ACKNOWLEDGE...................................................................................................

2
UNIT 10.....................................................................................................................3
1. REVIEW OF THEORY.....................................................................................................3
2. EXPERIMENTS.................................................................................................................3
3. ANSWERS THE QUESTIONS.........................................................................................7
 ACKNOWLEDGE
With sincere gratitude, we acknowledge the invaluable guidance of Dr. Nguyen Minh
Kha, whose patient mentoring, incisive questions, and rigorous standards shaped this project from
design to data analysis and interpretation. His timely feedback kept us focused and raised the
quality of our work.
We are also grateful to the lectures, laboratory instructors, and technicians of the In-
organic Chemistry Laboratory for safe access to facilities, reagents, and instrumentation, and for
their practical advice during experiments.
We appreciate our classmates in Group CC05 for constructive discussions and peer
review. This report remains our responsibility; any errors are entirely our own.
 UNIT 10
GROUP VI B (CHROMIUM)
1. REVIEW OF THEORY
Review the properties of the single substances and compounds of Cr3+ and Cr6+.
2. EXPERIMENTS
Experiment Description Phenomena Explanation
1. Preparation and Mix and grind The product is Cr2O3. Grind the mixture to
properties of carefully 2.5g increase the conduct
chromium (III) oxide K2Cr2O7 and 1g The mass of Cr2O3: area and speed up the
saccharose. Add the m = 1,17 (g) reaction. Ethanol is a
mixture into a solvent dissolving
stainless bowl. saccharose and
vaporizing water
Add 3 ml ethanol and faster.
burn the mixture until
the ethanol runs out. C12H22O11 → 12C +
11H2O
After that, heat it at
6000C in 1 hour. K2Cr2O7 + 2C →
Cr2O3 + K2CO3 + CO
Then, cool down and
add some water to The mass of Cr2O3
solute the excess from K2Cr2O7:
K2Cr2O7. Filter, dry it
and weight. m Cr2O3 =
2 ,5
x
M (K 2 Cr 2 O 7)
152

1 , 17
H= x
m(Cr 2 O3)
100

= 90,52 (%)

3. Properties of Cr3+ Add 1ml Cr3+ solution Both tubes have Because the
compound separately into 2 green precipitate precipitate of
tubes, then slowly when adding NaOH. Cr(OH)3 gradually
add the dilute forms through the
solution of NaOH. reaction between Cr3+
and OH-.

Cr3+ + 3OH- →
 Cr(OH)3
- Tube 1: Add the
dilute solution of When adding HCl, The precipitate reacts
HCl. the precipitate with H+ in acid
dissolves to form a solution, slowly
green solution. dissolves and create
Cr3+ which results in
a green solution.

Cr(OH)3 + 3H+
3+ Cr
+ H2O
- Tube 2: Add NaOH
until excess. When adding The precipitate reacts
NaOH, the precipitate with OH- in base
dissolves to form a solution and create
pale green solution. the substance
Na3[Cr(OH)6] which
results in a pale green
solution.

Cr(OH)3
+ 3NaOH Na
3[Cr(OH)6]

*Conclusion:
Cr(OH)3 is
amphoteric.

4. Oxidizing Place into a test tube The initial solution Cr2O72- + 3NO2- + 8H+
properties of Cr+6 3 drops of 0.5N is orange. 3+
+ 3NO3- +
compounds K2Cr2O7 solution and 4H2O
add 5 drops of 2N
H2SO4 solution. After adding H2SO4,
the solution changed Cr3+ + 6H2
O [Cr(H
3+
Slowly add a 0.5N from orange to 2O)6]
NaNO2 solution to the yellow.
test tube.
Then add NaNO2, the
solution becomes 3HNO2 HNO 3 +
dark green, air 2NO + H2O
bubbles appear.

*Conclusion:
Dichromate is a
strong oxidant in
acidic medium.
5. Equilibrium a) Conversion of Because ion CrO42- in
between chromate chromate into K2CrO4 is the element
and dichromate ions dichromate ions that creates the
Add 2N H2SO4 yellow color of the
solution drop by drop solution. Then, reacts
to a test tube K2CrO4 has yellow with H+ in acid
containing 3-4 drops color, when adding solution and become
of potassium 2N H2SO4 solution, Cr2O72-, which results
chromate K2CrO4. the mixture turns in the orange
orange. solution.

2CrO42- + 2H+
Cr2-
2O7 + H2O

*Conclusion
Chromate CrO42- is
stable in basic
medium. In acidic
medium, chromate
(yellow) will convert
into dichromate
(orange).

b) Conversion of Because ion Cr2O72-

dichromate into in K2Cr2O7 is the
chromate ions element that creates
Add 3-5 drops of K2Cr2O7 has the orange color of
potassium dichromate orange color, when the solution. Then,
K2Cr2O7 solution in adding 2N NaOH reacts with OH- in
the test tube, then add solution, the mixture base solution and
2N NaOH solution turns yellow. become CrO42-, which
dropwise until results in the yellow
changed color. solution.

Cr2O72- + 2OH-
2-2CrO
4 + H2O

*Conclusion
Cr2O72- is stable in
acidic medium. In
basic medium, Cr2O72-
(orange) will convert
into CrO42-(yellow).

6. Slightly soluble Take 5 test tubes,

chromate salt place 3 drops of 0.5N
K2CrO4 solution.
After this, add
individual to each test
tube one of the
following:

- Test tube 1: 2 drops

Occurs yellow-white precipitate.
of 0.5N BaCl2
solution When adding Ba2+ + CrO42-
CH3COOH, BaCrO4
precipitate does not
dissolve.

- Test tube 2: 2 drops

Occurs light yellow precipitate.
of 0.5N SrCl2 Sr2+ + CrO42-
solution When adding SrCrO4
CH3COOH,
precipitate dissolves 2CrO42- + 2H+
Cr2-
and creates an orange 2O7 + H2O
solution.

- Test tube 3: 2 drops

No precipitate. No phenomenon.
of 0.5N CaCl2
solution

- Test tube 4: 2 drops → Occurs bright Pb2+ + CrO42-

Pb
of 0.5N Pb(NO3)2 yellow CrO4
solution

- Test tube 5: 2 drops → Occurs brown- 2Ag+ + CrO42-

of 0.5N AgNO3 yellow precipitate. Ag2CrO4
solution When adding
CH3COOH,
precipitate does not
dissolve.
Observe the color of *Conclusion
precipitate. Then add Chromate CrO42- is
1 mL of 2N stable in basic
CH3COOH solution. medium. In acidic
Observe the medium, chromate
precipitates dissolve. (yellow) will convert
into dichromate
(orange).
3. ANSWERS THE QUESTIONS

Please explain why chromium possess a stable +3 oxidation state when its electron
configuration is neither filled not half-filled?
The eg orbitals have higher energies than the initial d orbitals, but the t2g orbitals have
lower energies as a result of the split. As a result, the d5 configuration would have more net
energy than a d3 configuration. All of this, however, presupposes that the d orbitals have split
for some reason, which actually occurs for isolated atoms according to crystal field theory. d 3
is typically more stable than d5 when the medium is water.