JAVA PROGRAMMING NOTES (2025 Edition)
Introduction to Java
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems (now
owned by Oracle) in 1995. Key Features: - Platform Independent (Write Once, Run Anywhere) -
Object-Oriented - Secure and Robust - Simple and Familiar Syntax - Multithreaded and Portable -
Automatic Memory Management (Garbage Collection) Java Editions: - JSE – Java Standard Edition
- JEE – Java Enterprise Edition - JME – Java Micro Edition
Basic Structure of a Java Program
class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, World!"); } }
Explanation: - class: Defines a class - public static void main(String[] args): Entry point of every
Java program - System.out.println(): Displays text on the screen
Java Syntax Rules
- Java is case-sensitive. - Every statement ends with a semicolon (;). - Curly braces { } define
blocks of code. - Class names start with capital letters (e.g., Student). - Method names start with
lowercase (e.g., getName()).
Data Types in Java
Primitive Types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean Non-Primitive Types: Strings,
Arrays, Classes, Interfaces
Variables and Operators
Variable Declaration: int age = 25; double salary = 45000.50; Operators: - Arithmetic: + - * / % -
Relational: == != > < >= <= - Logical: && || ! - Assignment: = += -= *= /=
Control Structures
IF-ELSE Example: if (age >= 18) { System.out.println("Adult"); } else { System.out.println("Minor"); }
FOR Loop Example: for(int i=1; i<=5; i++) { System.out.println(i); }
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Core Concepts: 1. Class – Blueprint for objects 2. Object – Instance of a class 3. Encapsulation –
Hiding data using getters/setters 4. Inheritance – Acquiring properties from another class (extends)
5. Polymorphism – One interface, many implementations 6. Abstraction – Hiding complex details
from the user
Arrays in Java
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40}; for(int n : numbers) { System.out.println(n); }
Exception Handling
try { int a = 10 / 0; } catch (ArithmeticException e) { System.out.println("Error: Division by zero!"); }
finally { System.out.println("Program ended."); }
Input and Output
import java.util.Scanner; Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter name: ");
String name = sc.nextLine(); System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
File Handling
import java.io.FileWriter; import java.io.FileReader; FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("data.txt");
writer.write("Hello Java!"); writer.close(); FileReader reader = new FileReader("data.txt"); int ch;
while((ch = reader.read()) != -1) System.out.print((char)ch); reader.close();
Advanced Concepts
- Packages – Group related classes (package student;) - Interfaces – Define methods without
implementation - Threads – Used for multitasking - JDBC – Java Database Connectivity - Applets &
GUI – Building graphical interfaces
