SNSW Mid Questions
1. Architecture of WWW
2. Thinking & Intelligence Web Applications
3. AI & MI
4. Inference Engine
5. Ontology in Semantic Web
6. RDF in Semantic Web
1. WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is : all the
resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). In
simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers
on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia
resources.
2. Thinking & Intelligence in Web Applications
1. Thinking in Web Applications:
Refers to the ability of web systems to simulate human-like decision making.
Web applications use logic, reasoning, and rule-based systems to solve problems.
Example:
Online shopping website suggesting "Frequently Bought Together" products.
Chatbots that respond based on predefined rules.
2. Intelligence in Web Applications:
Intelligence means adding Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) features to make
applications smarter, adaptive, and user-friendly.
They learn from user data and provide personalized results.
Key Areas of Intelligence in Web Apps:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) – Chatbots, voice assistants.
Recommendation Systems – Amazon, Netflix suggesting products/movies.
Search Engines – Google uses intelligent ranking & semantic search.
Data Mining & Analytics – Applications predicting user behavior.
Personal Assistants – Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant integrated into web.
3. Examples of Intelligent Web Applications:
Google Search – Uses semantic search and AI ranking.
Facebook / Instagram – Personalized feeds using AI & ML.
Netflix / Amazon Prime – Movie recommendations.
E-commerce sites (Amazon, Flipkart) – Smart suggestions & chatbots.
Healthcare portals – AI-based symptom checkers.
3.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications
1. Virtual Assistants – Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant (voice-based help).
2. Healthcare Diagnosis – AI in detecting diseases like cancer, diabetes.
3. Autonomous Vehicles – Self-driving cars (Tesla, Waymo).
4. Robotics – Industrial robots, humanoid robots.
5. Fraud Detection – AI systems in banks detecting suspicious transactions.
Machine Learning (ML) Applications
1. Recommendation Systems – Netflix, Amazon, YouTube suggestions.
2. Spam Filtering – Gmail automatically detecting spam emails.
3. Image & Speech Recognition – Face unlock in phones, Google Photos, voice typing.
4. Predictive Analytics – Stock market predictions, weather forecasting.
5. Customer Segmentation – E-commerce sites grouping users based on buying patterns.
4.
Applications of Inference Engine
1. Medical Diagnosis – Used in expert systems like MYCIN to identify diseases and suggest
treatments.
2. Business Decision Support – Helps managers analyze data and make strategic decisions.
3. Natural Language Processing – Used in chatbots and language translation.
4. Fraud Detection – Identifies unusual patterns in banking/financial systems.
5. Semantic Web – For reasoning with ontologies (RDF, OWL) to infer hidden relationships.
Usage of Inference Engine
1. Forward Chaining (Data-Driven Reasoning)
o Starts with known facts → applies rules → derives conclusions.
o Example: Weather system predicting rain based on humidity + temperature.
2. Backward Chaining (Goal-Driven Reasoning)
o Starts with a goal → works backward to check if known facts support it.
o Example: Medical diagnosis system confirming a disease hypothesis.
3. Rule Execution – Executes “IF-THEN” rules stored in the knowledge base.
4. Decision-Making – Suggests best possible actions in expert systems.
5. Problem Solving – Used in AI applications like games, planning, and scheduling.
5.
Definition
• An Ontology is a formal representation of knowledge in terms of concepts, relationships,
and rules.
• In the Semantic Web, ontology defines the meaning of data and how different data
elements are related.
• It enables machines to understand, share, and reuse information across applications.
2. Components of Ontology
1. Classes (Concepts) – Main objects/domains (e.g., Person, Student, Course).
2. Instances – Specific examples of classes (e.g., Sushma is a Student).
3. Properties (Relations) – Describe how classes are linked (e.g., Student → enrollsIn →
Course).
4. Axioms/Rules – Logical statements that define constraints and facts.
3. Role in Semantic Web
• Provides a shared vocabulary so different systems can understand the same meaning of
data.
• Enables semantic search instead of keyword-based search.
• Supports reasoning → inferring new knowledge from existing facts using inference engines.
4. Applications of Ontology in Semantic Web
1. Search Engines – Google Knowledge Graph uses ontology for better search results.
2. E-commerce – Amazon uses ontology to relate products & suggest recommendations.
3. Healthcare – Ontologies (like SNOMED CT) help standardize medical terms.
4. Knowledge Management – Organizing academic or corporate knowledge bases.
5. Personal Assistants – Siri, Alexa use ontology to understand user queries.
6.
. Definition
• RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a standard model for representing information
about resources on the web.
• It provides a way to describe data in the form of subject–predicate–object triples, making
data machine-readable.
2. Structure
• Triple Structure:
o Subject → The resource (e.g., Student1)
o Predicate → The property/relation (e.g., enrolledIn)
o Object → The value or another resource (e.g., Course1)
Example:
Student1 — enrolledIn → Course1
3. Role in Semantic Web
• Provides a common framework to describe relationships between data.
• Allows data to be shared and reused across different applications.
• Forms the foundation of Semantic Web technologies along with OWL & SPARQL.
4. Applications of RDF
1. Data Integration – Combining data from multiple sources (e.g., healthcare, finance).
2. Search Engines – Helps in semantic search instead of keyword search.
3. Knowledge Graphs – Google Knowledge Graph uses RDF to link facts.
4. E-commerce – RDF links products, reviews, and categories.
5. Social Networks – Describes relationships between people, posts, and activities.
5. Benefits
• Machine-readable data with clear meaning.
• Interoperability – works across platforms.
• Supports reasoning with inference engines.
• Example: Delhi is capital of India The triple generated from this
sentence is:
• <Delhi> <capital of> <India>.
• , where Delhi is the subject, capital of is the predicate and India is
the object. The triples can also be represented in the form of URIs
(Uniform Resource Identifier). Example of URI triple:
• <https://www.abc.org/subject/Delhi>
• <https://www.abc.org/predicate/capitalOf>
• <https://www.abc.org/object/India>.
