SIMET COLLEGE OF NURSING MUTTATHARA

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

DHISHA
UNIT WISE QUESTION BANK FOR BSC NURSING STUDENTS FROM LAST 10
PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS

A SMALL INITIATIVE FROM

SAHYAA STUDENTS UNION

1
 DHISHA

An Initiative from SAHYAA Students Union

1. This is a comprehensive question bank prepared exclusively for BSc Nursing students
under the KUHS syllabus.

2. It is part of the DHISHA initiative by the SAHYAA Students Union, aimed at supporting
and guiding nursing students in their academic journey.

3. The content is compiled after thoroughly analyzing the last 10 sets of KUHS university
question papers available on the official KUHS website.

4. All questions included are strictly based on those previously asked in KUHS exams; no
questions have been arbitrarily added or modified beyond the source.

5. This question bank is fully prepared by human contributors. Despite best efforts, minor
mistakes or omissions may occur.

6. Some chapters may be partially represented or missing entirely. This is because either
those chapters contain very limited content in the syllabus or the previous 10 sets of
university question papers did not include any questions from them.

7. This material is meant to serve as a supportive learning aid, not as a substitute for
official study materials or syllabus documents.

8. If any concerns, corrections, or suggestions arise, readers are encouraged to

communicate them so that future versions can be improved.

2
 INDEX
1.​ ANATOMY……………………………………….……….….. 3-7
2.​ PHYSIOLOGY…………………………………………….…..7-14
3.​ SOCIOLOGY…………………………………………….……14-21
4.​ PSYCHOLOGY………………………………………….…….21-28
5.​ FOUNDATION OF NURSING 1. ………………………….…28-36
6.​ BIOCHEMISTRY ……………………………….……….……37-42
7.​ NUTRITION ………………………………………..…….…..42-50
8.​ FOUNDATION OF NURSING 2.………………………….… 50-61
9.​ MICROBIOLOGY ……………………………………….……61-64
10.​INFECTION CONTROL ……………………………..….……64-65
11.​PHARMACOLOGY 1 ………………………………..….……65-68
12.​ADULT HEALTH NURSING 1…………………….…………68-77
13.​PHARMACOLOGY 2.………………………………….…..…77-82
14.​ADULT HEALTH NURSING 2.……………………….………82-86
15.​PATHOLOGY ………………………………………..………..87-90
16.​GENETICS ……………………………………………….…….90-92
17.​COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1. ………………………92-100
18.​CHILD HEALTH NURSING 1 ………………………………101-105
19.​MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 1 ………………………….…105-108
20.​NURSING EDUCATION ……………………………………..108-112
21.​CHILD HEALTH NURSING 2 ………………………….……112-115
22.​MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 2 ……………………….……115-116
23.​NURSING MANAGEMENT …………………………………117-121
24.​OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1 ……………………121-126
25.​OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 2 ……………………126-130
26.​COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 2 ………………………130-136
27.​NURSING RESEARCH ……………………………………….136-140

3
 ANATOMY
Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomical Terms and Organization of the Human Body
Answer briefly
❖​ Classify epithelium with suitable examples. (January 2024 Supp)

Unit 2: The Respiratory System

Essay
❖​ Name the parts of respiratory system. Describe the lungs in detail. Add a note on
bronchopulmonary segments. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Mention the parts of Respiratory system. Describe Lungs in detail. (August 2022 )

Short essays
❖​ Explain lung under the following headings: - Parts including surfaces and borders, Hilum,
Bronchopulmonary segments and Applications in Nursing. (October 2019 Reg/Supp)

Answer briefly
❖​ Bronchopulmonary segments. (February 2022 Supp)
❖​ What are the muscles involved in respiration. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

Unit 3: The Digestive System

Essay
❖​ Draw and label parts of the gastrointestinal system. Add a note on the applied anatomy of
appendix. (May (November) 2020 Supp)
❖​ Explain the parts of gastrointestinal system with the help of neat labelled diagram. Add a
note on oesophagus. (October 2019 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Name the parts of digestive system. Describe stomach under the following headings: -
Location, Parts, Blood Supply and Applications in Nursing. (October 2024 Supp)

Short essays
❖​ Explain the parts of gastrointestinal system. Add a note on stomach. (February 2022
Supp)
❖​ Draw and label the parts of the alimentary tract. Describe the applied anatomy of oral
part. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

Short notes
❖​ Name the parts of digestive system. Describe the liver in detail. (November 2022 Supp)

Answer briefly
❖​ Gall bladder. (October 2024 Supp)
❖​ Tongue. (October 2024 Supp)

4
Differentiate between
❖​ Small and Large intestine. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Small intestine and Large intestine. (August 2022 Reg)
❖​ Duodenum and Ileum. (June 2023 Reg/Supp)

Unit 4: The Circulatory and Lymphatic System

Short essays
❖​ Describe the parts and blood supply of brain. (October 2024 Supp)

Short notes
❖​ Lymphatic drainage. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​
Answer briefly
❖​ Blood supply of heart. (February 2022 Supp)
❖​ Blood supply of heart. (November 2022 Supp)
❖​ Median cubital vein. (November 2022 Supp)
❖​ Lymphatic drainage. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Veins used for intravenous injections. (January 2024 Supp)
❖​ Chambers of heart. (January 2024 Supp)
❖​ Ventricles of brain. (October 2024 Supp)
❖​ Cardiac muscle. (October 2024 Supp)

Differentiate between
❖​ Arterial and venous system. (February 2022 Supp)
❖​ Microscopic structure of lymph node and Spleen. (June 2023 Reg/Supp)

Unit 5: The Endocrine System

Short essays
❖​ Mention the endocrine glands. Explain the pituitary gland in detail. (February 2022 Supp)
❖​ Name the endocrine glands. Describe the Thyroid gland in detail. (November 2022 Supp)

Short notes
❖​ Pituitary gland. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Salivary glands. (November 2022 Supp)
❖​ Thyroid gland. (October 2024 Supp)
❖​ Thyroid gland. (August 2022 Reg)
Answer briefly
❖​ List the salivary glands. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

Differentiate between
❖​ List the parts of the pituitary gland. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

5
Unit 6: The Sensory Organs
Short notes
❖​ Layers of eyeball. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Structure of eyeball. (February 2022 Supp)
❖​ Structure of skin. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Structure of eyeball. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Pharynx. (October 2024 Supp)
❖​ Nasal cavity. (June 2023 Reg/Supp)

Answer briefly
❖​ Layers and muscles of eye ball. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Layers and muscles of eye ball. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

Unit 7: The Musculoskeletal System

Essay
❖​ Describe the classification of bones based on shape. Describe each type with examples.
List the parts of a vertebra. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

Short essays
❖​ Mention the classification of bones and describe the different types. Draw and label
structure of a synovial joint. (May (November) 2020 Supp)

Short notes
❖​ Gluteus maximus. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Gluteal muscles and its applications in nursing. (January 2024 Supp)
❖​ Skeletal muscle. (February 2022 Supp)
❖​ Gluteal muscles. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Gluteal muscles. (November 2022 Supp)
❖​ Skeletal muscle. (November 2022 Supp)
❖​ Gluteal muscles. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Synovial joints. (June 2023 Reg/Supp)

Answer briefly
❖​ Applied aspect of deltoid muscle. (May (November) 2020 Supp)
❖​ Structure of synovial joint. (May (November) 2020 Supp)
❖​ Types and structure of muscles. (May (November) 2020 Supp)
❖​ Muscles of Mastication. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Hyaline cartilage. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Skeletal muscle. (October 2019 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Classification of joints. (October 2019 Reg/Supp)

Differentiate between
❖​ Bone and cartilage. (January 2024 Supp,November 2022 Supp)
❖​ Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle. (October 2024 Supp)

6
Unit 8: The Renal System
Essay
❖​ Mention the parts of urinary system. Describe kidney in detail. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Enumerate the parts of excretory system. Add a note on kidney. (February 2022 Supp)
❖​ Mention the parts of urinary system. Describe kidney in detail. (June 2023 Reg/Supp)

Short essays
❖​ Draw and label parts of a nephron with diagram. (May (November) 2020 Supp)
❖​ Draw and label the parts of a nephron. Describe its applied anatomy. (August 2021
Reg/Supp)

Short notes
❖​ Structure of urinary bladder. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Kidney. (November 2022 Supp 2024 Supp)
❖​ Kidney. (August 2022 Reg)

Answer briefly
❖​ Structure of ureter. (May (November) 2020 Supp)
❖​ Structure of the ureter. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

Unit 9: The Reproductive System

Essay
❖​ Name the parts of female reproductive system. Describe the Uterus under the following
headings: Definition, parts, measurements, position, supports, blood supply and nerve
supply. (May 2023 Supp)

Short essays
❖​ Draw and label parts of the female reproductive system. Describe the uterus in detail.
(May (November) 2020 Supp)
❖​ Name the male reproductive organs. Describe the testis in detail. (November 2022 Supp)

Short notes
❖​ Testis. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)

Answer briefly
❖​ List the organs of the male reproductive system. (August 2021 Reg/Supp)

Differentiate between
❖​ Testis and Ovary. (October 2024 ,June 2023,August 2022)

Unit 10: The Nervous System

Short essays
❖​ Explain the structure of neuron. Add a note on neuroglia. (October 2019 Reg/Supp)

7
Short notes
❖​ Functional areas of cerebrum. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Structure of spinal cord. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Paranasal air sinuses. (May 2022 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Cerebellum. (June 2023 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Paranasal air sinuses. (October 2024 Supp)
❖​ Spinal cord. (November 2022 Supp)

Answer briefly
❖​ Parts of brain. (February 2022 Supp)

Differentiate between
❖​ Sympathetic and Parasympathetic system. (May 2023 Supp)
❖​ Cranial nerves and Peripheral nerves. (January 2024 Supp)
❖​ Cranial nerve and spinal nerve. (October 2019 Reg/Supp)
❖​ Inversion and eversion movements. (October 2024 Supp)

PHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1.General Physiology
Essay
❖​ Discuss the various mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane. Elaborate on the
importance of these mechanisms for maintaining cellular homeostasis. (2022)
❖​ Describe the major body fluid compartments and explain the distribution of total body
fluid. How is homeostasis maintained with respect to major electrolytes in these
compartments? (2021)
❖​ Explain the phases of the cell cycle and their significance in cell proliferation and repair.
(2023)
❖​ Analyze the process of tissue formation and repair, highlighting the cellular and
molecular events involved. (2020)
❖​ Discuss the functions of different types of membranes and glands in the human body,
providing examples of each. (2019)

Short Note
❖​ Basic concepts of cell physiology (2021)
❖​ Intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments (2023)
❖​ Major electrolytes in body fluids (2022)
❖​ Homeostasis (2020)
❖​ Cell cycle phases (2019)
❖​ Tissue repair mechanisms (2022)
❖​ Functions of serous membranes (2021)
❖​ Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands (2023)
❖​ Application of general physiology in nursing (2020)

8
Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between active and passive transport across the cell membrane. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular fluid. (2020)
❖​ Contrast osmosis and diffusion. (2021)

Unit 2.Respiratory System

Essay
❖​ Describe the process of pulmonary ventilation, detailing the mechanics of inspiration and
expiration. (2023)
❖​ Explain the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues, highlighting the partial pressure
gradients and factors influencing gas diffusion. (2021)
❖​ Discuss the neural and chemical regulation of respiration. How do various factors
influence respiratory rate and depth? (2022)
❖​ Analyze the physiological changes that occur in the respiratory system during exercise.
(2020)

Short Note
❖​ Functions of respiratory organs (2021)
❖​ Physiology of respiration (overview) (2023)
❖​ Functional features of pulmonary circulation (2020)
❖​ Carriage of oxygen in blood (2022)
❖​ Carriage of carbon-dioxide in blood (2019)
❖​ Hypoxia (2021)
❖​ Cyanosis (2023)
❖​ Dyspnea (2022)
❖​ Periodic breathing (2020)
❖​ Respiratory changes during exercise (2019)
❖​ Application of respiratory physiology in nursing (2023)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between external and internal respiration. (2021)
❖​ Distinguish between tidal volume and vital capacity. (2023)
❖​ Contrast obstructive and restrictive lung diseases from a physiological perspective.
(2020)

Unit 3.Digestive System

Essay
❖​ Describe the composition, functions, and regulation of gastric juice secretion. (2022)
❖​ Explain the processes of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in
the small intestine. (2021)
❖​ Discuss the various movements of the alimentary tract and their roles in digestion and
propulsion of food. (2023)

9
 ❖​ Analyze the functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in the digestive process.
(2020)
Short Note
❖​ Functions of digestive tract organs (2021)
❖​ Composition and functions of saliva (2023)
❖​ Regulation of saliva secretion (2022)
❖​ Mechanism of gastric secretion (2020)
❖​ Composition and function of pancreatic juice (2019)
❖​ Regulation of pancreatic secretion (2022)
❖​ Composition and function of bile (2021)
❖​ Secretion and function of small intestine (2023)
❖​ Secretion and function of large intestine (2020)
❖​ Digestion in mouth (2019)
❖​ Absorption of food in small intestine (2022)
❖​ Application of digestive physiology in nursing (2021)
❖​ Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between gastrin and secretin in their roles in digestion. (2020)
❖​ Contrast peristalsis and segmentation movements in the gut. (2021)
❖​ Application and Implication in Nursing
❖​ How does understanding the physiology of gastric secretion assist a nurse in managing a
patient with peptic ulcer disease? (2023)
❖​ Discuss the nursing implications of altered liver function in relation to digestion and
absorption. (2019)

Unit 4. Circulatory and Lymphatic System

Essay
❖​ Describe the cardiac cycle in detail, explaining the events of systole and diastole. How
are stroke volume and cardiac output determined? (2023)
❖​ Explain the principles of circulation and the factors influencing blood pressure and pulse.
(2021)
❖​ Discuss the regulation of heart rate, including neural and hormonal controls. (2022)
❖​ Analyze the cardiovascular homeostasis in exercise and posture. (2020)

Short Note
❖​ Functions of the heart (2021)
❖​ Conduction system of the heart (2023)
❖​ Coronary circulation (2020)
❖​ Pulmonary circulation (2022)
❖​ Systemic circulation (2019)
❖​ Normal values of blood pressure and heart rate (2021)
❖​ Variations in blood pressure (2023)
❖​ Cardiac output (2022)
❖​ Application of circulatory physiology in nursing (2020)

10
Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between arteries and veins based on their physiological functions. (2020)
❖​ Contrast systemic and pulmonary circulation. (2021)

Unit 5. Blood
Essay
❖​ Describe the process of erythropoiesis, including the stages of RBC formation, their
functions, and life cycle. (2022)
❖​ Explain the different types of white blood cells and their specific functions in immunity.
(2021)
❖​ Discuss the detailed mechanism of blood clotting (coagulation cascade), including the
intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. (2023)
❖​ Analyze the components of hemostasis, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug
formation, and coagulation. (2020)

Short Note
❖​ Functions of blood (2021)
❖​ Physical characteristics of blood (2023)
❖​ Formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis) (2022)
❖​ Functions of RBC (2020)
❖​ WBC types and functions (2019)
❖​ Platelets function and production (2022)
❖​ Clotting time and bleeding time (2021)
❖​ PTT (2023)
❖​ Role of vasoconstriction in hemostasis (2020)
❖​ Coagulation factors (2019)
❖​ Blood groups and types (2022)
❖​ Functions of reticuloendothelial system (2021)
❖​ Immunity (basic concepts) (2023)
❖​ Application of blood physiology in nursing (2020)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between a thrombus and an embolus. (2020)
❖​ Contrast ABO and Rh blood grouping systems. (2021)

Unit 6. The Endocrine System

Essay
❖​ Describe the functions and hormones of the pituitary gland, highlighting the roles of its
anterior and posterior lobes. (2023)
❖​ Explain the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and its diverse functions in the body.
(2021)
❖​ Discuss the roles of the pancreas and adrenal glands in maintaining metabolic
homeostasis through their hormonal secretions. (2022)

11
 ❖​ Analyze the physiological alterations that occur in common endocrine diseases like
diabetes mellitus or hyperthyroidism. (2020)

Short Note
❖​ Functions and hormones of Pineal Gland (2021)
❖​ Functions and hormones of Parathyroid Gland (2023)
❖​ Functions and hormones of Thymus (2022)
❖​ Functions and hormones of Pancreas (endocrine part) (2020)
❖​ Functions and hormones of Adrenal Glands (2019)
❖​ Other hormones (e.g., GI hormones, kidney hormones) (2022)
❖​ Alterations in disease (general) (2021)
❖​ Application of endocrine physiology in nursing (2023)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus at a physiological level. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. (2020)
❖​ Contrast the actions of insulin and glucagon. (2021)
❖​

Unit 7. The Sensory Organs

Essay
❖​ Describe the physiological basis of vision, including the roles of the retina,
photoreceptors, and visual pathways. (2022)
❖​ Explain the mechanism of hearing, detailing the functions of the ear structures in sound
perception. (2021)
❖​ Discuss the physiology of taste and smell, highlighting the roles of chemoreceptors and
their neural pathways. (2023)
❖​ Analyze the common errors of refraction and age-related changes in sensory organs, and
their physiological basis. (2020)

Short Note
❖​ Functions of skin (sensory role) (2021)
❖​ Physiology of Vision (overview) (2023)
❖​ Physiology of Hearing (overview) (2022)
❖​ Physiology of Taste (2020)
❖​ Physiology of Smell (2019)
❖​ Errors of refraction (2022)
❖​ Aging changes in sensory organs (2021)
❖​ Application of sensory organ physiology in nursing (2023)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between rods and cones in the retina. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. (2020)
❖​ Contrast myopia and hyperopia. (2021)

12
Unit 8. Musculoskeletal System
Essay
❖​ Describe the functions of bones and the movements possible at different joints of the
axial and appendicular skeleton. (2023)
❖​ Explain the detailed mechanism of muscle contraction in skeletal muscles, including the
role of actin, myosin, and calcium. (2021)
❖​ Discuss the process of bone healing after a fracture. (2022)
❖​ Compare and contrast the structure and properties of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscles. (2020)

Short Note
❖​ Functions of bones (2021)
❖​ Axial skeleton movements (2023)
❖​ Appendicular skeleton movements (2022)
❖​ Bone healing stages (2020)
❖​ Types of joints and movements (2019)
❖​ Properties of skeletal muscles (2022)
❖​ Structure of cardiac muscles (2021)
❖​ Properties of smooth muscles (2023)
❖​ Alteration of joint disease (general physiological aspects) (2020)
❖​ Application of musculoskeletal physiology in nursing (2019)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between isotonic and isometric muscle contraction. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between compact and spongy bone. (2020)
❖​ Tendons and ligaments. (2021)

Application and Implication in Nursing

❖​ How does an understanding of bone healing guide nursing care for a patient with a
fractured limb? (2023)
❖​ Discuss the nursing implications of altered joint function in conditions like arthritis.
(2019)

Unit 9. Renal System

Essay
❖​ Describe the various functions of the kidney in maintaining overall body homeostasis.
(2022)
❖​ Explain the process of glomerular filtration and the factors influencing Glomerular
Filtration Rate (GFR). (2021)
❖​ Discuss the regulation of renal function, including hormonal and neural mechanisms.
(2023)
❖​ Detail the process of micturition, including the neural control involved. (2020)

Short Note
❖​ Functions of kidney (2021)

13
 ❖​ GFR (definition and significance) (2023)
❖​ Functions of ureters (2022)
❖​ Functions of bladder (2020)
❖​ Functions of urethra (2019)
❖​ Micturition reflex (2022)
❖​ Application of renal physiology in nursing (2021)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between active and passive reabsorption in the renal tubules. (2020)
❖​ Contrast obligatory and facultative water reabsorption. (2021)

Unit 10. The Reproductive System

Essay
❖​ Describe the physiological events and hormonal regulation of the female menstrual cycle.
(2023)
❖​ Explain the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, highlighting their differences
and similarities. (2021)
❖​ Discuss the physiological aspects of fertilization and implantation in the female
reproductive system. (2022)
❖​ Analyze the functions of hormones in both male and female reproductive systems. (2020)

Short Note
❖​ Menstrual cycle phases (2021)
❖​ Functions and hormones of ovary (2023)
❖​ Oogenesis (2022)
❖​ Fertilization (basic) (2020)
❖​ Implantation (basic) (2019)
❖​ Functions of breast (physiological) (2022)
❖​ Spermatogenesis (2021)
❖​ Male reproductive hormones (2023)
❖​ Semen composition and function (2020)
❖​ Application of reproductive physiology in nursing care (2019)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between oogenesis and spermatogenesis. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between FSH and LH in their roles in reproduction. (2020)
❖​ Contrast the physiological functions of estrogen and progesterone. (2021)

Unit 11. Nervous System

Essay
❖​ Describe the structure and functions of different types of neurons and explain the
generation and propagation of a nerve impulse. (2023)

14
 ❖​ Discuss the functions of the major parts of the brain, including the Medulla, Pons,
Cerebrum, and Cerebellum. (2021)
❖​ Explain the organization and functions of the Peripheral Nervous System and the
Autonomic Nervous System. (2022)
❖​ Analyze the physiology of pain, including somatic, visceral, and referred pain, and the
mechanisms of pain transmission. (2020)
❖​ Describe the formation, composition, and circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), and
explain the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier. (2019)

Short Note
❖​ Overview of nervous system divisions (2021)
❖​ Types of neurons (2023)
❖​ Synapse (2022)
❖​ Cranial nerves (general functions) (2020)
❖​ Sensory nervous system (overview) (2019)
❖​ Motor nervous system (overview) (2022)
❖​ Limbic system and higher mental functions (Hippocampus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus)
(2021)
❖​ Vestibular apparatus (2023)
❖​ Physiology of Reflexes (2020)
❖​ CSF formation (2019)
❖​ Blood-brain barrier (2022)
❖​ Blood-CSF barrier (2021)
❖​ Application of nervous system physiology in nursing (2023)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between afferent and efferent neurons. (2022)
❖​ Distinguish between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (2020)
❖​ Contrast somatic and autonomic reflexes. (2021)

SOCIOLOGY
Unit 1. Introduction

Essay
❖​ Define sociology, discuss its nature as a social science, and elaborate on its scope.
❖​ Analyze the significance of sociology in the field of nursing, providing specific examples
of its application.

Short Note
❖​ Definition of sociology.
❖​ Nature of sociology.
❖​ Scope of sociology.

15
 ❖​ Significance of sociology in nursing. (Q.10 .What is the significance of Sociology in
Nursing. - August 2022)

Unit 2. Social Structure

Essay
❖​ Define 'social group'. Explain its characteristics and provide a detailed classification of
social groups, including primary, secondary, and special interest groups.
❖​ Describe the meaning and characteristics of social processes. Discuss various forms of
social processes such as co-operation, competition, conflict, accommodation,
assimilation, and isolation, providing examples of each.
❖​ Elaborate on the nature and process of social change. Discuss the various factors
influencing social change and explain the role of a nurse in managing and adapting to
social change .

Short Note
❖​ Basic concept of society.
❖​ Basic concept of community.
❖​ Basic concept of association.
❖​ Basic concept of institution.
❖​ Individual and society.
❖​ Personal disorganization. (September 2024)
❖​ Characteristics of social groups. (August 2021)
❖​ Social processes (definition).
❖​ Co-operation.
❖​ Competition.
❖​ Conflict.
❖​ Accommodation. (August 2021)
❖​ Assimilation.
❖​ Characteristics of socialization.
❖​ Process of socialization.
❖​ Agencies of socialization. (August 2021, April 2020, Q.11 .Agencies of socialisation.. -
June 2023)
❖​ Nature of social change.
❖​ Process of social change.
❖​ Role of nurse in social change.
❖​ Structure and characteristics of urban community.
❖​ Structure and characteristics of rural community.
❖​ Structure and characteristics of tribal community.
❖​ Major health problems in urban communities.
❖​ Major health problems in rural communities.
❖​ Major health problems in tribal communities.
❖​ Importance of social structure in nursing profession.
❖​ Social norms. (September 2024)
❖​ Social change. (October 2022)
❖​ Causes of social change. (September 2023, February 2022)

16
Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between society and community. (August 2021, September 2024)
❖​ Distinguish between co-operation and competition. (February 2022)
❖​ Contrast accommodation and assimilation.
❖​ Differentiate between primary and secondary groups.
❖​ Distinguish between formal and informal organization. (September 2023)

List the following

❖​ Basic concepts of social structure (e.g., society, community, association, institution).
❖​ Characteristics of social groups.
❖​ Classification of social groups.
❖​ Forms of social processes.
❖​ Agencies of socialization. (June 2023)
❖​ Characteristics of urban community.
❖​ Characteristics of rural community
❖​ Types of community. (October 2022)

Unit 3. Culture
Essay
❖​ Explain the nature, characteristics, and evolution of culture. Discuss how culture
influences health and disease in a modernized transcultural society.
❖​ Describe the diversity and uniformity of culture. Discuss the impact of modernization on
culture, health, and disease.

Short Note
❖​ Nature of culture.
❖​ Characteristics of culture. (October 2022, April 2020)
❖​ Evolution of culture.
❖​ Diversity of culture.
❖​ Uniformity of culture.
❖​ Culture and socialization.
❖​ Transcultural society.
❖​ Impact of modernization on health and disease.
❖​ Functions of culture. (February 2022)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between culture and civilization.
❖​ Distinguish between acculturation and enculturation. (September 2023)
❖​ List the following
❖​ Elements of culture. (August 2022)
❖​ Types of culture. (June 2023)
❖​ Characteristics of culture. (August 2022)

Write Briefly on
❖​ Acculturation. (September 2023)

17
Unit 4. Family and Marriage
Essay
❖​ Define 'family'. Discuss its characteristics, basic needs it fulfills, and various types and
functions of the family. Explain its profound influence on health and health
practices.(August 2022)
❖​ Define 'marriage'. Describe the various forms of marriage and the social customs related
to it. Explain the importance of marriage in society and discuss the key legislations on
Indian marriage and family. (April 2020)

Short Note
❖​ Characteristics of family.
❖​ Basic needs fulfilled by family.
❖​ Types of family.
❖​ Functions of family. (September 2024)
❖​ Forms of marriage.
❖​ Social customs relating to marriage.
❖​ Importance of marriage.
❖​ Legislations on Indian marriage and family.
❖​ Influence of marriage on health practices.
❖​ Influence of family on health practices.
❖​ Family. (October 2022)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between nuclear family and joint family. (February 2022)
❖​ Distinguish between polygamy and monogamy. (August 2021)

List the following

❖​ Types of family.
❖​ Functions of family.
❖​ Forms of marriage.
❖​ Legislations on Indian marriage and family.
❖​ Types of marriage. (April 2020)
❖​ Functions of marriage. (September 2024)

Unit 5. Social Stratification

Essay
❖​ Define social stratification. Discuss its characteristics and various forms. Explain the
functions of social stratification in society and its impact on health and health practices.
❖​ Define social stratification.Write the types of social stratification. Write the impact of
social stratification on health and health practices.( October 2022)
❖​ Describe the Indian caste system, including its origin and salient characteristics. Analyze
both the positive and negative impacts of the caste system on society.
❖​ Explain the concept of social class and status. Discuss how class, caste, and race systems
influence health outcomes in a society.

18
Short Note
❖​ Characteristics of social stratification.
❖​ Forms of social stratification.
❖​ Functions of stratification.
❖​ Indian caste system – origin. (September 2023)
❖​ Characteristics of Indian caste system.
❖​ Positive impact of caste in society.
❖​ Negative impact of caste in society.
❖​ Class system.
❖​ Status.
❖​ Social mobility – meaning. (September 2023)
❖​ Types of social mobility.
❖​ Race – concept.
❖​ Criteria of racial classification.
❖​ Influence of class system on health.
❖​ Influence of race system on health.
❖​ Types of social class. (August 2021)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between caste and class systems.
❖​ Distinguish between ascribed and achieved status.

List the following

❖​ Characteristics of social stratification.
❖​ Forms of social stratification.
❖​ Types of social mobility. (August 2021)
❖​ Criteria of racial classification.
❖​ Types of social class. (August 2021)
❖​ Forms of social stratification. (September 2023)
❖​ Races in India. (October 2022)

Unit 6. Social Organization and Disorganization

Essay
❖​ Define 'social organization'. Explain its elements and types. Discuss the concept of social
system, including its definition, types, and the role and status of individuals as structural
elements.
❖​ Discuss the meaning, aims, and process of social control. Explain the role of social
norms, morals, and values in maintaining social order.
❖​ Define 'social disorganization'. Analyze its causes, methods of control, and strategies for
planning. Discuss the role of a nurse in reducing social problems and enhancing coping
mechanisms in individuals and communities.
❖​ Describe the major social problems prevalent in society such as poverty, housing, food
supplies, and illiteracy. Elaborate on any three of these in detail, discussing their causes
and impact. (September 2023)

19
 ❖​ Discuss the various types of vulnerable groups (elderly, handicapped, minority, and other
marginal groups). Explain their fundamental rights and the nursing implications in their
care.

Short Note
❖​ Meaning of social organization.
❖​ Elements of social organization.
❖​ Types of social organization.
❖​ Voluntary associations.
❖​ Definition of social system.
❖​ Types of social system.
❖​ Role and status as structural element of social system.
❖​ Interrelationship of institutions.
❖​ Meaning of social control.
❖​ Aims of social control.
❖​ Process of social control.
❖​ Social norms.
❖​ Moral and values.
❖​ Social disorganization – definition.
❖​ Causes of social disorganization. (September 2023)
❖​ Control of social disorganization.
❖​ Planning for social organization.
❖​ Major social problems (general). (October 2022)
❖​ Poverty.
❖​ Housing problems.
❖​ Food supplies issues.
❖​ Illiteracy.
❖​ Prostitution.
❖​ Dowry.
❖​ Child labour.
❖​ Child abuse.
❖​ Delinquency.
❖​ Crime.
❖​ Substance abuse.
❖​ HIV/AIDS.
❖​ COVID-19 related social issues.
❖​ Elderly as vulnerable group.
❖​ Handicapped as vulnerable group.
❖​ Minority as vulnerable group.
❖​ Other marginal groups.
❖​ Fundamental rights of individual.
❖​ Fundamental rights of women.
❖​ Fundamental rights of children.
❖​ Role of nurse in reducing social problem.
❖​ Enhancing coping mechanisms by nurses.
❖​ Social welfare programs in India. (Q.11 .Social welfare programs in India. - June 2023)

20
 ❖​ Unorganized groups. (April 2020)
❖​ Importance of social system. (April 2020)
❖​ Remedial measures for family disorganization. (April 2020)
❖​ Major social institutions. (September 2023)
❖​ Family welfare programs. (September 2024)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between formal and informal social control. (April 2020)
❖​ Distinguish between rural and urban community. (April 2020)
❖​ Contrast social norms and social values.

List the following

❖​ Elements of social organization.
❖​ Types of voluntary associations.
❖​ Types of social system.
❖​ Major social problems.
❖​ Vulnerable groups.
❖​ Fundamental rights (general).
❖​ Social welfare programs in India. (June 2023)
❖​ Types of social disorganization. (April 2020)
❖​ Types of social system. (April 2020)
❖​ Family welfare programmes. (October 2022)
❖​ Social security measures in India. (February 2022)
❖​ Community development programmes. (October 2022)

Write Briefly on
❖​ Urban slums. (September 2023)
❖​ Problems of aged. (September 2023)
❖​ Population explosion in India. (February 2022)
❖​ Personal disorganization. (February 2022)
❖​ Child abuse. (April 2020)

Unit 7. Clinical Sociology

Essay
❖​ Define clinical sociology and discuss its scope and application in health care settings.
❖​ Explain various sociological strategies for developing services for the abused. Discuss the
practical application of clinical sociology in crisis intervention. (Q.9 .Discuss and explain
the use of clinical sociology in crisis intervention. - August 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Introduction to clinical sociology.
❖​ Sociological strategies for services for the abused.
❖​ Use of clinical sociology in crisis intervention. (Q.9 .Identify and explain the use of
clinical sociology in crisis intervention. - August 2022)
❖​ Clinical sociology. (Q.9 .Identify and explain the use of clinical sociology in crisis
intervention. - August 2022)

21
 PSYCHOLOGY
Unit 1. Introduction
Essay
❖​ Define psychology. Discuss its various branches and describe the scope of psychology.
❖​ Explain the meaning of psychology. Trace the development of psychology and elaborate
on its relationship with other subjects.
❖​ Analyze the significance of psychology in nursing, providing specific examples of its
application in patient care.

Short Note
❖​ Meaning of Psychology.
❖​ Scope of psychology. (November 2022)
❖​ Branches of psychology. (May 2022)
❖​ Methods of psychology. (October 2024)
❖​ Relationship of psychology with other subjects.
❖​ Significance of psychology in nursing. (August 2021, November 2022)
❖​ Applied psychology to solve everyday issues.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Enumerate scope of psychology. (October 2023)
❖​ Explain the relevance of psychology in nursing. (November 2022)
❖​ Outline any two intelligence tests. (October 2024)
❖​ Explain any two methods of psychology. (May 2022)

Unit 2. Biological Basis of Behavior

Essay
❖​ Explain the body-mind relationship and its impact on behavior. Discuss the role of the
brain in mediating various behaviors.
❖​ Describe the role of the nervous system on behavior.
Short Note
❖​ Body mind relationship. (February 2022)
❖​ Genetics and behavior.
❖​ Inheritance of behavior.
❖​ Brain and behavior. (May 2022)
❖​ Sensory process – normal and abnormal.
❖​ Psychology and sensation.
❖​ Describe the structure and functions of neuron with the help of diagram. (May 2023)

List the following

❖​ Genetics and behavior. (June 2023 Applied Psychology)

22
Unit 3. Mental Health and Mental Hygiene
Essay
❖​ Define mental health. Describe the promotive and preventive mental health strategies and
services.
❖​ What do you mean by mental health. Describe the role of nurse in handling the problems
of mental health.
❖​ Discuss the concept of mental health and mental hygiene. Explain the characteristics of a
mentally healthy person and the warning signs of poor mental health.

Short Note
❖​ Concept of mental health and mental hygiene.
❖​ Characteristics of mentally healthy person. (October 2024)
❖​ Warning signs of poor mental health. (February 2022)
❖​ Promotive mental health strategies.
❖​ Preventive mental health strategies.
❖​ Defense mechanisms and its implication. (October 2024)
❖​ Frustration and conflict.
❖​ Types of conflicts.
❖​ Measures to overcome conflict.
❖​ Role of nurse in reducing frustration and conflict.
❖​ Enhancing coping.
❖​ Dealing with ego.
❖​ Role of nurse in mental health. (May 2022, February 2022)
❖​ Ego defense mechanism. (October 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Discuss any three ego defense mechanisms with suitable examples. (October 2024)
❖​ Implications of ego defense mechanism. (May 2023)

Unit 4. Developmental Psychology

Essay
❖​ Describe the physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development across the lifespan from
prenatal through early childhood, middle to late childhood, adolescence, and early, mid,
and late adulthood.
❖​ Discuss the psychological needs of individuals across various life stages (infancy,
childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older adult) in both health and sickness. Explain
the role of a nurse in supporting normal growth and development and meeting the
psychological needs of vulnerable individuals (challenged, women, sick, etc.).

Short Note
❖​ Physical development across life span.
❖​ Psychosocial development across life span.
❖​ Cognitive development across life span.
❖​ Prenatal development.

23
 ❖​ Early childhood development.
❖​ Middle to late childhood development.
❖​ Adolescence development.
❖​ Early adulthood development.
❖​ Mid-adulthood development.
❖​ Late adulthood development.
❖​ Death and dying (psychological aspects).
❖​ Role of nurse in supporting normal growth and development.
❖​ Psychological needs of infants.
❖​ Psychological needs of children.
❖​ Psychological needs of adolescents.
❖​ Psychological needs of adults.
❖​ Psychological needs of older adults.
❖​ Introduction to child psychology.
❖​ Role of nurse in meeting psychological needs of challenged individuals.
❖​ Role of nurse in meeting psychological needs of women.
❖​ Role of nurse in meeting psychological needs of sick individuals.
❖​ Role of nurse with vulnerable groups.
❖​ Psychosocial development during Adolescence. (June 2023 Applied Psychology)
❖​ Explain different developments at infancy stage. (August 2021)

Answer Briefly

❖​ Describe the role of heredity in development of human behavior. (May 2022)

❖​ Brief about body mind relationship. (February 2022)

Unit 5. Personality
Essay
❖​ Define personality. Discuss the various theories of personality development. Explain the
methods of measurement and evaluation of personality.
❖​ Describe the meaning and definition of personality. Discuss its classification and the role
of a nurse in the identification of individual personality and improvement in altered
personality.

Short Note
❖​ Meaning of personality.
❖​ Definition of personality.
❖​ Classification of personality.
❖​ Measurement and evaluation of personality (Introduction).
❖​ Alteration in personality.
❖​ Role of nurse in identification of individual personality.
❖​ Improvement in altered personality.
❖​ Type theories of personality. (October 2024)
❖​ Describe Freud's theory of personality. (February 2022)

24
Answer Briefly
❖​ Enumerate any FOUR characteristics of mentally healthy person. (February 2022)
❖​ Type theories of personality. (January 2024)

Unit 6. Cognitive Process

Essay
❖​ Define perception. Describe the principles and factors of perception.
❖​ Explain the meaning of intelligence. Discuss the effect of heredity and environment on
intelligence and describe the classification of intelligence. Explain various intelligence
tests.
❖​ Define learning. Explain classical and operant conditioning of learning with its
principles.
❖​ Describe the meaning and nature of memory. Discuss the factors influencing memory and
various methods to improve memory. Explain the phenomenon of forgetting.

Short Note
❖​ Attention – definition.
❖​ Types of attention.
❖​ Determinants of attention. (October 2024)
❖​ Duration of attention.
❖​ Degree of attention.
❖​ Alteration in attention.
❖​ Meaning of Perception.
❖​ Principles of perception.
❖​ Factors affecting perception.
❖​ Meaning of intelligence.
❖​ Effect of heredity and environment in intelligence. (January 2024)
❖​ Classification of intelligence.
❖​ Introduction to measurement of intelligence tests.
❖​ Mental deficiencies.
❖​ Definition of learning. (October 2023)
❖​ Types of learning.
❖​ Factors influencing learning.
❖​ Learning process.
❖​ Habit formation.
❖​ Memory – meaning and nature.
❖​ Factors influencing memory.
❖​ Methods to improve memory.
❖​ Forgetting. (May 2022)
❖​ Thinking – types. (October 2023)
❖​ Level of thinking.
❖​ Reasoning.
❖​ Problem solving.
❖​ Aptitude – concept. (May 2023)
❖​ Types of aptitude. (May 2022)
❖​ Individual differences and variability. (November 2022)

25
 ❖​ Psychometric assessment of cognitive processes – Introduction.
❖​ Alteration in cognitive processes.
❖​ Classical conditioning. (June 2023 Applied Psychology, October 2023)
❖​ Operant conditioning. (October 2024)
❖​ Describe the laws of learning. (November 2022)
❖​ Explain the types of memory. (November 2022, August 2021)
❖​ Describe the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization. (August 2021)
❖​ Projective test. (May 2023, October 2023)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Outline any two intelligence tests. (May 2023, October 2023)
❖​ Explain Experimental method with a suitable example. (October 2024)
❖​ Explain the types of attention. (October 2024)
❖​ Explain the errors in perception. (May 2022)
❖​ Explain the relevance of psychology in nursing. (November 2022)
❖​ Enumerate the scope of psychology. (October 2023)
❖​ Explain any two methods of memorizing. (October 2023)
❖​ Describe the types of thinking. (February 2022)
❖​ Explain the theories of forgetting. (May 2022)
❖​ Explain the relevance of psychology in nursing. (August 2021)
❖​ Explain the different developments at infancy stage. (August 2021)

Unit 7. Motivation and Emotional Processes

Essay
❖​ Define motivation. Discuss its various types and theories, including Maslow's hierarchy
of needs and biological and special motives. Explain the motivation cycle.
❖​ Define emotions. Describe the development and alteration of emotions, and discuss how
emotions manifest in sickness. Explain how nurses can handle emotions in themselves
and others.
❖​ Define stress and identify common stressors. Describe the stress cycle and its effects on
the body. Explain various adaptation and coping mechanisms and the role of attitudes in
health and sickness.

Short Note
❖​ Meaning of motivation.
❖​ Concept of motivation.
❖​ Types of motivation.
❖​ Theories of motivation. (October 2024)
❖​ Motivation cycle.
❖​ Biological motives.
❖​ Special motives.
❖​ Meaning of emotions.
❖​ Development of emotions.
❖​ Alteration of emotion.
❖​ Emotions in sickness.
❖​ Handling emotions in self.

26
 ❖​ Handling emotions in others.
❖​ Stress. (May 2023)
❖​ Stress cycle.
❖​ Effect of stress.
❖​ Adaptation to stress.
❖​ Coping with stress.
❖​ Meaning of attitudes. (May 2023)
❖​ Nature of attitudes.
❖​ Factors affecting attitude. (October 2024)
❖​ Attitudinal change.
❖​ Role of attitude in health.
❖​ Role of attitude in sickness.
❖​ Psychometric assessment of emotions and attitude (Introduction).
❖​ Role of nurse in caring for emotionally sick client.
❖​ Types of conflicts. (October 2024)
❖​ Theories of motivation. (January 2024)
❖​ Schachter-Singer theory of emotion. (January 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Incentive theory of motivation. (May 2023)
❖​ Assessment of emotions. (October 2024)
❖​ Stress management. (May 2023)
❖​ Factors affecting attitudinal change. (October 2024)

Unit 8. Psychological Assessment and Tests

Essay
❖​ Discuss the various types, development, characteristics, principles, and uses of
psychological assessment and tests. Explain the interpretation of test results and the
crucial role of a nurse in psychological assessment.

Short Note
❖​ Introduction to psychological assessment and tests.
❖​ Types of psychological tests.
❖​ Development of psychological tests.
❖​ Characteristics of psychological tests. (June 2023 Applied Psychology)
❖​ Principles of psychological tests.
❖​ Uses of psychological tests.
❖​ Interpretation of psychological tests.
❖​ Role of nurse in psychological assessment.
❖​ Achievement test. (October 2023, May 2022)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Explain achievement test. (May 2022)

27
9. Application of Soft Skill
Essay
❖​ Define Interpersonal Relationships (IPR). Discuss its types and purposes. Explain the
common barriers to effective IPR and strategies to overcome these barriers, highlighting
the application of soft skills in nursing.

Short Note
❖​ Concept of soft skill.
❖​ Types of soft skill – visual.
❖​ Types of soft skill – aural.
❖​ Types of soft skill – communication skill.
❖​ The way of communication.
❖​ Building relationship with client.
❖​ Building relationship with society.
❖​ Interpersonal Relationships (IPR): Definition.
❖​ Types of IPR.
❖​ Purposes of IPR.
❖​ Interpersonal skills.
❖​ Barriers to IPR.
❖​ Strategies to overcome barriers in IPR.
❖​ Survival strategies – managing time.
❖​ Coping stress (as a soft skill).
❖​ Resilience.
❖​ Work – life balance.
❖​ Applying soft skill to workplace.
❖​ Applying soft skill to society.
❖​ Presentation skills.
❖​ Social etiquette.
❖​ Telephone etiquette.
❖​ Motivational skills.
❖​ Teamwork.
❖​ Use of soft skill in nursing.
Answer Briefly
❖​ Methods of mentoring. (October 2024)

Unit 10. Self-empowerment

Essay
❖​ Discuss the various dimensions of self-empowerment and the process of
self-empowerment development. Explain the importance of women's empowerment in
society and the role of a nurse in empowering others.

Short Note
❖​ Dimensions of self-empowerment.
❖​ Self-empowerment development.
❖​ Importance of women’s empowerment in society.
❖​ Professional etiquette.

28
 ❖​ Personal grooming.
❖​ Role of nurse in empowering others. (Q.13 .Role of nurse in empowering others.. - June
2023 Applied Psychology)

FOUNDATION OF NURSING 1
Unit 1. Introduction to Health and Illness
Essay
❖​ Define health according to WHO and explain its various dimensions. Describe Maslow's
hierarchy of needs and its relevance to health.
❖​ Discuss the concept of the Health-Illness continuum. Explain the factors influencing
health and the causes and risk factors for developing illnesses.
❖​ Describe different types of illness and illness behaviors. Explain the impact of illness on
the patient and their family.

Short Note
❖​ Definition of Health (WHO).
❖​ Dimensions of Health.
❖​ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
❖​ Health – Illness continuum.
❖​ Factors influencing health.
❖​ Causes and risk factors for developing illnesses.
❖​ Types of illness.
❖​ Illness behavior.
❖​ Impact of illness on patient.
❖​ Impact of illness on family.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Health and Illness.

Unit 2. Health Care Delivery Systems – Introduction of Basic Concepts & Meanings
Essay
❖​ Explain the levels of illness prevention (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) and levels of care
(Primary, Secondary, Tertiary).
❖​ Discuss the various types of health care agencies/services, including hospitals, clinics,
hospice, rehabilitation centers, and extended care facilities.
❖​ Describe the types, organization, and functions of hospitals. Outline the members of
health care teams in hospitals and their roles.

Short Note
❖​ Levels of Illness Prevention (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary).
❖​ Health Promotion.
❖​ Levels of Care (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary).
❖​ Types of health care agencies/services.

29
 ❖​ Hospitals – Types.
❖​ Organization of Hospitals.
❖​ Functions of Hospitals.
❖​ Health care teams in hospitals.
❖​ Role of health care team members.

Unit 3. History of Nursing and Nursing as a Profession

Essay
❖​ Define Nursing. Discuss the qualities of a professional nurse. Briefly explain the
contribution of Florence Nightingale to the nursing profession. April 2024
❖​ Define nursing. Explain the qualities of a professional nurse. Explain the contributions of
Florence Nightingale to the nursing profession.. - October 2023)
❖​ Define Nursing (Nurse, Nursing, Concepts, philosophy, objectives, Characteristics, nature
and Scope of Nursing/Nursing practice, Functions of nurse, Qualities of a nurse,
Categories of nursing personnel).
❖​ Explain nursing as a profession, defining its characteristics/criteria. Discuss the meaning
and importance of values in nursing, and introduce the Code of Ethics and Professional
Conduct for nurses.

Short Note
❖​ History of Nursing.
❖​ History of Nursing in India.
❖​ Contributions of Florence Nightingale.
❖​ Definition of Nursing.
❖​ Concepts of Nursing.
❖​ Philosophy of Nursing.
❖​ Objectives of Nursing.
❖​ Characteristics of Nursing.
❖​ Nature and Scope of Nursing/Nursing practice.
❖​ Functions of a nurse.
❖​ Qualities of a nurse.
❖​ Categories of nursing personnel.
❖​ Nursing as a profession – definition.
❖​ Characteristics/criteria of a profession.
❖​ Values – meaning and importance.
❖​ Code of Ethics for nurses.
❖​ Professional Conduct for nurses.

Unit 4. Communication and Nurse Patient Relationship

Essay
❖​ Define communication and explain its levels, elements, process, types, modes, and
factors influencing it. Describe methods of effective communication/therapeutic
communication techniques.
❖​ Discuss barriers to effective communication/non-therapeutic communication techniques.
Explain professional communication in nursing.

30
 ❖​ Describe helping relationships (Nurse-Patient Relationship), including their purposes and
phases. Explain how to communicate effectively with patients, families, and team
members.
❖​ Discuss maintaining effective human relations and communication with vulnerable
groups (children, women, physically and mentally challenged, and elderly).

Short Note
❖​ Communication – Levels.
❖​ Elements of communication.
❖​ Process of communication.
❖​ Types of communication.
❖​ Modes of communication.
❖​ Factors influencing communication.
❖​ Methods of effective communication/therapeutic communication techniques.
❖​ Barriers to effective communication/non-therapeutic communication techniques.
❖​ Professional communication.
❖​ Helping Relationships (Nurse-Patient Relationship) – Purposes.
❖​ Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship.
❖​ Communicating effectively with patient.
❖​ Communicating effectively with families.
❖​ Communicating effectively with team members.
❖​ Communication with vulnerable groups (children, women, physically and mentally
challenged, elderly).

Differentiate Between
❖​ Verbal and Non-verbal communication.

Unit 5. Documentation and Reporting

Essay
❖​ Discuss the purposes of reports and records in nursing documentation. Explain the
importance of confidentiality in client records.
❖​ Describe various types of client records/common record-keeping forms. Detail different
methods/systems of documentation/recording.
❖​ Explain the guidelines for documentation, including do's and don'ts, and legal guidelines
for documentation/recording.
❖​ Discuss different types of reporting in nursing, such as change of shift reports, transfer
reports, and incident reports.

Short Note
❖​ Purposes of Reports and Records.
❖​ Confidentiality in documentation.
❖​ Types of Client records.
❖​ Common Record-keeping forms.
❖​ Methods/Systems of documentation/Recording.
❖​ Guidelines for documentation.
❖​ Do’s and Don’ts of documentation.

31
 ❖​ Legal guidelines for Documentation/Recording.
❖​ Change of shift reports.
❖​ Transfer reports.
❖​ Incident reports.
❖​ Importance of nurse's record.

Unit 6. Vital Signs

Essay
❖​ Explain the guidelines for taking vital signs. Describe body temperature: its definition,
physiology, regulation, and factors affecting it. Detail the assessment of body temperature
(sites, equipment, technique) and temperature alterations (Hyperthermia, Heat Cramps,
Heat Exhaustion, Heatstroke, Hypothermia).
❖​ Define Fever/Pyrexia, its causes, stages, and types. Discuss the nursing management
related to temperature alterations, including hot and cold applications.
❖​ Define pulse, its physiology, regulation, characteristics, and factors affecting it. Explain
the assessment of pulse (sites, equipment, technique) and alterations in pulse.
❖​ Define respiration, its physiology, regulation, mechanics of breathing, characteristics, and
factors affecting it. Describe the assessment of respirations (technique) and arterial
oxygen saturation, along with alterations in respiration.
❖​ Define blood pressure, its physiology, regulation, characteristics, and factors affecting it.
Explain the assessment of BP (sites, equipment, technique), common errors in BP
assessment, and alterations in blood pressure. Discuss documenting vital signs.

Short Note
❖​ Guidelines for taking vital signs.
❖​ Body temperature – Definition.
❖​ Physiology of body temperature.
❖​ Regulation of body temperature.
❖​ Factors affecting body temperature.
❖​ Assessment of body temperature – sites, equipment, technique.
❖​ Hyperthermia.
❖​ Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heatstroke.
❖​ Hypothermia.
❖​ Fever/Pyrexia – Definition, Causes, Stages, Types.
❖​ Nursing Management of fever.
❖​ Hot applications.
❖​ Cold applications.
❖​ Pulse: Definition, Physiology, Regulation, Characteristics, Factors affecting pulse.
❖​ Assessment of pulse – sites, equipment, technique.
❖​ Alterations in pulse.
❖​ Respiration: Definition, Physiology, Regulation, Mechanics of breathing, Characteristics,
Factors affecting respiration.
❖​ Assessment of respirations – technique.
❖​ Alterations in respiration.
❖​ Blood pressure: Definition, Physiology, Regulation, Characteristics, Factors affecting BP.
❖​ Assessment of BP – sites, equipment, technique.

32
 ❖​ Common Errors in BP Assessment.
❖​ Alterations in Blood Pressure.
❖​ Documenting Vital Signs.
❖​ Sites for checking pulse.
❖​ Measurement of blood pressure.
❖​ Types of fever.

Unit 7. Equipment and Linen

Short Note
❖​ Types of equipment – Disposables and reusable.
❖​ Linen.
❖​ Rubber goods.
❖​ Glassware.
❖​ Metal equipment.
❖​ Plastics in healthcare.
❖​ Furniture in healthcare setting.
❖​ Introduction to Indent.
❖​ Maintenance of equipment.
❖​ Inventory management of equipment.

Unit 8. Introduction to Infection Control in Clinical Setting

Essay
❖​ Explain the nature of infection and the chain of infection. Discuss different types and
stages of infection. Describe factors increasing susceptibility to infection and the body's
defenses (inflammatory response & immune response).
❖​ Discuss Health Care Associated Infections (Nosocomial infections). Explain the
introductory concept of asepsis (Medical & Surgical asepsis).
❖​ Detail various precautions including Hand Hygiene (Hand washing and use of hand rub),
Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and Standard precautions.
❖​ Explain Biomedical Waste management, including types of hospital waste, waste
segregation, and hazards. (August 2021)

Short Note
❖​ Nature of infection.
❖​ Chain of infection.
❖​ Types of infection.
❖​ Stages of infection.
❖​ Factors increasing susceptibility to infection.
❖​ Body defenses against infection – Inflammatory response.
❖​ Body defenses against infection – Immune response.
❖​ Health care associated infection (Nosocomial infection).
❖​ Medical asepsis.
❖​ Surgical asepsis.
❖​ Hand Hygiene (Hand washing).
❖​ Hand Rub.
❖​ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

33
 ❖​ Standard precautions.
❖​ Biomedical Waste management – Types of hospital waste.
❖​ Waste segregation.
❖​ Hazards of hospital waste.
❖​ Sterilization.
❖​ Disinfection.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Medical asepsis and Surgical asepsis.
❖​ Sterilization and Disinfection. (October 2023)

Unit 9. Comfort, Rest & Sleep and Pain

Essay
❖​ Discuss factors influencing comfort. Explain types of beds including latest beds, their
purposes, and bed making techniques. Describe therapeutic positions and comfort
devices.
❖​ Explain the physiology of sleep, factors affecting sleep, and methods for promoting rest
and sleep. Discuss common sleep disorders.
❖​ Define pain (discomfort) and explain its physiology and common causes. Describe
different types of pain and its assessment using pain scales and narcotic scales. Discuss
pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relieving measures (Use of narcotics,
TENS devices, PCA).
❖​ Briefly mention invasive techniques of pain management, any newer measures, and
Complementary & Alternative Healing Modalities (CAM). (Q.2 .Define pain. Explain the
types and assessment of pain.. - August 2021)

Short Note
❖​ Factors Influencing Comfort.
❖​ Types of beds.
❖​ Purposes of beds.
❖​ Bed making techniques.
❖​ Therapeutic positions.
❖​ Comfort devices.
❖​ Physiology of sleep.
❖​ Factors affecting sleep.
❖​ Promoting Rest and sleep.
❖​ Sleep Disorders.
❖​ Pain (Discomfort) – Physiology.
❖​ Common cause of pain.
❖​ Types of pain.
❖​ Pain assessment – pain scales.
❖​ Pain assessment – narcotic scales.
❖​ Pharmacological pain relieving measures.
❖​ Non-pharmacological pain relieving measures.
❖​ Use of narcotics for pain.
❖​ TENS devices.

34
 ❖​ PCA (Patient-Controlled Analgesia).
❖​ Invasive techniques of pain management.
❖​ Newer measures for pain management.
❖​ CAM (Complementary & Alternative healing Modalities).

Unit 10. Promoting Safety in Health Care Environment

Essay
❖​ Discuss the importance of physical environment in patient safety, including temperature,
humidity, noise, ventilation, light, odor, and pest control.
❖​ Explain measures for the reduction of physical hazards such as fire and accidents.
Describe Fall Risk Assessment and the role of the nurse in providing a safe and clean
environment.

Short Note
❖​ Physical environment – Temperature, Humidity, Noise, Ventilation, Light, Odor, Pest
control.
❖​ Reduction of Physical hazards – fire.
❖​ Reduction of Physical hazards – accidents.
❖​ Fall Risk Assessment.
❖​ Role of nurse in providing safe and clean environment.
❖​ Safety devices – Restraints (Types, Purposes, Indications, Legal Implications, Consent,
Application, Guidelines).
❖​ Other Safety Devices – Side rails, Grab bars, Ambu alarms, non-skid slippers.
❖​ Legal implications of restraints.

Unit 11. Hospital Admission and Discharge

Essay
❖​ Describe the procedure for admission to the hospital unit and preparation of the unit,
including admission bed and admission procedure. Discuss medico-legal issues related to
admission and the roles and responsibilities of the nurse.
❖​ Explain different types of discharge from the hospital (Planned discharge, LAMA,
Abscond, Referrals, and transfers). Detail discharge planning and the discharge
procedure. Discuss medico-legal issues related to discharge and the roles and
responsibilities of the nurse.
❖​ Describe the care of the unit after discharge.

Short Note
❖​ Admission to the hospital Unit.
❖​ Preparation of hospital unit.
❖​ Admission bed.
❖​ Admission procedure.
❖​ Medico-legal issues in admission.
❖​ Roles and Responsibilities of the nurse during admission.
❖​ Types of discharge from the hospital (Planned discharge, LAMA, Abscond, Referrals,
transfers).
❖​ Discharge Planning.

35
 ❖​ Discharge procedure.
❖​ Medico-legal issues in discharge.
❖​ Roles and Responsibilities of the nurse during discharge.
❖​ Care of the unit after discharge.

Unit 12. Mobility and Immobility

Essay
❖​ Explain the elements of Normal Movement, Alignment & Posture, Joint Mobility,
Balance, and Coordinated Movement. Discuss the principles of body mechanics and
factors affecting Body Alignment and activity.
❖​ Describe different types of exercises and their benefits. Explain the effects of immobility
on the body.
❖​ Discuss the maintenance of normal Body Alignment and Activity. Describe alterations in
Body Alignment and mobility.
❖​ Detail nursing interventions for impaired Body Alignment and Mobility, including
assessment, types of interventions, devices used, and methods (Range of motion
exercises, Muscle strengthening exercises, Maintaining body alignment – positions,
Moving, Lifting, Transferring, Walking).
❖​ Explain assisting clients with ambulation. Discuss the care of patients with Immobility
using the Nursing process approach. Describe the care of patients with casts and splints.

Short Note
❖​ Elements of Normal Movement.
❖​ Joint Mobility.
❖​ Balance.
❖​ Coordinated Movement.
❖​ Principles of body mechanics.
❖​ Factors affecting Body Alignment and activity.
❖​ Types of Exercise.
❖​ Benefits of Exercise.
❖​ Effects of Immobility.
❖​ Maintenance of normal Body Alignment and Activity.
❖​ Alteration in Body Alignment and mobility.
❖​ Nursing interventions for impaired Body Alignment and Mobility – assessment, types,
devices used, method.
❖​ Range of motion exercises.
❖​ Muscle strengthening exercises.
❖​ Maintaining body alignment – positions.
❖​ Moving patients.
❖​ Lifting patients.
❖​ Transferring patients.
❖​ Assisting clients with ambulation.
❖​ Care of patients with Immobility using Nursing process approach.
❖​ Care of patients with casts.
❖​ Care of patients with splints.
❖​ Body mechanics.

36
Unit 13. Patient Education
Essay
❖​ Explain the importance, purposes, and process of patient teaching. Discuss how to
integrate the nursing process into patient teaching.

Short Note
❖​ Patient Teaching – Importance.
❖​ Patient Teaching – Purposes.
❖​ Patient Teaching – Process.
❖​ Integrating nursing process in patient teaching.

Unit 14. First Aid

Essay
❖​ Define First Aid and explain its basic principles, scope, and rules.

Short Note
❖​ First Aid – Definition.
❖​ Basic Principles of First Aid.
❖​ Scope of First Aid.
❖​ Rules of First Aid.
❖​ First Aid Management of Wounds.
❖​ First Aid Management of Hemorrhage.
❖​ First Aid Management of Shock.
❖​ First Aid Management of Fractures.
❖​ First Aid Management of Dislocation.
❖​ First Aid Management of Muscle injuries.
❖​ Transportation of Injured persons.
❖​ Respiratory Emergencies.
❖​ Basic CPR.
❖​ First Aid for Unconsciousness.
❖​ First Aid for Foreign Bodies (Skin, Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat, Stomach).
❖​ First Aid for Burns & Scalds.
❖​ First Aid for Poisoning.
❖​ First Aid for Bites & Stings.
❖​ First Aid for Frostbite.
❖​ First Aid for Effects of Heat.
❖​ Community Emergencies.

37
 BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit 1. Carbohydrates
Essay
❖​ Describe the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of carbohydrates. Discuss related
disorders such as Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Explain the regulation of blood glucose levels in the human body. Detail the different
types of Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2), their symptoms, complications, and brief
management strategies.
❖​ Discuss the various investigations for Diabetes Mellitus, including the indications,
procedure, and interpretation of OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) and types of GTT
curves.

Short Note
❖​ Digestion of carbohydrates.
❖​ Absorption of carbohydrates.
❖​ Metabolism of carbohydrates.
❖​ Disorders related to carbohydrate metabolism (general).
❖​ Regulation of blood glucose. (August 2021)
❖​ Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.
❖​ Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.
❖​ Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Management of Diabetes Mellitus (brief).
❖​ OGTT – Indications.
❖​ OGTT – Procedure.
❖​ Interpretation of GTT curve.
❖​ Types of GTT curve.
❖​ Mini GTT.
❖​ Extended GTT.
❖​ GCT (Glucose Challenge Test).
❖​ IV GTT (Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test).
❖​ HbA1c (definition only). (August 2021)
❖​ Hypoglycemia – Definition.
❖​ Hypoglycemia – Causes. (August 2021)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Distinguish between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

List the following

❖​ List the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ List the complications of Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ List the causes of hypoglycemia.
❖​ List the investigations for Diabetes Mellitus.

38
Unit 2. Lipids
Essay
❖​ Define fatty acids and classify them. Discuss the digestion, absorption, and metabolism
of lipids and related disorders.
❖​ Explain the clinical significance of MUFA and PUFA, essential fatty acids, and trans fatty
acids. Describe the types and functions of lipoproteins.

Short Note
❖​ Fatty acids – Definition.
❖​ Classification of fatty acids.
❖​ Definition of MUFA.
❖​ Clinical significance of MUFA.
❖​ Definition of PUFA.
❖​ Clinical significance of PUFA.
❖​ Essential fatty acids.
❖​ Trans fatty acids.
❖​ Digestion of lipids.
❖​ Absorption of lipids.
❖​ Metabolism of lipids (overview).
❖​ Disorders related to lipid metabolism.
❖​ Compounds formed from cholesterol (names only).
❖​ Ketone bodies (name, types, significance). (August 2022)
❖​ Lipoproteins – types.
❖​ Lipoproteins – functions.
❖​ Lipid profile. (August 2021)
❖​ Atherosclerosis (in brief). (August 2021)
❖​ Clinical significance of cholesterol. (May 2023)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
❖​ Distinguish between HDL and LDL.

List the following

❖​ List the types of fatty acids based on saturation.
❖​ List the essential fatty acids.
❖​ List the compounds formed from cholesterol.
❖​ List the types of ketone bodies.
❖​ List the types of lipoproteins.

Unit 3. Proteins
Essay
❖​ Classify amino acids based on nutrition and metabolic rate, providing examples for each.
Describe the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of proteins and related disorders.

39
 ❖​ Discuss the types, functions, and normal values of plasma proteins. Explain the causes of
proteinuria, hypo-proteinemia, and hyper-gamma globulinemia.

Short Note
❖​ Classification of amino acids based on nutrition.
❖​ Classification of amino acids based on metabolic rate.
❖​ Examples of amino acid classifications.
❖​ Digestion of protein.
❖​ Absorption of protein.
❖​ Metabolism of protein (overview).
❖​ Disorders related to protein metabolism.
❖​ Biologically important compounds synthesized from various amino acids (names only).
❖​ Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism (brief, only aromatic amino acids).
❖​ Plasma protein – types.
❖​ Plasma protein – function.
❖​ Normal values of plasma protein. (August 2021)
❖​ Causes of proteinuria. (August 2022)
❖​ Causes of hypo-proteinemia.
❖​ Causes of hyper-gamma globulinemia.
❖​ Principle of electrophoresis.
❖​ Normal electrophoretic patterns (in brief).
❖​ Abnormal electrophoretic patterns (in brief).
❖​ Classification of protein. (May 2023)
❖​ Functions of protein. (August 2021)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between essential and non-essential amino acids.
❖​ Distinguish between primary and secondary structure of protein.
❖​ Contrast normal and abnormal electrophoretic patterns.

List the following

❖​ List the classification of amino acids based on nutrition.
❖​ List the biologically important compounds synthesized from amino acids.
❖​ List the types of plasma proteins.
❖​ List the causes of proteinuria.

Unit 4. Clinical Enzymology

Essay
❖​ Define isoenzymes and discuss their properties. Explain the diagnostic importance of
various enzymes in liver diseases, myocardial infarction, muscle diseases, bone diseases,
and prostate cancer.

Short Note
❖​ Isoenzymes – Definition.
❖​ Properties of isoenzymes.
❖​ Enzymes of diagnostic importance in Liver Diseases.

40
 ❖​ ALT (diagnostic importance).
❖​ AST (diagnostic importance in liver).
❖​ ALP (diagnostic importance in liver).
❖​ GGT (diagnostic importance).
❖​ Enzymes of diagnostic importance in Myocardial Infarction.
❖​ CK (diagnostic importance in MI).
❖​ Cardiac troponins (diagnostic importance).
❖​ AST (diagnostic importance in MI).
❖​ LDH (diagnostic importance in MI).
❖​ Enzymes of diagnostic importance in Muscle diseases.
❖​ CK (diagnostic importance in muscle).
❖​ Aldolase (diagnostic importance).
❖​ Enzymes of diagnostic importance in Bone diseases.
❖​ ALP (diagnostic importance in bone).
❖​ Enzymes of diagnostic importance in Prostate cancer.
❖​ PSA (diagnostic importance).
❖​ ACP (diagnostic importance).
❖​ Diagnostic importance of ALP. (August 2021)
❖​ Diagnostic importance of Cardiac Troponins. (August 2022)

List the following

❖​ List the enzymes of diagnostic importance in liver diseases.
❖​ List the enzymes of diagnostic importance in myocardial infarction.
❖​ List the enzymes of diagnostic importance in muscle diseases.

Unit 5. Acid Base Maintenance

Essay
❖​ Define pH and its normal value. Explain the regulation of blood pH through blood
buffers, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms.
❖​ Discuss the different types of acid-base disorders, including their definitions and causes.

Short Note
❖​ pH – definition.
❖​ Normal value of pH.
❖​ Regulation of blood pH.
❖​ Blood buffer system (regulation).
❖​ Respiratory regulation of blood pH.
❖​ Renal regulation of blood pH.
❖​ ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) – normal values.
❖​ Acid-base disorders – types.
❖​ Acid-base disorders – definition.
❖​ Acid-base disorders – causes.
❖​ Acidosis. (August 2021)
❖​ Alkalosis. (August 2022)

41
Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between acidosis and alkalosis.
❖​ Distinguish between respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis.

List the following

❖​ List the normal values of ABG.
❖​ List the types of acid-base disorders.
❖​ List the causes of metabolic acidosis.

Unit 6. Heme Catabolism

Essay
❖​ Describe the heme degradation pathway in detail. Discuss the different types and causes
of jaundice, including the relevant urine and blood investigations (e.g., Van den Bergh
test).

Short Note
❖​ Heme degradation pathway (overview).
❖​ Jaundice – type.
❖​ Jaundice – causes. (August 2021, August 2022)
❖​ Urine investigations for jaundice.
❖​ Blood investigations for jaundice.
❖​ Van den Bergh test. (August 2021)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin.
❖​ Distinguish between pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic jaundice.

List the following

❖​ List the types of jaundice.
❖​ List the causes of jaundice.
❖​ List the investigations for jaundice.

Unit 7. Organ Function Tests

Essay
❖​ Discuss the biochemical parameters and their normal values used in the assessment of
renal function.
❖​ Describe the biochemical parameters and their normal values used in the assessment of
liver function.
❖​ Explain the biochemical parameters and their normal values used in the assessment of
thyroid function.

Short Note
❖​ Renal function tests (biochemical parameters).
❖​ Normal values of renal function tests. (August 2022)
❖​ Liver function tests (biochemical parameters). (August 2021)
❖​ Normal values of liver function tests.

42
 ❖​ Thyroid function tests (biochemical parameters).
❖​ Normal values of thyroid function tests.

List the following

❖​ List the biochemical parameters for renal function.
❖​ List the biochemical parameters for liver function.
❖​ List the biochemical parameters for thyroid function.

Unit 8. Immunochemistry
Essay
❖​ Describe the structure and functions of immunoglobulins.
❖​ Explain the principles and interpretation of ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent
Assay) in immunological investigations.

Short Note
❖​ Structure of immunoglobulin.
❖​ Functions of immunoglobulin. (August 2022)
❖​ ELISA – Investigations.
❖​ ELISA – Interpretation. (August 2021)
❖​ Structure of antibodies. (May 2023)

List the following

❖​ List the types of immunoglobulins.
❖​ List the functions of immunoglobulins.

NUTRITION
Unit 1. Introduction to Nutrition
Essay
❖​ Explain the concepts of nutrition and health. Discuss the role of nutrition in maintaining
health and the factors affecting food and nutrition.
❖​ Describe the classification of nutrients, including macro & micronutrients, organic &
inorganic, and energy-yielding & non-energy-yielding.
❖​ Explain the classification of food based on food groups and origin.

Short Note
❖​ Definition of Nutrition.
❖​ Definition of Health.
❖​ Malnutrition – Under Nutrition.
❖​ Malnutrition – Over Nutrition.
❖​ Role of Nutrition in maintaining health.
❖​ Factors affecting food and nutrition.
❖​ Classification of nutrients.
❖​ Macro & Micronutrients.
❖​ Organic & Inorganic nutrients.

43
 ❖​ Energy Yielding & Non-Energy Yielding nutrients.
❖​ Food groups.
❖​ Classification of food based on origin.

Unit 2. Carbohydrates
Essay
❖​ Discuss the composition (starches, sugar, and cellulose), Recommended Daily Allowance
(RDA), dietary sources, and functions of carbohydrates.
❖​ Define energy and its unit (Kcal). Explain Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and the factors
affecting it.

Short Note
❖​ Composition of carbohydrates.
❖​ RDA for carbohydrates.
❖​ Dietary sources of carbohydrates.
❖​ Functions of carbohydrates.
❖​ Unit of energy – Kcal.
❖​ Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
❖​ Factors affecting BMR.
❖​ Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Monosaccharides and Disaccharides.
❖​ Energy yielding food and Non energy yielding food.

Unit 3. Proteins
Essay
❖​ Describe the composition of proteins, including the eight essential amino acids. Discuss
their functions, dietary sources, and RDA.

Short Note
❖​ Composition of proteins.
❖​ Eight essential amino acids.
❖​ Functions of proteins.
❖​ Dietary sources of proteins.
❖​ Protein requirements – RDA.
❖​ Digestion and absorption of proteins.

Unit 4. Fats
Essay
❖​ Classify fats into saturated and unsaturated. Discuss their calorie value, functions, dietary
sources of fats and fatty acids, and RDA.

Short Note
❖​ Classification of fats – Saturated & unsaturated.
❖​ Calorie value of fats.

44
 ❖​ Functions of fats.
❖​ Dietary sources of fats.
❖​ Dietary sources of fatty acids.
❖​ Fat requirements – RDA.
❖​ Digestion of fat.

Unit 5. Vitamins
Essay
❖​ Classify vitamins into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (Thiamine, Riboflavin,
Nicotinic acid, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic acid, Folic acid, Vitamin B12, Ascorbic acid).
For each, discuss their functions, dietary sources, and RDA.

Short Note
❖​ Classification of vitamins.
❖​ Fat-soluble vitamins.
❖​ Water-soluble vitamins.
❖​ Functions of Vitamin A.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Vitamin A.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Vitamin A.
❖​ Functions of Vitamin D.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Vitamin D.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Vitamin D.
❖​ Functions of Vitamin E.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Vitamin E.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Vitamin E.
❖​ Functions of Vitamin K.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Vitamin K.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Vitamin K.
❖​ Thiamine (Vitamin B1) functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Nicotinic acid functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Pantothenic acid functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Folic acid functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Vitamin B12 functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) functions, sources, RDA.
❖​ Vitamin D deficiency. (Q.3 .Vitamin D deficiency. - May 2023)
❖​ Sources of Vitamin C.
❖​ Scurvy.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Fat soluble vitamins and Water soluble vitamins.

45
Unit 6. Minerals
Essay
❖​ Classify minerals into major (Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium) and
trace elements. Discuss their functions, dietary sources, and RDA.

Short Note
❖​ Classification of minerals.
❖​ Major minerals (Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium).
❖​ Trace elements.
❖​ Functions of Calcium.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Calcium.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Calcium.
❖​ Functions of Phosphorus.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Phosphorus.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Phosphorus.
❖​ Functions of Sodium.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Sodium.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Sodium.
❖​ Functions of Potassium.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Potassium.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Potassium.
❖​ Functions of Magnesium.
❖​ Dietary Sources of Magnesium.
❖​ Requirements – RDA of Magnesium.

Unit 7. Balanced Diet

Essay
❖​ Define a balanced diet, its principles, and steps for preparation. Explain food guides like
the Basic Four Food Groups, and discuss RDA (definition, limitations, uses).
❖​ Describe the Food Exchange System and the calculation of nutritive value of foods.
Discuss dietary fiber.
❖​ Explain meal planning/menu planning (definition, principles, steps). Detail Infant and
Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines (breastfeeding, infant foods).
❖​ Outline diet plans for different age groups (children, adolescents, elderly). Discuss
nutritional requirements and balanced diet plans during pregnancy, anemia in pregnancy
(diagnosis, diet, iron & folic acid supplementation, counseling), and nutrition in lactation
(nutritional requirements, diet for lactating mothers, complementary feeding/weaning).

Short Note
❖​ Definition of a balanced diet.
❖​ Principles of a balanced diet.
❖​ Steps in preparing a balanced diet.
❖​ Basic Four Food Groups.
❖​ RDA – Definition.

46
 ❖​ Limitations of RDA.
❖​ Uses of RDA.
❖​ Food Exchange System.
❖​ Calculation of nutritive value of foods.
❖​ Dietary fiber.
❖​ Meal planning/Menu planning – Definition.
❖​ Principles of menu planning.
❖​ Steps in menu planning.
❖​ Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines.
❖​ Breastfeeding guidelines.
❖​ Infant foods.
❖​ Diet plan for children.
❖​ Diet plan for adolescents.
❖​ Diet plan for the elderly.
❖​ Nutritional requirements during pregnancy.
❖​ Balanced diet plan during pregnancy.
❖​ Anemia in pregnancy – diagnosis.
❖​ Diet for anemic pregnant women.
❖​ Iron & folic acid supplementation in pregnancy.
❖​ Counseling for anemia in pregnancy.
❖​ Nutritional requirements in lactation.
❖​ Diet for lactating mothers.
❖​ Complementary feeding/weaning.
❖​ A menu for a pregnant woman. (October 2024)
❖​ Plan day's menu for an underweight girl.
❖​ Antenatal diet. (May 2023)

Unit 8. Nutritional Deficiency Disorders

Essay
❖​ Discuss Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) including its magnitude, causes,
classification, signs & symptoms, Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM), management,
prevention, and the nurse’s role.
❖​ Describe Childhood Obesity: its signs & symptoms, assessment, management,
prevention, and the nurse’s role.
❖​ Explain Vitamin deficiency disorders (Vitamin A, B, C & D) including their causes, signs
& symptoms, management, prevention, and the nurse’s role.
❖​ Discuss Mineral deficiency diseases (iron, iodine, calcium): their causes, signs &
symptoms, management, prevention, and the nurse’s role.

Short Note
❖​ Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) – magnitude.
❖​ Causes of PEM.
❖​ Classification of PEM.
❖​ Signs & symptoms of PEM.
❖​ Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM).
❖​ Management of PEM.

47
 ❖​ Prevention of PEM.
❖​ Nurse’s role in PEM.
❖​ Childhood obesity – signs & symptoms.
❖​ Assessment of childhood obesity.
❖​ Management of childhood obesity.
❖​ Prevention of childhood obesity.
❖​ Nurse’s role in childhood obesity.
❖​ Vitamin A deficiency disorders.
❖​ Vitamin B deficiency disorders.
❖​ Vitamin C deficiency disorders.
❖​ Vitamin D deficiency disorders.
❖​ Causes of vitamin deficiencies.
❖​ Signs & symptoms of vitamin deficiencies.
❖​ Management of vitamin deficiencies.
❖​ Prevention of vitamin deficiencies.
❖​ Nurse’s role in vitamin deficiencies.
❖​ Iron deficiency.
❖​ Iodine deficiency.
❖​ Calcium deficiency.
❖​ Causes of mineral deficiencies.
❖​ Signs & symptoms of mineral deficiencies.
❖​ Management of mineral deficiencies.
❖​ Prevention of mineral deficiencies.
❖​ Nurse’s role in mineral deficiencies.
❖​ Marasmus.
❖​ Kwashiorkor.
❖​ Rickets.
❖​ Anemia.
❖​ Pellagra.
❖​ Goitre.

Unit 9. Therapeutic Diets

Essay
❖​ Define therapeutic diets, their objectives, and principles. Discuss modifications in
consistency and nutrients, and explain various feeding techniques.
❖​ Describe the dietary management for various diseases including Obesity, Diabetes
Mellitus, CVD, Underweight, Renal diseases, Hepatic disorders, Constipation, Diarrhea,
and in the Pre and Post-operative periods.

Short Note
❖​ Definition of therapeutic diets.
❖​ Objectives of therapeutic diets.
❖​ Principles of therapeutic diets.
❖​ Modifications in consistency of diet.
❖​ Modifications in nutrients in diet.
❖​ Feeding techniques.

48
 ❖​ Diet in Obesity.
❖​ Diet in Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Diet in CVD.
❖​ Diet in Underweight.
❖​ Diet in Renal diseases.
❖​ Diet in Hepatic disorders.
❖​ Diet in Constipation.
❖​ Diet in Diarrhea.
❖​ Pre-operative diet.
❖​ Post-operative diet.
❖​ Diet plan for a diabetic patient.
❖​ Diet for dehydration.

Unit 10. Cookery Rules and Preservation of Nutrients

Essay
❖​ Discuss various cooking methods, their advantages and disadvantages. Explain measures
for the preservation of nutrients and preventing nutrient loss during preparation.
❖​ Describe safe food handling and storage practices. Outline food preservation methods,
food additives, and food adulteration. Explain the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act
(PFA) and food standards.

Short Note
❖​ Cooking methods.
❖​ Advantages of cooking.
❖​ Disadvantages of cooking.
❖​ Preservation of nutrients.
❖​ Measures to prevent loss of nutrients during preparation.
❖​ Safe food handling.
❖​ Storage of foods.
❖​ Food preservation.
❖​ Food additives.
❖​ Food adulteration.
❖​ Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA).
❖​ Food standards.
❖​ Household methods of food preservation.

11. Nutrition Assessment and Nutrition Education

Essay
❖​ Explain the objectives of nutritional assessment. Describe the various methods of
assessment including clinical examination, anthropometry, laboratory & biochemical
assessment, and assessment of dietary intake (including Food Frequency Questionnaire -
FFQ method).
❖​ Discuss the purposes, principles, and methods of nutrition education.

Short Note
❖​ Objectives of nutritional assessment.

49
 ❖​ Clinical examination for nutritional assessment.
❖​ Anthropometry.
❖​ Laboratory & biochemical assessment of nutrition.
❖​ Assessment of dietary intake.
❖​ Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method.
❖​ Nutrition education – purposes.
❖​ Nutrition education – principles.
❖​ Nutrition education – methods.
❖​ Nurse’s role in nutritional education programs.
❖​ Role of a nurse in nutrition education. (Q.3 .Role of nurse in nutrition education.. - May
2023)

Unit 12. National Nutritional Programs and Role of Nurse

Essay
❖​ Discuss nutritional problems in India. Explain the National Nutritional Policy.
❖​ Describe various National Nutritional Programs such as Vitamin A Supplementation,
Anemia Mukt Bharat Program, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Mid-day
Meal Scheme (MDMS), National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program
(NIDDCP), Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS), and others. Outline the
role of a nurse in each program.

Short Note
❖​ Nutritional problems in India.
❖​ National Nutritional Policy.
❖​ Vitamin A Supplementation program.
❖​ Anemia Mukt Bharat Program.
❖​ Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
❖​ Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS).
❖​ National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program (NIDDCP).
❖​ Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS).
❖​ Role of nurse in national nutritional programs.
❖​ Role of nurse in the assessment of nutritional status.

Unit 13. Food Safety

Essay
❖​ Define food safety. Discuss food safety considerations and measures. Explain food safety
regulatory measures in India, including relevant acts.
❖​ Describe the Five Keys to Safer Food, general principles of food storage (e.g., milk,
meat), safe food handling, and cooking practices.
❖​ Explain the role of food handlers in food-borne diseases and essential steps in safe
cooking practices.

Short Note
❖​ Definition of Food safety.
❖​ Food safety considerations.

50
 ❖​ Food safety measures.
❖​ Food safety regulatory measures in India.
❖​ Relevant Acts for food safety.
❖​ Five keys to safer food.
❖​ Food storage.
❖​ Food handling.
❖​ Safe cooking practices.
❖​ General principles of food storage of food items (e.g., milk, meat).
❖​ Role of food handlers in food borne diseases.
❖​ Essential steps in safe cooking practices.

FOUNDATION OF NURSING 2
Unit 1. Health Assessment
Essay
❖​ Describe the purposes and process of health assessment. Detail the components of
physical examination, including methods like Inspection, Palpation, Percussion,
Auscultation, and Olfaction. Explain the preparation of the patient and unit for
examination and the assessment of each body system.
❖​ Explain the process of health assessment. Elaborate on the methods of physical
examination. (Q.1 .Explain the process of health assessment. Elaborate the methods of
physical assessment.

Short Note
❖​ Interview techniques in health assessment.
❖​ Observation techniques in health assessment.
❖​ Purposes of health assessment.
❖​ Health history.
❖​ Methods of physical examination (Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation,
Olfaction).
❖​ Preparation for examination (patient and unit).
❖​ General assessment.
❖​ Assessment of each body system.
❖​ Documenting health assessment findings.

Unit 2. The Nursing Process

Essay
❖​ Define critical thinking and discuss its competencies, attitudes, and levels in nursing.
❖​ Provide an overview of the Nursing Process. Detail the Assessment phase, including
types, sources, and methods of data collection, organizing, validating, and documenting
data.
❖​ Explain the Nursing Diagnosis phase, covering identification of client problems, risks
and strengths, parts and types of nursing diagnosis statements, formulating guidelines,
NANDA approved diagnoses, and the difference between medical and nursing diagnosis.

51
 ❖​ Describe the Planning phase, including types of planning, establishing priorities,
establishing goals and expected outcomes (purposes, types, guidelines, components),
types of nursing interventions, selecting interventions (Protocols and Standing Orders),
introduction to Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) and Nursing Outcome
Classification (NOC), and guidelines for writing a care plan.
❖​ Discuss the Implementation phase, explaining the process of implementing the plan of
care and types of care (Direct and Indirect).
❖​ Describe the Evaluation Process in the nursing process, including documentation and
reporting.

Short Note
❖​ Critical Thinking Competencies.
❖​ Attitudes for Critical Thinking.
❖​ Levels of critical thinking in Nursing.
❖​ Nursing Process Overview.
❖​ Collection of Data in Assessment (Types, Sources, Methods).
❖​ Organizing Data.
❖​ Validating Data.
❖​ Documenting Data in assessment.
❖​ Identification of client problems, risks and strengths.
❖​ Nursing diagnosis statement – parts.
❖​ Types of Nursing Diagnosis.
❖​ Formulating Nursing Diagnosis.
❖​ Guidelines for formulating Nursing Diagnosis.
❖​ NANDA approved diagnoses.
❖​ Types of planning in nursing.
❖​ Establishing Priorities in nursing care.
❖​ Establishing Goals and Expected Outcomes – Purposes.
❖​ Types of goals and expected outcomes.
❖​ Guidelines for goals and outcome statements.
❖​ Components of goals and outcome statements.
❖​ Types of Nursing Interventions.
❖​ Selecting nursing interventions: Protocols and Standing Orders.
❖​ Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC).
❖​ Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC).
❖​ Guidelines for writing care plan.
❖​ Process of Implementing the plan of care.
❖​ Types of care – Direct and Indirect.
❖​ Evaluation Process in nursing.
❖​ Documentation and Reporting in evaluation.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Medical diagnosis and nursing diagnosis.

52
Unit 3. Nutritional Needs
Essay
❖​ Discuss the importance of nutritional needs and factors affecting them. Explain the
assessment of nutritional status.
❖​ Review special diets (Solid, Liquid, Soft) and therapeutic diets. Describe the care of
patients with Dysphagia, Anorexia, Nausea, and Vomiting.
❖​ Detail the principles, equipment, procedure, and indications for meeting nutritional needs
via oral, enteral (Nasogastric/Orogastric, Gastrostomy, Jejunostomy, and other enteral
feeds), and parenteral (Total Parenteral Nutrition - TPN) routes.

Short Note
❖​ Importance of nutritional needs.
❖​ Factors affecting nutritional needs.
❖​ Assessment of nutritional status.
❖​ Special diets – Solid, Liquid, Soft.
❖​ Therapeutic diets (review).
❖​ Care of patient with Dysphagia.
❖​ Care of patient with Anorexia.
❖​ Care of patient with Nausea.
❖​ Care of patient with Vomiting.
❖​ Meeting Nutritional needs: Principles.
❖​ Equipment for oral feeding.
❖​ Equipment for enteral feeding.
❖​ Procedure for oral feeding.
❖​ Procedure for Nasogastric/Orogastric feeding.
❖​ Indications for Nasogastric/Orogastric feeding.
❖​ Types of other enteral feeds.
❖​ Indications for other enteral feeds (Gastrostomy, Jejunostomy).
❖​ Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) – Introduction.

Unit 4. Hygiene
Essay
❖​ Discuss factors influencing hygienic practice. Explain the indications, purposes, and
effects of neglected hygienic care.
❖​ Describe comprehensive hygienic care, including care of the Skin (Bath, feet and nail,
Hair Care), Care of pressure points, and Oral care.
❖​ Explain the assessment of Pressure Ulcers using the Braden Scale and Norton Scale.
Detail the causes, stages, manifestations, care, and prevention of pressure ulcers.
❖​ Discuss Perineal care/Meatal care. Describe the care of Eyes, Ears, and Nose, including
assistive devices (eye glasses, contact lens, dentures, hearing aid).

Short Note
❖​ Factors Influencing Hygienic Practice.
❖​ Hygienic care: Indications and purposes.
❖​ Effects of neglected hygienic care.
❖​ Care of the Skin (Bath, feet and nail, Hair Care).

53
 ❖​ Care of pressure points.
❖​ Assessment of Pressure Ulcers using Braden Scale.
❖​ Assessment of Pressure Ulcers using Norton Scale.
❖​ Pressure ulcers – causes.
❖​ Stages and manifestations of pressure ulcers.
❖​ Care and prevention of pressure ulcers.
❖​ Perineal care/Meatal care.
❖​ Oral care.
❖​ Care of Eyes.
❖​ Care of Ears.
❖​ Care of Nose.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Braden scale and Norton scale.

Unit 5. Elimination Needs

Essay
❖​ Review the physiology of Urine Elimination, composition, and characteristics of urine.
Discuss factors influencing urination and alterations in urinary elimination.
❖​ Explain facilitating urine elimination, including assessment, types, equipment,
procedures, and special considerations. Describe providing urinal/bed pan.
❖​ Detail the care of patients with Condom drainage, Intermittent Catheterization,
Indwelling Urinary catheter and urinary drainage, Urinary diversions, and Bladder
irrigation.
❖​ Review the physiology of Bowel Elimination, composition, and characteristics of feces.
Discuss factors affecting bowel elimination and alterations in bowel elimination.
❖​ Explain facilitating bowel elimination, including assessment, equipment, and procedures
such as Enemas, Suppository, Bowel wash, and Digital Evacuation of impacted feces.
❖​ Describe the care of patients with Ostomies (Bowel Diversion Procedures).

Short Note
❖​ Physiology of Urine Elimination.
❖​ Composition and characteristics of urine.
❖​ Factors Influencing Urination.
❖​ Alteration in Urinary Elimination.
❖​ Facilitating urine elimination: assessment, types, equipment, procedures, special
considerations.
❖​ Providing urinal/bed pan.
❖​ Care of patients with Condom drainage.
❖​ Intermittent Catheterization.
❖​ Indwelling Urinary catheter.
❖​ Urinary drainage.
❖​ Urinary diversions.
❖​ Bladder irrigation.
❖​ Physiology of Bowel Elimination.
❖​ Composition and characteristics of feces.

54
 ❖​ Factors affecting Bowel elimination.
❖​ Alteration in Bowel Elimination.
❖​ Facilitating bowel elimination: Assessment, equipment, procedures.
❖​ Enemas.
❖​ Suppository.
❖​ Bowel wash.
❖​ Digital Evacuation of impacted feces.
❖​ Care of patients with Ostomies (Bowel Diversion Procedures).
❖​ Urinary catheterization. (Q.4 .Urinary Catheterization.. - March 2022, Q.4 .Urinary
catheterization.. - September 2021)
❖​ Types of enema. (Q.3 .Types of enema.. - August 2021)

Unit 6. Diagnostic Testing

Essay
❖​ Discuss the phases of diagnostic testing (pre-test, intra-test & post-test) in common
investigations and their clinical implications. Include: Complete Blood Count, Serum
Electrolytes, LFT, Lipid/Lipoprotein profile, Serum Glucose (AC, PC, HbA1c,
Monitoring Capillary Blood Glucose - GRBS), Stool Routine Examination, Urine Testing
(Albumin, Acetone, pH, Specific Gravity, Urine Culture, Routine, Timed Urine
Specimen), and Sputum culture.
❖​ Provide an overview of Radiologic & Endoscopic Procedures.

Short Note
❖​ Phases of diagnostic testing (pre-test, intra-test & post-test).
❖​ Clinical implications of diagnostic testing.
❖​ Complete Blood Count (CBC).
❖​ Serum Electrolytes.
❖​ Liver Function Tests (LFT).
❖​ Lipid/Lipoprotein profile.
❖​ Serum Glucose – AC, PC.
❖​ HbA1c.
❖​ Monitoring Capillary Blood Glucose (Glucometer Random Blood Sugar – GRBS).
❖​ Stool Routine Examination.
❖​ Urine Testing – Albumin, Acetone, pH, Specific Gravity.
❖​ Urine Culture.
❖​ Routine Urine Specimen.
❖​ Timed Urine Specimen.
❖​ Sputum culture.

Unit 7. Oxygenation Needs

Essay
❖​ Review Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology. Discuss factors affecting respiratory
functioning and alterations in Respiratory Functioning.
❖​ Explain conditions affecting Airway, Movement of air, Diffusion, and Oxygen transport.
Describe alterations in oxygenation.

55
 ❖​ Detail nursing interventions to promote oxygenation, including assessment, types,
equipment used, and procedures such as Maintenance of patent airway, Oxygen
administration, Suctioning (oral, tracheal), Chest physiotherapy (Percussion, Vibration &
Postural drainage), and Care of Chest drainage (principles & purposes).
❖​ Discuss Pulse Oximetry, including factors affecting measurement of oxygen saturation
and interpretation.
❖​ Describe restorative & continuing care for oxygenation, including Hydration,
Humidification, Coughing techniques, Breathing exercises, and Incentive spirometry.

Short Note
❖​ Review of Cardiovascular Physiology.
❖​ Review of Respiratory Physiology.
❖​ Factors affecting respiratory functioning.
❖​ Alterations in Respiratory Functioning.
❖​ Conditions affecting Airway.
❖​ Conditions affecting Movement of air.
❖​ Conditions affecting Diffusion.
❖​ Conditions affecting Oxygen transport.
❖​ Alterations in oxygenation.
❖​ Nursing interventions to promote oxygenation.
❖​ Maintenance of patent airway.
❖​ Oxygen administration.
❖​ Suctioning – oral, tracheal.
❖​ Chest physiotherapy – Percussion.
❖​ Chest physiotherapy – Vibration.
❖​ Chest physiotherapy – Postural drainage.
❖​ Care of Chest drainage – principles & purposes.
❖​ Pulse Oximetry – Factors affecting measurement.
❖​ Interpretation of Pulse Oximetry.
❖​ Hydration for oxygenation.
❖​ Humidification for oxygenation.
❖​ Coughing techniques.
❖​ Breathing exercises.
❖​ Incentive spirometry.
❖​ Oxygen administration. (Q.5 .Oxygen Administration. - April 2024, Q.5 .Oxygen
administration. - October 2023)
❖​ Chest physiotherapy.

Unit 8. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid – Base Balances

Essay
❖​ Review the Physiological Regulation of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balances.
Discuss factors affecting these balances.
❖​ Explain disturbances in fluid volume, including deficit (Hypovolemia, Dehydration) and
excess (Fluid overload, Edema).
❖​ Describe Electrolyte imbalances (hypo and hyper) and Acid-base imbalances (Metabolic
– acidosis & alkalosis, Respiratory – acidosis & alkalosis).

56
 ❖​ Detail Intravenous therapy, covering Peripheral venipuncture sites, Types of IV fluids,
Calculation for making IV fluid plan, Complications of IV fluid therapy, Measuring fluid
intake and output, Administering Blood and Blood components, Restricting fluid intake,
and Enhancing Fluid intake.

Short Note
❖​ Physiological Regulation of Fluid Balance.
❖​ Physiological Regulation of Electrolyte Balance.
❖​ Physiological Regulation of Acid-Base Balance.
❖​ Factors Affecting Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balances.
❖​ Disturbances in fluid volume: Deficit (Hypovolemia, Dehydration).
❖​ Disturbances in fluid volume: Excess (Fluid overload, Edema).
❖​ Electrolyte imbalances (hypo and hyper).
❖​ Acid-base imbalances (Metabolic – acidosis & alkalosis, Respiratory – acidosis &
alkalosis).
❖​ Intravenous therapy – Peripheral venipuncture sites.
❖​ Types of IV fluids.
❖​ Calculation for making IV fluid plan.
❖​ Complications of IV fluid therapy.
❖​ Measuring fluid intake and output.
❖​ Administering Blood and Blood components.
❖​ Restricting fluid intake.
❖​ Enhancing Fluid intake.
❖​ IV fluid therapy.

Unit 9. Administration of Medications

Essay
❖​ Introduce medication administration, including definitions of Medication and
Administration of Medication, Drug Nomenclature, Effects of Drugs, Forms of
Medications, Purposes, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetics.
❖​ Discuss factors influencing Medication Action. Explain Medication orders and
Prescriptions, Systems of measurement, and Medication dose calculation.
❖​ Describe the Principles and 10 rights of Medication Administration. Discuss errors in
Medication administration and nurses' responsibility in medication storage and
maintenance.
❖​ Detail various Routes of administration (Oral, Sublingual, Buccal: Equipment,
procedure).
❖​ Provide an Introduction to Parenteral Administration of Drugs (Intramuscular,
Intravenous, Subcutaneous, Intradermal): Location of site, Advantages and disadvantages
of specific sites, Indication and contraindications for different routes and sites.
❖​ Discuss Equipment for parenteral administration (Syringes & needles, cannulas, Infusion
sets – parts, types, sizes). Explain Types of vials and ampoules, Preparing Injectable
medicines from vials and ampoules.
❖​ Describe Care of equipment (decontamination and disposal of syringes, needles, infusion
sets) and Prevention of Needle-Stick Injuries.

57
 ❖​ Explain Topical Administration: Types, purposes, site, equipment, procedure
(Application to skin & mucous membrane, Direct application of liquids, Gargle and
swabbing the throat, Insertion of Drug into body cavity: Suppository/medicated packing
in rectum/vagina).
❖​ Discuss Instillations (Ear, Eye, Nasal, Bladder, and Rectal) and Irrigations (Eye, Ear,
Bladder, Vaginal and Rectal). Explain Spraying (Nose and throat).
❖​ Describe Inhalation (Nasal, oral, endotracheal/tracheal (steam, oxygen and medications))
– purposes, types, equipment, procedure, recording, and reporting.
❖​ Briefly explain Other Parenteral Routes: Meaning of epidural, intrathecal, intraosseous,
intraperitoneal, intra-pleural, intra-arterial. (Q.3 .Explain the .10 rights of medication
administration.
❖​ Describe the steps for administering oral medications.. - March 2022, Q.3 .Explain the
.10 rights of medication administration.. Describe the steps for administering oral
medications.. - September 2021)

Short Note
❖​ Administration of Medication.
❖​ Drug Nomenclature.
❖​ Effects of Drugs.
❖​ Forms of Medications.
❖​ Purposes of medication.
❖​ Pharmacodynamics.
❖​ Pharmacokinetics.
❖​ Factors influencing Medication Action.
❖​ Medication orders and Prescriptions.
❖​ Systems of measurement in medication.
❖​ Medication dose calculation.
❖​ Principles of Medication Administration.
❖​ 10 rights of Medication Administration.
❖​ Errors in Medication administration.
❖​ Routes of administration.
❖​ Storage and maintenance of drugs.
❖​ Nurses responsibility in medication administration.
❖​ Terminologies and abbreviations used in prescriptions.
❖​ Developmental considerations in medication.
❖​ Oral, Sublingual and Buccal routes: Equipment, procedure.
❖​ Parenteral Administration of Drugs (Intramuscular, Intravenous, Subcutaneous,
Intradermal).
❖​ Location of site for injections.
❖​ Advantages and disadvantages of specific injection sites.
❖​ Indication and contraindications for different injection routes.
❖​ Equipment for injections – Syringes & needles, cannulas, Infusion sets.
❖​ Parts, types, sizes of syringes, needles, cannulas, infusion sets.
❖​ Types of vials and ampoules.
❖​ Preparing Injectable medicines from vials and ampoules.
❖​ Care of equipment (decontamination and disposal of syringes, needles, infusion sets).

58
 ❖​ Prevention of Needle-Stick Injuries.
❖​ Topical Administration: Types, purposes, site, equipment, procedure.
❖​ Application to skin & mucous membrane.
❖​ Direct application of liquids.
❖​ Gargle and swabbing the throat.
❖​ Insertion of Drug into body cavity: Suppository/medicated packing in rectum/vagina.
❖​ Instillations: Ear, Eye, Nasal, Bladder, and Rectal.
❖​ Irrigations: Eye, Ear, Bladder, Vaginal and Rectal.
❖​ Spraying: Nose and throat.
❖​ Inhalation (Nasal, oral, endotracheal/tracheal - steam, oxygen and medications).
❖​ Purposes of inhalation.
❖​ Types, equipment, procedure of inhalation.
❖​ Recording and reporting of medications administered.
❖​ Other Parenteral Routes: epidural, intrathecal, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intra-pleural,
intra-arterial.
❖​ Sites for IM injection. (March 2022)
❖​ Routes of drug administration. (September 2021)

Unit 10. Sensory Needs

Essay
❖​ Discuss the components of sensory experience (Reception, Perception & Reaction) and
the Arousal Mechanism. Explain factors affecting sensory function.
❖​ Describe the assessment of Sensory alterations, including sensory deficit, deprivation,
overload & sensory poverty.
❖​ Detail the management of sensory needs, focusing on promoting meaningful
communication with patients having Aphasia, artificial airway & Visual and Hearing
impairment.
❖​ Explain the care of Unconscious Patients: definition, causes & risk factors,
pathophysiology, stages of Unconsciousness, and Clinical Manifestations. Describe the
assessment and nursing management of patients with unconsciousness, including
potential complications.

Short Note
❖​ Components of sensory experience – Reception, Perception & Reaction.
❖​ Arousal Mechanism.
❖​ Factors affecting sensory function.
❖​ Assessment of Sensory alterations – sensory deficit, deprivation, overload & sensory
poverty.
❖​ Promoting meaningful communication (patients with Aphasia, artificial airway & Visual
and Hearing impairment).
❖​ Unconsciousness: Definition, causes & risk factors, pathophysiology, stages, Clinical
Manifestations.
❖​ Assessment and nursing management of patient with unconsciousness.
❖​ Complications of unconsciousness.
❖​ Care of unconscious patient. (Q.5 .Care of an unconscious patient.. - August 2021)

59
Unit 11. Care of Terminally Ill, Death and Dying
Essay
❖​ Discuss types of loss, grief, bereavement & mourning. Explain types of grief responses
and manifestations of grief. Describe factors influencing Loss & Grief Responses.
❖​ Explain theories of Grief & Loss, specifically Kubler-Ross's 5 Stages of Dying and
Rando's The R Process model.
❖​ Define Death (Meaning, Types - Brain & Circulatory Deaths). Discuss signs of
Impending Death and the Dying patient's Bill of Rights.
❖​ Describe the Care of Dying Patient and physiological changes occurring after Death.
Explain Death Declaration and Certification.
❖​ Discuss Autopsy, Embalming, Last office/Death Care, and Counseling & supporting
grieving relatives.
❖​ Outline the process of Placing body in the Mortuary and Releasing body from Mortuary.
❖​ Provide an overview of Medico-legal Cases, Advance directives, DNI/DNR, Organ
Donation, and Euthanasia.

Short Note
❖​ Types of Loss.
❖​ Grief, Bereavement & Mourning.
❖​ Types of Grief responses.
❖​ Manifestations of Grief.
❖​ Factors influencing Loss & Grief Responses.
❖​ Kubler-Ross’s 5 Stages of Dying.
❖​ The R Process model (Rando’s).
❖​ Death – Definition, Meaning, Types (Brain & Circulatory Deaths).
❖​ Signs of Impending Death.
❖​ Dying patient’s Bill of Rights.
❖​ Care of Dying Patient.
❖​ Physiological changes occurring after Death.
❖​ Autopsy.
❖​ Embalming.
❖​ Last office/Death Care.
❖​ Counseling & supporting grieving relatives.
❖​ Placing body in the Mortuary.
❖​ Releasing body from Mortuary.
❖​ Medico-legal Cases (Overview).
❖​ Advance directives.
❖​ DNI/DNR.
❖​ Organ Donation.
❖​ Euthanasia.

Unit 12. A. Self-concept

Short Note
❖​ Introduction to Self-concept.
❖​ Components of Self-concept (Personal Identity, Body Image, Role Performance, Self
Esteem).

60
 ❖​ Factors affecting Self Concept.
❖​ Nursing Management related to Self-concept.

Unit 13. Sexuality

Short Note
❖​ Sexual development throughout life.
❖​ Sexual health.
❖​ Sexual orientation.
❖​ Factors affecting sexuality.
❖​ Prevention of STIs.
❖​ Prevention of unwanted pregnancy.
❖​ Avoiding sexual harassment and abuse.
❖​ Dealing with inappropriate sexual behavior.

Unit 14. Stress and Adaptation – Introductory Concepts

Short Note
❖​ Sources of Stress.
❖​ Effects of Stress.
❖​ Indicators of Stress.
❖​ Types of Stress.
❖​ Types of stressors.
❖​ Stress Adaptation – General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
❖​ Stress Adaptation – Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS).
❖​ Manifestation of stress – Physical & psychological.
❖​ Coping strategies/ Mechanisms.
❖​ Stress Management.
❖​ Assist with coping and adaptation.
❖​ Creating therapeutic environment for stress management.
❖​ Recreational and diversion therapies.

Unit 15. Concepts of Cultural Diversity and Spirituality

Essay
❖​ Discuss Cultural diversity, including Cultural Concepts (Culture, Subculture,
Multicultural, Diversity, Race, Acculturation, Assimilation). Explain Transcultural
Nursing, Cultural Competence, and Providing Culturally Responsive Care.
❖​ Define Spirituality, including Concepts (Faith, Hope, Religion, Spirituality, Spiritual
Wellbeing). Discuss factors affecting Spirituality, Spiritual Problems in Acute, Chronic,
Terminal illnesses & Near-Death Experience, and Dealing with Spiritual
Distress/Problems.

Short Note
❖​ Cultural Concepts – Culture, Subculture, Multicultural, Diversity, Race, Acculturation,
Assimilation.
❖​ Transcultural Nursing.
❖​ Cultural Competence.

61
 ❖​ Providing Culturally Responsive Care.
❖​ Spirituality – Concepts (Faith, Hope, Religion, Spirituality, Spiritual Wellbeing).
❖​ Factors affecting Spirituality.
❖​ Spiritual Problems in Acute, Chronic, Terminal illnesses & Near-Death Experience.
❖​ Dealing with Spiritual Distress/Problems.

Unit 16. Nursing Theories: Introduction

Short Note
❖​ Meaning & Definition of Nursing Theories.
❖​ Purposes of Nursing Theories.
❖​ Types of theories with examples.
❖​ Overview of selected nursing theories – Nightingale.
❖​ Overview of selected nursing theories – Orem.
❖​ Overview of selected nursing theories – Roy.
❖​ Use of theories in nursing practice.

MICROBIOLOGY
Unit 1: Introduction
Answer Briefly
❖​ Contribution of Louis Pasteur in Microbiology (October 2024)

Unit 2: General characteristics of Microbes

Essay
❖​ Define sterilization. Enumerate the methods of sterilization by dry heat. Describe the
functioning of hot air oven. (May 2023)
❖​ Define sterilization and discuss different types of sterilisation techniques. Briefly describe
the applications of autoclave in a hospital. (January 2024)

Short notes
❖​ Types of Staining (February 2022)
❖​ Draw and label the structure of a bacterial cell with functions of its organelles (January
2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Gram staining (October 2023)
❖​ Bacterial growth curve (October 2023)
❖​ Define culture media and their types (January 2024)
❖​ Indian ink preparation for demonstration of capsule of bacteria (January 2024)

Differentiate between
❖​ Gram positive and gram negative cell wall (October 2019, May 2023)
❖​ Gram positive and gram negative bacteria (August 2021, January 2024)

62
 ❖​ Sterilisation and Disinfection (October 2024)

Unit 3: Pathogenic organisms

Essay
❖​ Describe the morphology, modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of HIV
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. List the opportunistic infections associated
with HIV infection. (August 2021)
❖​ Describe the morphology, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of Corynebacterium
diphtheriae. Add a note on diphtheria vaccine. (February 2022)
❖​ Describe the morphology, modes of transmission, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of
Hepatitis B virus. (August 2023)
❖​ Discuss the morphology, modes of transmission, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of
Hepatitis B virus. (May 2024)
❖​ Describe the pathogenesis and clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis. Describe in
detail the laboratory diagnosis. Add a note on prophylaxis for tuberculosis. (October
2023)
❖​ Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical stages and laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection.
(October 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Describe the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis. (October
2019)
❖​ Describe the morphology, modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of HIV/AIDS.
(October 2019)
❖​ Describe the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of polio virus. (May 2023)
❖​ Describe the pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis. (February
2022)
❖​ Describe the morphology, modes of transmission and laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis B
Virus. (May/November 2020)
❖​ Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary Tuberculosis.
(May/November 2020)
❖​ Enumerate the causative agents of enteric fever. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of
enteric fever. (August 2021)
❖​ Enumerate the viruses causing hepatitis. Describe in detail the laboratory diagnosis of
hepatitis B. (October 2023)
❖​ Clinical features of enteric fever (May 2022)
❖​ Collection and transport of specimen in cholera (May/November 2020)
❖​ Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis
(January 2024)
❖​ Briefly discuss about Enteric fever (October 2024)
❖​ Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (October
2024)
❖​ Name the fungi causing opportunistic fungal infections. Describe the pathogenesis and
laboratory diagnosis of any one of them. (October 2024)

63
Short Notes
❖​ Microfilaria (October 2019, August 2021)
❖​ Candidiasis (October 2019, August 2021)
❖​ Dengue fever (October 2019)
❖​ Leishmaniasis (May 2023)
❖​ Cryptococcosis (May 2023, October 2023, February 2022)
❖​ Funguria (October 2019)
❖​ Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection (October 2019)
❖​ Bacteremia (February 2022)
❖​ COVID-19 infection (February 2022)
❖​ Biomedical waste management (February 2022)
❖​ Laboratory diagnosis of dengue (May/November 2020)
❖​ Enterobius vermicularis (May/November 2020)
❖​ Laboratory diagnosis of falciparum malaria (May 2023)
❖​ Laboratory diagnosis of syphilis (August 2021, May 2022)
❖​ Anaerobic culture methods (November 2022)
❖​ Laboratory diagnosis of cholera and measures to prevent its spread of infection
(November 2022)
❖​ Polio vaccine (November 2022)
❖​ Laboratory diagnosis and classification of dermatophytes (November 2022)
❖​ ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay) (November 2022)
❖​ Types of coaprhogenic escherichia coli (November 2022)
❖​ Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides (October 2023)
❖​ Define infection. Explain the modes of transmission of infection (October 2024)
❖​ Describe the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis (October 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Post exposure prophylaxis of rabies (October 2019)
❖​ Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) (May 2023)
❖​ Candida albicans (May 2023)
❖​ Dengue fever (August 2023)
❖​ Gaseous disinfectants (February 2022)
❖​ Opportunistic neorformans (May/November 2020)
❖​ Disposal of sharps (May/November 2020)
❖​ Anaerobic disinfectants (May 2022)
❖​ Classify disinfectants with one example each (January 2024)
❖​ Clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis (October 2024)

Differentiate between
❖​ Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary dysentery (May 2022, November 2022)
❖​ Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum (May 2022)
❖​ Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax (May 2024)
❖​ Flagella and fimbria (May/November 2020, January 2024)
❖​ Exotoxins and endotoxins (October 2019, August 2021, October 2024)
❖​ Gonococci and Meningococci (October 2023)
❖​ Taenia solium and Taenea saginata (February 2022, October 2023)

64
 ❖​ Source and Reservoir of infection (January 2024)

Unit 4: Immunity
Short Notes
❖​ National immunization schedule (October 2019, October 2023, October 2024)
❖​ Serological tests (May 2024)
❖​ Describe the Widal test and its diagnostic utility (January 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Type I hypersensitivity (May/November 2020, October 2023)
❖​ Delayed hypersensitivity (May 2022, May 2023)
❖​ Anaphylaxis (February 2022)
❖​ Standard precautions (October 2024)

Differentiate between
❖​ Immunity and delayed type of hypersensitivity (October 2019)
❖​ Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G (May 2023)
❖​ Live attenuated vaccines and killed vaccines (August 2021, May/November 2020,
October 2024)
❖​ Active Immunity and Passive Immunity (February 2022, October 2023)
❖​ Acquired immunity and Innate immunity (October 2024)

INFECTION CONTROL
Unit 1: HAI (Hospital Acquired Infection)
Essay
❖​ Describe in detail the various components of standard precautions. (From the second
image)
❖​ Define hospital acquired infections (HAIs). List the various types of HAI. Discuss the
measures to prevent HAIs. (From the third image)

Short Note
❖​ Mention the type of sample to be collected in extra pulmonary tuberculosis. (From the
second image)
❖​ Describe the principle, working and items sterilized in an autoclave. (From the second
image)
❖​ Discuss segregation of biomedical waste. (From the third image)
List Down
❖​ Four pathogens causing hospital acquired infection. (From the third image)

Unit 4: Disinfection and Sterilization

Short Note
❖​ Discuss dry heat methods of sterilization. (From the third image)

65
Unit 7: Antibiotic Stewardship
Short Note
❖​ Antimicrobial Stewardship programme. (From the second image)

List Down
❖​ Two measures to prevent antimicrobial resistance. (From the third image)

Unit 8: Patient Safety Indicators

List Down
❖​ Four patient safety indicators. (From the third image)
❖​ Four measures to prevent DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis). (From the second image)
❖​ Four cellular adaptations. (From the first image) - Note: This is from the Pathology
section, not Infection Control, but included as per the request.

Unit 11: Employee Safety Indicators

Short Note
❖​ Describe management of needle stick injury. (From the third image)

List Down
❖​ Four members of Hospital Infection Control Committee. (From the second image)

PHARMACOLOGY 1
Unit 1: Introduction to Pharmacology

Essay Questions
❖​ Name the different routes of drug administration. Write the advantages and disadvantages
of oral route. (February 2023)
❖​ Mention eight routes of drug administration. Explain advantages and disadvantages of
any two routes of drug administration with examples. (May 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Oral and Parenteral routes. (September 2020)

Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between Aspirin and morphine. (October 2019) - Could also fit under
.Drugs acting on CNS. if that were a separate unit, but given these are broad drugs, intro
principles apply.

List Down

66
 ❖​ Inhalational general anaesthetics and advantages of halothane. (April 2019) - Could also
fit under .Drugs acting on CNS. if that were a separate unit, but given broadness, intro
principles apply.
❖​ Rational for combining aluminum and magnesium salts in antacids. (October 2020) -
Relates to drug interactions and rational use of drugs.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Calculate the quantity of sodium chloride required for 200ml of 0.9% solution. (February
2023) - Relates to drug calculation.
❖​ A patient is prescribed 24 units of insulin. The insulin vial UI-40 is supplied. Calculate
the volume of insulin (in ml) required for this patient. (October 2019) - Relates to drug
calculation.
❖​ A solution contains 40000 units of penicillin in 1 ml. How much of the solution should be
drawn to give a dose of 8000 units. (August 2021) - Relates to drug calculation.
❖​ Calculate the quantity of salt to be added to 2 litres of water to make a solution of normal
saline. (April/November 2020)

Unit 2: Pharmacology of commonly used antiseptics and disinfectants

Short Note
❖​ Mention antiseptics and disinfectants. Explain its uses and nursing implications. (October
2020)

Unit 3: Drugs acting on G.I. system

Short Note
❖​ Antiemetics. (October 2019)
❖​ Antacids. (February 2023)
❖​ Antidiarrhoeals. (August 2021)

Unit 4: Drugs acting on respiratory system

Short Note
❖​ Bronchodilators. (October 2019, August 2021)
❖​ List four drugs used in bronchial asthma. Explain mechanism of action of any two drugs.
(October 2020)
❖​ Classify the drugs used in bronchial asthma with two examples each. Add a note on their
adverse effects. (April 2019)
❖​ List four drugs used in the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma. Explain mechanism of action
of any two drugs of different category. (May 2022)

67
Unit 5: Drugs used in treatment of Cardiovascular system and blood disorders

Essay
❖​ Classify antihypertensives. Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. (February 2023)
❖​ Classify antihypertensive drugs with suitable examples. Write the mechanism of action,
uses, adverse effects and contraindications of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
(April 2019)

Short Note
❖​ Antihypertensives. (September 2020)
❖​ Mention anticholinergic drugs. Explain the uses of Atropine and its side effects. (October
2020)
❖​ Classify antiarrhythmics. What precautions do you take while administering oral
antiarrhythmics and antihypertensives. (September 2020)

Difference Between
❖​ Antihypertensive drugs and Anti-anginal drugs. (October 2019)
❖​ Warfarin and heparin. (April/November 2020, October 2019)
❖​ Nifedipine and atenolol. (April 2019)

List Down
❖​ Antianginals. (September 2020)
❖​ List two drugs used in Cardio pulmonary resuscitation with their rationale. (October
2020)

Unit 6: Drugs used in treatment of endocrine system disorders

Essay
❖​ Name four glucocorticoid preparations. Write the uses and adverse effects of
glucocorticoids. Discuss the nursing implications. (October 2019)

Short Note
❖​ Uses of glucocorticoids. (April/November 2020)
❖​ Insulin. (August 2021)

Give Reason
❖​ Glucose should be avoided in patients receiving insulin - Give reason. (February 2023)
❖​ Explain the rationale for the use of diazepam over phenobarbitone as sedative. (May
2022) - While Diazepam is CNS, its use as a sedative could be related to broader
endocrine effects on metabolism or other systemic impacts that nurses need to consider.

Unit 8: Drugs used in treatment of communicable diseases (common infections,

infestations)
Essay

68
 ❖​ Classify penicillins. Write the uses and adverse effects of penicillin G. Describe the
nurse's responsibility in administering penicillins. (February 2023)
❖​ Name four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Discuss the uses and
adverse effects of NSAIDs. Describe the nurse's responsibility in administration of
NSAIDs. (September 2020, August 2021)

Short Note
❖​ Chloramphenicol. (August 2021)
❖​ Anthelmintics. (August 2021)
❖​ First line antitubercular drugs. (February 2023)
❖​ Antimalarials. (February 2024)
❖​ Mention drugs used in malaria. Explain mechanism of action o anti round worm and
hook worm infestations. (April/November 2020)

List Down
❖​ Antitubercular drugs. (August 2021)
❖​ Four antiepileptic drugs. (April/November 2020)
❖​ Four drugs used in typhoid fever. (May 2022)
❖​ Four drugs used in constipation. (May 2022)

Give Reason
❖​ Chlorpromazine is used in psychosis – Give reason. (September 2020)Mebendazole is
used in amoebiasis

ADULT HEALTH NURSING 1

Unit 1: Introduction
Essay Questions
❖​ Discuss the evolution and current trends in medical and surgical nursing, highlighting the
significant roles and responsibilities of a nurse in various settings such as outpatient
departments, in-patient units, and intensive care units.
❖​ Explain the concept of medical and surgical asepsis. Describe the stages of wound
healing and elaborate on the various factors that influence it.
❖​ Outline the comprehensive care of a surgical patient, encompassing pre-operative,
intra-operative, and post-operative phases. Discuss the role of alternative therapies in
caring for patients with medical-surgical disorders.
❖​ Nurse responsibilities in operation theatre. (April 2023 )

Short Notes
❖​ Infection control in OT. (February 2022 )
❖​ Wound healing process. (April 2019 )
❖​ Sutures types. (April 2023 )
❖​ Roles and responsibilities of a nurse in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
❖​ International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

69
 ❖​ Wound care and dressing techniques.

Difference Between
❖​ Medical asepsis and Surgical asepsis.
❖​ Inflammation and Infection.
❖​ Acute wound and Chronic wound.

List the Following

❖​ Sutures types. (February 2022 )
❖​ Postoperative respiratory complications. (May 2022 ) Factors influencing wound healing.
❖​ Key roles of a nurse in an outpatient department.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Wound healing. (October 2023 )

Unit 2: Intraoperative Care

Essay Questions
❖​ Describe the organization and physical set-up of an operation theatre (OT), including its
classification and design. Elaborate on the duties and responsibilities of the nurse in the
OT.
❖​ Explain the different types of anesthesia, their methods of administration, effects, and
stages. Discuss the legal aspects associated with intraoperative nursing care.
❖​ Detail the various steps involved in scrubbing procedures, gowning, masking, and
gloving in the operation theatre. How is a therapeutic environment maintained in the OT?
❖​ Nurse responsibilities in operation theatre. (April 2023 )

Short Notes
❖​ Standard precautions in operation theatre. (October 2019 ) Anesthesia types. (February
2022 ) Members of the OT team.
❖​ Prevention of accidents and hazards in the OT.
❖​ Disinfection and sterilization of equipment.
❖​ Positions and draping for common surgical procedures.

Differentiate Between
❖​ General & Local Anaesthesia. (September 2023 )
❖​ Disinfection and sterilization. (October 2019 )
❖​ General anesthesia and Regional anesthesia.
❖​ Scrub nurse and Circulating nurse.

List the Following

❖​ Anesthesia types. (October 2023 )
❖​ Complications of General Anaesthesia. (April/November 2020 )
❖​ General anesthesia phases. (May 2022 )
❖​ Aneurysm classification. (October 2023 )
❖​ Biomedical waste management in OT. (May 2022 )
❖​ Equipment and drugs used in anesthesia.

70
 ❖​ Types of sutures and suture materials.

Unit 3: Nursing Care of Patients with Common Signs and Symptoms and Management
Short Essays
❖​ Clinical features & management of dehydration. (May 2023 )
❖​ Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of a
patient experiencing fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
❖​ Define shock. Elaborate on the different types of shock, their compensatory mechanisms,
and the nursing interventions required for their management.
❖​ Explain the concept of pain. Describe various pain assessment tools and pharmacological
and non-pharmacological methods of pain management.

Short Notes
❖​ Electrolyte imbalances in chronic renal failure. (October 2023 )
❖​ Cardiogenic shock. (May 2022 )
❖​ Types of fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
❖​ Clinical features of hypovolemic shock.
❖​ Nursing assessment of pain.
❖​ Management of a patient with severe pain.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Hypovolemic shock and Neurogenic shock. (April/November 2020 )
❖​ Hypovolemic shock and Cardiogenic shock.
❖​ Acute pain and Chronic pain.
❖​ Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia.

List the Following

❖​ Shock types. (February 2022 )
❖​ Signs and symptoms of dehydration.
❖​ Common types of shock.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Pain pharmacologic treatment. (February 2023 )

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Serum potassium values monitoring during Lasix therapy. (September 2023 )

Unit 4: Nursing Management of Patients with Respiratory Problems

Long Essay
❖​ Bronchial asthma (definition, clinical manifestations, medical management, nursing
care). (September 2023 )
❖​ Flail chest (pathophysiology, nursing management, care plan). (October 2023 )
❖​ Pulmonary tuberculosis (admission, clinical features, drug usage, management, nursing
responsibilities). (May 2023 )

71
 ❖​ Describe the nursing assessment process for a patient with a respiratory problem,
including history taking, physical assessment, and diagnostic tests. Discuss the nursing
management of a patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
❖​ Elaborate on the pathophysiology, clinical features, and nursing management of Pleural
Effusion and Empyema.
❖​ Discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of Acute
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Outline health behaviors to prevent respiratory
illness.

Short Notes
❖​ Bronchial asthma management. (February 2023 )
❖​ Pneumothorax. (May 2022 )
❖​ Tonsillitis. (May 2022 )
❖​ Laryngitis management. (October 2023 )
❖​ Upper respiratory tract infections.
❖​ Pneumonia.
❖​ Chest injuries.
❖​ Nursing care of a patient with Bronchiectasis.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Empyema & emphysema. (October 2023 )
❖​ Open & closed pneumothorax. (February 2022 )
❖​ Pneumonia and Bronchitis.
❖​ Pleural effusion and Pneumothorax.
❖​ Asthma and Emphysema.

Answer Briefly
❖​ ABG analysis. (September 2023 )
❖​ Pleural effusion. (October 2023 )

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Dyspnea & Fowler's position. (October 2023 )
❖​ Never elevate chest tube drainage system to the level of the patient's chest. (April 2023 )
❖​ Never elevate chest tube drainage system to the level of the patient's chest. (February
2023 )
❖​

Unit 5: Nursing Management of Patients with Disorders of Digestive System

Long Essay
❖​ Intestinal obstruction (pathophysiology, surgical management, nursing management.
(May 2022)
❖​ Intestinal obstruction (causes, pathophysiological changes, preoperative preparation of
Mr. X). (February 2022 )
❖​ Carcinoma rectum (clinical features, postoperative management, health education after
colostomy). (April 2023 )

72
 ❖​ Hepatitis B & C (etiology, mode of transmission, diagnostic studies, management,
prevention). (April 2023 )
❖​ Explain the nursing assessment process for a patient with a gastrointestinal disorder,
including history taking, physical assessment, and GI investigations. Discuss the nursing
management of a patient with Peptic Ulcer Disease.
❖​ Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of Liver
Cirrhosis. Discuss the complications associated with portal hypertension.
❖​ Elaborate on various feeding techniques, including gastric decompression, gavage, and
stoma care. Discuss the role of alternative therapies in the treatment of digestive system
disorders.

Short notes
❖​ Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis & conservative therapy. (October 2019 )
❖​ Intestinal obstruction. (September 2023 )
❖​ Cholecystitis. (September 2023 )
❖​ Diarrhea. (October 2023 )
❖​ Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography (October 2023).
❖​ Oral cavity disorders. (September 2023 )
❖​ Dacryocystitis. (May 2022 )
❖​ Nutritional assessment of patients with Gastro Intestinal Disorders. (May 2023 )
❖​ Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). (August 2021 )
❖​ Clinical features of cirrhosis of liver. (April/November 2020 )
❖​ Portal hypertension. (April 2019 )
❖​ Benign prostatic hypertrophy. (April 2023 )
❖​ Nursing care for GI bleeding.
❖​ Appendicitis.
❖​ Hemorrhoids and their management.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Ulcerative colitis & regional ileitis. (October 2023 )
❖​ Anal fistula & anal fissure. (May 2022 )
❖​ Anal fissure & anal fistula. (February 2022 )
❖​ Direct & Indirect inguinal hernia. (April 2023 )
❖​ Gastric ulcer and Duodenal ulcer.
❖​ Hernia and Obstruction.
❖​ Jaundice and Hepatitis.

List the Following

❖​ Colostomy types. (October 2023 )
❖​ Dacryocystitis and cholecystitis. (April 2019 )
❖​ Types of hernia. (October 2019 )
❖​ Common GI investigations.
❖​ Complications of Peritonitis.
Answer Briefly
❖​ Liver failure. (May 2023 )
❖​ Hepatic pain clinical types. (February 2023 )

73
 ❖​ Melena. (February 2023 )

Unit 6: Nursing Management of Patients with Cardiovascular Problems

Long Essay
❖​ Clinical manifestations, complications and management of myocardial infarction.
(April/November 2020 )
❖​ Discuss the nursing assessment of a patient with a cardiovascular problem, including
history, physical assessment, and invasive/non-invasive cardiac procedures. Detail the
nursing management of a patient with Myocardial Infarction.
❖​ Explain the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of
Congestive Heart Failure. Outline the complications of heart failure, including pulmonary
edema and cardiogenic shock.
❖​ Describe the different types of cardiac dysrhythmias and heart blocks. Discuss the
nursing interventions for managing a patient with cardiac tamponade.

Short notes
❖​ Cardiac catheterization. (February 2023 )
❖​ Thrombo angiitis obliterans. (September 2023 )
❖​ Myocardial infarction management. (April 2023 )
❖​ Electrocardiogram (ECG) & placement of chest leads. (May 2023 )
❖​ Hypertension.
❖​ Angina Pectoris.
❖​ Rheumatic Heart Disease.
❖​ Nursing care during Cardiopulmonary Arrest.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Thrombo Angiitis Obliterans (TAO) and Raynaud's disease. (August 2021 )
❖​ Angina pectoris and Myocardial infarction.
❖​ Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis.
❖​ Pericarditis and Myocarditis.

List the Following

❖​ Aneurysm classification. (September 2023 )
❖​ Aneurysm types. (February 2022 )
❖​ Risk factors for coronary artery disease.
❖​ Signs of peripheral vascular disease.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Angina pectoris types. (February 2023 )

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Anasarca is common manifestation seen in patients with right heart failure. (August
2021)

Unit 7: Nursing Management of Patients with Disorders of Blood

Short Essays

74
 ❖​ Iron Deficiency Anemia. (September 2023 )
❖​ Clinical features and management of leukemia. (October 2019 )
❖​ Discuss the nursing assessment of a patient with a blood disorder, including history,
physical assessment, and diagnostic tests. Explain the nursing management of a patient
with Anemia.
❖​ Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of
Leukemia. Discuss the various types of leukemia and their treatment modalities.
❖​ Elaborate on the different types of bleeding disorders, including clotting factor defects
and platelet defects. Discuss the nursing care for a patient with Thalassemia.

Short Notes
❖​ Polycythemia. (April 2023 )
❖​ Agranulocytosis.
❖​ Lymphomas.
❖​ Nursing care during blood transfusion.

Difference Between
❖​ Anemia and Polycythemia.
❖​ Leukemia and Lymphoma.
❖​ Thrombocytopenia and Hemophilia.

List the Following

❖​ Diagnostic tests for blood disorders.
❖​ Types of bleeding disorders.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Haemophilia. (April/November 2020 )

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Bleeding is a common manifestation in patients with thrombocytopenia. (May 2023 )

Unit 8: Nursing Management of Patients with Disorders of Endocrine System

Short Essays
❖​ Thyroidectomy & thyroid storm. (October 2023 )
❖​ Discuss the nursing assessment of a patient with an endocrine disorder, including history
and physical assessment. Explain the nursing management of a patient with Diabetes
Mellitus.
❖​ Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of
Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism.
❖​ Elaborate on the disorders of the Adrenal and Pituitary glands (Hyper, Hypo, and
tumors). Discuss the nursing care for a patient with Addison's disease or Cushing's
syndrome.

Short Notes
❖​ Hypothyroidism. (September 2023 )
❖​ Diabetic keto acidosis. (September 2023 )

75
 ❖​ Glucose tolerance test. (October 2023 )
❖​ Diabetes mellitus complications. (May 2023 )
❖​ Diabetes mellitus complications. (February 2023 )
❖​ Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Thyroidectomy nursing care.
❖​ Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH).

Differentiate Between
❖​ Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism.
❖​ Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome.

List the Following

❖​ Complications of thyroidectomy. (April 2023 )
❖​ Complications of Thyroidectomy. (August 2021 )
❖​ Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.
❖​ Functions of the pituitary gland.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Diabetes mellitus clinical features. (April 2023 )
❖​ Hypothyroidism. (April/November 2020 )

Unit 9: Nursing Management of Patients with Disorders of Integumentary System

Long Essay
❖​ Discuss the sources and classification of burn injury. Explain the nursing management of
a patient with 70% burns during emergent phase. (April 2019 )Discuss the nursing
assessment of a patient with an integumentary disorder, including history and physical
assessment. Explain the nursing management of a patient with Psoriasis.
❖​ Describe the various types of skin infections and infestations. Elaborate on the nursing
care for a patient with Eczema.
❖​ Discuss the early detection and nursing management of Malignant Melanoma. Outline the
special and alternative therapies used in the treatment of integumentary disorders.
❖​ Short Essays
❖​ Pathophysiology & management of psoriasis. (October 2023 )

Short Notes
❖​ Psoriasis. (May 2023,February 2023 )Eczema. (April 2023 )Acne vulgaris. (August 2021
)Fluid therapy in burns. (April/November 2020 )Dermatitis.
❖​ Allergies affecting the skin.
❖​ Wound care for burns.

Differentiate Between
❖​ First & Second degree burns. (April 2023 )Dermatitis and Dermatoses.
❖​ Bacterial skin infection and Fungal skin infection.
❖​ Acne and Psoriasis.

76
List the Following
❖​ Burns types. (May 2022 )Factors influencing skin integrity.
❖​ Common skin allergies.

Answer Briefly
❖​ Psoriasis treatment. (September 2023 )Scabies. (October 2023 )Unit 10: Nursing
Management of Patients with Musculoskeletal Problems
Short Essays
❖​ Osteoporosis. (September 2023 )Fracture (clinical manifestations, management). (May
2022 )Fracture (description & bone healing process). (February 2022 )Thrombo Angiitis
Obliterans (TAO) & amputation. (October 2023 )Discuss the nursing assessment of a
patient with a musculoskeletal problem, including history and physical assessment, and
diagnostic tests. Explain the nursing management of a patient with a Fracture.
❖​ Describe the different orthopedic modalities, including cast application, splinting,
traction, and crutch walking. Discuss the nursing care associated with each.
❖​ Elaborate on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of
Osteoporosis. Discuss the role of rehabilitation and prosthesis in musculoskeletal
disorders.

Short Notes
❖​ Osteoporosis. (April 2023 )Fracture stages. (October 2023 )Amputation. (May 2022
)Osteomyelitis.
❖​ Arthritis (general).
❖​ Prolapsed intervertebral disc.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Subluxation & Dislocation. (September 2023 )
❖​ Rheumatoid arthritis & osteoarthritis. (May 2022 )
❖​ Osteoarthritis & rheumatoid arthritis. (February 2022 )
❖​ Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. (August 2021 )
❖​ Osteomyelitis and osteomalacia. (October 2019 )Fracture and Dislocation.
❖​ Sprain and Strain.
❖​ Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia.

List the Following

❖​ Fracture types. (September 2023 )Complications of fracture. (September 2023 )
❖​ Drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis. (April/November 2020 )Types of musculoskeletal
trauma.
❖​ Complications of immobility related to musculoskeletal injuries.

Unit 11: Nursing Management of Patients with Communicable Diseases

Long Essay
❖​ Meningitis (diagnosis, differential diagnosis, specific investigations, nursing
management). (October 2023 )
❖​ Discuss the overview of infectious diseases, including the infectious process and chain of
infection. Explain the nursing management of a patient with Tuberculosis.

77
 ❖​ Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing management of
Hepatitis A and B. Discuss the important infection control measures for communicable
diseases.
❖​ Elaborate on the nursing management of a patient with Meningitis. Discuss the role of
notification, isolation, and quarantine in controlling the spread of communicable disease.

PHARMACOLOGY 2
Unit 1: Drugs used in disorders of Ear, Nose, Throat & Eye
Essay
❖​ Discuss the comprehensive pharmacology of antihistamines, detailing their mechanism of
action, classification, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and significant drug
interactions. Elaborate on the crucial role of the nurse in managing patients receiving
antihistamine therapy.
❖​ Analyze the composition, action, and therapeutic uses of topical applications for the eye
(e.g., Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin eye drops), ear (e.g., Soda glycerin, boric spirit ear
drops), and buccal cavity (e.g., chlorhexidine mouthwash). For each, highlight important
nursing considerations regarding administration, patient education, and monitoring for
efficacy and side effects.

Short Note
❖​ Chloramphenicol eye drops: indications and adverse effects
❖​ Boric spirit ear drops: action and precautions
❖​ Chlorhexidine mouthwash: uses and adverse effects
❖​ First-generation vs. Second-generation antihistamines
❖​ Role of nurse in administering topical eye medications
❖​ Difference Between
❖​ Differentiate between systemic and topical antihistamines.
❖​ Distinguish between antiseptic and antibiotic topical eye drops.
❖​ Contrast the action of Soda glycerin and Boric spirit ear drops.

Answer Briefly
❖​ A 35-year-old patient is prescribed a new antihistamine for severe allergic rhinitis. As a
nurse, what key patient education points would you provide regarding administration,
potential side effects, and precautions?
❖​ A child presents with acute otitis externa and is prescribed Gentamycin ear drops.
Describe the correct procedure for administering ear drops to a child.
❖​ A patient reports stinging and blurred vision after using a new eye drop. What immediate
nursing actions are appropriate?

Unit 2: Drugs used on urinary system

Essay
❖​ Describe the components and physiological function of the Renin-Angiotensin System
(RAS). Explain how various drug classes, particularly ACE inhibitors and ARBs,

78
 pharmacologically intervene in the RAS to manage hypertension and other cardiovascular
conditions.
❖​ Discuss the classification, mechanisms of action, and clinical indications of major
diuretic groups (e.g., loop, thiazide, potassium-sparing). Include a comprehensive
discussion on their side effects, adverse effects, and drug interactions, highlighting the
critical role of the nurse in monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance.
❖​ Analyze the pharmacological approach to treating Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs),
including the role of urinary antiseptics, acidifiers, and alkalinizers. Explain their
mechanisms of action and indications, and discuss the nursing responsibilities in patient
education, administration, and prevention of recurrence.

Short Note
❖​ Drugs toxic to the kidney (nephrotoxic drugs)
❖​ Osmotic diuretics: mechanism and uses
❖​ Role of nurse in monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance in patients on diuretics
❖​ Methenamine: a urinary antiseptic
❖​ Indications for urinary acidifiers and alkalinizers

Answer Briefly
❖​ A patient with congestive heart failure is prescribed Furosemide. What nursing
assessments are crucial before administering this drug, and what parameters would you
monitor afterwards?
❖​ A patient is on a new ACE inhibitor and complains of a persistent dry cough. Explain the
pharmacological reason for this side effect and the nurse's appropriate response.
❖​ A patient has recurrent UTIs. Beyond drug therapy, what key lifestyle and dietary advice
would the nurse provide?

Unit 3: Drugs acting on nervous system

Essay
❖​ Compare and contrast the pharmacology of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDs) and Opioid Analgesics, focusing on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic
uses, adverse effects, and significant nursing implications related to pain assessment and
management.
❖​ Discuss the principles of general anesthesia, including the different techniques of
administration and the role of pre-anesthetic medication. Elaborate on the pharmacology
of commonly used anesthetic gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide) and their
unique properties.
❖​ Choose two classes of psychotropic drugs (e.g., Antipsychotics and Antidepressants). For
each chosen class, discuss their mechanisms of action, major indications, classification,
adverse effects, and the comprehensive role of the nurse in managing patients on these
medications.

Short Note
❖​ Mechanism of action of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
❖​ Skeletal muscle relaxants: types and uses
❖​ Mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder

79
 ❖​ Benzodiazepines as antianxiety drugs
❖​ Anticonvulsant drugs: mechanisms of action
❖​ Treatment of methyl alcohol poisoning

Answer Briefly
❖​ A patient in severe pain is prescribed Morphine. What vital signs would you prioritize
monitoring, and what potential adverse effects would you be prepared to manage?
❖​ A patient with chronic anxiety is prescribed a benzodiazepine. What education would you
provide regarding its use, potential for dependence, and withdrawal symptoms?
❖​ A patient is recovering from general anesthesia. What are the immediate post-operative
nursing priorities regarding their respiratory and neurological status?

Unit 4: Drugs used for hormonal, disorders and supplementation, contraception and
medical termination of pregnancy
Essay
❖​ Discuss the pharmacology of oral contraceptives, including their various compositions
(e.g., combined, progestin-only), mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and
potential health risks. Outline the comprehensive role of the nurse in patient counseling,
administration instructions, and monitoring for adverse effects.
❖​ Analyze the therapeutic uses of estrogens and progesterones in hormone replacement
therapy (HRT). Discuss their indications, contraindications, common formulations, and
the associated risks and benefits. Elaborate on the nursing considerations for patients
undergoing HRT.
❖​ Explain the pharmacological agents used for medical termination of pregnancy and drugs
for infertility. Discuss the mechanisms of action, routes of administration, and potential
complications of uterine stimulants (e.g., Oxytocin, Misoprostol) and relaxants (e.g.,
Magnesium Sulphate) in obstetrics.

Short Note
❖​ Mechanism of action of combined oral contraceptives
❖​ Vaginal contraceptives: types and efficacy
❖​ Drugs used for infertility (e.g., clomiphene)
❖​ Role of nurse in patient education regarding contraception
❖​ Adverse effects of long-term hormone replacement therapy

Answer Briefly
❖​ A 25-year-old woman is considering starting oral contraceptive pills. What key
information about efficacy, side effects, and missed doses would the nurse provide during
counseling?
❖​ A patient is prescribed hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms. What
potential cardiovascular risks would the nurse discuss with the patient?
❖​ A pregnant woman is experiencing preterm labor. Discuss the pharmacological
intervention of choice to delay labor and the nursing care associated with its
administration.

80
Unit 5: Drugs used for pregnant women during antenatal, labour and postnatal period
Essay
❖​ Discuss the rationale and guidelines for Tetanus prophylaxis and Iron and Vitamin K1
supplementation during the antenatal period. Elaborate on the dosage, route, and potential
side effects of these interventions, and the nurse's role in ensuring compliance and
monitoring.
❖​ Analyze the pharmacology of Oxytocin and Misoprostol in the context of labor induction
and management of postpartum hemorrhage. Discuss their mechanisms of action,
indications, contraindications, and crucial nursing considerations during administration
and monitoring.
❖​ Describe the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of Ergometrine, Methyl prostaglandin
F2-alpha, Magnesium Sulphate, and Calcium Gluconate in obstetric emergencies and
complications. Detail the specific nursing responsibilities for each drug regarding
administration, dosage, and monitoring for maternal and fetal well-being.

Short Note
❖​ Indications for Vitamin K1 supplementation in newborns
❖​ Role of Oxytocin in labor induction
❖​ Uses of Magnesium Sulphate in obstetrics
❖​ Adverse effects of Ergometrine
❖​ Nursing responsibilities during administration of uterotonics

Answer Briefly
❖​ A pregnant woman is due for her second dose of tetanus toxoid. What information would
the nurse provide regarding its importance and potential mild side effects?
❖​ A woman is experiencing postpartum hemorrhage and is prescribed Oxytocin. What
assessments are crucial for the nurse to perform before and during administration?
❖​ A patient with pre-eclampsia is receiving Magnesium Sulphate infusion. What are the
critical nursing observations to prevent magnesium toxicity?

Unit 6: Miscellaneous
Essay
❖​ Discuss the pharmacological principles and nursing considerations for key drugs used in
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and emergency situations, such as adrenaline,
Chlorpheniramine, hydrocortisone, and Dexamethasone. Detail their mechanisms of
action, routes of administration, and critical monitoring parameters.
❖​ Analyze the management of common poisonings, including the mechanisms of action and
indications for activated charcoal, ipecac, specific antidotes (e.g., Naloxone, Atropine),
and Anti-snake venom (ASV). Emphasize the crucial role of the nurse in emergency
assessment, initial management, and ongoing monitoring.
❖​ Elaborate on the importance of intravenous fluids and electrolytes replacement in various
clinical conditions. Discuss the types of IV fluids, their indications, contraindications,
and potential complications, highlighting the nurse's responsibility in fluid management.
❖​ Discuss the general principles of chemotherapy in cancer treatment, outlining the
common classes of chemotherapeutic drugs and their mechanisms of action. Describe the

81
 severe side effects associated with chemotherapy and the vital role of the nurse in
managing these adverse effects and supporting the patient.

Short Note
❖​ Role of activated charcoal in poisoning
❖​ Universal Immunization Program schedules
❖​ Common indications for vitamin supplementation
❖​ Mechanisms of action of common immunosuppressants
❖​ Indications for anti-snake venom (ASV)

Answer Briefly
❖​ A patient collapses and CPR is initiated. As a nurse, what specific medications would you
anticipate being administered and what are your responsibilities during the resuscitation?
❖​ A child has accidentally ingested a harmful substance. What are the immediate nursing
interventions, including consideration for activated charcoal or ipecac?
❖​ A patient undergoing chemotherapy is experiencing severe nausea and vomiting. What
nursing interventions and antiemetic medications would be appropriate?

Unit 7: Introduction to drugs used in alternative systems of medicine

Essay
❖​ Provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles and philosophical
underpinnings of Ayurveda. Discuss its approach to health, disease, and treatment, and
provide examples of commonly used Ayurvedic preparations and their intended
therapeutic uses.
❖​ Discuss the core principles of Homeopathy, including its concept of .like cures like. and
.minimum dose.. Explain how homeopathic remedies are prepared and provide examples
of their application for common ailments, along with the nurse's perspective on advising
patients about their use.
❖​ Analyze the historical development and therapeutic approaches of Unani and Siddha
systems of medicine. Compare and contrast their diagnostic methods and treatment
modalities, providing examples of drugs used for common ailments within these systems.

Short Note
❖​ Panchakarma in Ayurveda
❖​ Dilution and potentization in Homeopathy
❖​ Key concepts of Unani medicine
❖​ Role of traditional medicine in primary healthcare
❖​ Potential drug interactions between allopathic and alternative medicines

Answer Briefly
❖​ A patient asks you about using an Ayurvedic remedy for their chronic arthritis. How
would the nurse advise them, considering potential benefits and risks, and the importance
of informing their primary healthcare provider?
❖​ A patient is taking a prescribed allopathic medication for hypertension and also wants to
try a homeopathic remedy. What cautionary advice would the nurse provide?

82
 ❖​ Discuss the ethical considerations a nurse might face when patients choose to use
alternative medicine alongside or instead of conventional medicine.

Unit 8: Fundamental principles of prescribing

Essay
❖​ Discuss the evolving prescriptive role of nurse practitioners, including the scope of
practice, legal frameworks, and ethical considerations that govern their prescribing
authority. Highlight the benefits and challenges associated with this expanded role.
❖​ Analyze the fundamental principles of rational prescribing, encompassing patient
assessment, diagnosis, choice of drug, dosing, monitoring, and patient education. Explain
how adherence to these principles ensures patient safety and effective therapeutic
outcomes.
❖​ Elaborate on the key steps involved in the prescribing process, from initial patient
consultation to follow-up. Discuss the essential prescribing competencies that a nurse
practitioner must possess, emphasizing critical thinking, clinical judgment, and effective
communication.

Short Note
❖​ Legal liabilities associated with prescribing errors
❖​ Off-label. prescribing
❖​ Medication reconciliation
❖​ Importance of patient adherence to medication
❖​ Ethical dilemmas in prescribing narcotics

Answer Briefly
❖​ A nurse practitioner is considering prescribing an antidepressant for a patient with mild
depression. Outline the step-by-step process they should follow, from initial assessment
to ongoing monitoring.
❖​ A patient expresses concern about the cost of a newly prescribed medication. How would
the nurse practitioner address this, considering alternatives and patient affordability?
❖​ A nurse practitioner identifies a potential drug-drug interaction when reviewing a
patient's medication list. Describe the ethical and practical

ADULT HEALTH NURSING 2

Unit 1: Nursing management of patient with disorders of Ear, Nose and Throat

Long Essay
❖​ Nursing management of patient with Peritonsillar abscess.
❖​ Otitis Media
❖​ Meniere's disease

83
Short Note
❖​ Nursing care following tonsillectomy.
❖​ Laryngectomy.
❖​ Management in Laryngitis.
❖​ Tonsillitis.
❖​ Deafness
❖​ Epistaxis

Differentiate Between
❖​ Rhinorrhea and Otorrhea.

List the Following

❖​ Causes of hearing loss.
❖​ Types of hearing loss.
❖​ Clinical features of Meniere's disease.

Unit 2: Nursing management of patient with disorder of eye

Essay
❖​ Define Glaucoma.Explain the pathophysiology of glaucoma.Discuss the collaborative
management of a patient with Glaucoma.
❖​ Define Glaucoma.Classification of Glaucoma.Describe the management of Glaucoma.

Short Essay
❖​ Refractive errors (types and management).
❖​ Define glaucoma. Discuss the medical and surgical management of glaucoma.

Short Note
❖​ Retinal detachment.
❖​ Eye banking.
❖​ Corneal transplantation.
❖​ Refractive errors.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Keratitis and Uveitis.
❖​ Dacryocystitis and Cholecystitis (Dacryocystitis is eye, though Cholecystitis is GI).
❖​ Intracapsular cataract extraction and Extracapsular cataract extraction.

Unit 3: Nursing management of patient with Kidney and Urinary problems

Long Essay
❖​ Renal calculi (pain management, causes, surgical management, pre/post-operative
nursing care for PCNL).

Short Essay
❖​ Explain the signs and symptoms of UTI and nurse's role in prevention of UTI.
❖​ Elaborate the management of patients with chronic kidney disease.

84
 ❖​ Explain the etiology, clinical manifestations and the surgical management of renal
calculi.

Short Note
❖​ Clinical manifestation in renal cell carcinoma.
❖​ Causes of acute renal failure.
❖​ Discuss the causes, clinical course and the management of acute renal failure.
❖​ Nephrotic syndrome.

List the Following

❖​ Types of urinary calculi.
❖​ Types of renal calculi.
❖​ Pathophysiological changes in glomerulonephritis.

Give Reasons
❖​ Oliguria occurs in chronic renal failure.
❖​ When abdominal paracentesis is done, the nurse must have the patient void immediately
before the procedure.

Unit 4: Nursing management of disorders of male reproductive system

Long Essay
❖​ What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Explain the
complications and the medical and nursing management of benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Short Note
❖​ Hydrocele.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Epispadias and hypospadias.

Unit 5: Nursing management of patient with burns, reconstructive and cosmetic surgery
Long Essay
❖​ Discuss the sources and classification of burn injury. Explain the nursing management of
a patient with 70% burns during emergent phase.
❖​ Mr. X is admitted with 75% burns... List the complications of burn injury. Discuss the
emergency management of Mr. X.

Short Note
❖​ Wound healing process
❖​ Discuss the pathophysiology and management of psoriasis (skin condition, sometimes
related to dermatological nursing).
❖​ Elaborate on the causes, signs and symptoms and management of psoriasis.
❖​ Fluid management of patient with burns.

85
List the Following
❖​ Types of burns.
❖​ Types of cosmetic surgeries

Unit 6: Nursing management of patient with neurological disorders

Long Essay
❖​ Mr. Y is admitted to the hospital with right sided hemiplegia. Discuss the following with
regard to Mr. Y
❖​ Define hemiplegia; List the etiology and pathophysiological changes in stroke; Elaborate
on the nursing management of Mr. Y using the nursing process approach.

Short Note
❖​ Clinical manifestations of increased intracranial pressure
❖​ Meningitis.
❖​ Medical management of Parkinson disease.
❖​ Lumbar Puncture.
❖​ Alzheimer's Disease.
❖​ Management of cerebro vascular accident.
❖​ Hydrocephalus
❖​ Assessment of cranial nerves.

Give Reasons
❖​ Head end is elevated in patient with increased intracranial pressure.

Unit 7: Nursing management of patients with Immunological problems

Long Essay
❖​ Discuss the etiology, mode of transmission, diagnostic studies and management of
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis B with a note on prevention.
❖​ Clinical features and pathophysiological changes in infective endocarditis.

Short Note
❖​ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
❖​ ELISA test.
❖​ Rehabilitation of patients with AIDS.
❖​ Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
❖​ National AIDS Control Programme.
❖​ Prevention of HIV infection.

Give Reasons
❖​ CD4+ cell counts are monitored in patients with HIV infection.

Unit 8: Nursing management of patient with Oncological conditions

Short Essay
❖​ Enumerate the risk factors for breast cancer. Discuss the surgical management of breast
cancer.

86
Short Note
❖​ Care of patient after mastectomy.

Give Reasons
❖​ Patients undergoing chemotherapy may suffer hair fall.

Differentiate Between
❖​ Cyst and tumor.

Unit 9: Nursing management of patient in Emergency and Disaster situations

Long Essay
❖​ Mr. X is admitted with flail chest following a road traffic accident. Define flail chest.
Write the pathophysiology of flail chest. Prioritize the nursing management of a patient
with flail chest for the first 72 hours based on nursing process.

Short Essay
❖​ Emergency management of snake bite.
❖​ Neurological manifestations in snake bite.

Answer Briefly
❖​ First aid for snake bite.

Unit 10: Nursing care of the elderly

Short Note
❖​ Age related body changes in elderly person.
❖​ Presbyopia is common in aged group.

Unit 11: Nursing management of patients in critical Care units

Essay
❖​ Discuss and draw the organizational setup of Critical Care Unit (CCU).
❖​ Explain the responsibilities of various members of CCU.

Short Notes
❖​ Principles of Critical care nursing.

87
 PATHOLOGY 1
Unit 1 .General Pathology

Short Notes

❖​ Apoptosis
❖​ Necrosis
❖​ Cellular adaptations (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia)
❖​ Gangrene
❖​ Mediators of acute inflammation
❖​ Granulomatous inflammation
❖​ Wound healing by primary intention
❖​ Carcinoma in situ
❖​ Thrombosis
❖​ Embolism
❖​ Types of shock
❖​ Edema (Pathogenesis and types)
❖​ Transudates and Exudates

Differentiate Between

❖​ Reversible and Irreversible cell injury

❖​ Necrosis and Apoptosis
❖​ Acute and Chronic inflammation
❖​ Benign and Malignant tumors
❖​ Thrombus and Embolus
❖​ Transudates and Exudates

Long Answer Questions

❖​ Discuss the various causes and morphological changes of cell injury.

❖​ Describe the vascular and cellular events in acute inflammation, including its systemic
effects.
❖​ Explain the different routes of tumor metastasis with suitable examples.
❖​ Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of different types of shock.

88
Unit 2 .Special Pathology

Short Notes

❖​ Pathology of bacterial pneumonia

❖​ Pathology of emphysema
❖​ Pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis
❖​ Pathology of myocardial infarction
❖​ Pathology of rheumatic heart disease
❖​ H. Pylori gastritis
❖​ Oral leukoplakia
❖​ Pathology of Crohn's disease
❖​ Pathology of cirrhosis of the liver
❖​ Pathology of acute pancreatitis
❖​ Osteoporosis
❖​ Pathology of Goiter
❖​ Gross and microscopic features of esophageal cancer

Differentiate Between

❖​ Chronic bronchitis and Emphysema

❖​ Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis
❖​ Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis
❖​ Gastric ulcer and Duodenal ulcer

Long Answer Questions

❖​ Discuss the pathological changes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD),

including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial asthma.
❖​ Describe the pathological basis of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations.
❖​ Explain the pathological changes seen in inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and
ulcerative colitis).
❖​ Discuss the pathology of Diabetes Mellitus and its major complications.

Unit 2.Hematological Tests & Blood Bank

Short Notes

❖​ Significance of PCV and ESR

❖​ Prothrombin time (PT) and Activated Partial Prothrombin Time (APTT)
❖​ Blood grouping and cross-matching
❖​ Blood components and their uses
❖​ Types of transfusion reactions

Differentiate Between

❖​ Bleeding time and Clotting time

89
Long Answer Questions

❖​ Discuss the various hematological tests used for the diagnosis of blood disorders,
explaining their principles and clinical significance.
❖​ Describe the essential procedures and considerations in blood banking, including blood
grouping, cross-matching, and management of transfusion reactions.

PATHOLOGY 2
Unit 1 Special Pathology

Short Notes

❖​ Pathology of acute glomerulonephritis

❖​ Pathology of pyelonephritis
❖​ Renal calculi formation
❖​ Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia
❖​ Pathology of carcinoma cervix
❖​ Uterine fibroids (Leiomyomas)
❖​ Vesicular mole
❖​ Fibrocystic changes of the breast
❖​ Pathology of meningitis
❖​ Pathology of cerebral infarction (stroke)
❖​ Pathology of common brain tumors

Differentiate Between

❖​ Acute and Chronic renal failure

❖​ Vesicular mole and Choriocarcinoma
❖​ Fibroadenoma and Carcinoma of the breast

Long Answer Questions

❖​ Describe the pathological changes in the kidneys in various forms of glomerulonephritis

and explain their clinical relevance.
❖​ Discuss the pathology of the common malignancies affecting the female genital system
(e.g., cervix, endometrium, ovary).
❖​ Explain the pathological basis of common diseases affecting the breast, including
fibrocystic changes, fibroadenoma, and carcinoma.
❖​ Describe the pathological changes in common neurological disorders like meningitis,
encephalitis, and stroke.

90
Unit 2 .Clinical Pathology

Short Notes

❖​ Importance of CSF analysis

❖​ Parameters of semen analysis for infertility
❖​ Physical characteristics of urine in disease
❖​ Occult blood in stool examination
❖​ Ova, parasites, and cysts in stool
❖​ Importance of urine culture and sensitivity

Long Answer Questions

❖​ Discuss the methods of collection and examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other
body cavity fluids (e.g., sputum, wound discharge) for various clinical pathology,
biochemistry, and microbiology tests, highlighting their diagnostic significance.
❖​ Explain the various laboratory tests performed on urine and faeces specimens, and their
role in diagnosing diseases of the urinary and gastrointestinal systems.

GENETICS
Unit 1: Introduction to Genetics

Short Notes

❖​ Practical applications of genetics in nursing

❖​ Impact of genetic conditions on families
❖​ Characteristics and structure of genes
❖​ Sex determination by chromosomes
❖​ Mendelian theory of inheritance
❖​ Multiple alleles and blood groups
❖​ Sex-linked inheritance
❖​ Mechanism of inheritance
❖​ Mutation (Errors in transmission)

Differentiate Between

❖​ Mitosis and Meiosis

❖​ Autosomal and Sex-linked inheritance

Long Answer Questions

❖​ Discuss the significance of genetics in modern nursing practice.

❖​ Describe the process of meiosis and its importance in genetic variation.
❖​ Explain the different types of chromosomal aberrations and provide examples of
conditions associated with them.

91
 ❖​ Discuss various patterns of Mendelian inheritance with suitable examples.

Unit 2: Maternal, Prenatal, and Genetic Influences on Development

Short Notes:

❖​ Impact of maternal infections on fetal development

❖​ Consanguinity and genetic risk
❖​ Role of prenatal nutrition in preventing defects
❖​ Maternal age as a risk factor for genetic conditions
❖​ Effects of maternal drug therapy on the fetus
❖​ Neural Tube Defects and folic acid supplementation
❖​ Prenatal testing and diagnosis methods

Differentiate Between:

❖​ Genetic conditions affecting the mother and environmental influences on fetal

development

Long Answer Questions:

❖​ Discuss the various maternal, prenatal, and environmental factors that can influence the
development of congenital defects and diseases in offspring.
❖​ Explain the importance and types of prenatal testing and diagnosis for genetic conditions.
❖​ Describe Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) with respect to its etiology, clinical features, and
implications.

Unit 3: Genetic Testing in Neonates and Children

Short Notes:

❖​ Screening for congenital abnormalities in neonates

❖​ Genetic screening for developmental delay in children
❖​ Dysmorphism as an indicator for genetic testing

Long Answer Questions:

❖​ Discuss the role of genetic screening in neonates and children for congenital abnormalities,
developmental delay, and dysmorphism.

Unit 4: Genetic Conditions of Adolescents and Adults

Short Notes:

❖​ Familial cancer (Cancer genetics)

❖​ Inborn errors of metabolism
❖​ Blood group alleles and associated hematological disorders
❖​ Genetic hemochromatosis

92
 ❖​ Huntington's disease (Genetics and manifestations)
❖​ Genetic predisposition to mental illness

Long Answer Questions:

❖​ Discuss the genetic basis of common hereditary conditions observed in adolescents and
adults, such as familial cancers, inborn errors of metabolism, and specific neurological
disorders.
❖​ Explain the genetic components involved in mental illness and their implications for
diagnosis and management.

Unit 5: Services Related to Genetics

Short Notes:

❖​ Types of genetic testing available

❖​ Principles of gene therapy
❖​ Components of genetic counseling
❖​ Legal and ethical issues in genetics
❖​ Role of a nurse in genetic services

Long Answer Questions:

❖​ Describe the process and importance of genetic counseling, highlighting the role of the
nurse in this service.
❖​ Discuss the ethical considerations and legal implications associated with genetic testing
and gene therapy.
❖​ Explain the concept of gene therapy and its potential applications in treating genetic
disorders.

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1

Unit 1: Concepts of Community Health and Community Health Nursing
Long Essay
❖​ Define epidemiology. Enlist the uses of epidemiology. Explain the components of
epidemiological triad. (May 2022)

Short Essays
❖​ List any six dimensions of health. Explain any one. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Define health. Explain the determinants of health. (October 2022)
❖​ Explain the levels of prevention with suitable examples. (May 2022)
❖​ Define family planning. Explain briefly on impact of population explosion. (August
2021)

93
Short Note
❖​ Scope of community health nursing. (April 2020)
❖​ Levels of prevention. (August 2021)
❖​ Dimensions of health. (September 2023)

Differentiate between
❖​ Morbidity and mortality. (May 2022,April (November), 2020)
❖​ Mortality and morbidity. ()
❖​ Primary and secondary prevention. (September 2019)
❖​ Primordial and primary prevention. (October 2019)
❖​ Levels of prevention. (September 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Health problems of India. (May 2022)
❖​ Concept of Community Health Nursing. (March 2024)
❖​ Low sex ratio in India. (October 2019)
❖​ Population explosion is a major health problem in India. (May 2022)

Unit 2: Health Care Planning and Organization of Health Care at various levels

Long Essay
❖​ Define primary health care. List out the elements of primary health care. Explain the
principles of primary health care. (September 2023,April 2023)
❖​ Describe the National Rural Health Mission. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of
ASHA. (April 2020)
❖​ Explain the principles and elements of primary health care. (April 2023 )

Short Essays
❖​ Components of RCH phase II. (April 2023)
❖​ IPHS guidelines for community health centre. (January 2022)
❖​ Explain any seven functions of Director General of Health Services (DGHS). (October
2022)
❖​ Explain the outcome of 12th (2012-2017) five-year plan. (October 2022)
❖​ Describe the staffing pattern and functions of primary health centre. (March 2024)
❖​ Describe the staffing pattern and functions of community health centre. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the health polices in India. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the concept of Health for All. (September 2024 )
❖​ Define primary health care. Explain the principles of primary health care. (October 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Describe the ESI Act. (May 2022)
❖​ Recommendations of Mudaliar committee. (May 2022)
❖​ Panchayathi raj. (September 2024,May 2022,October 2022)
❖​ Health insurance scheme. (April 2023)
❖​ Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY). (April 2023)
❖​ IPHS guidelines for sub centre. (September 2023)

94
 ❖​ Eleventh five-year plan. (April 2020)
❖​ Sub Centre. (March 2024)
❖​ National Population Policy. (March 2024)
❖​ IPHS guidelines for community health centre. (January 2022)
❖​ National mental health programme. (January 2022)
❖​ Job description of female health worker. (January 2022)
❖​ ICDS program. (October 2022)
❖​ National health policy. (October 2022)
❖​ National health policy. (September 2019)
❖​ Primary health care at village level. (April 2021)
❖​ Medical termination of pregnancy. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Health for all. (October 2022 - Second Batch
❖​ Medical termination of pregnancy. (August 2021)
❖​ The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act. (September 2023 )
❖​ Functions of Primary health centre. (September 2023 )
❖​ Functions and staffing pattern of a Primary Health Centre
❖​ Sustainable development goals. (September 2024 )

Differentiate between
❖​ Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY). (April 2023)
❖​ IMNCI and ICDS program. (April 2023)
❖​ National urban health mission and National rural health mission. (September 2023)
❖​ ESI and CGHS. (April 2020)
❖​ Bhore committee and Jungalwalla committee. (March 2024)
❖​ Specialist hospital and teaching hospital. (January 2022)
❖​ CGHS and DGHS. (January 2022)
❖​ Gram sabha and gram panchayat. (October 2022)
❖​ Public and private health sectors. (September 2019)
❖​ NUHM and NRHM. (September 2019)
❖​ Primary health centre and community health centre. (April 2021)
❖​ Jungalwalla Committee and Shrivastav Committee. (September 2024)
❖​ Health administration at Centre level and State level. (September 2024)
❖​ Primary Health Care and Primary Health Centre. (September 2024 )

Answer Briefly
❖​ NRHM and NUHM. (May 2022)
❖​ Responsibilities of ASHA workers. (May 2022)
❖​ Skilled birth attendants and ASHA workers. (January 2022)
❖​ Training of MPHW. (April 2020)

Unit 3: Environmental Science, Environmental Health, and Sanitation

Long Essay
❖​ Define environmental sanitation. List the components of environment. Describe the
methods of solid waste disposal. (April (November), 2020)

95
 ❖​ List the sources of water. Explain the process of purification of water in large scale.
(February 2022)
❖​ Explain the methods of solid waste disposal. Describe the sewage disposal management.
❖​ Explain the effects and preventive measures of air pollution. (April 2023)

Short Note
❖​ Housing standards. (October 2022)
❖​ Four Criteria for healthful housing. (May 2022)
❖​ Housing standards. (April 2023 )
❖​ Prevention of global warming. (September 2024 )
❖​ Causes, effects and prevention of noise pollution. (February 2022 )
❖​ Effect of global warming on human health. (October 2019 )
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas
❖​ Waste management. (September 2019)

Differentiate between
❖​ Pneumoconiosis and Anthracosis. (April 2021)
❖​ Shallow well and Deep well. (September 2023 )
❖​ Sewage and sullage. (October 2019 )
❖​ Pollution and Contamination. (February 2022 )
❖​ Internal environment and External environment. (September 2024 )

Give reasons for the following

❖​ Ground water is superior to surface water. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Global warming. (October 2022 )
❖​ Waste disposal is a biggest challenge in urban area. (May 2022 )
❖​ Industrialization is the most common cause for water pollution. (April 2023 )
❖​ Fluorosis. (August 2021 )
❖​ Water pollution is more common in urban areas. (October 2019 )

Unit 4: Nutrition Assessment and Nutrition Education

Short Essays
❖​ Explain the community nutrition programs. (January 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Nutritional health problems in India. (September 2023)
❖​ Methods of food preservation. (October 2022 )
❖​ Prevention of Food Adulteration Act. (May 2022 )
❖​ Causes and prevention of nutritional anemia. (May 2022 )
❖​ Prevention of food adulteration. (August 2021 )
❖​ Four food borne diseases.
Differentiate between
❖​ Undernutrition and over nutrition. (October 2022 )
❖​ Marasmus and Kwashiorkor. (May 2022 )
❖​ Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. (September 2023 )

96
List the following
❖​ Eight methods of food preservation. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Eight methods of preparation of food. (October 2019 )
Answer Briefly
❖​ Community nutrition programme. (April 2021)
❖​ Hand hygiene is the best preventive measure for food borne diseases. (April 2023 )
❖​ Hand hygiene prevents food borne disease. (September 2024 )

Unit 5: Communication management and Health Education

Short Note
❖​ AV aids in health education. (October 2022 )
❖​ Principles of health education. (September 2024 )
❖​ Role of nurse in Information, Education and Communication (IEC). (September 2023 )

Short Essays
❖​ Define AV aids. Explain on approaches in health education. (August 2021 )

Differentiate between
❖​ Regulatory approach and service approach in health education. (April 2020)
❖​ Health education and Propaganda. (April 2023 )

List the following

❖​ Eight methods in health education. (April 2023 )
❖​ Eight Principles of Health education. (May 2022 )
❖​ Eight audio-visual aids and their uses. (February 2022 )

Give reasons for the following

❖​ Health education is one of the most cost effective intervention in disease prevention.
(September 2024 )
❖​ Health education is one of the most cost effective intervention for health promotion.
(February 2022 )
❖​ Personal hygiene enhances self esteem. (September 2023)

Unit 6: Community health nursing approaches, concepts, roles and responsibilities of

community health nursing personnel
Long Essay
❖​ Describe the methods of supervision. Discuss the supervisory functions .of a Community
Health Nurse in a Primary Health Centre.. (April 2020)
❖​ Define supervision. Enlist the essential qualities of a supervisor. Describe the supervisory
functions of a community health nurse in primary health care unit. (September 2019)

Short Essays
❖​ Nursing process applied to community health nursing. (September 2023)
❖​ Supervision- principles and essential qualities. (April 2021)

97
Short Note
❖​ Guidelines for problem solving approach. (April 2023)
❖​ Evidence based approach to community health nursing practice. (September 2023)
❖​ Application of nursing theory in community health nursing with an example. (April
2021)
❖​ Epidemiological approach. (September 2023 )

Differentiate between
❖​ Problem solving approach and evidence based approach. (October 2022)
❖​ Epidemiological approach and Evidence based approach. (March 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Qualities of a community health nurse. (October 2022,May 2022)
❖​ Factors affecting supervision. (April 2023)
❖​ Essential qualities of a supervisor. (January 2022)
❖​ Epidemiological approach. (January 2022)

Unit 7: Assisting individuals and families to promote and maintain their health

Long Essay
❖​ Home visit is a part of community health nursing activity - Justify. Explain the principles
of home visit. Discuss the steps of home visit. (September 2023)
❖​ Define home visiting. List the steps of home visit. Discuss the steps of nursing process in
community health nursing. (January 2022)
❖​ Define population explosion. Classify contraceptive methods. Add a note on permanent
methods. (October 2019 )
❖​ Short Essays
❖​ Explain the methods of contraception. (September 2023 )

Short Note
❖​ Various government schemes for the aged. (May 2022)
❖​ Describe the legal aspects of records and reports. (April 2023)
❖​ Health management information system. (April 2023)
❖​ Abuse of elders. (April 2020)
❖​ Organization of MCH clinics. (April 2020)
❖​ Bag technique. (March 2024)
❖​ Maintenance of Records and Reports. (March 2024)
❖​ Adolescent health services. (January 2022)
❖​ Health assessment of preschool child. (January 2022)
❖​ Women and child abuse. (January 2022)
❖​ Family budgeting in health and illness with an example. (October 2022)
❖​ Women empowerment. (September 2019)
❖​ Health assessment of an infant. (September 2019)
❖​ Purposes of home visit. (April 2021)
❖​ Community mental health services. (April 2021)
❖​ Government schemes for the aged, widows and physically challenged. (April 2021)

98
 ❖​ Home visit. (September 2024)
❖​ Referral System. (September 2024)
❖​ Infant Assessment. (September 2024)
❖​ IUD insertion time is preferable within the first 10 days of menstrual cycle. (October
2022 )
❖​ Permanent family planning methods. (May 2022 )
❖​ Types of immunizing agents with examples. (April 2023 )
❖​ Temporary methods of contraception. (September 2024 )
❖​ Care of the child with diarrhoeal diseases. (February 2022 )
❖​ Barrier methods of family planning. (February 2022 )
❖​ Steps of Home Visit.
❖​ Home care management of chickenpox. (October 2019 )

Differentiate between
❖​ Camps and clinics. (May 2022)
❖​ Records and reports. (May 2022,April 2021,April 2020)
❖​ Personal hygiene and menstrual hygiene. (August 2021 )
❖​ Tubectomy and vasectomy. (August 2021 )
❖​ Temporary and Permanent contraceptive methods. (April 2023 )

Answer Briefly
❖​ Recent trends in MCH care. (April 2023)
❖​ Referral system. (April 2023)
❖​ Functions of a family. (September 2023)
❖​ Organization of MCH clinics. (April 2020)
❖​ Family budgeting in health and illness. (January 2022)
❖​ Health management information system. (October 2022)
❖​ Role of family in health and illness. (October 2022)
❖​ Elderly abuse. (April 2021)
❖​ Maternal and Child Health Services. (September 2024)
❖​ Foot care is essential in Diabetes mellitus. (September 2023 )

Unit 8: Introduction to Epidemiology – Epidemiological Approaches and Processes

Long Essay
❖​ Define epidemiology. Enlist the uses of epidemiology. Describe the epidemiology of
blindness. (August 2021 )
❖​ Define epidemiology. Enlist the steps in descriptive epidemiology. Explain briefly the
steps in investigation of an epidemic. (October 2022 )
❖​ Define epidemiology. List the uses of epidemiology. Explain the components of
epidemiological triad. (May 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Epidemiological triad. (September 2024 )
❖​ Steps in case control study. (April 2023 )
❖​ Steps in descriptive epidemiology. (February 2022 )

99
 ❖​ Descriptive epidemiology.
❖​ Mortality measurements. (October 2019 )

Differentiate between
❖​ Epidemiology and Clinical medicine. (September 2023)
❖​ Rates and ratios. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Cases and carriers. (February 2022 )

Answer Briefly
❖​ What are the direct and indirect modes of disease transmission. (February 2022 )

Unit 9: Communicable Diseases and National Health Programs

Long Essay
❖​ List down any six National Health Programme. Write in detail about Revised National
Tuberculosis Control Programme. (May 2022)
❖​ List the communicable diseases. Explain the management of a person with HIV/AIDS.
(September 2024 )
❖​ List the sexually transmitted diseases. Explain the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. Describe
the role of nurse in National AIDS Control Program.

Short Essays
❖​ List any six respiratory infections. Describe the epidemiology of measles. (April
(November), 2020)
❖​ Enumerate six zoonotic diseases. What are the preventive measures to be taken to prevent
zoonotic diseases among farmers. (May 2022 )
❖​ Revised National Tuberculosis control programme. (April 2021)
❖​ Write the immunization schedule and the cold chain system. (September 2024 )
❖​ State any six vector borne diseases. Explain the vector borne disease control measures to
be taken in a slum area. (February 2022 )
❖​ List any six intestinal infections. Explain the prevention of worm infestation. (October
2019 )

Short Note
❖​ Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. (March 2024)
❖​ National Leprosy Eradication Program. (September 2023)
❖​ Universal Immunization programme. (September 2024)
❖​ Under-five immunization. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Cold chain system. (October 2022 )
❖​ National immunization schedule. (May 2022 )
❖​ Cold chain system in immunization. (October 2019 )
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas
❖​ National AIDS control programme. (September 2019)

100
Differentiate between
❖​ Malaria and filariasis. (October 2022)
❖​ Ascariasis and Filariasis. (October 2022 )

List the following

❖​ Mosquito control measures. (October 2022 )
❖​ Viral and bacterial infections. (August 2021 )
❖​ Composition of Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS). (September 2023 )
❖​ Four types of vaccines. Four major and four minor signs of AIDS. (October 2019 )
❖​ Four cold chain equipments and their uses. (February 2022 )

Unit 10: Non-Communicable Diseases and National Health Program (NCD)

Long Essay
❖​ Define Occupational Health Nursing. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of
occupational health nurse. (September 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Organizational structure of National Programme for Control of Blindness. (September
2023)
❖​ List the Non-communicable diseases and a note on lifestyle modification. (September
2023 )

Short Note
❖​ Risk factors of hypertension. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Types of accidents and their prevention. (April 2023 )
❖​ Obesity. (August 2021 )
❖​ Warning signs of cancer. (September 2023 )
❖​ Descriptive epidemiology.
❖​ Diet plan for a Diabetic patient
❖​ Primordial preventive measures of obesity. (February 2022)
❖​ Sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases. (February 2022)
❖​ Secondary prevention in the management of diabetes mellitus. (October 2019 )
❖​ Epidemiological factors of Dengue fever. (April 2023 )

List the following

❖​ Eight non-communicable diseases. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Four major and four minor clinical features of rheumatic heart diseases. (April 2023 )

Unit 11: School Health Services

Long Essay
❖​ Define School health services. Explain the aspects of school health services. Discuss the
roles and responsibilities of school health nurse. (March 2024)
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas
❖​ School health services. (September 2019,April 2020)

101
 CHILD HEALTH NURSING 1
Unit 1: Introduction: Modern Concepts of Child-Care
Long Essay
❖​ Explain the psychosocial development of a school age child. Discuss the concerns related
to the normal growth and development of a toddler. (May 2022)
❖​ Explain the motor development of a toddler. Discuss the concerns related to the normal
growth and development of a School age child. (July 2021)
❖​ Explain the motor development of an infant. Discuss the concerns related to the normal
growth and development of a preschooler. (October 2019)
❖​ Explain the motor development of an infant. Discuss the points to be included in teaching
the mothers regarding health needs of a toddler. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the psychosocial development of an infant. Discuss the concerns related to the
normal growth and development of a schooler. (September 2023)

Short Essays
❖​ Principles of Child Health Nursing (January 2024)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with juvenile diabetes mellitus. (May 2022)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with acute glomerulonephritis. (July 2021)
❖​ Define normal newborn. Describe Neonatal reflexes (January 2022)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with bronchial asthma. (September 2023)
❖​ Explain the causes and pathophysiology of malabsorption syndrome (September 2024)

Short Notes
❖​ National policy related to child welfare (April 2023)
❖​ Internationally accepted rights of the child (April 2023)
❖​ Preventive measures towards accidents (May 2022)
❖​ Universal immunization program (May 2022)
❖​ Welfare programs related to children (May 2022)
❖​ Child guidance clinic (July 2021)
❖​ Psychosocial theory of development in children (July 2021)
❖​ Child welfare programmes (July 2021)
❖​ Rights of child (April (November) 2020)
❖​ Welfare services tailored for socially challenged children (January 2024)
❖​ Rights of children. (October 2019)
❖​ National child welfare programs (January 2024)
❖​ Mental retardation (January 2022)
❖​ Principles of child health nursing (September 2023)
❖​ Qualities of a child health nurse (September 2024)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Physiologically challenged children and socially challenged children (May 2022)
❖​ Growth and development in children (July 2021)
❖​ Children and Adult (April (November) 2020)

102
 ❖​ Under-five clinic and well-baby clinic. (October 2019)
❖​ Child guidance clinic and Well-baby clinic. (September 2023)
❖​ Child mortality and Morbidity (September 2024)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Poor exercise tolerance is seen in children with congenital heart defects (April 2023)
❖​ Undernourished children are usually given to children with juvenile diabetes mellitus
(April 2023)
❖​ Universal immunization program is emphasized in child welfare services (September
2024)

Unit 2: The Healthy Child

Short Notes
❖​ Cognitive development theory applicable to children (April 2023)
❖​ Nutritional requirements in children (October 2019)
❖​ Baby friendly hospital concept (April 2023)
❖​ Importance of play (January 2022)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Moral development and Social development in toddlers (April 2023)
❖​ Exclusive breast feeding and Weaning (May 2022)
❖​ Active and passive immunity (January 2022)
❖​ Preterm and low birth weight babies (October 2019)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Abdominal palpation should be avoided in children with Wilm's tumour (April 2023)
❖​ Oral hypoglycaemic agents are not usually given to children with juvenile diabetes
mellitus (April 2023)
❖​ DPT is popularly known as triple vaccine (October 2022)
❖​ Fowlers position given during dyspnea (April (November) 2020)
❖​ Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) for preterm babies (May 2022)
❖​ Low protein diet for a child with phenylketonuria (PKU) (May 2022)
❖​ Exclusive breastfeeding till six months for an infant (July 2021)
❖​ Kangaroo mother care for preterm neonates (July 2021)
❖​ Play therapy is used during pediatric nursing procedures (January 2024)
❖​ Pediatric nurses should be aware of age-appropriate dietary recommendations of children
(January 2024)
❖​ Family centered care is recommended in pediatric nursing (January 2024)
❖​ Abdominal palpation should be avoided in children with Wilm's tumour (January 2022)
❖​ Cardiac monitoring is important in Kawasaki disease (January 2022)
❖​ Sunset appearance of a child with hydrocephalus (September 2023)
❖​ Growth monitoring is important for an infant (September 2023)
❖​ Weaning is recommended after six months of age (September 2024)

103
Unit 3: Nursing Care of Neonate
Long Essay
❖​ Baby Priya 5-year-old got admitted in a paediatric hospital with 40% thermal burns.
Define burns. Classify burns according to the depth of injury. Describe the calculation of
body surface area burned as per rule of nine. Discuss the medical and nursing
management for Baby Priya with 3 priority nursing diagnoses. (October 2022)
❖​ Baby Rani, 2year old child got admitted in a paediatric surgical unit with the diagnosis of
Hydrocephalus. Define Hydrocephalus. List the clinical features and discuss the
pathophysiology. Explain the medical, surgical post-operative management with three
priority nursing diagnoses. (January 2022)
❖​ Baby Deepa, 5-year-old got admitted in a paediatric oncology ward with the diagnosis of
Leukemia. Define Leukemia. List the types and clinical features of leukemia. Discuss the
medical and nursing management for Baby Deepa (April (November) 2020)

Short Notes
❖​ APGAR score (October 2022)
❖​ Preterm neonate (September 2024)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Preterm and Term baby (January 2022)
❖​ Normal newborn and High risk newborn (September 2023)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ During phototherapy eyes and genitals of the new born need to be covered (January
2022)
❖​ Ventriulo-peritoneal shunt for a child with hydrocephalus (July 2021)
❖​ Abdominal circumference is monitored in a child with Nephrotic syndrome (September
2024)
❖​ Calculation of percentage of burns is important in children (September 2024)

Unit 5: Nursing Management in Common Childhood Diseases

Long Essay
❖​ What are the types of ano-rectal malformations? Describe the pre and post-operative
management of a child with low anorectal anomaly. (April 2023)
❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of Pneumonia. Describe the clinical signs of Pneumonia and
their management strategies as per priority. (January 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of Thalassemia (April 2023)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) (April
2023)
❖​ Define rheumatic fever. Explain the clinical features and management of rheumatic fever.
(October 2022)
❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of haemophilia (May 2022)

104
 ❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of anemia (July 2021)
❖​ Describe the types of Tracheo - esophageal fistula (April (November) 2020)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with pyloric stenosis (October 2019)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with an anorectal malformation (September
2023)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with Rheumatic fever (September 2024)

Short Notes
❖​ Nursing care for a child with haemorrhage (April 2023)
❖​ Nursing care of mentally challenged children (April 2023)
❖​ Club foot (October 2022)
❖​ Refractive errors (October 2022)
❖​ Pyloric stenosis (January 2022)
❖​ Thalassemia (January 2022)
❖​ Protein energy malnutrition (September 2023)
❖​ Clinical features of glomerulonephritis (September 2023)
❖​ Clinical features of nephrotic syndrome in children (September 2024)
❖​ Care of a preterm neonate (September 2024)
❖​ Nursing management of child with seizures (September 2024)
❖​ Clinical features of Tetralogy of Fallot (October 2019)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Phenylketonuria and Galactosemia (April 2023)
❖​ Squint and Cataract (April 2023)
❖​ Pneumonia and Bronchitis (April 2023)
❖​ Kwashiorkor and marasmus (October 2022)
❖​ Physiological and pathological jaundice (October 2022)
❖​ Cleft lip and Cleft Palate (October 2022)
❖​ Empyema and emphysema (October 2022)
❖​ Cataract and glaucoma (October 2019)
❖​ Epispadias and Hypospadias (January 2024)
❖​ Omphalocele and Exomphalos (September 2023)
❖​ Atrial septal defect and Ventricular septal defect (September 2023)
❖​ Omphalocele and Exomphalos (September 2024)
❖​ Ottitis externa and Ottitis media (September 2024)
❖​ Kleinfelter's syndrome and Edwards syndrome (September 2024)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Intake and output monitoring is important for a child with nephrotic syndrome (April
2023)
❖​ Low sodium diet advised in nephrotic syndrome (October 2022)
❖​ Low protein diet for a child with phenylketonuria (PKU) (May 2022)
❖​ Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for a child with hydrocephalus (July 2021)
❖​ Mosquito control measures are important to prevent dengue fever (April (November)
2020)

105
 ❖​ Baby born for a mother with HIV positive treated with ART drugs upto 4 to 6 weeks
(April (November) 2020)
❖​ Informed consent should be taken from the parents of children before surgeries (January
2024)
❖​ Elevation of head to 30$^o$ is advised for children with head injury (January 2022)
❖​ Weight gain in a child with nephrotic syndrome (October 2019)
❖​ Neutropenia in Leukemia (October 2019)
❖​ Elbow restraint for the child with cleft palate repair (October 2019)
❖​ Avoid milk for a child with galactosemia (October 2019)
❖​ Monitoring intake of fluids for a child with tonsillitis (September 2023)
❖​ Gastric lavage is done in children with poisoning (September 2023)
❖​ Abdominal circumference is monitored in a child with Nephrotic syndrome (September
2024)

Unit 6: Childhood Emergencies

Short Notes
❖​ Management of child with club foot (April 2023)
❖​ Habit disorders in children (July 2021)
❖​ Behavioural problems of Toddler (April (November) 2020)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Dengue fever and Chikungunya (May 2022)
❖​ Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome (May 2022, July 2021, January 2022)
❖​ Meningitis and encephalitis (April (November) 2020, July 2021)
❖​ Respiratory distress syndrome and meconium aspiration syndrome (April (November)
2020)
❖​ Hypospadias and epispadias (January 2022)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Side lying position given during seizures (October 2022)
❖​ Rehydration therapy is the first line of management in gastro - enteritis (October 2022)

MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 1

Unit 1: Introduction
Long Essay
❖​ Define Mental Health. Discuss the factors influencing mental health. Explain the
characteristics of a mentally healthy person.. (February 2022)
❖​ Define mental health. Explain the characteristics of a mentally healthy person. Discuss
the levels of prevention of mental illness.. (September 2024)

Short Note
❖​ Mental health team.. (February 2022)
❖​ Functions of mental health team.. (April 2023; September 2023; April 2021; May 2022;
October 2022; March 2024)

106
Answer Briefly
❖​ Characteristics of mental health.. (April 2023; September 2023; May 2022; March 2024)

Unit 2: Principles and Concepts of Mental Health Nursing

Short Essays
❖​ Principles of psychiatric nursing.. (February 2022; January 2022; October 2022)
❖​ Explain the principles of psychiatric nursing.. (April 2023)

Short Note
❖​ Role of mental health nurse in prevention of mental illness.. (February 2022; April
2023;January 2022; October 2022)
❖​ Scope of psychiatric nursing.. (April 2021)
❖​ Types of defense mechanisms.. (September 2023; May 2022)

Differentiate between
❖​ Neurosis and psychosis.. (February 2022; September 2019; January 2022; October 2022;
September 2024)
❖​ Schizophrenia and mood disorder.. (September 2023; March 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Principles of psychiatric nursing.. (September 2024)

Long Essay
❖​ Define defense mechanism. List the types of defense mechanism. Discuss the nursing
management of a patient with depressive mood disorder.. (April 2021)

Unit 4: Therapeutic Communication and Nurse-Patient Relationship

Essays
❖​ Define Therapeutic communication. Enlist the principles of therapeutic communication.
Describe the techniques of therapeutic communication with examples.. (September 2019)

Short Essays
❖​ Therapeutic nurse patient relationship.. (February 2022; October 2022)
❖​ Therapeutic communication.. (September 2023; April 2021; May 2022)
❖​ Explain the techniques of therapeutic communication.. (September 2024)

Answer Briefly Questions

❖​ Therapeutic environment.. (September 2023)

Unit 5: Treatment modalities and therapies used in mental disorders

Short Note
❖​ Behavior therapy.(February 2022)
❖​ Occupational therapy.(February 2022; September 2019; January 2022; October 2022)

107
 ❖​ Milliue therapy.(April 2023; January 2022; March 2024)
❖​ Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). (April 2023; October 2022)
❖​ Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT). (April 2023; September 2023; September 2019; May
2022)
❖​ Group therapy.(September 2023)
❖​ Psycho education.(September 2023; September 2019; January 2022; May 2022;
September 2024)
❖​ Family therapy (September 2019; September 2024)
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the mental health nurse in the following
areas:
Therapeutic recreation.. (September 2019)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Types of play therapy.. (February 2022; January 2022; March 2024)
❖​ Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT).. (September 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Explain the types of individual psychotherapy.. (January 2022; March 2024)

Unit 6: Nursing management of patient with Schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders

Long Essay Questions

❖​ Define schizophrenia. Enlist the clinical features of schizophrenia. Discuss the nursing
management of a patient with paranoid schizophrenia.. (May 2022)

Differentiate between
❖​ Hallucination and Illusion. (February 2022; October 2022; September 2024)
❖​ Delusion and illusion. (April 2023; March 2024)
❖​ Hallucination and Delusion. (September 2019; January 2022)

Unit 7: Nursing management of patient with mood disorders

Long Essay
❖​ Define mood disorder. Classify mood disorder. Discuss the nursing management of a
patient with bipolar mood disorder (manic episode). (September 2023)
❖​ Define Bipolar Mood Disorder. Enlist the clinical features of Bipolar Mood Disorder.
Explain the nursing management of a client with Bipolar Mood Disorder (Manic
episode).. (October 2022)

Differentiate between
❖​ Mania and Hypomania. (April 2023; May 2022)
❖​ Mania and Depression. (April 2021)

108
Unit 8: Nursing management of patient with neurotic, stress related and somatization
disorders
Long Essay
❖​ Define anxiety. List the levels of anxiety. Discuss the nursing management of a patient
with severe anxiety.. (April 2023,January 2022)
❖​ Define Crisis. Enlist the types of crisis. Explain the principles of crisis intervention..
(September 2019)
❖​ Define personality disorders. Classify personality disorders. Explain the nursing
management of a patient with antisocial personality disorder.. (March 2024)

Short Note
❖​ Somatoform disorder and factitious disorder.. (February 2022)
❖​ Types of personality disorders.. (April 2021)
❖​ Types of stress management.. (April 2021)

Differentiate between
❖​ Obsession and compulsion.. (April 2023; January 2022; March 2024)
❖​ Crisis and Stress. (September 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Principles of crisis intervention.. (September 2023; May 2022)
❖​ Explain the techniques of crisis intervention.. (April 2021)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Types of crisis.(April 2023)

NURSING EDUCATION

Unit 1: Introduction and Theoretical Foundations: Education and educational technology

Long Essay
❖​ Define philosophy. What are the aims and objectives of education. Explain on current
trends in nursing education. (September 2019)
❖​ Explain the principles of curriculum planning. Describe the factors influencing
curriculum development in nursing education. (January 2022)

Short Essays
❖​ Explain briefly traditional philosophies of education. Discuss the application of any one
philosophy in nursing. (October 2022)
❖​ Explain the aims of education. Discuss the application of pragmatism in nursing
education. (April 2023)

109
 ❖​ Explain the principles of teaching. Discuss the current trends in Nursing Education.
(March 2024)

Short Note
❖​ Eclectic philosophy (September 2020)
❖​ Principles of teaching (April 2023)
❖​ Principles of teaching (September 2023)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Idealism - Naturalism (May 2022)
❖​ Pragmatism and eclectism (September 2019, March 2024)
❖​ Naturalism - Eclecticism (September 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Laws of Learning (September 2020)
❖​ Characteristics of learning (October 2022)
❖​ Laws of learning (April 2023)
❖​ Principles of teaching (April 2023)

Unit 2: Assessment and Planning

Long Essay
❖​ Define curriculum. Explain the principles of curriculum development. (September 2020)
❖​ Explain the steps in curriculum development. Discuss course planning in detail.
(September 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Define course planning. How do you classify educational objectives. Explain the steps in
curriculum development. (September 2019)

Short Note
❖​ Cognitive domain of educational objectives (September 2020)
❖​ Elements of good lesson plan (October 2022)
❖​ Criteria for the selection of learning experiences (April 2023)
❖​ Steps in lesson planning (April 2023)
❖​ Steps in curriculum development (March 2024)
❖​ Course plan (September 2023)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Levels in cognitive domain of educational objectives (October 2022)
❖​ Unit plan (April 2023)
❖​ Course planning (January 2022)
❖​ Guidelines in preparing flash cards (March 2024)

110
Unit 3: Implementation ( Teaching in classroom and skill lab)
Long Essay
❖​ Explain the maxims of teaching. Describe simulation as a method of teaching in nursing.
(September 2023)

Short Essays
❖​ List the various methods of teaching in nursing. Describe any one of the clinical teaching
method. (October 2022)
❖​ List any six methods of classroom teaching. Explain the lecture method in detail. (April
2023)
❖​ Explain the principles of teaching. Describe problem based learning as a teaching
method. (January 2022)
❖​ Short Note
❖​ Microteaching (September 2020, January 2022)
❖​ Types of counselling approaches (January 2022, October 2022)
❖​ Steps in microteaching (January 2022)
❖​ Qualities of an evaluation tool (October 2022)
❖​ Use of computers in nursing education (October 2022)
❖​ Methods used for assessing knowledge (April 2023)
❖​ Problem based learning (September 2024)
❖​ Project method (March 2024)
❖​ Programmed instruction (March 2024)
❖​ Flannel graph (March 2024)

Differentiate Between
❖​ OSCE - Viva (October 2022)
❖​ Lecture - Microteaching (October 2022)
❖​ Simulation - Role play (April 2023)
❖​ Seminar - Symposium (September 2019, September 2023, March 2024)
❖​ Project method - Problem based learning (May 2022)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Role playing (April 2023)
❖​ Micro teaching cycle (March 2024)

Unit 4: Teaching in the Clinical Setting ( Teaching Methods)

Short Note
❖​ Bedside clinic (March 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Bedside clinic (April 2023)
❖​ Clinical rotation plan (September 2023)

111
Unit 5: Educational/Teaching Media
Short Essays
❖​ What are audio-visual aids. List the characteristics of audio-visual aids. Explain the
guidelines for the effective use of chalkboard. (September 2020)
❖​ Describe the guidelines for the effective use of chalkboard. Explain the principles in the
use of audio-visual aids. (April 2023)
❖​ Explain the purposes of A V aids. Describe the types of A V aids. (September 2024)
❖​ Short Note
❖​ Overhead projector (January 2022)
❖​ Principles of AV aids (September 2023)
❖​ Explain the principles of audio visual aids (September 2019)
❖​ Three dimensional aids in education media (May 2022)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Objects - Specimens (January 2022, September 2020)
❖​ Pamphlets and leaflets (September 2019)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Types of charts (January 2022)
❖​ Graphic aids for classroom teaching (October 2022)
❖​ Features of computer assisted learning (April 2023)
❖​ Edgar Dale's cone of experiences (May 2022)
❖​ Principles of A V aids (March 2024)

Unit 6: Assessment/ Evaluation Methods/ Strategies

Long Essay
❖​ Describe the purposes of evaluation. Explain the steps in test construction. (May 2022)
❖​ Explain the qualities of an evaluation tool. Discuss the importance of OSCE as a method
of evaluation. (March 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Describe the qualities of an evaluation tool. Briefly explain the different tools to assess
the skills of a student. (January 2022)
❖​ Describe the suggestions for constructing essay questions. Explain the general principles
of evaluation. (April 2023)

Short Note
❖​ Types of evaluation (September 2020)
❖​ What are the qualities of an evaluation tool (September 2019)
❖​ Taxonomical classification of objectives (May 2022)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Rating scale and checklist (September 2020)
❖​ Measurement and evaluation (September 2020)
❖​ Essay type question - Multiple choice question (April 2023)

112
 ❖​ Objective structured clinical examination and Oral viva (October 2022)
❖​ Essay type questions and short answer questions (September 2019)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Attitude scale (January 2022, October 2022)
❖​ Tools used for assessing skills (September 2023)
❖​ Qualities of an evaluation tool (September 2024)
❖​ Construction of multiple choice questions (March 2024)

Unit 7: Guidance/academic advising, counseling and discipline

Short Essays
❖​ Explain the role of a counsellor. Describe the various types of counselling approaches.
(September 2023)

Short Note
❖​ Functions of education (January 2022)
❖​ Basic principles of guidance (April 2023)
❖​ Issues for counselling in nursing (April 2023)
❖​ Role of teachers in managing disciplinary problems (April 2023)
❖​ What are the purposes of counselling (September 2019)
❖​ What are the purposes of guidance (September 2019)
❖​ Organization of student counselling services (May 2022)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Guidance - Counselling (January 2022, September 2020, September 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Teachers' role in disciplinary problem (January 2022)
❖​ Prevention of disciplinary problems in classroom (September 2023)

CHILD HEALTH NURSING 2

Unit 1: Cardiovascular system, Congenital heart disease, Hematological conditions,
Gastro-intestinal system, Genitourinary urinary system, Nervous system
Long Essay
❖​ Baby Deepa, 5-year-old got admitted in a paediatric oncology ward with the diagnosis of
Leukemia. Define Leukemia. List the types and clinical features of leukemia. Discuss the
medical and nursing management for Baby Deepa. (April (November) 2020)
❖​ Baby Rani, 2year old child got admitted in a paediatric surgical unit with the diagnosis of
Hydrocephalus. Define Hydrocephalus. List the clinical features and discuss the
pathophysiology. Explain the medical, surgical post-operative management with three
priority nursing diagnoses. (January 2022)
❖​ What are the types of ano-rectal malformations? Describe the pre and post-operative
management of a child with low anorectal anomaly. (April 2023)

113
 ❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of Pneumonia. Describe the clinical signs of Pneumonia and
their management strategies as per priority. (January 2024)

Short Essays
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with juvenile diabetes mellitus. (May 2022)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with acute glomerulonephritis. (July 2021)
❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of Thalassemia (April 2023)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) (April
2023)
❖​ Define rheumatic fever. Explain the clinical features and management of rheumatic fever.
(October 2022)
❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of haemophilia (May 2022)
❖​ Explain the pathophysiology of anemia (July 2021)
❖​ Describe the types of Tracheo - esophageal fistula (April (November) 2020)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with pyloric stenosis (October 2019)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with an anorectal malformation (September
2023)
❖​ Describe the nursing management of a child with Rheumatic fever (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the causes and pathophysiology of malabsorption syndrome (September 2024)

Short Notes
❖​ Pyloric stenosis (January 2022)
❖​ Thalassemia (January 2022)
❖​ Clinical features of glomerulonephritis (September 2023)
❖​ Clinical features of nephrotic syndrome in children (September 2024)
❖​ Nursing management of child with seizures (September 2024)
❖​ Clinical features of Tetralogy of Fallot (October 2019)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Phenylketonuria and Galactosemia (April 2023)
❖​ Pneumonia and Bronchitis (April 2023)
❖​ Kwashiorkor and marasmus (October 2022)
❖​ Cleft lip and Cleft Palate (October 2022)
❖​ Empyema and emphysema (October 2022)
❖​ Meningitis and encephalitis (April (November) 2020, July 2021)
❖​ Respiratory distress syndrome and meconium aspiration syndrome (April 2020)
❖​ Hypospadias and epispadias (January 2022)
❖​ Omphalocele and Exomphalos (September 2023)
❖​ Atrial septal defect and Ventricular septal defect (September 2023)
❖​ Omphalocele and Exomphalos (September 2024)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Poor exercise tolerance is seen in children with congenital heart defects (April 2023)
❖​ Abdominal palpation should be avoided in children with Wilm's tumour (April 2023,
January 2022)

114
 ❖​ Oral hypoglycaemic agents are not usually given to children with juvenile diabetes
mellitus (April 2023)
❖​ Intake and output monitoring is important for a child with nephrotic syndrome (April
2023)
❖​ Low sodium diet advised in nephrotic syndrome (October 2022)
❖​ Low protein diet for a child with phenylketonuria (PKU) (May 2022)
❖​ Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for a child with hydrocephalus (July 2021, January 2022)
❖​ Elevation of head to 30$^o$ is advised for children with head injury (January 2022)
❖​ Weight gain in a child with nephrotic syndrome (October 2019)
❖​ Neutropenia in Leukemia (October 2019)
❖​ Elbow restraint for the child with cleft palate repair (October 2019)
❖​ Avoid milk for a child with galactosemia (October 2019)
❖​ Monitoring intake of fluids for a child with tonsillitis (September 2023)
❖​ Sunset appearance of a child with hydrocephalus (September 2023)
❖​ Abdominal circumference is monitored in a child with Nephrotic syndrome (September
2024)

Unit 2: Orthopedic disorders, Disorder of eye, ear and skin, Communicable diseases
Short Notes
❖​ Club foot (October 2022)
❖​ Refractive errors (October 2022)

Differentiate Between
❖​ Squint and Cataract (April 2023)
❖​ Dengue fever and Chikungunya (May 2022)
❖​ Cataract and glaucoma (October 2019)
❖​ Ottitis externa and Ottitis media (September 2024)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Mosquito control measures are important to prevent dengue fever (April (November)
2020)
❖​ Baby born for a mother with HIV positive treated with ART drugs upto 4 to 6 weeks
(April (November) 2020)

Unit 3: Management of behavior and social problems in children

Short Notes
❖​ Nursing care of mentally challenged children (April 2023)
❖​ Habit disorders in children (July 2021)
❖​ Behavioural problems of Toddler (April (November) 2020)
❖​ Protein energy malnutrition (September 2023) - While malnutrition can be a
physiological issue, severe cases or long-term management might involve social aspects,
placing it here.
❖​ Mental retardation (January 2022) - Could also be placed in Unit 1 if discussing the
neurological basis, but often linked to management of challenged children.

115
Differentiate Between
❖​ Physiologically challenged children and socially challenged children (May 2022)
❖​ Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome (May 2022, July 2021, January 2022)
❖​ Kleinfelter's syndrome and Edwards syndrome (September 2024)

Give Reasons for the Following

❖​ Gastric lavage is done in children with poisoning (September 2023)

MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 2

Unit 1: Nursing Management of Patients with Substance Use Disorders
Differentiate between
❖​ Alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse.. (September 2023; April 2021; May 2022)

Unit 2: Nursing Management of Patient with Personality and Sexual Disorders

Long Essay Questions
❖​ Define personality disorders. Classify personality disorders. Explain the nursing
management of a patient with antisocial personality disorder.. (March 2024)

Short Note
❖​ Types of personality disorders.. (April 2021)

Unit 3: Nursing Management of Behavioural & Emotional Disorders occurring during

Childhood and Adolescence
Answer Briefly
❖​ Types of play therapy.l. (February 2022; January 2022; March 2024)

Unit 4: Nursing Management of Organic Brain Disorders

Differentiate between
❖​ Delirium and Dementia.. (April 2021; October 2022)

Unit 5: Psychiatric Emergencies and Crisis Intervention

Essays
❖​ Define Crisis. Enlist the types of crisis. Explain the principles of crisis intervention..
(September 2019)

Short Essays
❖​ Principles of crisis intervention.. (September 2023; May 2022)
❖​ Explain the techniques of crisis intervention.. (April 2021)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Types of crisis.. (April 2023)

116
Differentiate between
❖​ Crisis and Stress.. (September 2024)
❖​ Suicide and homicide. (September 2023; May 2022)

Unit 6: Legal Issues in Mental Health Nursing

Short Essays
❖​ Describe the legal aspects of mental health nursing.. (April 2023; September 2024)

Short Note Questions

❖​ Mental health act (April 2021; May 2022; March 2024)

Answer Briefly Questions

❖​ Mental health act.. (February 2022; January 2022; October 2022; September 2024)
❖​ Forensic psychiatric nursing.. (September 2023; May 2022; April 2021; March 2024)

Differentiate between
❖​ Forensic psychiatric nursing and Psychiatric nursing.. (September 2019)

Unit 7: Community Mental Health Nursing

Short Note
❖​ Community mental health nursing.. (September 2019; September 2024)
❖​ National Mental Health Programme.. (April 2023; October 2022; September 2024)
❖​ Community mental health services. (April 2021)
❖​ National mental health programme. (January 2022)
❖​ Rehabilitation (September 2019; October 2022)
❖​ Role of mental health nurse in rehabilitation(September 2024)
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the mental health nurse
❖​ National mental health programme.(September 2019)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Community mental health nursing. (February 2022; May 2022; October 2022)
❖​ National Mental Health Programme. (January 2022; March 2024)

117
 NURSING MANAGEMENT AND
LEADERSHIP

Unit 1: Health Care and Development of Nursing Services in India

Short Notes
❖​ Current trends and issues in nursing (May 2022, March 2024)

Unit 2: Management Basics Applied to Nursing

Long Essay
❖​ Define administration. Explain the functions of management with relevant examples from
nursing service. (May 2022)
❖​ Define management. Explain the principles of management. (September 2024)

Essays
❖​ Differentiate between administration and management. List down the principles of
administration by Henry Fayol. Explain the steps of planning. (September 2019)
❖​ Explain the functions of management. (April 2021)

Short Notes
❖​ Functions of management (September 2020, September 2023)
❖​ Enumerate/List the following:
❖​ Principles of management (September 2023, January 2022, March 2024)

Differentiate between
●​ Administration and management (September 2019, April 2021)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Principles of management (March 2024)

Unit 3: Planning Nursing Services

Long Essay
❖​ State the meaning of planning. Explain the process of planning with relevant examples
from nursing service. (January 2022)
❖​ Explain the importance of budgeting in management. Explain the responsibilities of
Nurse manager in planning budget for nursing service department. (March 2024)

Short Notes
❖​ Role of nurse administrator in budgeting (April 2021)
❖​ Enumerate/List the following:
❖​ Principles of budgeting (April 2023, May 2022)

118
Differentiate between
❖​ Incremental budget and zero based budget (September 2019)
❖​ PERT and Gantt chart (September 2020, January 2022)
❖​ Bench marking and Gantt chart (September 2019)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Performance appraisal (September 2023)
❖​ Program evaluation review technique (PERT)
❖​ Activity plan (Gantt chart).

Unit 4: Organizing
Short Notes
❖​ Functions of a leader (January 2022) (Note: While leadership is a distinct unit, the
concept of a 'leader' functions within an organizational context.)
❖​ Organizational structure (October 2022)
❖​ Enumerate/List the following:
❖​ Four principles of organization (September 2019, September 2020)

Differentiate between
❖​ Horizontal organizational structure and vertical organizational structure (April 2023)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Work culture (April 2021)

Unit 5: Staffing (Human resource management)

Essays
❖​ Define recruitment. Explain different steps in selection process. Explain the advantages
and disadvantages of promotion as an internal source of recruitment. (September 2019)
❖​ Describe the methods of patient assignment. Explain the job description of a staff nurse.
(September 2020)
❖​ Describe the role of administrator in the recruitment and selection process of staff for a
college of nursing with an annual intake of 60 students according to the INC norms. (May
2022)
❖​ Explain the importance of manpower planning. Explain the steps of staffing. (September
2023)

Short Notes
❖​ Patient classification system (May 2022)
❖​ In-service education (September 2020)
❖​ Methods of in-service education (January 2022)
❖​ Role of head nurse in maintenance of supplies and equipment's in nursing service unit.
(April 2021, January 2022)
❖​ Principles of adult learning (May 2022)

119
Enumerate/List the following
❖​ Four methods of patient care assignment (September 2019)
❖​ Four purposes of material management (September 2020)
❖​ Principles of adult learning (September 2019, September 2024)

Differentiate between
❖​ Functional and team method of patient assignment (October 2022)
❖​ Primary nursing and team nursing (April 2023)
❖​ Job description and job specification (September 2019, May 2022)
❖​ In service education and continuing education (September 2019)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Job analysis (April 2023)

Unit 6: Directing and Leading

Short Notes
❖​ Supervision (January 2022) (Implicit in guidance and counselling, which is listed.)
❖​ Guidance and counselling (September 2019)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Delegation (April 2021)

Unit 7: Leadership
Long Essay
❖​ Define leadership. Explain the styles of leadership effective for a nurse manager with
appropriate justification. (October 2022)

Short Notes
❖​ Leadership styles (September 2023)
❖​ Enumerate/List the following:
❖​ Qualities of a leader (September 2019, September 2023)

Differentiate between
❖​ Autocratic and democratic leader (April 2021)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Qualities of good leader (March 2024)

Unit 8: Controlling
Short Notes
❖​ Quality assurance (September 2020, October 2022)
❖​ Nursing audit (September 2019, April 2023, January 2022)
❖​ Nursing rounds (September 2020, March 2024)
❖​ Documentation (Records and reports) (September 2023)
❖​ Performance appraisal (September 2020, January 2022, September 2023)
❖​ Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) (September 2023)

120
 ❖​ Enumerate/List the following:
❖​ Four purposes of documentation (September 2020)
❖​ Records and reports maintained in Nursing Unit. (September 2024)

Differentiate between
❖​ Records and reports (September 2019, October 2022)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Performance appraisal (January 2022)

Unit 9: Organizational Behavior and Human Relations

Short Notes
❖​ Group dynamics (May 2022, April 2023, March 2024)
❖​ Public relations in nursing administration (September 2019)
❖​ Theories of motivation (Any two) (January 2022)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Collective bargaining (January 2022)
❖​ Communication techniques (September 2024)
❖​ Channels of communication (October 2022)

Unit 13: Establishment of Nursing Educational Institutions

Essays
❖​ Define administration. Explain the role of administrator in organizing clinical facilities
for the students in a nursing educational institution. Describe the accreditation guidelines
for a college of nursing. (September 2020)
❖​ Explain the essentials of educational institutions as per INC norms for starting a school of
nursing with an annual intake of 60 students. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the staffing requirement, physical and clinical facilities required to establish a
school of nursing with an annual intake of 60 students per batch. (April 2021)

Short Notes
❖​ Accreditation guidelines (September 2023)

Differentiate between
❖​ Affiliation and accreditation (March 2024)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Accreditation guidelines (September 2023)

Unit 14: Planning and Organizing

Essays
❖​ Describe the role of administrator in planning and implementation of curriculum for a
college of nursing. (October 2022)

121
Short Notes
❖​ Records and reports maintained in a college of nursing (September 2023)

Enumerate/List the following

❖​ Four purposes of course evaluation (September 2020)

Unit 15: Staffing and Student Selection

Answer Briefly
❖​ Role of principal in the selection and admission of B.Sc Nursing students (March 2024)
❖​ Performance appraisal

Unit 17: Professional considerations

Short Notes
❖​ Consumer protection act (September 2020, January 2022)
❖​ Indian Nursing Council (September 2019)
❖​ Legal and ethical responsibilities of a professional nurse (September 2023)

Enumerate/List the following

❖​ Four ethical concepts related to nursing (September 2019)
❖​ Four characteristics of a professional nurse (September 2020, April 2023)

Differentiate between
❖​ Malpractice and negligence (September 2019, March 2024)
❖​ Answer Briefly
❖​ Ethical and legal responsibilities of a professional nurse (October 2022)

Unit 18: Professional Advancement

Answer Briefly
❖​ Career opportunities in nursing (September 2024)

OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY

NURSING 1
Unit I: Introduction to midwifery

Essay
❖​ Define midwifery. Explain the history of midwifery in India. Discuss the current trends
and issues in midwifery. (January 2024)

Short Essay
❖​ Describe the essential competencies for midwifery practice. (July 2022,April 2020)

122
 ❖​ Explain the universal rights of childbearing women. (January 2024,July 2023)
❖​ Discuss the legal provisions in midwifery practice. (July 2023,April 2020)

Short Note
❖​ Ethical issues in MTP. (September 2024)
❖​ MTP Act. (January 2024,July 2022,April 2022)
❖​ Midwifery led care units. (January 2024)
❖​ Legal provisions in midwifery. (May 2021,May 2023)
❖​ National Health Mission. (May 2023)
❖​ Universal rights of childbearing women. (September 2022)

Difference Between
❖​ Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). (May 2023,July
2023,July 2022,September 2022,May 2021)

Give Reason
❖​ Maternal Mortality Ratio is an important indicator of maternal health. (September 2024)
❖​ Every woman should receive preconception care. (January 2024)
❖​ Maternal death audit is important. (July 2022)

Unit II: Review the anatomy and physiology of human reproductive system and conception
(Maternal,fetal, newborn physiology)

Short Essay
❖​ Explain the physiological changes of reproductive system during puberty. (January 2024)
❖​ Explain the role of placenta. (July 2023,May 2021)
❖​ Explain the anatomy of female reproductive organs. Discuss the physiological changes
during pregnancy. (September 2022)

Short Note Questions

❖​ Placental function. (April 2020,September 2024)
❖​ Types of pelvis. (January 2024)
❖​ Placental barrier. (January 2024)
❖​ Foetal skull. (May 2023)
❖​ Female pelvis. (July 2023)
❖​ Amniotic fluid. (July 2022)
❖​ Fetal circulation. (July 2022)
❖​ Female pelvis. (September 2022)
❖​ Physiology of menstrual cycle. (September 2022)
❖​ Fetal circulation. (April 2022)
❖​ Amniotic fluid. (April 2022)
❖​ Foetal skull. (May 2021,April 2020)

Difference Between
❖​ True Conjugate and Obstetric Conjugate. (April 2022,January 2024)
❖​ Menarche and Menopause. (April 2020,May 2021,April 2022,May 2023,January 2024)

123
 ❖​ Internal os and External os. (May 2023)
❖​ Female pelvis and Fetal skull. (July 2023)
❖​ Fertilization and Implantation. (July 2022,September 2022)

Unit III: Assessment and management of normal pregnancy (ante-natal)

Essay Questions
❖​ List the physiological changes in the skeletal system during pregnancy. Discuss the minor
ailments and its management during pregnancy. (September 2024)
❖​ List the physiological changes during pregnancy. Explain the antenatal assessment and
care during 1st trimester of pregnancy. (January 2024)
❖​ Define antenatal care. List the minor disorders of pregnancy and explain its management.
(July 2023)
❖​ Define antenatal care. List the minor discomforts of pregnancy. Explain the nursing
management of minor discomforts of pregnancy. (April 2022)
❖​ Define antenatal care. List the physiological changes during pregnancy. Explain the
nursing management of minor discomforts during pregnancy. (October 2020)

Short Essay
❖​ Explain the role of nurse in providing preconception care. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the signs and symptoms of pregnancy. (May 2023)
❖​ Explain the physiological changes in the respiratory system during pregnancy.
(September 2022)
❖​ Explain the physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy. (April
2022)
❖​ Discuss the physiological changes in the gastrointestinal system during pregnancy. (May
2021)
❖​ Explain the role of nurse in providing preconception care. (October 2020)
❖​ Explain the physiological changes in the circulatory system during pregnancy. (April
2020)

Short Note
❖​ Danger signs during pregnancy. (May 2021,September 2022,July 2023,January 2024)
❖​ Biophysical profile. (May 2023)
❖​ Signs of pregnancy. (July 2022)
❖​ Pre-conception care. (July 2022)
❖​ Antenatal counseling. (April 2020)

Give Reason
❖​ Folic acid supplementation is important during preconception period. (September 2024)
❖​ Every pregnant woman should be given iron and folic acid supplements. (July 2023)
❖​ Pre-conceptional care is important. (September 2022,July 2023)
❖​ Balanced diet is important during pregnancy. (July 2022)
❖​ Danger signs during pregnancy should be recognized by the woman. (October
2020,September 2022)
❖​ Iron and folic acid are important during pregnancy. (April 2022,April 2020)

124
 ❖​ Antenatal care is important for every pregnant woman. (May 2021)
❖​ Early antenatal registration is important. (May 2023)
❖​ Immunization is important during pregnancy. (October 2020,May 2023)
❖​ Antenatal corticosteroids are given in preterm labor. (January 2024)

Unit IV: Physiology, management and care during labour

Essay Questions
❖​ Explain the stages of labour. Describe the physiological management of first stage of
labour. (May 2021,May 2023,September 2024)
❖​ Define normal labour. Explain the mechanism of normal labour. Describe the nursing
management of normal labour. (September 2022)
❖​ Define labour. Discuss the physiological changes during labour. Explain the nursing
management of third stage of labour. (April 2022)
❖​ Define labour. Discuss the physiological changes during labour. Explain the nursing
management of second stage of labour. (April 2020)

Short Essay
❖​ Describe the essential newborn care. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the methods of pain management during labour. (October 2020,April
2022,September 2024)
❖​ Discuss the care of baby during fourth stage of labour. (January 2024)
❖​ Explain the role of ASHA/Doula in labour. (May 2023)
❖​ Explain the essential newborn care. (May 2021,September 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Partograph. (April 2022,September 2024)
❖​ Essential newborn care. (July 2023)
❖​ Essential new born care. (October 2020,May 2021)
❖​ Immediate care of newborn. (April 2020)

Difference Between
❖​ True labor and False labor. (May 2023,July 2022,September 2022,April 2022,May
2021,October 2020,April 2020)
❖​ Active management of third stage and Physiological management of third stage. (April
2022)
❖​ Cervical ripening and Effacement. (April 2020)

Give Reason
❖​ Skin to skin contact is important in newborn. (April 2020,September 2024)
❖​ Early initiation of breastfeeding is important. (July 2022,January 2024)
❖​ Active management of third stage of labour is recommended. (July 2023,July
2022,January 2024,September 2022)
❖​ Physiological management of third stage is recommended. (May 2023)
❖​ Skin to skin contact is promoted immediately after birth. (July 2023)
❖​ Early initiation of breastfeeding is important. (September 2022)

125
 ❖​ Vaginal examination is not done frequently in labour. (April 2022)
❖​ Early initiation of breastfeeding is important. (April 2022,May 2021,October 2020)
❖​ Skin to skin contact is important in new born.

Unit V: Postpartum care / Ongoing care of women

Essay
❖​ Define normal puerperium. Discuss the physiological changes during puerperium.
Explain the nursing management of puerperium at home. (July 2023)
❖​ Define puerperium. Discuss the physiological changes during puerperium. Explain the
management of minor disorders of puerperium. (July 2022)
❖​ Define normal puerperium. Explain the physiological changes during puerperium.
Describe the nursing management of a woman during postnatal period. (October
2020,May 2021)
❖​ Define puerperium. Explain the physiological changes during puerperium. Describe the
nursing management of normal puerperium. (April 2020)

Short Note
❖​ Physiology of lactation. (September 2024)
❖​ Puerperal sepsis (May 2023)
❖​ Types of lochia. (July 2023)
❖​ Postnatal blue. (September 2022)

Difference Between
❖​ Lochia rubra and Lochia serosa. (April 2020,May 2021,April 2022,May 2023)
❖​ Normal puerperium and Abnormal puerperium. (October 2020)

Give Reason
❖​ Early ambulation is encouraged in postpartum period. (September 2024)
❖​ Postnatal exercise is important during puerperium. (May 2021)
❖​ Exclusive breast feeding is encouraged for first six months of life. (October 2020)

Unit VI: Assessment and ongoing care of normal neonates

Short Essay
❖​ Discuss the physiological adaptation of newborn. (May 2021,July 2022,May 2023)
❖​ Explain the essential newborn care. (September 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Neonatal reflexes. (September 2024)
❖​ Cord care. (September 2022)
❖​ Physiological jaundice in newborn. (April 2022)

Difference Between
❖​ Cephalohematoma and Caput succedaneum. (September 2022,January 2024,October
2020)

126
Give Reason
❖​ Skin to skin contact is important in newborn. (April 2020,September 2024)
❖​ Early initiation of breastfeeding is important. (January 2024)
❖​ Newborn must be covered adequately immediately after birth. (May 2023)
❖​ Skin to skin contact is promoted immediately after birth. (July 2023)
❖​ Early initiation of breastfeeding is important. (October 2020,May 2021,September
2022,July 2022)
❖​ Newborn should be kept warm after birth. (April 2022)

Unit VII: Family welfare services

Essay
❖​ List the various family planning methods. Explain the role of nurse in providing family
planning services. (May 2023)

Short Note
❖​ Hormonal methods of contraception. (July 2023)
❖​ Family planning methods. (October 2020)

Give Reason
❖​ Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is an effective method of contraception.
(September 2024)
❖​ Family planning is essential for women's health. (January 2024)
❖​ Emergency contraceptive is a safe method of contraception. (May 2023)
❖​ Lactational Amenorrhea Method is an effective method of contraception. (July 2023)
❖​ Family planning is important for spacing children. (April 2020,July 2022)
❖​ Family planning is important for controlling population. (April 2022,September 2022)
❖​ Family planning is essential for women’s health. (May 2021)

OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY

NURSING 2
Unit I: Recognition and Management of problems during Pregnancy

Essay
❖​ Define pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Enumerate the clinical features and
complications of PIH. Explain the obstetrical and nursing management of women with
PIH. (May 2022)
❖​ Enumerate the causes of gestational diabetes. List the complications of gestational
diabetes. Discuss in detail about the management of GDM during pregnancy. (January
2022)

127
 ❖​ Define anaemia in pregnancy. Explain the clinical features of iron deficiency anaemia.
How to manage the women with iron deficiency anaemia. (September 2023)
❖​ Define placenta previa. Mention the types, signs and symptoms of placenta previa.
Explain the management of a client completed 34 weeks of gestational age with placenta
previa. (September 2019)
❖​ Define hyperemesis gravidarum. Mention the causes and enumerate the management of a
woman with hyperemesis. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Define placenta praevia. Enumerate the types of placenta praevia. Explain the
management of a client with placenta praevia. (April 2021)

Short Essay
❖​ Explain the management of minor disorders of pregnancy. (March 2024)
❖​ Explain the medical and nursing management of women with placenta praevia. (October
2022)
❖​ Discuss the management of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). (April 2021)

Short Note
❖​ Rh - Incompatibility. (October 2022)
❖​ Diagnosis of pregnancy. (October 2022)
❖​ Nutritional and food allergies. (September 2023)
❖​ Minor disorders of pregnancy. (January 2022)
❖​ Nursing management of mother with threatened abortion. (May 2022)
❖​ Biophysical methods of assessment of foetal well being. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Screening for high risk pregnancy. (April (September), 2020)

Answer Briefly (Short Answer):

❖​ Clinical features of ectopic pregnancy. (April 2023)
❖​ Daily foetal movement count. (May 2022)
❖​ TORCH infections in pregnancy. (May 2022)
❖​ Abnormalities of placenta. (January 2022)
❖​ Rh incompatibility. (January 2022)
❖​ Physiological anaemia is common in pregnancy. (September 2019)
❖​ Hydatidiform mole and carneous mole. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Unwed mother and single parent. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Management of intra uterine growth restriction. (April 2021)
❖​ Discuss abnormalities of placenta and cord. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain prenatal counselling. (September 2024)

Unit II: Recognition and Management of abnormal labour

Essay
❖​ Define third stage of labour. Discuss the physiological changes taking place during third
stage of labour. Explain the management of a client during third stage of labour.
(September 2019)

128
 ❖​ Mrs. Asha 26 years is admitted to the labour room with labour pain. Define induction of
labour and discuss various methods of induction of labour. Enumerate the role of nurse
during and after induction of labour. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Define postpartum haemorrhage. Explain the causes of primary PPH. Explain the
management of postpartum haemorrhage. (September 2024)

Short Essay
❖​ Explain the method of placental separation and management of third stage of labour.
(September 2024)
❖​ Explain the physiological changes during first stage of labour. (April 2021)

Short Note
❖​ Mechanism of placental separation. (March 2024)
❖​ Episiotomy. (March 2024)
❖​ Resuscitation of the newborn. (May 2022)
❖​ Indications and procedure of vacuum extraction. (May 2022)
❖​ Atonic postpartum haemorrhage. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Precipitate labour. (September 2024)
❖​ Types of Episiotomy. (April 2021)
❖​ Levels of Neonatal care. (April 2021)
❖​ Minor disorders of the newborn. (April 2021)
❖​ Abnormal uterine action. (April 2021)

Difference Between
❖​ Inversion of uterus and Prolapse of uterus. (March 2024)
❖​ True labour pain and False labour pain. (March 2024)
❖​ Eutocia - Dystocia. (May 2022)
❖​ Involution - Sub involution. (May 2022)
❖​ Physiological jaundice - Pathological jaundice. (May 2022)
❖​ Placenta previa - Vasaprevia. (September 2024)
❖​ Eutocia - Dystocia. (September 2024)
❖​ Preterm baby - Term baby. (September 2024)
❖​ True labour - False labour. (January 2022)
❖​ Medical induction of labour - Surgical induction of labour. (April 2021)
❖​ Anteversion of uterus - Retroversion of uterus. (April 2021)
❖​ Contraction - Retraction. (October 2022)

Give Reason
❖​ Prostaglandins are used to control third stage bleeding. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Preterm babies commonly suffer from respiratory complications. (April (September),
2020)
❖​ Cephalic presentation occurs in majority of pregnancies. (April (September), 2020)

Answer Briefly (Short Answer):

❖​ Essential factors of labour. (October 2022)
❖​ Destructive operations. (October 2022)

129
 ❖​ Tocolytic agents. (October 2022)
❖​ Cord prolapse. (April 2021)

Unit III: Recognition and Management of postnatal problems

Essay
❖​ Define primary and secondary postpartum haemorrhage. Enumerate the causes of
primary postpartum haemorrhage. Explain the management of primary postpartum
haemorrhage. (April 2023)
❖​ Define puerperium. Write the causes of puerperal sepsis. Explain the clinical features and
management of genital tract infection in puerperium. (October 2022)

Short Note
❖​ Puerperal sepsis. (April 2023)
❖​ Postnatal assessment. (September 2023)
❖​ Atonic postpartum haemorrhage. (April (September), 2020)

Give Reason
❖​ Careful monitoring of woman receiving inj. MgSO4 is necessary. (September 2019)

Difference Between
❖​ Maternal morbidity and mortality rate. (September 2019)

Answer Briefly (Short Answer):

❖​ Sub involution of uterus. (March 2024)

Unit IV: Assessment and management of High-risk newborn

Short Essay Questions
❖​ Describe the management of preterm neonate. (March 2024)
❖​ Explain the management of jaundice in newborn. (September 2023)

Short Note
❖​ Levels of Neonatal care. (March 2024)
❖​ Birth injuries in new born. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Care of baby with low birth weight. (September 2019)

Difference Between
❖​ Cephalohematoma - Caput succedaneum. (April 2023)

Give Reason
❖​ Various reflexes can be elicited in new born. (September 2019)

Unit V: Assessment and management of women with gynecological disorders

Short Essay
❖​ Discuss the management of woman who has undergone abdominal hysterectomy. (April
2023)

130
 ❖​ Explain the management of endometriosis. (October 2022)
❖​ Discuss the recent advances in infertility management. (January 2022)
❖​ Explain permanent methods of family planning. (September 2024)

Short Note
❖​ Breast complications during puerperium. (September 2019)
❖​ Genital prolapse. (September 2019)
❖​ Role of nurse in infertility management. (September 2024)
❖​ Methods of contraception. (October 2022)
❖​ Role of nurse in Obstetrics. (January 2022)
❖​ Diameters of the Gynaecoid pelvis. (January 2022)
❖​ Ethical aspects in Obstetrics. (April 2021)

Difference Between
❖​ Primary infertility - Secondary infertility. (April 2023)
❖​ Gynaecoid pelvis - Android pelvis. (April 2021)
❖​ Anteversion of uterus - Retroversion of uterus. (April 2021)
❖​ Vesico vaginal fistula - Recto vaginal fistula. (October 2022)
❖​ Carneous mole - Hydatidiform mole. (October 2022)
❖​ First pelvic grip - Second pelvic grip. (January 2022)
❖​ Menorrhagia - Metrorrhagia. (January 2022)
❖​ Infertility and sterility. (April (September), 2020)
❖​ Retroversy and inversion of uterus. (September 2019)

Answer Briefly (Short Answer):

❖​ Breast self examination. (March 2024)
❖​ Physiological changes during menopause. (March 2024)
❖​ Causes of infertility. (September 2023)
❖​ Genetic counseling. (September 2023)
❖​ Unwed mother. (September 2023)
❖​ Vascetomy. (April 2021)
❖​ Management of utero vaginal fistula. (September 2024)

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 2

Unit 1: Management of common conditions and emergencies including first aids

Short Note
❖​ Benefits under ESI scheme. (September 2019)
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas:
❖​ Disaster management. (September 2019)

131
Unit 2: Reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent Health

Short Note
❖​ Health assessment of an infant. (September 2019)
❖​ Adolescent health services. (January 2022)
❖​ Health assessment of preschool child. (January 2022)
❖​ Universal Immunization programme. (September 2024)
❖​ ICDS program. (October 2022)

Short Essays
❖​ Components of RCH phase II. (April 2023)
❖​ Write the immunization schedule and the cold chain system. (September 2024 - from
CHN-1, but relevant to UIP)
❖​ Define RCH. Describe the major points of RCH-II. Explain the new initiatives of
RCH-II. (October 2022)

Differentiate between
❖​ Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY). (April 2023)
❖​ IMNCI and ICDS program. (April 2023)
❖​ Skilled birth attendants and ASHA workers. (January 2022)
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas:
❖​ Organization of MCH clinics. (April (September) 2020)
❖​ Recent trends in MCH care. (April 2023)
❖​ Maternal and Child Health Services. (September 2024)
❖​ Methods used for health assessment of a preschool child. (September 2023)
❖​ List Down Questions (from CHN-1 papers, but highly relevant):
❖​ List the components of RCH. (Community Health Nursing - II Papers QP - GNM)

Unit 3: Demography, Surveillance and Interpretation of Data

Long Essay Questions

❖​ Define demography. Explain the stages of demographic cycle. Explain the fertility
indicators.. (April 2023 - from CHN-1, directly relevant)
❖​ Define epidemiology. Enlist the uses of epidemiology. Describe the epidemiology of
blindness. (August 2021 .
❖​ Define epidemiology. List the uses of epidemiology. Explain the components of
epidemiological triad. (May 2022 .
❖​ Define epidemiology. Enlist the steps in descriptive epidemiology. Explain briefly the
steps in investigation of an epidemic.(October 2022 )

Short Note
❖​ Demographic cycle. (August 2021 - from CHN-1; October 2019 - from CHN-1; April
(November) 2020 - from CHN-1; September 2024 )
❖​ Steps in descriptive epidemiology. (February 2022)
❖​ Epidemiological triad. (September 2024)

132
Differentiate between
❖​ Morbidity and mortality. (September 2019; April (November) 2020 )
❖​ Rates and ratios. (April (November) 2020 )
❖​ Epidemiology and Clinical medicine. (September 2023)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Epidemiological approach. (January 2022; September 2023)

Give reasons for the following

❖​ Low sex ratio in India. (October 2019)

Unit 4: Population and its Control

Long Essay
❖​ Define population explosion. Classify contraceptive methods. Add a note on permanent
methods.. (October 2019)

Short Note Questions

❖​ Medical termination of pregnancy. (August 2021 - from CHN-1; April (November) 2020
❖​ Permanent family planning methods. (May 2022 .
❖​ Barrier methods of family planning. (February 2022 .
❖​ National Population Policy. (March 2024)
❖​ The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act. (September 2023)

Short Essays
❖​ Define family planning. Explain briefly on impact of population explosion. (August
2021)
❖​ Explain the methods of contraception. (September 2023 .
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas:
❖​ National family welfare programme. (April (September) 2020)

Differentiate between
❖​ Tubectomy and vasectomy. (August 2021 .
❖​ Temporary and Permanent contraceptive methods. (April 2023 .

List Down Questions

❖​ Temporary methods of contraception. (September 2024 .

Give reasons for the following

❖​ Population explosion is a major health problem in India. (May 2022)
❖​ Emergency contraception. (April (November) 2020)
❖​ IUD insertion time is preferable within the first 10 days of menstrual cycle. (October
2022)

133
Unit 5: Occupational Health

Long Essay
❖​ Define Occupational Health Nursing. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of
occupational health nurse.. (September 2024)

Short Note Questions

❖​ Benefits under ESI scheme. (September 2019)
❖​ Describe the ESI Act. (May 2022)
❖​ Engineering measures of occupational health. (April 2023)

Differentiate between
❖​ Pneumoconiosis and Anthracosis. (April 2021)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Occupational Health hazards. (March 2024)

Unit 6: Geriatric Health Care

Short Note
❖​ Abuse of elders. (April (September) 2020)
❖​ Government schemes for the aged, widows and physically challenged. (April 2021)
❖​ Various government schemes for the aged.. (May 2022)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Elderly abuse. (April 2021)

Unit 7: Mental Health Disorders

Short Note
❖​ Community mental health services. (April 2021)
❖​ National mental health programme. (January 2022)

Differentiate between
❖​ Causes of substance abuse and Causes of child abuse. (April 2023) - Substance abuse is a
direct topic.

Unit 8: Health Management Information System (HMIS)

Short Note
❖​ Health management information system. (April 2023)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Health management information system. (October 2022)

134
Unit 9: Management of delivery of community health services:

Essays
❖​ Describe the organisation and administration of health services at State level. Explain the
health care delivery at district level(September 2019)
❖​ Explain about any 6 committees which were appointed by government of India to review
the existing health situations of the country from time to time and describe its
recommendations.. (April 2021)
❖​ Explain about the three tier system of health care in India.. (Seventh Semester of B.Sc.
Nursing Examination February-2021)
❖​ Define primary health care. List out the elements of primary health care. Explain the
principles of primary health care. (April 2023)
❖​ Define primary health care. Explain the principles of primary health care. (October
2022,September 2023)
❖​ Describe the staffing pattern and functions of community health centre. (September 2024)
❖​ Explain the health polices in India. (September 2024)
❖​ Describe the staffing pattern and functions of primary health centre. (March 2024)

Short Note
❖​ Primary health care at village level. (April 2021)
❖​ Panchayati raj. (April 2021; May 2022; October 2022
❖​ Functions of Primary Health Centre. (Community-Health-Nursing-II-IV-Year)
❖​ Sub Centre. (March 2024)
❖​ Functions of Primary health centre. (September 2023 .
❖​ Referral System. (September 2024,April 2023)

Short Essays
❖​ IPHS guidelines for community health centre. (January 2022)
❖​ Explain on Indian system of medicine. (May 2022)

Differentiate between
❖​ Primary health centre and community health centre. (April 2021)
❖​ NRHM and NUHM. (September 2019; May 2022)
❖​ Health administration at Centre level and State level. (September 2024)
❖​ Primary Health Care and Primary Health Centre. (September 2024 .
❖​ Union list and Concurrent list. (September 2023)
❖​ Bhore committee and Jungalwalla committee. (March 2024)
❖​ Jungulwalla Committee and Shrivastav Committee. (September 2024)

List Down
❖​ Enlist the Man power of Sub center as per IPHS-2012.. (Seventh Semester of B.Sc.
Nursing Examination February-2021)

135
Unit 10: Leadership, Supervision and Monitoring

Essays Questions
❖​ Define supervision. Enlist the essential qualities of a supervisor. Describe the supervisory
functions of a community health nurse in primary health care unit.. (September 2019)
❖​ Describe the National Rural Health Mission. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of
ASHA.. (April (September) 2020)
❖​ Describe the methods of supervision. Describe the supervisory functions .of a
Community Health Nurse in a Primary Health Centre. (April (September) 2020)

Short Note
❖​ Supervision- principles and essential qualities. (April 2021 - Short Essay)
❖​ Job description of female health worker. (January 2022)
❖​ Functions of district public health nurse. (April (September) 2020)
❖​ Describe the legal aspects of records and reports.. (April 2023)
❖​ Maintenance of Records and Reports. (March 2024)
❖​ ASHA. (2nd MSc Community Health Nursing-II, Summer Phase - II - 2021)
❖​ Panchayati raj. (October 2022)
❖​ Family budgeting in health and illness with an example. (October 2022)
❖​ Qualities of a community health nurse. (May 2022)
❖​ Role of family in health and illness.. (October 2022)

Differentiate between
❖​ Records and reports. (April (September) 2020; May 2022)

Answer Briefly
❖​ Essential qualities of a supervisor. (January 2022)
❖​ Factors affecting supervision. (April 2023)
❖​ Responsibilities of ASHA workers. (May 2022)
❖​ Job description of a nurse at primary health centre. (September 2023)

List Down
❖​ Write the job responsibilities of Female Health Worker and Male health worker in
detail(February-2021)

Unit 11: Disaster Management

Essays
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas:
❖​ Disaster management. (September 2019)

Short Note
❖​ Types of disaster and its management. (September 2023)
❖​ Disaster Management. (September 2024)

136
Unit 12: Bio-Medical Waste Management
Essays
❖​ Briefly explain the roles and responsibilities of the community health nurse in the
following areas:Waste management. (September 2019)

Unit 13: Health Agencies

Short Note
❖​ Functions of Indian Red Cross. (September 2019)
❖​ Activities of Indian Red cross society. (October 2022)

Short Essays
❖​ Functions of WHO. (April 2023)

Differentiate between
❖​ Indian Red Cross and International Red Cross. (September 2024)
❖​ World Health Organization and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
(March 2024)
❖​ Answer Briefly
❖​ Indian red cross society. (May 2022)
❖​ Voluntary Health Agencies in India. (September 2024)

NURSING RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

Unit I: Research and Research Process
Short Essays
❖​ Explain the steps of research process. (September 2023)
❖​ Define research problem and explain the criteria of a good research problem. (September
2024)

Short Notes
❖​ Steps of scientific method. (January 2022)
❖​ Characteristics of good research. (January 2024,October 2022)
❖​ Qualities of objectives in research. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Hypothesis. (September 2024)
❖​ Hypothesis - Assumption. (May 2022)

Difference Between
❖​ Objectives of the study - Purpose of the study. (January 2024)
❖​ Research hypothesis - Null hypothesis. (January 2022)
❖​ Research approach - Research design. (April 2023)

137
Unit III: Review of Literature

Short Notes
❖​ Sources of review of literature. (April 2023)
❖​ Different methods of literature review. (May 2022)
❖​ Literature review. (October 2019)

Short Essays
❖​ Explain the types of review of literature. (April (November), 2020)

Unit IV: Research Approaches and Designs

Short Essays
❖​ Explain the research approach and design to identify the life style risk factors among
obese women. (October 2022)
❖​ Describe Qualitative research designs. (January 2022)
❖​ Explain quasi experimental research designs. (July 2021)
❖​ Explain true experimental research designs with examples. (May 2022)
❖​ Discuss the different types of quasi-experimental design with examples. (April 2023)
❖​ Explain the characteristics of true experimental design with examples. (September 2023)
❖​ Explain the types of validity. (October 2019)
❖​ Explain quantitative research designs. (October 2019)
❖​ Define qualitative research and explain briefly the different types of qualitative research
designs. (September 2024)

Short Notes:
❖​ Descriptive research design. (April 2023)
❖​ Types of Validity. (September 2023)
❖​ Survey approach. (October 2019)

Difference Between:
❖​ True experimental research design – Quasi experimental research design. (January 2022)
❖​ Factorial design – Randomised block design. (July 2021)
❖​ Quantitative research designs – Qualitative research designs. (September 2023)
❖​ Survey and randomized controlled trial. (April 2020)

Unit V: Sampling and data collection

Short Essays:
❖​ Explain various probability sampling methods. (October 2022)
❖​ Explain probability sampling designs with examples. (January 2022)
❖​ Describe non probability sampling techniques. (July 2021)
❖​ Describe the different types of probability sampling. (April 2023)

138
Short Notes
❖​ Factors influencing sampling process. (January 2024)
❖​ Sampling process. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Reliability of an instrument. (September 2024)
❖​ Critical review of published research including publication ethics

Difference Between
❖​ Simple random sampling and stratified random sampling. (October 2022)
❖​ Probability sampling - Non-probability sampling. (May 2022, September 2023)
❖​ Validity – Reliability. (January 2022)
❖​ Inter-rater reliability and split half method of reliability. (April (November), 2020)
❖​

Unit VI: Analysis of data

Short Essays:
❖​ Discuss the various methods of data collection. (January 2024, May 2022)
Short Notes:
❖​ Observation as a method of data collection. (January 2022)
❖​ Self-report as method of data collection. (July 2021)
❖​ Compilation, Tabulation, classification, summarization, presentation, interpretation of
data
❖​ Tabulation. (January 2022)
❖​ Presentation of data. (May 2022)
❖​ Preparation of quantitative data for analysis. (July 2021)
❖​ Difference Between:
❖​ Rating scale and Checklist. (September 2024)
❖​ Structured interview - Unstructured interview. (January 2024)
❖​ Self-report and observation. (October 2022)
Difference Between:
❖​ Rating scale and Checklist. (September 2024)
❖​ Structured interview - Unstructured interview. (January 2024)
❖​ Self-report and observation. (October 2022)

Unit VII: Introduction to Statistics, Scales of measurement and Graphical Presentation of

Data

Short Notes
❖​ Scales of measurement. (October 2022, January 2022, September 2024)
❖​ Definition and uses of statistics. (July 2021, September 2023)
❖​ Frequency distribution table. (October 2019, May 2022, April 2023)
❖​ Measures of central tendency. (January 2024, September 2024)
❖​ Mode. (May 2022, September 2023)
❖​ Standard deviation. (October 2022, October 2019)
❖​ Normal probability curve. (January 2022, April (November), 2020)
❖​ Inferential statistics. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Statistical packages and its application (May 2022, October 2022)

139
 ❖​ Statistical Package for The Social Sciences (SPSS). (January 2022)
❖​ Application of Statistical Packages. (September 2023)
❖​ Chi-square test. (September 2023, October 2019)
❖​ Independent 't' test. (January 2024, May 2022, April (November), 2020)
❖​ Paired 't' test. (July 2021)
❖​ 'Z' test. (July 2021)
❖​ Pie Chart. (January 2024, May 2022)
❖​ Histogram. (January 2024)
❖​ Bar diagram. (September 2023, July 2021)
❖​ Types of graphs. (October 2019)
❖​ Graphical presentation of data. (September 2024, April 2023)
❖​ Line diagram. (April (November), 2020)
❖​ Scatter diagram. (January 2022)
Statistical Calculations:
❖​ January 2024: The following data is the weight (in Kgs) of 100 students. Estimate the
Mean and Standard Deviation.
Weight (Kgs): 40-50 (No. of students: 40), 50-60 (No. of students: 25), 60-70 (No. of
students: 20), 70-80 (No. of students: 10), 80-90 (No. of students: 5)
❖​ September 2024: For the data given below, calculate the Chi square and find out if there
is a significant difference in the bowel movements among critically ill patients with
positive and negative 24 hours' fluid balance.
❖​ Bowel movements: Present (24 hrs. fluid balance: Positive 403, Negative 19, Total 422);
Absent (24 hrs. fluid balance: Positive 278, Negative 20, Total 298)
❖​ Total: (Positive 681, Negative 39, Total 720). Table value of Chi-Square 3.84, df=1
❖​ October 2022: The exercise pattern of a group of school going boys and girls is collected.
Calculate the chi-square value for the following data.
No exercise: Boys 76, Girls 36
Walking: Boys 38, Girls 64
Dancing: Boys 12, Girls 26
Total: Boys 126, Girls 126
❖​ January 2022: Following are the Tuberculin test reaction size (in mm) of 10 boys.
Calculate the mean, median, mode and standard deviation.
Data: 3, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
❖​ July 2021: The following are the weight of 240 students. Calculate mean and standard
deviation. (7 Marks)
Weight (in Kg): 60-61 (Frequency: 10), 61-62 (Frequency: 20), 62-63 (Frequency: 45),
63-64 (Frequency: 50), 64-65 (Frequency: 60), 65-66 (Frequency: 40), 66-67 (Frequency:
14)
❖​ October 2019: Draw histogram for the following data set: (7 Marks)
Class Interval: 10-15 (Frequency: 23), >15-20 (Frequency: 28), >20-25 (Frequency: 29),
>25-30 (Frequency: 14), >30-35 (Frequency: 10), >35-40 (Frequency: 8)
❖​ May 2022: The following are the weight of 470 infants. Calculate mean and standard
deviation. (7 Marks)
Weight (in Kg): 2.0-2.4 (Frequency: 17), 2.5-2.9 (Frequency: 97), 3.0-3.4 (Frequency:
187), 3.5-3.9 (Frequency: 135), 4.0-4.4 (Frequency: 28), 4.5-4.9 (Frequency: 6)

140
 ❖​ April 2023: The following are the age and glucose level of the six individuals. Compute
the correlation coefficient from the following data and interpret the results. (7 Marks)
X (age): 49, 21, 25, 32, 57, 59
Y (glucose level): 85, 65, 79, 75, 87, 81
❖​ September 2023: The Mid-arm circumference (in cm) of 13 infants is given below.
Calculate the Mean, Median and Standard Deviation. (7 Marks)
Data: 13, 11, 10, 12, 13, 14, 9, 12, 13, 11, 12, 14, 10
❖​ April (November), 2020: Calculate the mean, median, mode and standard deviation for
the following data set: (7 Marks)
Data: 91, 93, 108, 115, 135, 86, 124, 110, 110, 110, 104, 113, 107, 140

Unit VIII: Communication and Utilization of Research

Short Notes:
❖​ Writing a research report. (September 2024)
❖​ Verbal report - Written research report. (May 2022)

Difference Between:
❖​ Communication of research findings and utilization of research findings. (October 2019)
❖​ Paper presentation - Poster presentation. (January 2022)

141