assembly realized that there was a heavy deterioration of the human environment and natural
resources. To rally countries to work and pursue sustainable development together, the UN decided to establish the Brundtland
Commission.

15.
(c) own wells & tube wells
Explanation:
You may have seen in many television advertisements that most farmers have their own wells and tube-wells in their farms for
irrigation to increase their produce.

16. Some items made of rubber and used by us are:

i. Automobile tyres and tubes
ii. Conveyor or belts used in industries
iii. Insulating mats
iv. Footwears
v. Toys
vi. Gloves
vii. Erasers
viii. Balls
ix. Tools and equipment
x. playground equipment
xi. shoes
xii. flooring
xiii. healthcare supplies
xiv. household supplies.
17. Five types of Industrial Pollution:
i. Air pollution: Air pollution is caused mainly due to the release of the undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide. Airborne particulate matter containing smoke, dust and spray mist. Toxic gases by burning fossil fuels in the
industries.
ii. Water pollution: Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes discharged into the rivers. Liquid wastes produced by
chemical and textile industry, tanneries, petroleum refineries, electroplating industries, and metallic pesticides, etc.
iii. Noise pollution: Noise pollution. The generators, compressors, machines, furnaces, looms, exhaust fans, etc. used by
industries create a lot of noise. Noise can raise blood pressure and can have physiological effects as well.
iv. Soil/Land pollution: Dumping of industrial wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packing, salts and
garbage renders the soil useless.
 v. Thermal pollution: Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer and birth
defects.
OR
The manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular
mainly because of the following reasons:
i. Modernising the manufacturing sector contributes to modernising agriculture, which is regarded as the foundation of our
economy. Giving people jobs in the secondary and tertiary industries also lessens their excessive reliance on agricultural
income.
ii. Industrial development is a precondition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty in our country. This was the main
philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.
iii. The export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much-needed foreign exchange.
iv. Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of a higher value are prosperous.
v. Hence, India's prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries at a faster phase. It can also be said
that the economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
18. i. Sustainable energy is crucial for sustainable development because it ensures that the current energy needs are met without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own energy needs. It promotes long-term economic growth and
environmental preservation.
ii. Consumption of energy is increasing throughout India due to the implementation of economic development plans that demand
higher energy inputs across various sectors such as agriculture, industry, transport, and domestic usage.
iii. This phrase emphasizes the importance of energy conservation. It means that by reducing energy wastage and using energy
efficiently, we essentially generate additional energy resources without actually increasing energy production. When we save
energy through practices like using public transport, turning off lights when not in use, or utilizing power-saving devices, we
conserve energy resources, making them available for other purposes, effectively producing energy that would otherwise be
wasted.
19. i. Hirakud - Dam
ii. Kochi - Major seaport

SECTION-C POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)

20.
(c) Panchayat or Municipality
Explanation:
In India, we have a three-tier government. Union level, State level, and Local level (Panchayati Raj).

21.
(c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
Explanation:
 Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to
continue in the party. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.

22. (a) towns

Explanation:
Local government bodies exist for urban areas as well. Municipalities are set up in towns.
23.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. While it is fair to expect democracies to produce development, the reason provided
does not adequately explain why many democracies have not fulfilled this expectation.

24. Features of federalism in India are as follows:-

i. A three-tier government: Establishment of Union, State and local self government.
ii. Federation: India is a Holding Together federation.
iii. Three - fold distribution powers: There is three - fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and
the State Government
a. Union List - Union Government alone can make laws on it. Ex - foreign affairs, banking, Currency etc.
b. State list - State Government alone can make laws on it. Ex-Police, trade, commerce, irrigation etc.
c. Concurrent list - Both the Union and the State Governments can make laws on it. Ex- Education, forest, marriage etc.
25. Women suffrage means giving women the right to cast their votes. Right to vote was denied to women in the beginning. It
was argued that women would not exercise this right independently. They would cast their votes by the dictates of their
husband, father or other male relatives.
With political awakening among women and its demand by them, they got the Right to Vote for the first time in England in
1918, in the USA in 1920 and in India in 1950. Now, in almost all the democratic countries of the world, women have been
given the Right to Vote.
During the period of the Indian freedom struggle, several women's organisations emerged which paved their way for
increasing role of women in socio-political activities. Prominent among these organisations were All India Women's
Association and the Indian Women's Association. These organisations had branches in different parts of India. Their
activities centred mainly on issues like women's education, improvements in health and sanitation, right to suffrage for
women and the maternity benefits for women workers.
26. Democratic governments in practice are accountable because:
i. It is right to expect democracy to form a government that follows procedures and is accountable to the people.
ii. It is also expected that the democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever
they think it as fit.
iii. The democratic government is accountable to the people. If it ignores the will of the people, they will not elect their ruler in
the next general election.
iv. The procedures and decision-making process should be transparent for a democratic government to be accountable to the
people.

27. S.No. National Parties Regional Parties

A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in Lok A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an
Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and wins at
(i)
wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a least two seats is recognized as a state party or regional party
national party. or regional party.

Regional parties will have influence in three states. For

National parties will have influence in more than three
(ii) example The Samajwadi Party, Samata Party, Rashtriya
states. For example INC, BJP, CPI-M, CPI and NCP.
Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, DMK. AIADMK.

The activities of regional parties are restricted to the region

The activities of the national parties give priority to the
(iii) or the state in which they function they focussed more on
national problems over the regional problems.
local problems.
 (iv) In order to become a national party, a party has to secure In order to become a regional party, a party has to secure at
at least six percent of total votes in Lok Sabha or least six percent of total votes in the legislative election and
assembly elections in four States and win at least four win at least two seats.
seats in Lok Sabha.
OR
In order to overcome the challenges in society, political parties need to be reformed. The following steps should be taken to
reform the political parties. There are many suggestions made to reform political parties:
i. A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to
maintain a register of its members, to follow their own constitution, to have an independent authority, to act as a judge in case of
party disputes, and to hold open elections to the highest posts.
ii. It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates.
Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision-making bodies of the party.
iii. There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This
support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone, etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by
the party in the last election.
iv. People can put pressure on political parties. This can be done through petitions, publicity and agitations. Ordinary citizens,
pressure groups and movements and the media can play an important role in this.
v. People wanting the reforms must participate actively in politics and join political parties. It is difficult to reform politics if
ordinary citizens do not take part in it and simply criticise it from the outside. The problem of bad politics can be solved by
more and better politics. (any FOUR)
28. i. Of the Belgium's total population, 59 percent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 percent
people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German.
ii. A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group, believe in their common descent
because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both. They need not always have the same religion or nationality.
iii. 1. Constitution says that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government. Thus,
no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
2. Many powers of the Central Government have been given to the state governments, of the two regions of the country. The
state governments are not subordinate to the Central government.
3. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
4. There is a third kind of government, called the 'community government'. This government is elected by the people
belonging to one language community-Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live.
SECTION-D ECONOMICS (20 marks)
29.

(c) Multinational Corporations

Explanation:
Multinational Corporations

30.
(b) Kerala
Explanation:
The net attendance ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage. Kerala has an
attendance ratio of 83 while Bihar has 43 & Haryana has 61.

31.
(d) Primary sector
Explanation:
The agricultural industry is the largest employer in India's economy and it is an example of the primary industry. Therefore the
primary sector is the largest employer in India and employs almost half of the country’s population.

32.
(d) (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)
 Explanation:
(a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)

33. (a) Borrowing money

Explanation:
Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods, or services in return for the
promise of future payment. Credit also refers to an accounting entry that either decreases assets or increases liabilities and
equity on the company's balance sheet.
34.
(c) Non-discrimination
Explanation:
Non-discrimination means that no discrimination will be done by a member state between different trading states who are also
members of WTO. Further foreign goods, services, trademarks, and copyrights should be given the same treatment as is given
to nationals of a country.

35.
Primary activities Secondary activities Tertiary activities

It is known as agriculture and allied

It is known as manufacturing sector. It is known as service sector.
services sector.

This sector provides useful services to

This sector produce goods and services This sector transforms one good into
primary and secondary sectors for these
by exploiting natural resources. another by creating more utility from it.
functioning of their working.

This sector is unorganised and use It is an organised sector and uses better It is an organised sector and uses better
traditional techniques. techniques. techniques.

Activities related to agriculture, forestry It includes manufacturing units, small Services related to Banking,
fishing, mining and animal husbandry scale units, large firms, big corporates and transportation, communication, teaching,
are included in this sector. multinational corporations. nursing, etc. are tertiary activities.
36. Earning capacity depends on the purpose for which a person is taking a loan.
If a person is taking a loan for business purpose, it may increase his earning capacity. Business loans help to establish people’s
businesses, enabling them to earn more.
The examples are:
i. They can purchase machinery and equipment with a loan to start productive activities in manufacturing.
ii. With a loan, they can purchase raw materials for processing into finished products, thus increasing their earning power.
iii. For seasonal items, by getting a loan against storage of finished goods produced during the offseason, they can earn more by
selling more during the season.
However, if a person is taking the loan for his daily consumption, it can lead to great suffering, it may be possible that the person
gets trapped in his debt.
37. The following examples show that local companies benefitted by collaborating with multinational companies:
i. MNCs can finance additional investments for the local companies like buying new machinery for faster production.
ii. MNCs may provide the companies with the latest technology for efficient production as MNCs have an international outreach.
iii. Local companies will benefit financially through a partnership with an MNC because the production and its efficiency would
naturally increase.
iv. By more production, local companies earn greater profits.
38. Importance of Tertiary sector:
i. Several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post telegraph services, police stations, courts, village
administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. comes under tertiary
sector. These activities are called as basic services.
ii. The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage, etc.
iii. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors more would be the demand for such services.
iv. As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping,
private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.
 v. Certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential.
The production of these services has been rising rapidly.
OR
i. The history of developed countries reveals a general pattern of development in their economic structure. In the initial stages of
development, the primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity and predominantly contributed to GDP
and held most of the employment. As the methods of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper, people began
to take up other activities. When agricultural activities increased there was a need for industrialisation and gradually Industrial
sectors dominated the economy.
ii. Much of the worker's shifts to Industrial sector but Primary productivity did not hamper as Industrial sector produced much-
sophisticated instruments and inputs that increased the productivity and filled the gap of loss of workforce. New methods of
manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding. The secondary sector gradually became the most
important in total production and employment.
iii. With the development of areas like transport and administration, the service sector kept on growing. In the past 100 years,
there has been a shift from the secondary to the tertiary sector in developed countries. The service sector has become the most
important in terms of total production and employment without disturbing the production and productivity of the other two
sectors This is the general pattern observed in developed countries.
So, it is seen that the central tendency of the economic structure has been shifting from Primary to Secondary and finally to the
Tertiary sector in developed countries. Similarly, almost all the developing countries are following the same path but may be at a
different pace.
 MARKING SCHEME 15

SECTION-A HISTORY (20 marks)

1.
(b) The common people of Germany
Explanation:
Das volk were the common people of Germany.

2. (a) Tilak is surrounded by symbols of unity.

Explanation:
Tilak is surrounded by symbols of unity. The sacred institutions of different faiths (temple, church, masjid) frame the central
figure.
3. (a) China
Explanation:
China became attractive destinations for investment: This is because of the low-cost structure of the Chinese economy, most
importantly its low wages. Wages were relatively low in countries like China. Thus they became destinations for investment by
foreign MNCs competing to capture world markets.
4. (a) Raja Rammohan Roy
Explanation:
Sambad Kaumudi was published by Rammohan Roy from the year 1821. This was published in order to reach a wider
audience.
5. a. The trade route that linked China to the western world and other countries is called Silk Route.
b. The Silk Routes existed before the Christian Era.
c. Chinese potteries travelled from China to other countries through the Silk Route.
d. Gold and silver travelled from Europe to Asia through this route.
e. Christianity, Islam and Buddhism travelled to different parts of the world through the Silk Route.
OR
The impacts of the First World War on the British economy were as follows:
i. After the war, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the colonial market.
ii. To finance war expenditures, Britain had borrowed from the U.S. At the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge
external debts.
iii. War transformed the United States from international debtor to international creditor. The United States and its citizens owned
overseas assets.
iv. The war had led to a huge increase in demand, production and employment.
v. End of War boom led to huge job losses because the governments reduced War expenditure. In Britain one out of five workers
was jobless.
6. "British rule in India would have collapsed if Indians had not cooperated", this statement helps in starting a mass movement in
India against the British rule as:
i. The idea of non-cooperation was first introduced by Gandhiji in his book Hind Swaraj, where he declared that since the
British had established their rule in India with the cooperation of the Indians, it would collapse only when the cooperation was
withdrawn.
ii. He proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the government had
awarded to the Indians. A boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative assemblies, schools and foreign goods
would show their non-cooperation to the British empire.
iii. Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
OR
Following were the main aspects of the Indian National Movement between 1920-1935:
a. Beginning of Mass Movement after Jaliianwala Bagh Massacre.
 b. Application of Satyagraha to Mass Movement, new methods to protest, boycott, picketing, renunciation of titles, and non-
payment of taxes.
c. People of different sections and parts shared a common bond of resistance—united in their hatred against the British rule.
d. The Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) was formed in 1927 to organise their business
interests. Industrialists like G.D. Birla and Thakurdas actively supported the movement with financial aid and even refused to
sell the imported goods.
7. The conservatives believed in modern army, efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy. In 1815, the European powers-
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria defeated Napoleon at Vienna to a draw-up settlement of Europe. The representatives
of the European powers met at Vienna in 1815 to draw up a settlement for Europe. The conference was hosted by Austrian
Chancellor-Duke Mettemich.
The main objective of the Treaty of Vienna was to undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the
Napoleonic wars, to re-map post-Napoleonic Europe and prevent the rebuilding of a strong France.
The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was implemented in the following ways:
i. The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed durum French Revolution was restored to power.
ii. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
iii. To prevent further expansion of French territories, a series of states were set upon boundaries.
iv. Kingdom of Netherlands including Belgium was set-up in the north. Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was
given new territories in western frontiers. Austria was given the control of northern Italy. Eastern Russia was given a part of
Saxony.
v. 39 states of German Confederation were left untouched.
OR
Otto von Bismarck played an important role in the unification of the country. He is known for his policy of 'Blood and Iron'.
Otto von Bismarck and the German unification:
i. The middle-class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state.
ii. Otto von Bismarck; the chief minister of Prussia, was the architect of this process.
iii. He took the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy in his endeavour.
iv. Three wars were fought over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France. The wars ended in Prussian victory
and completed the process of unification.

v. The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles on 18th January
1871 in the presence of important officials, army representatives and Otto von Bismarck.

8. i. Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published
version.
ii. In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar workers, artisans and
lower-middle-class people. Sometimes, self-educated working-class people wrote for themselves. Workers had some time for
self-improvement and self-expression. They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.
iii. Some of the best-known novelists were Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot.
iv. Their writings became important in defining a new type of woman: a person with a will, the strength of personality,
determination and the power to think.
9. a. Calcutta
b. Amritsar
SECTION-B GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)
10.
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation:

Gandhiji was very vocal about his thought, he believes that there are enough resources to satisfy everyone’s needs but not
enough to work out on everyone’s greed. Also, he believed that a greedy individual and modern technologies exploitative
nature will be the root cause for the destruction of natural resources.

11.
(c) Paddy
Explanation:
 Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world
after China. It is a Kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above
100 cm.

12.
(d) Medicines
Explanation:
Medicines

13.
(d) Statement ii is correct.
Explanation:
The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas but has also
shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.

14.
(d) Plateau
Explanation:
About 27 per cent of the area of the country is the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

15. (a) hydel power production and irrigation

Explanation:
For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra - Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production
and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
16. i. Green Revolution is phrase used to describe the tremendous increase in the production of food grains like wheat and rice in
India.
ii. Green revolution took place by large scale use of high yielding variety of seeds and development of surface and ground water
irrigation systems.
iii. Large scale use of fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides, land reforms, rural electrification and farm mechanization has
caused Green revolution.
iv. Swaminathan is known as "Indian Father of Green Revolution" for his leadership and success in introducing and further
developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India.
v. As a result of the Green Revolution the agricultural industry was able to produce much larger quantities of food.
17. Manufacturing refers to the production of goods in large quantities after processing them from raw materials. Following points
show the importance of manufacturing industries.
a. The manufacturing industries produce useful products and increase the value of raw materials.
b. Industries make use of available resources in the country. Without industries, the development of a country cannot take place.
c. Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture. For example, industries providing fertilizers, machinery etc. to
agriculture, have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
d. To eradicate unemployment and poverty industrial development is necessary as the establishment of industries in tribal and
backward areas can bring down regional disparities.
e. The countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value become prosperous. For
example, USA.
OR
Industrial pollution of the environment is of four types: air, water, land and noise. Air pollution is caused by smoke released by
chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in factories ignoring pollution
norms. Water pollution is caused by the discharging of organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents into rivers. This form
of pollution is caused by paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries. The
major solid wastes released into rivers in India are fly ash, phospo - gypsum, and iron and steel slags. Thermal pollution of water
is another form of water pollution, caused by the emission of hot water from factories and thermal plants into rivers and ponds.
Dumping of solid wastes renders the soil infertile and useless too. Lastly, noise pollution results from industrial and construction
activities, machinery, generators, and saws, pneumatic and electric drills.
18. i. Non-renewable resources.
ii. Mineral resources are considered short-lived because their formation is extremely slow compared to the rate of consumption.
While they are valuable, their extraction leads to increasing costs as ores are mined from greater depths and with decreasing
quality.
iii. Two strategies for conserving mineral resources for the future are:
Recycling of metals: Reusing metals from scrap materials reduces the need for new mineral extraction.
Use of substitutes: Identifying and using alternative materials in place of minerals helps conserve resources.
19. i. Tarapur - Nuclear Power Plant
ii. Tungabhadra - Dam

SECTION-C POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)

20.
(b) Sinhalese
Explanation:

In 1956, the year the states of India were reorganised on the basis of language, the Parliament of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon)
introduced an Act recognising Sinhala as the sole official language of the country. After much protest, Tamil, too, was given
official status.

21.
(b) Statement i and ii are right.
Explanation:
If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their
own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multiparty system. In this system, the government is formed by various
parties coming together in a coalition when no party gets a clear majority.

22. (a) State

Explanation:
State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture, and irrigation.
23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Democratic government in practice are known as accountable to the citizens because people have the right to choose their
representatives and they have control over the rulers. If these elected representatives do not work properly, people have a
chance to not elect them in the next election.
24. Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union and State government. These subjects are education,
forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption, and succession etc.
 Both the union as well as the state government can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list if their laws conflict with each
other the law made by the union government will prevail.
25. Casteism is very harmful to politics because it damages democratic ideals.
a. Casteism violates the basic principles enshrined in the Constitution for promoting a new democratic polity, namely, the
principles of justice, equality and above all fraternity assuring the unity and integrity of the Nation.
b. Due to casteism, vote bank politics is given preference in India. The economic issues are pushed to the background by leaders
who seek support on the basis of caste.
c. There is an overemphasis on caste interest loyalty rather than national interest.
d. Casteism weakens the mechanization of the polity.
e. The government, at the local levels, seeks to retain the traditional domination of the dominant castes, thus, frustrating the
emergence of a new democratic culture of free and equal citizenship.
f. Casteism leads to chaos and bargaining in party politics and ministry formation.
g. Due to casteism, people get divided into various groups and consequently differences crop up which destroy the unity of
nation.
h. Casteism leads to violence and polarisation on caste lines. Casteism creates tension, suspicion, fear and an atmosphere of
violence by building militancy on caste lines.
Hence, it is very harmful to democracy and the country as well.
26. It is reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free
of corruption. Democracy facilitates equality as its basic foundation principle. Democratic governance pays heed to the needs of
all people irrespective of their gender, caste, colour, status etc. as democracy survives on the active participation of the people and
it is the people in which real authority lies under the democracy.
27. Functions of the ruling parties:
i. A ruling party is one which has secured a majority in elections and has formed the government Ruling party ensures that the
country runs as per set ideologies and programmes. A ruling party makes laws and policies for the country. Members of the
legislature belong to various political parties and are guided by party ideologies.
ii. Parties give representation to diverse interests in society, the give recognition to minorities. Parties provide access to people to
government machinery. Ordinary citizens can also vent their grievances to local party leaders with regard to any policy and its
implementation.
Functions of the opposition parties:
i. To keep a check on the government in and outside the Parliament and also to provide an alternative to the people of the
country.
ii. Opposition plays an important role in acting as a link between the people and the government. It also offers constructive
criticism.
OR
Besides these, other suggestion have been made to reform political parties:
A. The constitution was amended to prevent MPs and MLAs from changing parties and leaders. For this Anti Defection law was
made.
B. The Supreme Court made it mandatory for every candidate to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal
cases pending against him.
C. The Election Commission made it necessary for political parties to hold elections and file their Income tax returns.
The RTI has made a lot of information available to the public.
A. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution, to have
an independent authority, to act as a judge in case of party disputes, to hold open elections to the highest posts.
B. It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates.
Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party.
C. There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This
support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by
the party in the last election.
28. i. A legitimate government in a democracy is one where citizens have a stake in the system through participation and
consultation on how they are governed.
ii. The downside is that it can lead to the tyranny of the majority, which is oppressive for the minority and can ultimately harm
the majority as well.
 iii. Power-sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Power-sharing is good because it helps to
reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability,
power-sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
SECTION-D ECONOMICS (20 marks)
29. (a) Primary sector
Explanation:
The services sector contributes highest to the GDP of the country but it is the primary sector which employees almost half of
the country’s population.
30. (a) Kerala
Explanation:
Infant mortality rate indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children
born in that particular year. Kerala has least infant mortality rate with 12(per 1000 live births), Haryana has 36 while Bihar has
42.
31. (a) Five years
Explanation:
The National Sample Survey Organisation(NSSO), now known as National Sample Survey Office an organization under the
Ministry of Statistics of the Govt. of India was established in 1950. National Sample Survey Organization(NSSO)’ has been
consistently conducting ‘Employment Unemployment Surveys’ for an interval of every five years since 1973, which is
considered to be the most credible and reliable source of employment data in the country.
32.
(b) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)
Explanation:
(a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)

33.
(d) at the beginning of the season
Explanation:
Farmers usually take crop loans at the beginning of the season in order to meet their requirements, then they repay it after the
harvest.

34. (a) MNCs provides Money and Technology to local company.

Explanation:
At times, MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries. The benefit to the local
company of such joint production is two-fold. First, MNCs can provide money for additional investments, like buying new
machines for faster production. Second, MNCs might bring with them the latest technology for production
35. As the most important economic sector in the economy, the primary sector is critical in contributing to the overall economic
growth of a society. In some instances, economies that are more developed can devote more excellent resources to primary
production. The following points delineate the importance of the primary sector:
Primary Sector provides the basic needs of the economy, i.e., food and mineral ores. It produces some of the raw materials
(like jute, cotton, coal extracted from mines) for the industrial sector.
The agricultural sector provides food for the entire economy. Besides growing crops, the agricultural sector also includes
forestry and fishing which provide food and raw materials for other industries.
The mining sector provides mineral resources indispensable for the industrial sector of the economy.
The agricultural population in the primary sector provides a very large market of consumers for the secondary sector (for
buying finished products like clothes, goods of daily need, fertilizers, etc.
36. A major part of deposits is used as credit. Credit is an agreement in which the lenders supply the borrowers with money, goods
and services in return for the promise of future payment.
Credit has its own unique role for development because of the following reasons:
i. Credit helps to increase earning and therefore a person is better off than before. Cheap and affordable credit leads to higher
incomes and many people could then borrow cheaply for a variety of needs.
ii. Farmers can buy agricultural inputs with a credit or set up the small scale and cottage industries.
 iii. Credit helps to earn money as well as the capital for the future.
iv. Credit helps in the development of infrastructure of the society that leads to the overall development. People could set-up new
industries or trade as well. All these activities lead to the development of the country.
37. Globalisation means unification or integration of the domestic economy with the world economy through trade, capital and
technology flow. We can say that globalisation is used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies,
cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people
and information.
Government can ensure fair globalisation to its people in the following ways:
i. The Government needs to care about the labour laws so that workers get their rights and support small producers to improve
their performance.
ii. A Government can negotiate with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) for fairer rules and can align with developing
countries to stand against the domination of developed countries.
38. The following are the advantages for the workers in the organized sector:
i. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.
ii. Organized sector is registered by the government and has to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various laws
such as the Factories Act, the Minimum Wages Act, the Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops Act, etc.
iii. They work only a fixed number of hours. If they are asked to work for longer hours, they are paid extra money for overtime by
the employer.
iv. They also get several other benefits from the employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund and gratuity.
v. They also get medical benefits and, under the laws, the employer has to ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe
working environment.
vi. When they retire, these workers get pensions as well.
OR
Aspect /
Public Sector Private Sector
Basis

In public sector, most assets are owned by the In private sector, most assets are owned by individuals or
Ownership
government. groups of individuals.

Service
The government provides all services. Services are provided by private owners.
Provision

The government raises money for various activities Private sector collects money through the services they
Funding
through taxes. provide.

Profit Activities are not just focused on earning profits, but

Activities are guided by the motive to earn profits.
Motive on public welfare.

Railways, Post Office etc. are the examples of public

Examples Tata Steel, Reliance etc. are the examples of private sector.
sector.
 Marking Scheme-16

Section A

1.
(b) (a) - (IV), (b) - (II), (c) - (III), (d) - (I)
Explanation:
(a) - (IV), (b) - (II), (c) - (III), (d) - (I)

2.
(c) It is a page from the oldest Japanese book - Diamond Sutra.
Explanation:
The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut
illustrations.

3.
(c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Explanation:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. He demanded separate electorates for
the Dalits in the Second Round table Conference.

4.
(c) IV, I, II & III
Explanation:
IV, I, II & III

5. The following are the measures and practices that French revolutionaries introduced to create a sense of collective identity among
the French people.
i. The ideas of la parties (the fatherland) and le citizen (the citizen) emphasized the nation of united community enjoying equal
rights under a constitution.
ii. A new fresh flag, the tricolor was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
iii. The estate General was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed the National Assembly.
iv. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
v. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform leave for all citizens within its territory.
vi. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
vii. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
[Any three relevant points]
OR
The Greek War of Independence mobilized nationalist sentiment among the educated elite across Europe by inspiring support for
the Greek cause and the ideals of national sovereignty. Lord Byron's involvement exemplified this support.
6. The two women writers of India in the 19th century were Kailashbashini Debi and Tarabai Shinde. Their contributions are
highlighted below:
i. Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women. Kailashbhashini wrote about how women were
imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people they served.
ii. Tarabai Shinde narrated the plight of upper-caste Hindu women, especially the widows.
OR
The imperial State in China was the major producer of printed material because of the following reasons:
a. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil services examination.
b. Textbooks for this examination were printed in large number, under the sponsorship of the imperial state.

c. From the sixteenth century, the number of candidates taking the examination went up and that increased the volume of print.
7. During the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground the following events
happened:
 i. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
ii. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna
Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
iii. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
iv. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. He was an Italian revolutionary founded two more
underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded
young men from Poland, France, Italy, and the German states.
v. Giuseppe Mazzini believed that nations are natural units of mankind. In his view, the creation of nation-states is a necessary
part of the struggle for freedom. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be
forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian
liberty Following his model, secret societies were set-up in Germany France, Switzerland and Poland.
vi. He was opposed to monarchy and believed in the vision of democratic republics. He did not believe in small states and
kingdoms.
vii. Giuseppe Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives,
Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.
OR
The Process of Unification of Germany is as follows:
i. By 1848, the popular effort of political associations failed in installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany.
ii. The Failure of the Frankfurt Parliament made it clear that German unification had to come through the combined effort of
monarchy and army supported by large landowners.
iii. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership in the unification of Germany The architect of the process was the Chief Minister
of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck. He took the help of bureaucracy and the military.
iv. He fought three wars in seven years with Austria, Denmark, and France which ended in Prussian victory and completed the
process of German unification.
v. The Prussian King William-1 was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871.
8. 1. Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the councils as a means to gain political power, which was
traditionally dominated by Brahmans.
2. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, and foreign cloth was burned in large bonfires.
3. i. The import of foreign cloth halved
ii. Merchants & traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
iii. Indian textile mills & handloom went up
9. a. Ahmedabad
b. Nagpur
Section B
10.
(c) To use bamboo drip irrigation system.
Explanation:
To use bamboo drip irrigation system.

11. (a) Clue i

Explanation: Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut. This
soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
12.
(d) Telangana and Rajasthan
Explanation:
Telangana and Rajasthan
13.
(b) Statement i and ii are correct.
Explanation:
In India joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the
management and restoration of degraded forests. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake
protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department.

14.
(c) Processing industries and markets
Explanation:
Since the production is mainly for the market, a well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the
plantation areas, processing industries, and markets play an important role in the development of plantations.

15.
(d) Statement ii is correct.
Explanation:
Launched in 1970, Operation Flood was started by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It has helped dairy farmers
direct their own development, placing control of the resources they create in their own hands. The objective of this programme
was to create a nationwide milk grid. The result was that India became the largest producer of Milk and Milk Products.
Operation Flood is called the White Revolution of India.

16. Following are the three steps of 'resource planning':

i. Identification of resources across the country through surveying, mapping and preparation of an inventory of resources
through their quantitative and qualitative estimation and measurement.
ii. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and institutional set-up for implementing resource
development plans.
iii. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
17. i. Electricity is required in all sectors of the economy.
ii. In agriculture use of electricity for the running the pump of water to irrigate the field helps to increase the output.
iii. Electricity is needed in food processing industry.
iv. Cottage and small scale industries cannot be developed without the use of electricity.
v. Higher consumption of electricity in households indicates the higher standard of living.
vi. Development and increase in the demand for electricity go hand in hand.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. The strategy of economic development that India adopted since
independence necessarily required an increasing amount of energy consumption. As a result, the consumption of energy in all
forms has been rising.
To take care of this concern various measures that need to be adopted are as follows:
i. We need to increase the use of renewable energy resources like solar, wind power, biogas, tidal energy, and geothermal energy.
This will decrease the dependence on non-renewable sources.
ii. The use of public transport systems instead of individual vehicles can help in minimising the usage of resources such as
petroleum or diesel. Pooling is a very sustainable option in this regard as well.
iii. Another measure that needs to be adopted is the promotion of energy conservation, e.g., switching off electrical devices when
not in use.
18. i. Increased employment opportunities. Increased international competitiveness of industrial production. Reduced rates of
interest and tariffs. Decreased the debt burden of the country.
ii. The Indian automobile industry contributes almost 6.4% of India's GDP and 35% of manufacturing GDP and is a leading
employment provider.
iii. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market,
which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three wheelers.
19. i. Bokaro - Iron and Steel Plant
 ii. Gandhinagar - Software Technology Park

Section C
20.
(c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
Explanation:

Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to
continue in the party. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.

21.
(b) Increased participation of women in Panchayats
Explanation:
In these newspaper clippings, the news is related to Panchayats. The clippings show a huge number of women elected to
Panchayats i.e., increased participation of women in politics.

22. (a) Only statement iv is right.

Explanation:
Our interest in and fascination for democracy often pushes us into taking a position that democracy can address all socio-
economic and political problems. If some of our expectations are not met, we start blaming the idea of democracy.
23.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A secular state allows its all individuals and communities the freedom to practice and propagate any religion or not follow any
religion at all. The constitution of the state prohibits any discrimination on the basis of religion.

24. The steps taken by the Belgium government to accommodate regional differences are as follows:
i. Equal number of minister in the central government: Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-
speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members
from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
ii. Decentralisation of powers: Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions
of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
iii. Separate government in Capital: Brussels has a separate government with equal representation for both communities. This
arrangement is possible because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.
25. Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. It is the process of
bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing, where every citizen has the right to vote and each vote has equal
value.
26. Compared to a dictatorship regime democracy fails to achieve higher economic development. But there are some detrimental
factors that must be analyzed before arriving at conclusions. Also, democracy has several positive outcomes that are missing in
any of its alternatives.
Economic development depends on several factors country's population size, global situation, cooperation from other
countries, economic priorities adopted by the country, etc.
 The difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies
is negligible.
Democracy is a guarantee of economic development. But we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorships in this
respect.
27. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism: It has focused on four areas in the working of political parties, need to face and overcome
these challenges in order to remain effective instruments of democracy:
i. The first challenge is a lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties
towards the concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold
organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.
ii. The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. Since most political parties do not practice open and
transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top at a party.
iii. The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties
are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections.
iv. The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In order to offer
meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different.
OR
1. Lack of Internal Democracy:
Issue: Not all party members participate in decision-making processes.
Example: Some top leaders make decisions without consulting ordinary members, leading to a lack of inclusivity.
2. Dynastic Succession:
Issue: Some parties perpetuate power within specific families, hindering merit-based leadership.
Example: In India, certain political families dominate party leadership across generations.
3. Financial Constraints:
Issue: Parties require funds for campaigns, operations, and outreach.
Example: Raising money ethically while avoiding undue influence from wealthy donors is a challenge.
4. Muscle Power and Violence:
Issue: Some parties resort to muscle power, intimidation, or violence during elections.
Example: Instances of booth capturing, clashes, and intimidation affect the democratic process.
5. Meaningful Voter Choice:
Issue: Voters need genuine options to make informed choices.
Example: When parties lack distinct ideologies or policies, voters face limited meaningful choices.
28. i. Language diversity is very important in India because it reflects the country's rich cultural and social heritage.
ii. i. Scheduled Languages are those 22 languages which are included in the Eight Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
ii. Non-Scheduled Languages are those 99 languages which are not included in the Eight Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
iii. It means that India's diverse languages and cultures have merged to form a shared sense of national identity.
For example, the Indian Army developed the Camp language. Bollywood films are renowned for incorporating a variety of
musical and linguistic styles.
Section D
29.
(c) Reduced transportation costs
Explanation:

Goods are placed in containers that can be loaded intact onto ships, railways, planes and trucks. Containers have led to huge
reduction in port handling costs and increased the speed with which exports can reach markets. Similarly, the cost of air
transport has fallen. This has enabled much greater volumes of goods being transported by airlines.

30. (a) Money simplifies the process of buying and selling different commodities.
Explanation:
A person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she might want. Thus everyone prefers
to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for things that they want.
31.
(d) Services that help in the production of goods
Explanation:
 Services that help in the production of goods

32. (a) Statement (d) is correct

Explanation:
Co-operative societies are independent organizations formed by individuals who voluntarily come together to achieve common
economic, social, or cultural goals. They are not directly governed by local self-government bodies. Instead, they operate
autonomously, following their own rules and regulations.
33.
(b) (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)
Explanation:
(a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)

34.
(d) Guaranteed employment for 100 days in a year for rural individuals.
Explanation: Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work in rural areas are guaranteed 100
days of employment in a year by the government.
35. Barriers to foreign trade and investment were put by the Indian government to protect domestic producers from foreign
competition, especially when industries had just begun to come up in the 1950s and 1960s. Post-independence India put barriers
on its foreign trade as the imports had exceeded exports and the country was in huge debt. To reverse the debt and improve the
country's financial condition the government decided to minimize its imports and foreign investment and maximize exports.
Competition from imports (except essential goods) would have given a death blow to growing industries. This policy was changed
in 1991 because of the following reasons:-
i. The government felt that domestic producers were now ready to compete with foreign industries.
ii. It was also felt that foreign competition would improve the quality of goods and services produced by Indian industries.
36. The deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors because of the following reason:
i. Safety: People’s money is safe with the banks.
ii. Earn Interest: Banks accepts the deposits and pay interest to the depositor.
iii. Easy Withdrawal: People can withdraw the money as and when they require. They can make payment easily through cheques.
The deposits with the banks are beneficial to the nation because of the following reason:
i. Availability of cheap loans (with more deposits) to a large number of people.
ii. Boost the industry by providing cheap loans.
iii. The interest rate provided on deposits adds to the income of the family, thus increasing the overall income of the nation.
From the above points, it can be concluded that deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to the nation
37. It is true that for development, people look at a mix of goals. Income is not only an important factor leading to the country's
development. The other factors like freedom, respect, peace, harmony are as important as income. We can understand this with the
following example.
i. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So in this case other than the income
from the job, dignity is an important goal.
ii. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and greater
acceptance of women working outside.
iii. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other
than income. Hence, the development goal is not only for better income but for other important things in life like an increase
in human value.
38. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS) is Indian legislation enacted on August 25, 2005. The MGNREGA provides a legal
guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do
public work-related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Govt of
India is monitoring the entire implementation of this scheme in association with state governments
Following are the provisions of NREGA 2005:
i. 100 days assured employment every year to each rural household.
ii. One-third of the proposed jobs to be reserved for women.
iii. Under the program, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she
will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.
iv. The governments have to establish Central Employment Guarantee Funds and State Employment
Guarantee Funds for the implementation of the scheme.
v. The scheme is to be extended to 600 districts. The schemes provided employment to 220 crore person-
days of employment to
4.78 crore households.
OR
As the pace of change, has been rapid in modern times communication has also transformed rapidly.
Long-distance communication is far easier without any physical movement of the communicator or
receiver. The following examples substantiate this transformation:
The Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) telephone facility has marked an evolution in strengthening
India's telecom network by incorporating advances in space technology.
Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various
national programmes and
policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.
Indian Postal Network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as well as personal written
communication.
All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and
local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country.
Doordarshan, the national television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in
the world. It broadcasts a
variety of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age
groups.
 Marking Scheme -17

SECTION-A HISTORY (20 marks)

1.
(d) (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)
Explanation:
(a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)

2.
(b) Frontispiece of Penny Magazine
Explanation:
Penny Magazine was published between 1832 and 1835 in England by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. It
was aimed primarily at the working class

3. (a) It was an all-British Commission.

Explanation:
A Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into
the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The problem was that the commission did not have a
single Indian member. They were all British.
4.
(b) I, II, IV and III
Explanation:
I, II, IV and III

5. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe:

i. Increase in population all over Europe.
ii. More job seekers than employment.
iii. Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.
iv. Rural population migrated to urban areas, overcrowded slums.
OR
The vast territory lying between the Adriatic sea and the Black sea comprising the modern states of Greece, Romania, Albania,
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia was known as the Balkans.
All these states were inhabited by people broadly known as Slavs as they were once the part of the Ottoman Empire,
The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism made the Balkan region very
explosive. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of one another and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the
others.
6. Bengal Gazette was a weekly magazine that described itself as 'a commercial paper open to all, but influence by none.' From 1780
James Augustus Hickey began to edit the magazine. Gradually, it was became private English enterprise, proud of its
independence from colonial influence that began English printing in India. Hickey published freely, right from the advertisements
related to the import and sale of slaves to gossips of company’s senior officials in India. As a result, it enraged the colonial
masters and Hickey was persecuted by General Warren Hastings.
OR
i. As handwritten books were expensive, only the rich, the aristocrats and the Church could employ scribes. The scribes wrote
only for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries.
ii. As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries. Book fairs
were held at different places.
iii. Production of handwritten manuscripts was also organised in new ways to meet the expanded demand.
iv. Scribes or skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by
booksellers as well.
 v. One bookseller could employ 50 scribes due to the new technology in printing. It was no longer the monopoly of the rich and
the influential.
7. In Britain, the formation of a nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval, revolution or national struggle but of a long
drawn out parliamentary process. The process of unification of Britain is as follows:

i. Britain was not a nation-state prior to 18th century. England had people of many ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot
and Irish with their own cultural and political traditions.
ii. The English nation steadily grew in importance, wealth and power and extended her influence over other nations of the island.
iii. In 1688, England established as a nation-state. English parliament seized power from the monarchy.
iv. In 1707 the Act of Union between England and Scotland led to the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
v. England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British Parliament was dominated by English members.
vi. Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed revolution led by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798) and a new
"British Nation" was formed.
OR
i. Conservative Post-Napoleon Era: European governments embraced conservatism after Napoleon's defeat in 1815.
ii. Preservation of Traditional Values: Conservatives advocated safeguarding established institutions like the monarchy,
church, social hierarchies, property, and family.
iii. Modernisation for Strengthening Traditions: Most conservatives however did not propose a return to the society of pre-
revolutionary days. They realised from the changes initiated by Napoleon that modernisation could, in fact, strengthen
traditional institutions like the monarchy.
iv. Enhancing State Power: This modernization would make state powers more effective and robust, ensuring the stability of
autocratic monarchies.
v. Strengthening Autocratic Rule: A modern bureaucracy, dynamic economy, and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could
bolster the authority of Europe's autocratic monarchies.
8. i. In many places, the local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and the land was to be
redistributed among the poor. The name of the Mahatma was being misused.
ii. The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up in October 1920 to address the grievances of the villagers.
iii. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain
hoards were taken over. In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid
and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The increasing violent activities made Congress leaders unhappy with the
peasant movement.
9. a. Nagupr
b. Champaran
SECTION-B GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)
10.
(c) Narmada
Explanation:

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is on the Narmada river near Navagam, Gujarat in India. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and
Rajasthan are the four important states in India which receive water and electricity supply from the dam. This project was laid
out by Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru on April 5, 1961. The project took form in 1979 as a part of a development scheme to
increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity.

11.
(c) Clue ii and iii
Explanation:
Alluvial Soils are the most widely spread and important soil. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid and lime.

12. (a) Rajasthan

Explanation:
Rajasthan
13.
(d) Statement ii is correct.
Explanation:
The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas but has also
shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.

14.
(d) Kaldi
Explanation:
There are different versions of the discovery of coffee. In about AD 850, Kaldi, an Arab goat-herder, who was puzzled by the
queer antics of his flock, tasted the berries of the evergreen bush on which the goats were feeding.

15.
(c) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
Explanation:
Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop. The main characteristic of
Commercial Farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers,
insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from
one region to another.

16. The main contribution of the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987, are:
i. The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission
Report, 1987.
ii. This report introduced the concept of ‘sustainable development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which
was substantially published in a book, entitled 'Our Common Future'.
17. Minerals are indispensable part of human life.
i. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.
ii. The railway lines and the tarmac of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals.
iii. Cars buses, trains, aeroplans are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.
iv. In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and
ceremonial rites.
v. Availability of the minerals helps in the economic development of the country.
vi. Our food too contains minerals.
OR
The importance of conservation of minerals is explained below:
i. Mineral resources, in the present scenario, are being rapidly consumed. However, it is important to conserve these resources
because the geological processes of mineral formation are very slow and it takes millions of years for them to be created and
concentrated.
ii. The rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. The finite and nonrenewable
nature of these resources makes them our country's most valuable possessions.
iii. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are the important steps involved in the conservation of mineral
resources.
Some of the measures to conserve minerals are as under:
i. Minerals should be used in a planned and sustainable manner.
ii. Improved technology needs to be constantly evolved to allow the use of low-grade ore at a low cost.
iii. Recycling of metals using scrap metals.
iv. Wastage in mining and processing should be minimized.
18. i. In Chotanagpur plateau region maximum iron and steel industries are concentrated. Low cost of iron ore and Iron mines are
located in the nearby areas. It helps to reduce the transportation cost of iron ore to the industries.
ii. We are not able to perform to our full potential largely because
i. High costs and limited availability of coking coal
 ii. Lower productivity of labour
iii. Irregular supply of energy and poor infrastructure.
iii. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of
Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin
of the Mahanadi river lies to the south.
Though India is an important iron and steel-producing country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential
largely. Reasons for low productivity of iron and steel include the following reasons: High costs and limited availability of
coking coal. Lower productivity of labor.

19.

SECTION-C POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)

20.
(c) Only statement iv is right.
Explanation:
No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in the Lok Sabha, until 2014. As a result, the national parties are
compelled to form alliances with State parties. Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a
part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and
democracy in our country.

21.
(b) Vertical Power Sharing
Explanation:
The vertical sharing power:
i. Power is shared among the different levels of the governments.
ii. Power involves the highest and lower levels of government.
iii. The lower organs work under the higher organs.

22.
(c) Only statement iv is right.
Explanation:
Dictatorships have a slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic
development worries us. However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with
dictatorships and democracies is negligible.

23.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
 Universal Adult Franchise gives the right to vote to everyone irrespective of their caste, religion, colour, or gender. It is based on
the principle of equality. The right to vote should be given to everyone because that is the whole essence of democracy, i.e. equal
representation. Any given class cannot determine wisdom.

24. Modern democracies embrace diverse power-sharing models to distribute authority among various entities. This includes federal
systems, where power is divided between central and regional governments, and coalition governments formed by multiple
parties. Additionally, the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches ensures checks and
balances. These arrangements support inclusivity, stability, and representation by preventing the concentration of power and
safeguarding the values of democracy.
25. Under a democratic rule following favourable conditions are generally provided to people:
a. It promotes dignity to everyone irrespective of caste, creed and religion and also provides a method to resolve conflict.
b. It ensures the freedom of the individual.
c. It provides equal status and opportunity.
d. It provides a positive reservation for women and other advantages for discriminated groups.
26. i. Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone and in subjecting every decision to public
debate.
ii. There is lack of tranparency in many democratic countries. Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it
comes to sharing information with citizens.
iii. Democracy often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignores the demand of a majority of its population.
iv. In a democracy, the government is expected to attend to the demands of the people and should be largely free from corruption.
The record of democracies is not impressive on these two counts.
27. Political parties play a vital role in democracies which makes them an essential component of a democracy. The rise of political
parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies The key role played by the political parties in a
democracy is listed below:
Political Parties contest elections. Those who win form the government and those parties that lose in the elections play the
role of opposition to the parties in power,
They offer different policies, schemes, and programs and the voters chose from them.
Political Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
Parties form and run the government. The political executives of the political party in power take big policy decisions.
Political Parties shape public opinion. They provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by governments.
OR
The challenges faced by political parties in India are as follows:
i. Lack of internal democracy: In political parties, there is a concentration of power in the hands of a few. In such cases, some
members become too powerful and make all decisions, while no importance is given to other members of a party.
ii. Dynastic succession: Generally, inexperienced family members are given easy entry into political parties while deserving
candidates are left out.
iii. Money and muscle power: Because the main aim of political parties is to capture power and form the government, parties
focus only on winning the elections. Many business houses influence the decisions of the party and government by providing
funds to the parties.
iv. Meaningful Choice: The fourth challenge in elections is that parties often fail to provide voters with a meaningful choice.
v. Same set of leaders: Sometimes, the same set of leaders shifts from one party to another, making it impossible for people to
elect different leaders. This is the fifth challenge.
28. i. The significance of the elected representatives in the Panchayats lies in their sheer number, which is about 36 lakh. This large
number of representatives indicates a broad base of democratic participation, making it one of the largest experiments in
democracy globally. It ensures that a wide range of voices and local issues are represented and addressed at the grassroots
level.
ii. The Constitutional status of local government has significantly increased women's representation and voice in democracy. By
mandating reservations for women in Panchayats and municipalities, it has ensured that women have a platform to participate
in governance, influence decision-making, and address issues that specifically affect them and their communities.
iii. Deepening Democracy: Granting Constitutional status to local government has deepened democracy by institutionalizing
local governance structures. This has made governance more inclusive and participatory, allowing citizens to have a direct say
in their local affairs.
 Challenges in Implementation: Despite the positive impacts, there are challenges such as irregular gram sabhas and
inadequate transfer of powers and resources from state governments to local bodies. These issues hinder the full realization of
self-government and effective local governance.
SECTION-D ECONOMICS (20 marks)
29. (a) Government wanted Indian producers to compete in the World Market.
Explanation:
Starting around 1991, some farreaching changes in policy were made in India. The government decided that the time had come
for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe. It felt that competition would improve the performance of
producers within the country since they would have to improve their quality.
30.
(c) The law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment
Explanation:
As per Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency. Moreover, the law legalises the use of rupee
as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India. No individual in India can legally refuse a
payment made in rupees.

31.
(c) Nature of Ownership
Explanation:
Nature of Ownership

32. (a) I and II

Explanation:
I and II
33.
(d) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
Explanation:
(a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)

34.
(b) Final goods
Explanation:
Final goods are used for final consumption. These are sold in the market for consumption.

35. Following are the reasons that forced the Indian Government for putting Barriers:
a. To protect producers within the country from foreign competition.
b. To regulate foreign trade and to decide what kind of goods and how much of each should come into country.
c. To save our freedom from Neo Colonialism.
36. The functions of Self Help Group (SHG) are as follows:
Members of SHG can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. The group charges interest on these loans
but this is still less than what the moneylender charges.
Small loans are provided to the members for releasing mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs, for housing
materials, and for acquiring assets.
The group decides as regards the loans to be granted — the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule
etc. The group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
the SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
37. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to lead a better life because of the following reasons:
i. Apart from money, the infrastructure and facilities like health and education are required to lead a good life. We can not buy
all goods and services with money until we have all the supporting services available at the required time and place.
ii. Money cannot ensure the availability of food to the undernourished if the distribution of food is not proper. The food
distribution system is not good in most of the rural parts of the country, due to which most of the people remain
 undernourished.
iii. Money cannot protect us from infectious diseases, unless and until the whole community becomes aware of hygiene and takes
preventive steps.
iv. Also, money cannot buy us a pollution free environment.
38. The following are the causes of rural unemployment in India:
a. Lack of education and skill: Rural areas are far behind education and thus are not able to access the required skill.
b. Lack of Industrialization: Even after more than 60 years of independence more than 80% of the people are dependent on
agriculture for their livelihood. Chances of disguised unemployment are very high in agriculture.
c. Stress on family occupation: More family members are supposed to assist in the production of crops rather than going for
other occupations because of the fact that agriculture is labour intensive.
d. No access to opportunities: Rural areas and occupations are devoid of investment. This makes the possibility of a lack of
opportunities.
e. Lack of infrastructure: Seasonal roads, lack of electricity, etc. keep the rural areas far behind the development.
f. Domination of primary sector: Most of the people of rural areas are involved in primary activities. The possibility of
unemployment in the primary sector is more.
OR
The primary sector continues to be the largest employer.
The primary sector contributes more than 20% to the GDP of India.
It's employment share is more than 55%.
It is the most labouring sector of the Indian economy.
It covers agriculture, dairy, fishing, and forestry which all contribute to the Indian economy.
The primary sector is important in employing the largest section of the population for several reasons:
First, the primary sector is the largest employer in many developing countries, where a large portion of the population works in
agriculture or other primary industries. In these countries, the primary sector is a major contributor to the economy and employs a
large number of people.
Second, the primary sector often employs people in rural areas, where there may be limited opportunities for employment in other
sectors. This is especially important in developing countries, where the majority of the population lives in rural areas and relies on
agriculture for their livelihoods.
Finally, the primary sector plays a vital role in supporting the other sectors of the economy by providing the raw materials that are
used to produce goods and services.
Overall, the primary sector is important in employing the largest section of the population, particularly in developing countries, and
plays a crucial role in the economic development of these countries.
 Marking Scheme-18

Section A
1.
(b) Peasants Movements in Champaran in Bihar, Kheda district in Gujarat, and in Ahmedabad by cotton mill workers
Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements in various places after arriving in India:
In 1916 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

2.
(c) French revolution
Explanation:
From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.

3. (a) (B)
Explanation:
(B)
4.
(b) Chauri Chaura movement
Explanation:
At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. Hearing of the
incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

5. i. Traders and travelers introduced new foods/crops to the lands they travelled.
ii. Noodles travelled from China to western countries to become spaghetti.
iii. Arab traders took pasta to Sicily (now parts of Italy)
iv. Potatoes, tomatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, chillies, sweet potatoes etc. were introduced in Europe and Asia after discovery
of the Americas.
v. Many of our common foods came from America’s original inhabitants-the American Indians.
OR
Reasons for the Nationalist upsurge in the 19th century Europe are as follows:
i. The absolute rulers oppressed the people.
ii. The well-known philosophers and leaders spread liberal ideas and visions.
iii. The French Revolution provided the inspiration to the people to fight for freedom.
iv. The slogan 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity' became the clarion call for the common people of Europe.
v. The French army and its soldiers began to carry the ideas of nationalism abroad with the outbreak of revolutionary wars.
6. Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish
their dominance over largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. After a failed revolt
led by wolf Tone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly incorporated in to United Kingdom in 1801.
OR
i. The autocrats of Central and Eastern Europe restored the old order but could also suppress the liberal movements in 1848 as
the monarchs were beginning to understand that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be terminated by granting
concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
ii. Hence, in the years following 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe started introducing the changes
that had already taken place in Western Europe prior to 1815.
iii. Thus, the bonded labour and serfdom were abolished both in Russia and the Habsburg dominations.
 iv. In 1867, the Hungarians were granted more autonomy by the Habsburg rulers.
7. Factors that gave rise to the Civil Disobedience Movement were:
i. Simon Commission: It was an all-British Commission appointed in November 1927 to investigate the need for further
constitutional reform. The absence of Indians was seen as an insult to the self-respect of Indians and they decided to boycott
the Commission.
ii. Irwin's offer: Irwin's vague offer of Dominion Status for India in an unspecified future.
iii. Salt Law: On 12 March 1930 Mahatma Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the
Gujarat sea coast. A number of people followed him. On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the Salt Laws at Dandi by
picking up some salt left by the seawaves. Gandhiji's breaking of the Salt Laws marked the beginning of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
iv. Eleven-point Demand: Gandhiji had written a letter to Viceroy Irwin urging him to implement the eleven-point programme
for fulfilling people's welfare. The British response to the demand was negative and Gandhiji launched Civil Disobedience
Movement to force the government to meet the Indian demands.
v. Demand for Poorna Swaraj: The British government did not accept the Nehru Report and Congress passed the Poorna
Swaraj resolution at its Lahore session in 1929.
OR
When Gandhiji called the Civil Disobedience Movement, Muslims were lukewarm in their response due to the following factors:
i. The disappointment with the Non-Cooperation Movement and how it ended without any concrete outcome.
ii. The decline of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements led to the alienation of Muslims from the Congress.
iii. From the mid-1920s, the Congress was seen to be visibly associated with Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
iv. Relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened and communal riots took place.
v. The Muslim League gained prominence with its claim of representing Muslims and demanding separate electorates for them.
vi. Muslim leaders were concerned about the minority status of Muslims in India. Negotiations over the question of
representation continued but all hopes of resolving the issue at the All Party Conference disappeared when Hindu Mahasabha
strongly opposed efforts at compromise. So when Civil Disobedience began, there was an atmosphere of distrust and
suspicion among the communities and the Muslim response was lukewarm.
8. i. Luxury editions were handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries which
scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities.
ii. Two drawbacks of handwritten manuscripts in comparison to printed material were:
a. Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.
b. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily.
iii. Marco Polo’s contribution to print culture was as:
a. In 1295, Marco Polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China.
b. He brought the knowledge of woodblock printing with him.
9. A - Madras, B - Chauri Chaura
Section B
10.
(c) low rainfall or those that are drought-prone
Explanation:

The moment we speak of water shortages, we immediately associate it with regions having low rainfall or those that are
drought-prone.

11.
(c) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
Explanation:
Statement i, ii, & iii are about forests and trees while statement iv is about traditional methods of conserving nature and its
creations by ascribing sacred qualities to anything like springs, mountain peaks, plants, and animals that are closely protected.

12.
(d) ii, iv, iii, i
Explanation:
 ii, iv, iii, i

13.
(d) Aus, Aman, and Boro
Explanation:
Recently, paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana. In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha,
three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman, and Boro.

14.
(b) 18.11
Explanation:
18.11

15.
(c) Hirakud dam
Explanation:
The given picture is of Hirakud Dam built across the Mahanadi River

16. Humans need resources for survival, growth, development, and progress. They need to obtain food by growing crops, catching
fishes, rearing livestock and poultry. They also need energy sources such as fossil fuels and other materials for their daily uses
such as timber and minerals. A resource is considered a source or supply from which benefits are produced. The resources human
use include materials water, energy, minerals, services, staff, knowledge, or others that can be transformed to produce benefits.
17. Energy conservation focuses on reducing energy consumption through efficient practices, which ensures the sustainability of
resources for future generations. Explanation with Examples:
i. Judicious use of limited energy resources.
ii. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
iii. Switching off electricity when not in use.
iv. Using power saving devices.
v. Using non-conventional sources of energy.
OR
Petroleum is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. It is referred to as “Black Gold.” This name itself is an
indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture
various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc.
Importance of Petroleum:
i. Petroleum is the major energy source in India.
ii. It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
iii. It provides lubricant for machinery.
iv. It provides the raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
v. Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic, textile, fertilizer and chemical industries.
An occurrence:
i. Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps.
ii. In regions of folding, anticline or domes, it, occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold.
iii. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
18. i. Environmental issues related to the submerged trees under the dam water.
ii. Sardar Sarovar dam is built across Narmada river.
iii. The survivors of Rihand accepted their sufferings as a sacrifice for the sake of their nation, believing in the promise of
irrigated fields and plentiful harvests.
19. (i) Sardar Sarovar Dam
(ii) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant
 Section C
20. (a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups
Explanation:
Two different sets of reasons can be given in favour of power-sharing. Firstly, power-sharing is good because it helps to reduce
the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power-
sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
21.
(d) The disparities between the rich and poor.
Explanation:
The given Cartoon tell us about the disparities between the rich and poor.

22.
(c) Only statement iv is right.
Explanation:
No one national party is able to secure on its own a majority in the Lok Sabha, until 2014. As a result, the national parties are
compelled to form alliances with State parties. Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a
part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and
democracy in our country.

23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Community government is elected by people of one language community, i.e. French, Dutch, and German-speaking. Such a
government has a power related to culture, education, and language issues. It helps in resolving conflicts between different
ethical groups by safeguarding the interest of its group. It also helps to avoid civic strife between the two major communities
and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
24. Lack of awareness: The lack of awareness and conceptual clarity is one of the reason of slow success of Panchayat Raj.
Some people treat it just as an administrative agency, some as an intention of democracy at grass root level and some treat
it as a charter of rural, local government.
Irregular election: Election should hold in a gap of five years, but still irregularity is there to helding the elections.
Relationship of government officials and elected representatives: All work of the Panchayat Raj System is being done by
the government officials, but contradiction always comes in between government officials and elected representatives and
then it progresses very slowly.
 Lack of money and other support: The Panchayat Raj institutions lack enough money, administrative support and help
from the government officials. That’s why its progress rate is very slow.
Most state governments havenot transferred sinificant powers to the local governments.
25. The constitutional provisions which make India a 'secular state' are as follows:
i. Equal respect and recognition for all religions by the state and no discrimination by the state on the basis of religion.
ii. An individual has the right to practice, propagate and profess any religion.
iii. All individuals and communities have been given the freedom to practice, profess and propagate any religion.
iv. According to the constitution, the state cannot intervene in matters of religion in order to promote religious equality.
26. The 'regional political parties' that are predominant in:
Jharkhand - JMM - Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. Symbol- bow and arrow
Maharashtra - Shiv Sena. Symbol- bow and arrow.
Odisha - BJD - Biju Janata Dal. Symbol- Conch.
27. The idea of democracy gets overwhelming support all over the world because of the following reasons:
People's Government: Democracy is embraced in South Asia because it embodies the principle of a government chosen
by the people. It ensures that citizens have a say in their governance.
Democratic Rights: Countries in South Asia emphasize democratic rights, such as the freedom to choose their
representatives and have a voice in decision-making processes.
Electing Representatives: The desire to directly elect representatives reflects the region's support for democratic practices
and self-governance.
Dignity and Freedom: Democracy is valued for providing dignity and freedom to citizens, allowing them to express their
views and live with autonomy.
Social Diversity: South Asia's diverse societies appreciate democracy as it accommodates different cultures, languages,
and beliefs.
Discussion and Negotiation: Democracy's foundation in discussion and negotiation resonates with the region's inclination
for inclusive decision-making.
Examples of Democratic Nations: South Asian countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan serve as prime
examples of the widespread acceptance and practice of democracy in the region.
OR
i. Democracy does not guarantee economic development.
ii. In most of the democracies, a small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income. Those at the
bottom find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education, and health find it difficult to
meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education, and health
iii. For example, countries like South Africa and Brazil, the top 20% of people take away more than 60 % of the national income.
Unfortunately, those who are at the bottom of the society have a very little share (less than 3%) to depend upon.
iv. Even in India, the elected government looks reluctant to take necessary steps for the upliftment of the large section of poor in
our society. The situation is much worse in some other countries. In Bangladesh, more than half of its population lives in
poverty.
v. People in several poor countries are now dependent on rich countries even for food supplies.
vi. Thus, it can be concluded that in actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic
inequalities. Even though democracy is a rule by the majority but the poor in the majority do not rule the country.
28. i. Buddhism
ii. The Sinhala leaders sought to secure dominance over the government due to their majority.
iii. Majoritarianism policy increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They believed that their language and
culture were not being adequately respected, that they were denied equal political rights, discriminated against in job
opportunities, and their interests were ignored.
Section D
29.
(b) Trade-related intellectual property rights
Explanation:

It is one of the agreements of WTO. Under this, the member countries are required to provide patent protection to all products
or processes in all fields of technology.
30. (a) Cheque Payments
Explanation:
For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account with the bank, makes out a cheque for a specific amount. A cheque
is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has
been issued.
31.
(b) Sri Lanka
Explanation:
Sri Lanka

32. (a) Only statement iv is appropriate.

Explanation:
Only statement iv is appropriate.
33.
(d) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
Explanation:
(a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)

34.
(c) Demand Deposit
Explanation:
People with extra money deposit it in the banks by opening a bank account in their name. Banks accept deposits and also pay
an interest rate on deposits. People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require it. A demand
deposit consists of funds held in an account from which deposited funds can be withdrawn at any time from the depository
institution.

35. The developments in information and communication technology have been changing rapidly. Rapid improvement in
technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.
Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around
the world, to access information instantly and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite
communication devices. It has enabled to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to
communicate from remote areas.
Computers have ventured into the amazing world of the Internet, where one can obtain and share information on almost
anything. Internet has allowed to send instant electronic mail and talk across the world at negligible costs. It also allows us
to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across the world.
Thus, it can be concluded that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has played a major role in spreading out
products and services across the countries.
36. All of the service sectors are not growing equally well in India due to the following reasons:
i. Different kinds of people are employed by the service sector in India. Only a limited number of services employ highly skilled
and educated workers such as managers, lawyers, accountants etc.
ii. A very large number of workers are engaged in services like small shopkeepers, transport persons, repair persons etc.
iii. These people barely manage to earn a living and yet perform these services because there is no alternative opportunity for
them. Only a part of this sector is growing in importance.
37. I certainly agree with the statement that development for one may be the destruction for others. People have different
developmental goals. They seek what is most important for them and fulfil their aspirations and desires. For eg:
i. The construction of a dam leads to infrastructural development, generation of electricity, etc. but at the same time, it may also lead
to the large-scale displacement of people, loss of livelihood, shelter, etc. of the people living near the proposed dam site. Hence,
construction of the dam may be developed for some but maybe destruction for others.
ii. A girl wants as much freedom and opportunity as her brother. Her brother may not like this.
iii. Rain is beneficial for farmers. But it is destructive to people who are homeless and live in a cottage.
38. In everyday lives, we use money to fulfill our requirement in different ways:
 i. Goods are bought and sold with the use of money.
ii. Many kinds of services are also exchanged with money.
iii. Use of money reduce the need of double coincidence of wants.
iv. A person holding money can easily exchange with goods/ services.
v. To deposit in banks so that money can be saved and used for future use. For example: If a labourer deposits his monthly salary
in his bank account, then, he can use it in installments during the entire month.
vi. For ex. A shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes and buy wheat so he needs to sell his shoes and then only he can buy wheat.
OR
i. Formal sources of credit work according to the norms of Reserve Banks of India.
ii. The RBI monitors that the banks provide loans not just to the profit-making businessmen and traders, but also to small
cultivators, small scale industries, to small borrowers etc.
iii. Rates of interest are fixed by RBI according to the instructions given by central government. Who works to facilitate to poor
farmers and small businessman.
iv. The formal sources to provide loan at low interest rate because people can increase their income and help them in the overall
development of the country.
v. Low interest rate helps the poor people to increase their economic condition.
 Marking Scheme-19

SECTION-A HISTORY (20 marks)

1.
(b) Metternich
Explanation:
When France sneezes, Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches a cold. The July Revolution sparked an uprising
in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

2.
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi was leading the workers from Newcastle to Transvaal. When the marchers were stopped and Gandhiji
arrested, thousands of more workers joined the satyagraha against racist laws that denied rights to non-whites.

3. (a) El Dorado
Explanation:
El Dorado
4. (a) A parchment made from the skin of animals
Explanation:
It is a unique type of paper used for arts and crafts.
5. The areas irrigated by the new canals built by the British were called the Canal Colonies. These were introduced in the region of
west Punjab. Peasants from the other parts of Punjab settled around these canals.
The British government built these new canals for the following reasons:
a. The British wanted to transform semi-desert wastelands into fertile agricultural land.
b. The Britishers wanted to export wheat and cotton. So people from other parts of Punjab were called and settled to grow wheat
and cotton here.
OR
The Great Depression had a major impact on the Indian economy as:
i. The depression immediately affected Indian trade. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As
international prices crashed, prices in India plunged. Between 1928 and 1934, it reduced Indian imports and exports by nearly
half.
ii. The fall in prices had a deep impact on poor farmers. Though agricultural prices fell sharply, the colonial government refused
to give any relief to the farmers in taxes. Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit.
iii. The depression proved less grim for urban India. Because of falling prices those with fixed incomes - say town-dwelling
landowners, who received rents and middle-class salaried employees found themselves better off.
6. Simon Commission:
a. The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. It was set up in response to
the nationalist movement.
b. Simon Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The
Commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British. According to Indians, the commission did not hold
any hopes for further constitutional reforms.
c. Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ and black flags.
d. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.
OR
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was opposed by the people of India in the following manner:
i. Gandhi began non-violent civil disobedience with a hartal on 6 April.
ii. Rallies were organized in various cities.
 iii. Workers of the 12 railway workshops went on strike and shops were closed.
iv. The two renowned leaders of the Congress, Dr. Satya Pal, and Dr. Saifuddin Kithlew were arrested on 10th April.
v. On 13th April, a public meeting was held at Jallianwala Bagh in a small park enclosed by buildings on all sides to protest
against the arrest. General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the innocent civilians who had gathered from the city of
Amritsar and outside to attend a peaceful meeting.
7. The formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland involved several historical and political
developments. It began with the Union of the Crowns in 1603 when James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne as James I,
uniting the crowns of England and Scotland.
The next significant step was the Acts of Union in 1707, which formally united the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of
Scotland into a single entity known as the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union established a single Parliament for both
countries, based in London, and abolished the Scottish Parliament.
In 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined the Union through the Acts of Union 1800, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland. This union integrated Ireland into the British political and economic system, although it faced resistance and unrest
from Irish nationalists.
Following decades of struggle and agitation for Home Rule in Ireland, the Irish Free State was established in 1922, leading to the
partition of Ireland. Northern Ireland, composed of six predominantly Protestant counties, remained part of the United Kingdom.
Thus, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as it is known today, was formed through a series of political
agreements, unions, and constitutional changes over several centuries, shaping the geopolitical landscape of the British Isles.
OR
The French Revolutionaries took various measures to instil a sense of collective identity among the people of France.
French language, the way it was written and spoken in Paris, was encouraged and went on to become the National
Language.
Regional dialects of the language were not encouraged.
The former Royal Standard was replaced by the tricolor which was the new flag for French Nation.
Martyrs were commemorated.
Oaths were taken.
There was the composition of hymns.
The Constitution envisaged a united community, with all the citizens having equal rights.
The idea of le citoyen (the citizen) and la Patrie (the fatherland) was propagated.
The body of active citizens elected Estates General, which was later renamed as the National Assembly.
There was the abolition of internal customs and dues.
Within the territory of France, a uniform law was formulated for all the citizens of France.
Led to the establishment of a Centralized Administrative System.
There was the adoption of a universal system of measures and weights.
8. i. The passage vividly describes Mercier's deep engagement with reading. He compares himself to a man dying of thirst, eagerly
consuming fresh water, which illustrates his intense desire and need for reading. His complete absorption is evident as he
reads without noticing the passage of time, even as his lamp runs out of oil. This shows how reading transports him into
another world, making him oblivious to his surroundings.
ii. Mercier describes himself as a virtual writer because of his profound connection with the text he reads. The ideas and
eloquence of the writing flow effortlessly into his mind, almost as if he is the one creating them. This seamless integration of
new ideas into his intelligence makes him feel like an active participant in the writing process, rather than just a passive
reader.
iii. Adoption of New Ideas: Mercier describes how new ideas rushed into his brain and how his intelligence adopted them. This
indicates that reading significantly expanded his intellectual horizons, allowing him to assimilate and integrate new concepts
effortlessly.
Uninterrupted Engagement: Despite the lamp running out of oil, Mercier continues to read without even taking the time to
adjust the wick. This shows his deep engagement and the pleasure he derives from reading, which fuels his intellectual
curiosity and capacity to absorb new information.
9. A- Amritsar B- Champaran
SECTION-B GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)
10.
(b) Mining
Explanation:
 Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.

11.
(b) Rearing of silk worms
Explanation:
Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

12. (a) Kerala

Explanation:
Kerala
13.
(d) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
Explanation:
All Northeastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests managed by local
communities.

14.
(d) Gully erosion
Explanation:
The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies which result in erosion through the gullies.
Gully erosion is the process by which gullies are formed. Hillsides are more prone to gully erosion when they are cleared of
vegetation, through deforestation, over-grazing or other means.

15.
(d) much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes.
Explanation: Where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, but, the area still suffers from water
scarcity .This scarcity may be due to bad quality of water. Lately, there has been a growing concern that even if there is ample
water to meet the needs of the people, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and
fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
16. i. Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals.
Agriculture is an age old economic activity in our country
ii. Cultivation methods have changed significantly depending upon the characteristics of physical environment, technologically
know how and socio-cultural practices.
iii. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type.
iv. At present in different parts of India- primitive subsistence farming, Intensive Subsistence Farming and commercial Farming
are practiced.
v. Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other
products used to sustain and enhance human life
17. The manufacturing industry is of great importance for a country's economy. It helps in following ways:
i. Uplifts agriculture sector: Manufacturing industry not only help in modernizing agriculture, which forms the backbone of our
economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and
tertiary sector. Therefore it is of great importance to the country's economy.
ii. Eradicates poverty and unemployment: Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty
from the country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.
iii. Boosts trade and commerece: Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign
exchange.
iv. Makes country prosperous: Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value
are prosperous.
OR
The textile industry occupies an important position in the Indian economy due to several factors:
 Significant Contribution to Industrial Production: It accounts for 14% of industrial production.
Employment Generation: The industry provides jobs to 35 million people, making it a major employment sector.
Foreign Exchange Earnings: It contributes about 24.6% to India's foreign exchange earnings.
GDP Contribution: The textile industry contributes 4% to the country’s GDP.
Self-Reliance: It is the only industry in India that is entirely self-reliant.
Complete Value Chain: It is the only industry which is complete in the value chain i.e. from raw material to the highest
value added products.
18. i. Non-renewable resources.
ii. Mineral resources are considered short-lived because their formation is extremely slow compared to the rate of consumption.
While they are valuable, their extraction leads to increasing costs as ores are mined from greater depths and with decreasing
quality.
iii. Two strategies for conserving mineral resources for the future are:
Recycling of metals: Reusing metals from scrap materials reduces the need for new mineral extraction.
Use of substitutes: Identifying and using alternative materials in place of minerals helps conserve resources.
19. i. Tarapur - Nuclear Power Plant
ii. Tungabhadra - Dam

SECTION-C POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)

20.
(c) i, ii and iv
Explanation:

India being a quasi-federal state is evident in the fact that it allocates more powers to the Centre than to the states, retains
residuary subjects with the Centre, and maintains control over currency and railways, which are essential aspects of
governance, showcasing a strong central authority within its federal structure.

21.
(c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
Explanation:
Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to
continue in the party. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.

22.
(b) Commerce
Explanation:
The State List in India consists of subjects on which the state governments have the authority to make laws. Commerce,
including trade and commerce within the state, is one such subject that falls under the jurisdiction of the state governments.
23.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
Democracy is a better form of government because it is legitimate, accountable, responsive, promotes equality among citizens,
enhances the dignity and freedom of the people, improves the quality of decision-making, and allows room to correct mistakes.

24. The new culture of power-sharing developed after 1990. Many regional political parties have emerged in many states of
the country.
The regional parties are playing a very vital role in forming the Union government.
The era of the coalition has changed the relationship between the centre and state governments since no single party got a
clear majority in the LokSabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several
regional parties to form a government at the Centre.
This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State Governments.
25. In our country women still lag much behind men despite some improvements since Independence. Women face disadvantage,
discrimination and oppression in various ways:
i. The literacy rate among women is only 54 percent as compared with 76 percent among men.
ii. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl student go for higher studies. Girls are performing well in school. But they drop out
because parents prefer to spend their resources for their boys' education rather than spending equally on their sons and
daughters.
iii. The proportion of women among the highly, paid and valued jobs is still very small.
iv. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from
sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men/ even when both do exactly the same work.
v. Woman face harassment, exploitation and violence on the domestic front.
26. Democracy can be redefined to make it more effective in the following ways:
i. In a democracy, views of the minority should be respected.
ii. Democracy should eliminate caste, religion and gender-based discrimination.
iii. In democracy, people enjoy extensive rights from right to vote to participate in elections.
iv. People enjoy social and economic rights.
27. Apart from the national parties, most of the major parties of the country are classified by the Election Commission of India as
‘state parties.' These are also referred to as regional parties. The following points explain the role of regional political parties in
Indian politics
i. These parties need not always be regional in their ideology. Parties like All India Trinamool Congress, Rashtriya Janata Dal,
Samajwadi Party, Samata Party, have a national level political organisation with units present in several states.
Some parties like Mizo National Front and Biju Janata Dal, are conscious about their state identity.
ii. Since 1996, there has been no national party that was able to secure on its own a majority in Indian Lok Sabha. The national
parties have been compelled to form an alliance with the state parties to come to power. Thus, this has helped in the increase
in the number and strength of the regional parties. This, in turn, has contributed to the federalism and democracy in our
country being further strengthened.
iii. This situation is applicable to state politics as well. If a party is unable to win the required number of seats in the Legislative
Assembly, a coalition among a number of regional and/or national parties is the only option.
iv. If a regional party has a stronghold in the centre, the region from which the party hails will automatically get a solid platform
and again this could be detrimental to the conditions in the other states.
v. Regional parties play a vital role in Indian politics and their influence is important in the Central Government planning
process and decisions, apart from their significance in particular region or state. In the 16th Lok Sabha election, Bharatiya
Janata Party got an absolute majority which made the end of the era of Coalition Government in centre. This emphatic victory
has re-opened the question of [alliance amongst regional parties in our country.
OR
i. Political parties frame policies and programs.
ii. Laws are framed by political parties.
iii. Parties form and run governments.
iv. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
 v. Parties act as opposition.
vi. Criticize the government for its failures or wrong policies.
vii. Parties help in shaping public opinion.
viii. They raise and highlight issues.
ix. Parties, sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
x. Access to government machinery and welfare schemes.
28. i. i. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
ii. Power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.
Any one point to be mentioned.
ii. i. They are associated with politics through participation in governmental committees.
ii. They bring influence on the decision-making process.
Any one point to be mentioned.
iii. i. Power is shared among different organs of government such as – Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
ii. Power shared among governments at different levels.
iii. Power shared among different social group.
iv. Power shared among political parties, pressure groups and movements.
Any two point to be explained.
SECTION-D ECONOMICS (20 marks)
29. (a) All final goods and services
Explanation:

GDP(Gross Domestic Product) is the total value of final goods and services produced in each sector in a period of time.
30.
(c) all of these
Explanation:
Development of a country can generally be determined by its per capita income, its average literacy level, and health status of
its people.

31.
(b) Urban area
Explanation:
The demand for services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, schools, etc. These things are mostly demanded
by big cities. Thus it is the urban area that is affected most by the development of the tertiary sector.

32.
(c) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
Explanation:
(a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)

33.
(c) Demand Deposit
Explanation:
Demand Deposit

34.
(b) Trading blocks
Explanation:
A Trade block is a type of intergovernmental agreement often part of a regional intergovernmental organisation where regional
barriers to trade are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.

35. The following measures can be taken to increase employment in rural areas:
 i. Improving irrigation facilities so that farmers harvest two or three crops in a year. Thus, more people can be employed. This
will also help in enhancing productivity.
ii. More dams should be built on rivers so that more water can be provided to small farmers to increase the number of crops
grown annually.
iii. Provide better roads and improve transportation and storage which will benefit small farmers and many people will be
employed in these sectors.
iv. Alternative employment such as honey collection centres and vegetable and fruit processing units should be set-up.
v. More cottage industries and services should be promoted in rural areas with soft loans and marketing support.
vi. By providing basic inputs. The government can increase productivity by providing modern inputs like HYV seeds, harvester
etc.
vii. By providing cheap credit-starting cooperatives or opening banks should be done. They will provide money to the farmers for
the initial production cost.
36. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises the banks in the following ways:
i. It monitors the balance kept by banks for day-to-day transactions.
ii. It checks that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small borrowers.
iii. Periodically, banks have to give details about lenders, borrowers and interest rate to RBI. It is necessary for securing public
welfare. It avoids the bank to run the business with profit motive only. It also keeps a check on an interest rate of credit
facilities provided by bank. RBI makes sure that the loans from the banks are affordable and cheap.
The supervision of RBI is necessary for the following reasons:
i. It ensures safety to the bank deposits of people.
ii. It helps in the collection of economic data all over the country.
iii. It contains corrupt practices from creeping within banks.
iv. Information forwarded by banks to RBI helps the Ministry of Finance in drafting and presentation of National Budget every
year.
37. Globalisation has helped creating new jobs in MNCs units in developing countries. Globalisation guarantees increased
employment opportunities.
More employment and more economic growth would create a better quality of life for the people.
Thus, it has helped in the improvement of living conditions of workers in these units.
38. Society needs many things as a whole which the private sector is not able to provide at a reasonable cost.
The reasons are as follows:
a. Some of them need spending large sums of money which is beyond the capacity of the private sector.
b. The private sector charges are very high whereas the government will charge reasonably.
c. Without government's encouragement and help, the private sector can't enter into such services.
Areas, where the government must spend for the welfare of the people are:
a. Providing health and education facilities by building proper schools.
b. Providing proper food to tackle the problem of malnourishment.
c. Government also needs to pay attention to the aspects of human development such as safe drinking water, housing, and taking
care of the poorest.
d. Safe drinking water must be made available to all.
e. Housing facilities must be provided to the homeless.
f. It is the duty of the Government to take care of ignored and backward regions of the country to bring balanced growth,
development in the entire country.
g. There are some activities, which the government has to support. The private sector may not continue it's production or
business unless the government encourages it. For example, selling electricity at the cost of generation may push up the costs
of production of industries. ’Many units, especially small-scale units, might have to shut down. Government here steps in by
producing and supplying electricity at rates which these industries can afford. Government has to bear part of the cost.
OR
The agricultural sector (Primary) is the largest employer in India. Nearly 51% of the population is engaged in this section in some
way or the other. It contributes to 17% of the country’s GDP. However, its share in the national GDP is very less because of the
following reasons:
a. Productivity in the primary sector is very low because of the use of outdated means of production.
b. The average size of the land holdings is very low which results in low productivity per holder.
c. Primary Sector lacks modern irrigational facilities. Dependence on monsoons adds to the problem.
d. The government has not been able to provide an effective system of financing and transportation in rural areas.
e. Less use of modern technology and know-how among the farmers to increase crop productivity.
f. Difficulty in accessing the marketing facilities.
g. Absence of alternate income-generating activities in rural areas gives rise to disguised unemployment where the efficient
labour force is not used to its optimum.
 MARKING SCHEME-20

Section A

1.
(b) (a) - (IV), (b) - (II), (c) - (III), (d) - (I)
Explanation:
(a) - (IV), (b) - (II), (c) - (III), (d) - (I)

2.
(c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Explanation:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. He demanded separate electorates for
the Dalits in the Second Round table Conference.

3. (a) I, II, III and IV

Explanation:
I, II, III and IV
Napoleon wars: 1797
Treaty of Vienna: 25 March 1815
Greek struggle for independence begins: 1821
Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires: 1905
4. (a) Royal workshop in the sixteenth century
Explanation:
This is a royal workshop in the sixteenth century, much before printing began in India. In the image the text is being dictated,
written and illustrated. The art of writing and illustrating by hand was important in the age before print. Think about what
happened to these forms of art with the coming of printing machines.
5. The steps are taken to create a sense of collective identity amongst French people by the French revolutionaries included:
i. The ideas of fatherland (la patrie) and citizen (le citoyen) were spread to bring the notion of a united community having equal
rights and protected by a constitution.
ii. A new flag was chosen of tricolour to represent the nation and the royal standard was removed.
iii. New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
iv. The Estates General became the National Assembly and its members were elected by a body of active citizens.
v. Uniform system of weights, measures were adopted and the abolition of internal customs.
vi. Promoting French as a common language of the nation.
OR
Romanticism was a movement in literature and arts, that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing subjectivity, inspiration
and the supremacy of the individual.
a. Critical approach towards science and reason: Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists,
rather they favoured emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
b. Folk culture as the spirit of the nation: Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that the
true spirit of the nation could be popularised through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. He held the view that true
German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the Das Volk.
c. Emphasis on vernacular language: They gave emphasis on vernacular language to carry the modern nationalist message to a
large audience who were mostly illiterate and to recover the national spirit.
6. Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in 18th century France described the impact of the printed word, and the power of reading in
one of his books in the following way:
a. He compares himself to a man dying of thirst and gulping down some fresh, pure water.
 b. He lighted the lamp and started reading page to page. A clock struck off the hours in the silence of the shadows and he heard
nothing
c. In spite of the oil being run out in the lamp, he kept on reading. He did not want to interrupt his pleasure of reading.
OR
Print connected communities and people in different parts of India through newspapers, by encouraging public debates on
important issues.
a. From the early nineteenth century, there were serious debates on religious, social and economic issues. Different people had
different opinions regarding the colonial society. Reformers offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different
religions. There were many who criticised the existing practices and campaigned for reforms while others countered.
b. New ideas emerged in SambadKaumodi published by Raja Rammohon Roy from 1821, which provoked debate on widow
immolation, Brahmanical priesthood, idolatary, by printing ideas in every language spoken by ordinary people. In retalitation,
Hindu orthrodoxy started Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.
c. From the 19th century, the issue of caste discrimination began to be written. Jyotiba Phule, Dr B.R. Ambedkar, E. V.
Ramaswamy wrote extensively on the depressed classes and provided the depressed classes with a common platform.
d. In north India, Ulamas fearing colonial rulers will change Muslim personal laws published Persian and Urdu translations of
holy scriptures and printed religious newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary published thousands of fatwas telling
Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday life and explaining Islamic doctrines. Hindus also published
religious texts in Vernacular languages. Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas came out in Calcutta in 1810. Naval Kishore Press at
Lucknow and Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in Vernacular languages.
e. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities. Newspapers reported on colonial
misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
7. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that created a sense of collective identity among the French
people:
i. They introduced the ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasizing the concept of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.
ii. They choose a new French flag, the tricolour, to replace the Royal Standard.
iii. Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
iv. New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.
v. A centralised system of administration was introduced, uniform laws were made for all citizens.
vi. French language was spoken and written and became a common language in Paris.
OR
Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to
make the whole system more rational and efficient.
The Civil code of 1804 also known as Napoleonic code spread to all countries including Switzerland, Italy and Germany. The
Napoleonic code did away with privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
Napoleon simplified administrative divisions thereby abolishing feudal system. He freed the peasants and other sections of
society from serfdom and manorial dues.
In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
Transport and communications network improved and peasants, artisans, workers and businessmen enjoyed freedom that
was gained due to Napoleon's uniform laws, standardized measures and weights, common currency system which
facilitated the movement and exchange of goods from one region to another.
8. i. Justice party (the party of non-Brahmans), wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to gain some
power that usually only Brahmans had access to.
ii. Merchants refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
iii. As the boycott movement spread, the people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, the production
of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
9. (A) Chennai
(B) Amritsar
Section B
10.
(c) To use bamboo drip irrigation system.
 Explanation:
To use bamboo drip irrigation system.

11.
(d) Clue i
Explanation:
Deforestation is not the way to solve the problems of land degradation.

12.
(c) 8
Explanation:
Chhattisgarh 8%

13.
(d) Statement ii is correct.
Explanation:
The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in several areas but has also
shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.

14.
(d) rice
Explanation:
Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world
after China.

15.
(d) Statement i and ii are correct.
Explanation:
In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and
technical reforms. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen
banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some
important steps in this direction.

16. i. Alluvial soil is widely spread over the northern plains by the three Himalayan river systems - The Indus, The Ganga and The
Brahmputra. Most fertile soil among all soil types.
ii. Alluvial soil is classified on the basis of age: Bhangar and Khader.
iii. It contains potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
iv. Ideal for sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and other cereal and pulse crops.
v. High fertility supports intensive cultivation and dense population.
vi. Alkaline soils in drier areas can be made productive with proper treatment and irrigation.
17. Conservation of minerals is the need of the hour:
a. Minerals are considered to be the backbone of the Indian economy.
b. Industry and agriculture sector depends on mineral deposits.
c. Total volume of workable mineral deposits is only 1% of the earth's crust.
d. Mineral resources are being consumed rapidly, and also requires millions of years to be created and concentrated.
e. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to
the present rates of consumption
f. The rich mineral deposits of our country are extremely valuable but short-lived possessions.
g. Minerals resources must be used in a planned and sustainable manner.
h. By improvising the technology so that low-grade ores can be used profitably.
OR
 Atomic energy is generated by splitting nuclear substances such as the atoms of uranium, thorium, Cheralite, Zirconium under
controlled conditions. Splitting of these atoms gives out a lot of energy which can be used for a variety of purposes such as
generating electricity. This energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India due to the following reasons:
i. India has limited reserves of coal and petroleum. Nuclear energy minerals like Thorium is found in plenty in India.
i. Hence, nuclear energy can compensate for the deficiency of fossil fuels.
iii. Nuclear power stations can be established easily and conveniently in those areas where other sources are not available.
iv. Nuclear power releases tremendous amounts of energy. India can utilize this energy for peaceful purposes such as the
generation of electricity that can be used to run machines in industries.
v. It is a non-conventional source of energy. After the initial expenses, it becomes very economical.
18. i. NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India.
ii. ISO 14001 sets out the criteria for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its
environmental performance and issues ISO certification.
iii. The pro-active approach of NTPC for preserving the natural environment are:
i. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
ii. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(any TWO points)
NTPC stands for National Thermal Power Corporation Limited.
19. i. Jamshedpur - Iron and Steel Plant
ii. Vijayawada - Thermal Power Plant

Section C
20.
(c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
Explanation:

Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to
continue in the party. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.

21.
(d) The States Plead for More Powers
Explanation:
This cartoon is about the States Pleading for More Powers.

22.
(b) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
Explanation:
 Expectations from democracy also function as the criteria for judging any democratic country. The fact that people are
complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy: it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to
expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty. A public expression of dissatisfaction with
democracy shows the success of the democratic project.

23. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi used to say that religion can never be separated from politics because according to him religion was not any
particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. He believed that politics must be guided
by ethics drawn from religion.
24. The ethnic composition of a small country, Belgium is very complex. Ethnic is a social division based on shared culture. People
belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture.
i. Of the country's total population, 59% live in the Flemish region and speak the Dutch language.
ii. Another 40% of people live in the Wallonia and speak French.
iii. Remaining 1% of the Belgians speak German.
iv. 80% of people speak French while 20% are Dutch-German speaking in the capital city Brussels.
25. i. Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and procedures.
ii. A citizen who wants to verify if a decision was made correctly can easily do so by determining the correct procedures.
iii. Citizens have the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making.
This is why transparency is meant to be the most important feature of democracy.
26. Yes, democratic government is a legitimate government because in legitimate government law and action of the government are
revealed to the people and there is transparency in functioning of government. Following features of a democratic government
make it a legitimate government.
i. There is a rule of law as laws are applicable to all the citizen whether rich or poor.
ii. In a democracy, there is political equality i.e. one person one vote one value.
iii. People have the right to challenge the policies and actions of the government. If the people are not satisfied with the working
of the government they have the right to change it.
27. Political parties have become so omnipresent in democracies all over the world because of their important role. The role played by
political parties makes them an essential component of a democracy. The rise of political parties is directly linked to the
emergence of representative democracies The key role played by the political parties in a democracy is listed below:
Political Parties contest elections. Those who win form the government and those parties that lose in the elections play the
role of opposition to the parties in power,
They offer different policies, schemes, and programs and the voters chose from them.
Political Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
Parties form and run the government. The political executives of the political party in power take big policy decisions.
Political Parties shape public opinion. They provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by governments.
For example, if there will not be any political party every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to
make any promises to the people about any major policy changes. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever
uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. But no one will be
responsible for how the country will be run.
OR
Political party: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
Characteristics of political party are as follows:
i. Contest elections.
ii. They have their own programmes, policies and ideology.
iii. Political parties play a decisive role in making laws.
iv. Political parties form and run governments.
v. Play important role of opposition.
vi. Parties shape public opinion.
28. i. The third tier of local government in India is the biggest in the world thanks to the decentralisation experiment. More than 35
lakh elected officials serve in panchayats and municipalities across the nation.
 ii. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts granted constitutional status to the third branch of government. As a result,
the local government now operates more effectively and has more authority in a number of areas.
iii. Two steps taken by the government for decentralisation are as follows:
i. Establishing the panchayats as the third level of government and giving them the authority and means to function
effectively.
ii. Allowing for the reservation of one third of the seats. to the female members of local government to increase their
involvement in political discussions and decision-making.
Section D
29.
(b) Global
Explanation:
Starting around 1991, some farreaching changes in policy were made in India. The government decided that the time had come
for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe.

30.
(b) Rajiv had to provide the bank with his personal bank statements to secure the loan.
Explanation: In the given scenario, it is mentioned that Rajiv had to provide the bank with his business plan and financial
statements in order to obtain the loan. However, there is no mention of Rajiv needing to provide his personal bank statements.
The requirement was specifically related to his business plan and financial statements, which would provide the bank with
information about his business's viability and financial stability.
31.
(d) Eating out, Tourism, Shopping
Explanation:
Eating out, Tourism, Shopping

32.
(c) Some people earn more than others do
Explanation:
Development goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life. Income
criteria take into account only the economic aspect of life and ignore the social, aspect of life. Money in your pocket cannot
buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. So, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of
material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free
environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a community that already has all
these things. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes
preventive steps.

33.
(c) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)
Explanation:
(a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)

34.
(b) Disguised unemployment
Explanation:
Laxmi and her family are facing the situation of underemployment. The situation of underemployment is referred to the
situation when people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential is called disguised
unemployment.

35. Reasons for putting trade barriers to foreign trade and investment by the Indian government after Independence are:
i. To protect local producers and goods from foreign competition.
 ii. As the Indian economy was unstable and weak after the British left India, it was important to allow the economy to develop
and flourish itself in order to cope up with the high levels of development abroad.
iii. Industries needed protection so that they could grow and develop in order to be ready to compete with developed countries
later on. It imposed restrictions on the import of certain goods.
iv. Further, industries were coming up in the 1950s and 1960s and tough competition from imports at that stage would not have
allowed these industries to develop. Therefore, the number of imports was strictly regulated by the government for only
certain essential items such as machinery, fertilizers, petroleum etc.
36. The deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors because of the reason mentioned below:
i. Safety assurance.
ii. Depositors are able to save their money and earn interest.
iii. Payment can be made easily through cheques.
Benefits of bank deposits to the nation are as follows:
i. Availability of cheap loans (with more deposits) to a large number of people.
ii. Boost the industry by providing cheap loans.
iii. The interest rate provided on deposits adds to the income of the family, thus increasing overall income of the nation.
From the above points, it can be concluded that deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to the
nation.
iv. Deposits are lent out to borrowers. The loans are used for investment. Investment increase in GDP. Higher GDP leads to
more jobs.
37. It is true that for development, people look at a mix of goals. Income is not only an important factor leading to the country's
development. The other factors like freedom, respect, peace, harmony are as important as income. We can understand this with the
following example.
i. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So in this case other than the income
from the job, dignity is an important goal.
ii. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and greater
acceptance of women working outside.
iii. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other
than income. Hence, the development goal is not only for better income but for other important things in life like an increase
in human value.
38. Industries and companies that comprises the private sector aims at maximizing their profits in any way.
They involves in high competition from the growing world that aims at establishing a secure connection and stay by
earning more profits.
It can be more related to the people working in the private sector who is bound to provide a service of more than the 9
hours a day to survive.
Industries and companies involved in this sector follow strict rules and regulations with minimal concern to workers pay
and health to survive the growing competition across the globe to earn profit.
It is also seen to have fired employees who is not reluctant and fruitful at their work thereby depicting that this sector has
got no time and utility to waste on people bringing no profit and are non-productive to the company and at work
respectively.
They works for an secure establishment above all.
OR
Employment conditions in the unorganized sector:
i. There are rule and regulations but these are not followed.
ii. Jobs are not secured.
iii. Jobs are low paid.
iv. No provisions for over time, holidays, sick leaves etc.
v. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
vi. They are largely outside the control of government.
MODEL PAPER 1 Marking Scheme
MODEL PAPER 1

SECTION A: HISTORY

1. (b) Karol Karpinski, A Scottish Music Composer. This is an incorrect pair. Karol Karpinski was a Polish
patriot and a music composer.

2. (d) Population had risen exponentially and job opportunities were less. The 1830s were a period of
great economic hardship in Europe due to a huge increase in population and widespread
unemployment.

3. (a) Italy was dominated by UK in 1801. This is an incorrect statement. Italy was dominated by the
Habsburg Empire, not the UK.

4. (c) (i), (ii) and (iv). After the fleeing of Louis Philippe in 1848, the National Assembly was proclaimed
a republic, national workshops were set up to provide employment, and the right to work was
guaranteed. Suffrage was not granted to all women.

5. Groups that traveled along the silk routes: Traders, merchants, Christian missionaries, and Buddhist
monks traveled along the silk routes to carry goods, ideas, and religions.

6. Mahatma Gandhi's support for the Khilafat Movement: Mahatma Gandhi supported the Khilafat
Movement because he saw it as an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims. He felt that the British
could not be opposed without bringing the two major communities together on one platform.

7. a. Main proposals of the Non-Cooperation Movement:

o Surrender of titles: The surrender of government titles and honorary posts.

o Boycott of civil services: A boycott of the civil services, army, police, courts, and legislative
councils.

o Boycott of schools and colleges: A boycott of foreign goods and government-controlled

schools and colleges.

o Swadeshi: The promotion of Swadeshi goods and the revival of national institutions.

o Alternative Answer (Visual Symbols): Visual symbols and representations played a

significant role in shaping nationalist sentiments.

o Bharat Mata: The image of Bharat Mata, painted by Abanindranath Tagore, symbolized the
nation and instilled a sense of devotion and reverence for the motherland.

o Flags: The spinning wheel in the Swaraj flag represented self-help and self-reliance and was
a symbol of defiance against the British.

o Reinterpretation of history: The reinterpretation of Indian history as a glorious past created

a sense of pride and a desire to reclaim the nation's lost glory.

8. Case-Based Questions:
 o (i) Who was Gutenberg? Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and inventor.

o (ii) What were some of the professional skills acquired by Gutenberg? He learned the art of
polishing stones, was a master goldsmith, and had expertise in creating lead moulds.

o (iii) What contribution was made by Gutenberg in the field of the press? He perfected the
printing press technology, which revolutionized the production of books and led to the print
revolution.

9. Map-Based Questions:

o A. A place where the Civil Disobedience Movement started is Dandi, Gujarat.

o B. A place where Gandhiji went to organize a Satyagraha Movement among cotton mill
workers is Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHY

10. (a) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.

o Sugarcane: Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh

o Rice: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

o Millets: Karnataka and Tamil Nadu

o Maize: Bihar and Punjab

11. (b) Farmers use simple and basic tools and irrigation methods. Subsistence farming is a type of
farming where the farmer produces food for himself and his family. It is characterized by simple
tools, a small land area, and dependence on monsoon rainfall.

12. (c) Rabi crops. These crops are sown in winter (October-December) and harvested in summer (April-
June), and their examples include wheat and barley.

13. (b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Constitutional provisions are
necessary for the success of federalism, but the spirit of federalism is equally important for a
country like India.

14. Textile industry is an example of a mineral-based industry as it uses minerals like iron ore to make
machinery.

15. Basic inputs of iron and steel industry: The basic inputs of the iron and steel industry are iron ore,
coking coal, and limestone.

16. a. Significance of the Textile Industry: The textile industry is significant because it is the second-
largest employer after agriculture. It contributes to industrial production and foreign exchange
earnings. The cotton textile industry is the largest in the country, and its concentration in certain
areas is due to the availability of raw materials, a humid climate, and port facilities.

o Alternative Answer (Sustainable Development): The challenge of sustainable development

requires control over industrial pollution. The measures taken to control industrial pollution
are:
  Minimizing water use: Reusing and recycling water.

 Treating hot water: Treating hot water before releasing it into rivers.

 Air pollution control: Using electrostatic precipitators to control air pollution.

 Waste management: Treating industrial waste before disposal.

17. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. What is soil erosion? Soil erosion is the denudation of the soil cover and the subsequent
washing down of the soil.

o 2. What is sheet erosion? It is a type of soil erosion where water flows as a sheet over large
areas down a slope, washing away the topsoil.

o 3. What is the cause of soil erosion? It is caused by both natural forces like wind and water
and human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and defective farming methods.

18. Map-Based Questions:

o (A) The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in September 1920 is
Calcutta (now Kolkata).

o (B) A place associated with the Jallianwala Bagh incident is Amritsar, Punjab.

SECTION C: POLITICAL SCIENCE

19. (a) All of the above.

20. (b) Both B and C. A multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties
compete for power, and a coalition government is formed when two or more parties join together
to form a government. A single-party system has one dominant political party.

21. (d) Political equality. Universal Adult Franchise refers to political equality as it gives all citizens the
right to vote regardless of their caste, religion, or gender.

22. (b) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. The system of checks and balances
ensures that no one organ of government can exercise unlimited power, which is a key feature of
horizontal power sharing.

23. (a) An alliance is a formal agreement between political parties, whereas a coalition is a government
formed by two or more political parties.

24. Decentralization of power: It is the transfer of power and authority from the central government to
local levels. The two administrative units of local governments in India are Panchayats in rural areas
and Municipalities in urban areas.

25. Social divisions:

o Based on religion: Sectarian divisions between Hindus and Muslims, or Protestants and
Catholics, can be seen in many parts of the world.
 o Based on language: Differences in language have also led to social divisions, as seen in Sri
Lanka and Belgium.

o Based on caste: The caste system in India is a unique form of social division that has been a
major source of inequality and conflict.

26. Democracy produces an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government:

o Accountable: The government is accountable to the people and has to answer for its
decisions and actions.

o Responsive: A democratic government is responsive to the needs and expectations of the

citizens. It has to make laws and policies that reflect public opinion.

o Legitimate: A democratic government is legitimate because it is elected by the people

through free and fair elections.

27. Federalism vs. Unitary System:

o Federalism: Power is shared between two or more levels of government. The central
government cannot order the state governments.

o Unitary System: There is only one level of government, and the sub-units are subordinate to
the central government. The central government can pass orders to the local governments.

28. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. What is the most common form of government in today's world? The most common
form of government is a democracy.

o 2. Why do people believe that democracy is the best form of government? It promotes
equality among citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual, improves the quality of
decision-making, provides a method to resolve conflicts, and allows for room to correct
mistakes.

o 3. Name two countries in the world which have a democratic government. The United
States of America and India.

SECTION D: ECONOMICS

29. (a) An unorganized sector. The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units that
are largely outside the control of the government. Jobs in this sector are low-paying and irregular,
and there is no provision for paid leave or social security.

30. (a) (ii), (i), (iii), (iv). The correct chronological order is: Shyam applies for a credit, interest rate is
discussed, collateral is agreed upon, and then the terms of credit are signed.

31. a. Roles of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI):

o It issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.

o It supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.

o It acts as a banker to the government.

 o Or: b. What are demand deposits? Demand deposits are a type of deposit in a bank that can
be withdrawn on demand by the account holder. They are a medium of exchange and can be
used to make payments through cheques.

32. Major sources of credit for rural households:

o Moneylenders: 33%

o Commercial Banks: 25%

o Cooperative Societies/Banks: 25%

o Moneylenders are the most dominant source: They are the most dominant source of credit
for rural households because they are easily accessible and do not require collateral.

33. Informal sources of credit:

o High interest rates: They charge very high interest rates.

o Unfair means: They use unfair means to collect the debt.

o Debt trap: They can push the borrower into a debt trap.

34. Why is it necessary to increase the number of bank branches in rural areas? It is necessary to
increase the number of bank branches in rural areas to reduce the dependence on informal sources
of credit. Banks provide loans at a much lower interest rate, which can help farmers and small
workers to get out of a debt trap and start new businesses.

35. The role of money in an economy:

o Medium of exchange: It acts as a medium of exchange, which eliminates the need for a
double coincidence of wants.

o Store of value: It can be used to store wealth for future use.

o Unit of account: It is used to measure the value of goods and services.

36. Difference between formal and informal sources of credit:

o Formal sources: Banks and cooperative societies. They are supervised by the RBI, charge a
low interest rate, and require collateral.

o Informal sources: Moneylenders, traders, and relatives. They are not supervised by any
organization, charge a high interest rate, and do not require collateral.

37. Case-Based Questions:

o 1. What is the main objective of the bank? The main objective of a bank is to provide loans
and earn interest on them.

o 2. Why are the terms of credit different for different people? The terms of credit are
different for different people based on their creditworthiness, income, and the type of loan
they are applying for.

38. Unorganised sector:

o Characteristics: It is characterized by small and scattered units that are largely outside the
control of the government. Jobs in this sector are low-paying and irregular, and there is no
provision for paid leave or social security.

o Why it needs protection: It needs protection because a large number of poor and
vulnerable people are employed in it. They are often exploited and do not have any job
security or benefits.