Chapie S

Appdicak0ns enetg meth 6dy:

e Lo obtan s "s
s1 s Lo
- E n 1 mth sd
EnEI
aie widely
to dekeLminc deletaon
pblems. and
elayul

stuctuej
e n e tgy mehy
is a ScL
sin ce ent 9
Scdqt mehsa4 .

ase (all<
StoH on aiy Psten ad enetgy:
5 Panuple
gencfdi24 Caoin aty
conet
wemploy the tvctuLe
descube the Shape 0
to
,Mn)
(,
( , ,
In Ca the Ch an ge
c}s Emn plane,
Sine plane the
tians)Han
dent
Coo din a y
geneiai24

cls the
he mcm bei.
membeL.
he
and A H On

un!fe nmbe ó
nmbet 6
n whlth a
we con 1deL app "s coolinat e,
geneiadi2
0oF to nmbe
SyStem.
Mihon
the
1 g
Speu h Co ny
DoFs
Dofs
SyStem
w1h inn4e numbet 6
Consde
Lh hy
ConHjuiahdn ( , ,**,n )
Impos Suh thadt
AViy dspla cemet+
th new conugu uh an is (n,
+ dn, Atdn
n+dan

dnn) Vidv
15 theV isplacemd
whete(d dn,
vitiw dsp m n t vi6d e
HAc
the asenti 8Cs (SP Bcs ) tol the ttveduLe
 w6 e Coi epon inj o the u daM

dsp S

+ a2 d 72+
+ dn + .+ndn
w & dn,
5 he
whel, , 2, ate he co mponeds
3enei 2e load They ale s he genezdi2e

Coo tn &d

a s oice 1 Snis nstan

he C)s

iS the tht mt m t dni is a tctoy

c)s

Le dw we+ 'd w

vitv otle 6
VI wok
eetn Et intetn °sC

dWe P dn,t P, d 4- +Pndn

hete Pi is the Com p o n c t s 9cn cgdi|
etein

Now Imen thut the vdud dsP

S m complcdy at ond any das pecth e g
e ac bchayto t)
Then th en 5 edes poth,
dn, dn,

b (3 We

r 2
 FsC a Cbmlckdy elai c Stem

w - du
V1su wotk intethd oEc is cgy Lo
the n e g h vc vy chang n thc ela ie
the
enei9y. (du)
whete, U= U C^1, P>, Tn)
S n ce Syytem 4 avels ina dsd pdh, it dutns
to the inid Ate Hen cr, dU=O

dw: w we E o m 4, S,
w o S nswn punuple
staH oniiy P64en4 2ne c9

yeEVwH ve em ela YHe

fo Con S e.,
CangeivHve CteEnai ite)
stiuctuie 1d b 7
chans1 n in enetg dU h
the vi1 t
StEvct«te unde the Vi t y a d Spla Cemeds

en d , ,
dna ) s

U n, + dnt + d nn
n

FEom O
&,d,+ à2 n a + n éYn
P, , + Pa 6n,+ 4Pndnn

ann -a whetf, d=
(8 , 2, r-,
P
he Cm pneuds ai Q
vanish the n the Sy m isin a'
Fo a hc S m wIh n'
Leom n

P 2, ~ -, n

is eite L o Cagians's
H th Coicm

foL a ytutuie (U
(O)AAd mtmbeTs
ec)
a Ean
Lom
ChteL
3'

n
simauHGbe a nd

E IS Vedid
5 nsn hneat ac
C CsnseLVtve sble mS.
non n c a u 4 Cqn be
esmetuc 6£ madeud
oL b th.
E 6o S cso Vadid o inela iC
matc uds a long 4 l o n is mon n 6ton re cnd
Piopovkona.

(P)
Simple etample

A
dcedP

df
LoodP C A (0AD

du Pde

eAtenio n e -

Fi Monlincal YM s - el6ng n Cuwe

U= fde

(10 P
e

P- genegdize etetnd i c

9 ene icd 2 cD6indc.

loed eongtan CuEve

St - tiun
CuLv

he Uo
Uo
 0n dedech ons
5.2CagAigiano h coem
on Comp lemeudaty
eneL7 nhe
is bwee
deuv 0n

SY&tenm
s Cdled punple
hen c the dem

Comp lem eniaty enetg

mdeua yponSe
C U
neat
non-linca C U

C f F ,, -, F
ha t
h
genet{di 2 cd 3 tC
ed otc
,Fo a c genc
wheie, FFi,, Fz,
, Ugid
SfPous
moynted
on
ISs
S
aCt 0n Sytem Lh
oods ach ng on
0n d uhde
a So dep cnds beam
the
04 wal wegh 6
the beam Lh
cAphat Iy in
Bu he do n Ppe

de u v a H Bn
te to tem 5eds
may
hesbj
Fu tthe, be

be ede genezally
geneiolly
may
heoem
Cag i a n o's
a
So Lh a t
Lh o
S SPr6 &td So
eaghc STStem
1 the ae pievet,
he s78tem
dsplacemeuds 6
ugid ba magnH
magnd dy
dy
oncenft ade toiey
i
cetan
in addH0n ts t
and
on S184em in alluHon
h e S18tem
Fe aC
F, F2, the dAplacem ct
displacemct
Jods and
hetmal tns,
diaud the
he tce
he paot h
Com pone 6
by the
th ca
C
s ddetmin
Fi
(P)
 1,, P

NALeSFmrHatTHT
AlSo
Co
nn

Co
En

t s i m i lat ty btth es
e s

tyeites to Ca Hgliano 's

IS S0meim
Second theoiem.

aS ump Hon 6 Sm desplgce mcd,

heotem is b on

Smad tLYCkty.
hencee

membey
Comele meudaty tEv eneL97 4 5oL m

C C

Eyamp p le

F F Fe

C
1, 42
a Fi F
 tusn a dine
the
Cashhano stheotem ot
eemet

F3
1 Segemed

fe

- thesiem Can he ttn td Lo C de Etets n s

deme in a Sytem Sjeue to Cop
Cople
11n
Considet a beam SPoihd on spots
ugid
eteind Con cenitdes oty
and Sbjech ts

maqnidude Fi , fe

F2 be patlu, e in Punup
let F and act
cls, have 6pponde Sens
planc 4 ee med
he end a Ai ne
ppendutat Lo
n the bear
en th b
he ne segmtt tes Hn
-Then, eA4on
de*t me0ns 5 gven 7
omhe

C+L
b F b a F2

To int es pic b Lhis eSut, we emphy th

tha
Chean we Pashad diyjeteteisn
wHh
Comple min taty eneigy unuon c'
 's'. Conside ung
type to aScat vau ah e wez
Lo be unions S.we
the magnHdy F2
Can wue
F2
C C. Fi
S
+ a F S aS
S
-
F
F ddeen
n6t
6) e
whete,
=
,
l SS =
the magnidu 6 F f F
Then FL= F2= 1
as
ac + C
aF aF2
cas 4 16

Hdde
F, F co
S nce, e4ye 4 offoe bLc
Cople
magn e :b F
" Can be
wu4Hen
C
QM

Mote geneiMI7,
S
,

ddetmin Lhe angulat usp Oj

gtm 9 Coplt magni9de mi h d
the eiSqnea
ela yhc sudute Nte sense
On the
65
N
 \J .-
-
'l.
[P C;\-~ • /\ ( '(\. ) • dJ
2-
2t [A{-n )]

u ·- d )\_

F'2- L.
u ::-
Q_ ~ p-

2-
d p dt>-
J,.· :. du -- . J
ar~· a f-r 1-61\ e
IJ
2P oP
f'2. c\t'. - 0P1 d"
a
- ap; 9-1\f LA' f

,___
__,
PL 6)
ar~ /\[
 't, e() dA" Y1 j ~ •• -
geC4-m c;~j fr)~ rl6
't)

L-
dV
~~ dV ~ 'f j
I
,--.
l) ·=- ......

·2-F 2-E

dV

dA d 'Y\...

1.
; 'I dA d ~

"'
D
L

\) - d >"-'

b
'
f- 6 t a(\ <Ln ~ l o~ ~ c~ n-½ l e v e[. b e q \"Y)

'"' ::
- r~ Q':;-
P1
r---
d,o-

~
L
'). Q_ f '2- l J '
= r Y\- d Y\- - __,

\J
'2. ~~ 6' FT
0
L
JM
[·
~ -
- eL? -- '
2 fYf
a ~1'
d 1f\.->

'a F:; '2.f "I

d~
si
 JV

dV

L
, '2~ '2... J
--
d 'Y\-

r~
f\

'2-(} 1-
ft
0
'i,y
L
-- \
'1-~
'2-

J '2,
- J'dA) d 'Y'-

0 J
L

\.) .....-
- 1- (
\~
T
d '¥'-- (lJ J' = ----
cU
1ar'1
"
0

'
tJ. n\~2)1 .Y>"\ <;r ~
--
~~
B
--
3' d 'Y'-
c) fY\

f'61.,

\J ::: 12- L
'26. J

L
 T' l..
l: I

f1.. ~c_ ~I
'l-z... ..:-- 2
F 1 '2 . ~ /2 ""''
~
"
R
"'
A P- B
I

P-~ ~ i eJ ! d{{ ) E'. u-, o'--1

fY) :: : - f "t\--

1
~,-i
Jp.. -
._ au - )
(M c)M
8F
d~

ar,i E 7-

1J,i_ 0

o\) d 1'-- +
I t F)') (--)'\ )dn.

. I

\ crf\ ::: ( - F?'-) ( - b ( 2 x.,)

E -:i:- '
1 /2 -
b
A ,~ 'o\ 3
.,..._ + F
f[:3
--
t}: I
' 0 2 .E :J :i
~

3 F
~
- F x
'2 6 "l--- I

F
-
/" II +
ZE:1=-1
3 t ~
-- F --1
E>~ I
-
2~
f
~g
.---.
)t
-
- £~
I
 M - -r"t \.

M - - - F7' - ~ 'I\ - -l
dv -- <!v --
cfg -
.....
a F~ ----
c)~
2---

1] 2-

c:fB -- , C- F·~) L---c,) d ~ ~

6'3:-,
0
0 .-.-
{
t -r~ - f(o1-~
E (2 'l:-1 )

1I 2-

11
(-F~) (-1 '+ ~) d~
- ) ~~~I
~ J?-
~

~} 2,,

1
(2_

- tr 1\-3 .- 1
-- --
'o'- --
'"b '2- '2--
~ I 2-

F
Humeucals in g Stiaan ene191 m ch bdy -
Hmeu(d # 1
The tiuSs AGC Shown inHg b cow
have a Con t a t
B Baty
vetd P cd jant
daionship 15
The t i e s siiun
cS aica A
whele B is Conta

The shape he Sties- s t i n Cuue IS the Sgme In

Any this
bthtennsn and co mpicys ion. ze

mote
eic ly non IineaL i s b

t heo t e m
a) dsP m cth d, win Co gano s ThisEnumerical can also be
P P ioq Ch
(b I n g
a
Clasn (cd solved using finite displacement
and strain consideration. This
approach is more robust.
L

L P
4S L

jnnt
Le D, and D, be unknd wn us p lacemets

D 7 membe t AB
Ondez Ahe a On o only
membeL BCc eongay
amunt D, qn
ele dnga b
b amount DI
b1
J
AB
Undet the athon o nonly D2 mem bet
emans unthan9 Gnd membRL
s h t ens bby
qmdunt Cquod to 02
2

1 ongudlsn 4 memb2 AB

1 Shosdening membet
memb 8C D-D

D
L
DO
2L

The SHiun eneigy denny

Co
BC, de,

312 3/2
2B

Epc
3/2
dE 2B D-
3 2L

TA Sttun enetgy (u)

AL t 4 AL T
Uas+ ay
3l2 3/2
AB

3L
22 D
(o,-)"
 v 1

C
 Self study
1ame A9C
The Std Cely indceminde
and Pin
A
Show A
ha a y e Sppo
he stEucut e Is
The lod on

mad e u od
he
a (o e Mo achng jnt B
d
law. Membety
e tucAuCe lpws Hske s
ugidit
Ugrdit ET.
ET
ec have denq 44 L and es ure
AAG and
a
Aon 0, and D2
Oeetmine th anglu chrds
the chh"ds
taprchvdy.
Hegle ct
jnnds andC,
Gid detotmy.

(a)

02

Cb)

B
C)
4nknown dsplate meuts 4 angl 4hon D2
D, V2
i9pcchvedy.
J
s
B and C,
U f D,,Da)

unknown displacemfuts ace Imp o s by

Tmagine hat
esttaundse CoEcpondins tu
the ds, aAin
thos dasplacemids

is in samC
Then ea ch memb ec he iamC
beam with 61at oj
ConHon ou) a ed -eni
mps he end
the Sttn
w can 6btan a
o temaa o t
we
we c
caan
n y
j2e
e In Sch 9 b eq m
Aot
eneig
enctg4
4i enei9 05
to dbt en he
hs 1mda
he iame
GASume beam AB Endy
In th et Ceye let
be
A
EAdA heough
ysumALo be
6 ate
A
A qnd
t9eeehed
e,
and O2,
angle

Seek to 6btwn UE f (e, )

ErV 9

+C2n
ET V
6

v(o)= o, u(L) =
v'(o)-6, (L) = e
 Vsing hCe BCS d l e hin Is 9in

,m
(e,+e, ) +
L
(a0,+0)-

dn2E) d

2ETe,0,e+
L

obove Cto membe A

Mo Ae PPly
wh Pptopude BCs
and BC

me mbE O
AB
e,
and 2
membet bl,

2 ET
D 2E ( 0,+ , 0+ P

2 E ( 20+ D, 02 +
02

2ET
(401t O ) o

2E
C0,4 2D2) =
O
a L

MoL
Mo

7 EI 4E

P15)
HuAme ur *3|
omple medaty tEWn enetg7
Nume u( # 1 inj

Octeum' ne VesH ( J'sP du J Jon 8.

bsutonid sp SimPha t
Hte we w11qnote

gmayc

Cab e d
Complimetat)
enei9
ennt)
3
Cob d B 2
3

3
Sim l a , 3 e 2

At
3&

ALJ2
AL+ AL
C Cob
Cas

C b + b C AL J2
3g2 39

AL t
3g2
 On he fEo'dury
The ld A P atn Can
and C
9C Lh
Lh aat
nI n he bats e AB
St&ese
be biind c b uum

JTP
A A

5P L
C
3AB2

C StL

AZ2

SP'L
d D = A82

Same cyLhe one 6btn WIng

wing
ab ove dsP 1S

n N m e u(d
1"
enctg meh
Sttn

ra)
Humeucal 4

Nume u 1 ing unit b mcthd

L

- J
1 H )bc
1

unit fod)

Sttsey
- J2 f
A
A

2
B 8

- 2P
P
ELC
A'B2
JL

H dd
A82
dn+
(-E)
d Y

2
5PL Ime Cay bctoie b
S
Ae2 much 0mple2; hen
Cdvantage b 2
Unit Jod m et h d

Ty d
Ny dd+ , d +
uni+ load
to be CalcW ded
usplacemeud

S4tas Jta 4the uuLe duc t 6 e lo a

M, ML, VL. TL
M dn
d
EA

d sVLd d TLdr

dn
Vu VL
Nu NL d
MuMdn t //fs aA
ET
A

i ben shea &

Tu TL d

C6nvenHon H , HL Same S9n

S9

(P23)
Nume cls ying unt ld meh 2 -

Humei Cad 1
Dek e t Mine he deehon qn d &AHon he jiee ed

thc Can levet beam

P

21

Span BA

O-L 0-L

- P -PlL4a) - Pr
ML

- I(L4n)

Mu L dn
M ML d
ET

SPan pCB SPan 8A

L L

(-r)P) dm Cua):-P(Ltn)- -Pr

ET E 2 TI

3
P LP(u)+ Pn{a*u) dn=
23 PL
2 ET
2 E
 (-) C - P n ) dn

2 ET
E

3 PL

Rumeu (cd 2

veti(cdf hu zodd dAechons a

Det et mne the

4th iee end

2P

E
C
DL

EO DC c
Span
ouyin E D C
L

Lim+ -L O-L 0- O-L

A
ML 2PTm 2PL-2rL-fr

n)ycu -(n+1)|-2 - 2L

O -(t)
 L

O+ -2Pa) (-+l))
Jr (- 2r) é2L) dn
ET

C-2P-Pn). (-2t)

3 PL
ET

Stmlay
3
29 PL

( hhotlzona 6ET

Numeucod 3
at
4 hou 2on Lod dee cHon
he veti ( l
Fin
bCam A9
nt B tuE V

B
RSIn0

R(I-Cos6
Y R-R COS6

dS
TT/2
A
77tr M ML dS
ET

(- R.sine) PR
(-PRs1no ). (Rs0 ) = .
ET