UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

University School of Business

Lab Manual

On

Subject Name: SPSS

Subject Code: BAP-657

Dr. Atul Shiva

1
 UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision of the Department
To create excellence in business management for nurturing value driven business leaders with
analytical and entrepreneurial mindset to foster innovative ideas in order to transform the world and
serve the society.
Mission Statements of the Department
M1 : Design a unique competency directed and industry relevant curriculum with outcome oriented
teaching learning process facilitated by world class infrastructure.
M2 : Enhance students’ cognitive, research, analytical, ethical and behavioral competencies through
programs that equip them to meet global business challenges in the professional world.
M3 : Facilitate student centric sound academic environment with co-curricular and extra-curricular
activities to groom and develop future ready business professionals.
M4 : Design a transparent evaluation system for objective assessment of the program learning.
M5 : Align meaningful interactions with the academia, industry and community to facilitate value
driven holistic development of the students.
M6 : Develop ethical and socially responsible entrepreneurial attitude for harnessing the
environmental opportunities through creativity and innovation for a vibrant and sustainable
society.

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 UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) are the broad statements that describe career and professional
accomplishments that graduates will attain within a few years of graduation. After successful
completion of MBA program from Chandigarh University, the graduates will:
PEO1: Make significant impact as successful management professionals with a sound business and
entrepreneurial acumen leading to a promising career in the various management domains.
PEO 2: Develop the professional competence for astute decision making, organization skills, planning
and its efficient implementation, research, data analysis and interpretation with a solution finding
approach.
PEO 3: Be known for their team player qualities to handle diversity and the leadership skills to make
sound decisions while working with peers in an inter-disciplinary environment with people of cross-
cultural attributes
PEO 4: Be adaptable to new technology, innovations and changes in world economy that positively
impacts and contributes towards industry, academia and the community at large.
PEO 5: Be responsible citizens with high ethical conduct that will empower the business organizations
with high integrity, moral values, social effectiveness and legal business intelligence.

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 UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

Program Outcomes (POs)

Program After completing the program, the students will be able to:
Outcome
PO1 Apply knowledge of management theories and practices to solve business
problems.

PO2 Foster Analytical and critical thinking abilities for data-based decision making
PO3
Ability to develop Value based Leadership ability
PO4 Ability to understand, analyze and communicate global, economic, legal, and
ethical aspects of business.
PO5 Ability to lead themselves and others in the achievement of organizational
goals, contributing effectively to a team environment.
PO6 Ability to develop innovative and entrepreneurial mindset.

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 Academic Calendar for the Year 2019-20
Odd Semester
Date Working
S.No. Event Remarks/Displayed on
From To days

1 Start of semester 15th July 2019

2 First fortnight 15-Jul-19 26-Jul-19 10 26-Jul-19
3 Second Fortnight 29-Jul-19 14-Aug-19 12 14-Aug-19
4 Assignments 24-Jul-19 13-Aug-19 Unit I
5 1st Hourly Test 16-Aug-19 19-Aug-19 3
6 Third Fortnight 20-Aug-19 30-Aug-19 9 30-Aug-19
7 Forth Fortnight 03-Sep-19 13-Sep-19 9 13-Sep-19
8 Fifth Fortnight 16-Sep-19 26-Sep-19 8 26-Sep-19
9 Fresher Party 2018 20-Sep-19
10 Assignments 27-Aug-19 23-Sep-19 Unit II
12 2nd Hourly Test 27-Sep-19 30-Sep-19 3
13 Sixth Fortnight 01-Oct-19 11-Oct-19 7 11-Oct-19
14 Entrecellance -18 18-Oct-19
15 Seventh Fortnight 14-Oct-19 24-Oct-19 9 24-Oct-19
16 Diwali holidays 25-Oct-19 29-Oct-19 5

17 Assignments 22-Oct-19 11-Nov-19 Unit III

18 Eight Fortnight 30-Oct-19 13-Nov-19 6 13-Nov-19

Student's Day 02-Nov-19 Student-Teacher Interaction

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20 Online Quiz 14-Nov-19 15-Nov-19 2
21 Practical Exams 18-Nov-19 21-Nov-19 4
Theory
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22 Examination 22-Nov-19 20-Dec-19
Winter Vacations
23 23-Dec-19 05-Jan-20 14 Students
24 Winter Vacations 25-Dec-19 01-Jan-20 7 Faculty
25 Next semester 02-Jan-20
Note :- Diwali Holidays from 25th Oct 2019 to 29th Oct 2019

Prof. Gurdip Singh

Executive Director

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 Contents of Lab Manual

Name of the course and subject Section

Semester: I MBA/Computer Applications for Business C

S. No. ITEM Annexure/Page no.

1 Scheme of Examination 4-7
2 Syllabus of the subjects 8-9
3 List of experiments as per curriculum 10-42

University School of Business

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, GHARUAN

(Batch 2018-2020)
Version-2018
University School Business,
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, GHARUAN

Scheme of MBA BATCH (2018-2020) Total Credits=106

Ist Semester
Subject
Subjects L T P Cr
Code
BAT- 601 Accounting for Managers 4 0 0 4
Fundamentals of Management and Organizational
BAT- 602 4 0 0 4
Behaviour
BAT- 603 Managerial Economics 4 0 0 4
BAT- 604 Quantitative Techniques for Managers 4 0 0 4
BAT- 605 Marketing Management 3 0 0 3
PCT-610 Professional Business Communication 3 0 0 3
PCP-611 Professional Business Communication (LAB) 0 0 2 1
BAT- 608 Computer Applications for Business 2 0 2 3
BAT- 609 Supply Chain Management 3 0 0 3
TOTAL CREDITS IN SEMESTER 29
Mentoring Lectures 2 0 0 0
TOTAL NO. OF SESSIONS 33
IInd Semester
BAT- 660 Legal and Business Environment 3 0 0 3
BAT- 661 Corporate Finance 4 0 0 4
BAT- 662 Operations Management and Research 4 0 0 4
BAT- 654 Research Methodology 4 0 0 4
BAT- 655 Social Media and Digital Marketing 3 0 0 3
BAT- 656 Human Resource Management 3 0 0 3

6
BAP- 657 Introduction to SPSS 0 0 4 2
TOTAL CREDITS IN SEMESTER 23
TOTAL NO. OF SESSIONS 25
TOTAL NO. OF SESSIONS (8 SESSIONS/WEEK TO
35
TPP + 2 sessions of Mentoring)
IN ADDITION TO COMPOULSORY SUBJECTS, A STUDENT HAS TO CHOOSE TWO
SUBJECTS FROM EACH OPTED SPECIALISATION
IIIrd Semester
BAT- 731 Retail Management 3 0 0 3
BAT- 732 Corporate Strategy 3 0 0 3
BAP- 703 Predictive Analysis 0 0 4 2
SPECIALISATION (MARKETING, HR, FINANCE & INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS)
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective I 4 0 0 4
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective II 4 0 0 4
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective III 4 0 0 4
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective IV 4 0 0 4
BAI- 705 Summer Training Report 0 0 0 4
TOTAL CREDITS IN SEMESTER 28
TOTAL NO. OF SESSIONS 26
TOTAL NO. OF SESSIONS (8 SESSIONS/WEEK TO
35
TPP + 1 sessions of Mentoring)
AFTER THIRD SEMESTER, A STUDENT HAS TO CHOOSE TWO SUBJECTS FROM
ONE SPECIALISATION
IVth Semester
BAT- 780 Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability 3 0 0 3
BAT- 781 Indian Ethos and Business Ethics 3 0 0 3
SPECIALISATION (ENTREPRENEURSHIP & INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS)
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective I 4 0 0 4
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective II 4 0 0 4
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective III 4 0 0 4
Specialisation Group A/B/C/D/E: Elective IV 4 0 0 4
BAR- 752 Final Research Project and Publications 0 0 0 4
TOTAL CREDITS IN SEMESTER 26
TOTAL NO. OF SESSIONS 22
Final Resreach Project & Publications- Students are required to conduct Research Project
Survey under the supervision of Assigned Supervisor (Faculty). In this regard, each faculty
member will be assigned 4 groups (each group contains 5 students) and each Group has to
publish two Research Paper from their research project work in UGC listed Journal. Each
published Research Paper will carry 2 credits.

FINANCE (A)
SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-3)
BAA-735 Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management 4 0 0 4
BAA-736 Managing Banks and Financial Institutions 4 0 0 4

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 SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-4)
BAA-785 Financial Markets and Services 4 0 0 4
BAA-786 Taxation 4 0 0 4
MARKETING (B)
SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-3)
BAB-711 Consumer Behaviour 4 0 0 4
BAB-749 Rural Marketing 4 0 0 4
SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-4)
BAB-787 Sales and Distribution Management 4 0 0 4
BAB-788 Services Marketing 4 0 0 4

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (C)

SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-3)
BAC-741 Compensation and Benefits Management 4 0 0 4
BAC-742 Strategic HRM 4 0 0 4
SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-4)
BAC-789 Cross Cultural Management 4 0 0 4
BAC-790 Employee Relations 4 0 0 4

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS (D)

SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-3)
BAD-743 Export Import Documentation 4 0 0 4
BAD-745 International Trade and Laws 4 0 0 4
SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-4)
BAD-791 Globalisation and Indian Multinational Companies 4 0 0 4
BAD-792 International Marketing 4 0 0 4

ENTREPRENEURSHIP (E)
SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-3)
BAE-746 Entrepreneurial Strategies-I 4 0 0 4
BAE-747 Social Entrepreneurship 4 0 0 4
SPECIALIZATIONS (Semester-4)
BAE-793 Entrepreneurial Strategies-II 4 0 0 4
BAE-794 Entrepreneurial Marketing 4 0 0 4

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 SYLLABUS

Introduction to SPSS
BAP-657 L T P C
Total Contact Hours: 56 Hours 0 0 4 2
MBA
Prerequisite: Logical reasoning and aptitude

Marks 100
Internal : 100 External : 0
Course Objective
1 To make the students understand the use of various techniques for Data Analysis.
2 To study Business Decision Making with practical use of SPSS software
3 To develop analytical abilities among students.
CO Description
CO1 To understand the basics of the SPSS.

CO2 Enabling students for using the descriptive and inferential Statistical techniques on the
SPSS

CO3 To analyse and interpret various descriptive tests including charts and hypothesis tests to
supplement decision making in business scenario

CO4 To predict and forecast the future through regression modeling

CO5 To create and implement a research proposal for the real life business problems

Content of the Syllabus

Unit-1

An Overview of SPSS
Mouse and keyboard processing, frequently –used dialog boxes
Editing output
Printing results
Creating and editing a data file

Managing Data:
Listing cases, replacing missing values, computing new variables, recording variables, exploring data,
selecting cases, sorting cases, Merging files

Graphs
Creating and editing graphs and charts

Frequencies:
Frequencies, bar charts, histograms, percentiles

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 Unit-II
Descriptive Statistics:
Measures of central tendency, variability, deviation from normality, size and stability. Cross
Tabulation and chi-square analyses
The means Procedure

Bivariate Correlation:
Bivariate Correlation, Partial Correlations and the correlation matrix, Chi-Squre-Test

Unit-III

The T-test procedure:

Independent –samples, paired samples, and one sample tests

The one way ANOVA procedure:

One way analysis of variance

General Linear model:

Two –way analysis of variance

General Linear model:

Simple Linear Regression, Multiple regression analysis Multidimensional scaling.

Recommended Books:
1. Business Research Methods, Cooper, Schindler, TMH
2. Management Research Methodology, Krishnaswamy, Sir Kumar, Pearson
3. Research Methodology, C. R. Kothari, Newage Publication
4. Research Methodology, Zeikmund, Cengage
5. Research Methodology, Paneer Selvam, PHI
6. Research Methodology, Prasanta Sarangi, Taxmann
7. A Text Book of Research Methodology, AKPC Swain, Kalyani
8. SPSS for Windows, Step; George and Mallery,

NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER

The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1
compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions.
Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions
in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All
questions carry equal marks.

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 Name
Course

to SPSS
Introduction
657

2.75
BAT
Code
Course

CO5
CO4
CO3
CO2
CO1

SPSS

scenario

modeling
Statistical
inferential

implement a
for using the

To create and
To predict and

for the real life

To analyse and
descriptive and

descriptive tests
interpret various
techniques on the

research proposal
Enabling students
To understand the

forecast the future

hypothesis tests to

business problems
through regression
making in business
basics of the SPSS.
PO/CO Description of CO

suppliment decision
including charts and
Apply knowledge of

2.75
management theories and

3
3
1
3

practices to solve business

problems
Foster Analytical
(PO1) and critical

3.00
thinking abilities for data-

3
3
3

based decision making

(PO2)
Ability to develop Value
based Leadership ability (PO
3)
Ability to understand,
analyze and communicate
global, economic, legal, and
Ability to lead themselves
ethical aspects of business
and others
(PO 4) in the
achievement of
organizational goals,
contributing effectively to a

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Ability to develop innovative
team environment (PO5)
and entrepreneurial mindset.
(PO 6)
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS AS PER CURRICULUM

Laboratory Name : COMPUTER LAB Room No. 209,410

Subject Code: BAP-657
Semester: I
Subject Name: SPSS

Sr. No. Experiment Objective of experiment Observation Sample Reading Course

Name s taken by faculty Outco
(Parameters (Yes/No) me
to be (Signature of
recorded) Faculty/Coordinat
or)
1 Introduction To make student familiar Yes Yes CO 1
to SPSS with the basic interface of
SPSS
2 Basic To perform the following Yes Yes CO 1
functions of functions in SPSS:
SPSS 1. Sorting file

2. Split file

3. Compute

4. Recode

5. Select cases

3 Graphs To understand process of Yes Yes CO 1

graphical representation of
data
4 Measures of To understand Cross tabs, Yes Yes CO 1
central frequency and measure of
tendency central tendency
CROSS TABS

5 correlation To understand and perform Yes Yes CO 1

partial correlation
6 Regression To understand linear Yes Yes CO 2
regression
7 correlation To understand and perform Yes Yes CO 2
Bivariate correlation
8 One Yes Yes CO 2
sample To understand and perform
t-test one sample t-test
9 Paired t-test To understand and perform Yes Yes CO 2
paired sample t-test
10 Independent To understand and perform Yes Yes CO 2
sample t- independent sample t-test

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 test

Experiment No. 1
Q. 1. Introduction to SPSS.
SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) is a versatile and responsive program designed to
undertake a range of statistical procedures. SPSS software is widely used in a range of disciplines and
is available from all computer pools within the University of South Australia.
It’s important to note that SPSS is not only statistical software – there are many others that you may
come across if you pursue a career that requires you to work with data. Some of the common statistical
packages include Stata and SAS (and there are many others).

Q.2. Four Windows of SPSS.

1. Input window : It is the first page that gets displayed when we open SPSS software. Here we enter
the data primarily.
 Data view : The data view is used to store and show your data. It is much like an ordinary
spreadsheet although in general the data is structured so that rows are cases and the columns
are for the different variables that relate to each case.

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  Variable view : The variable view contains the variables on your data set , so it defines the
properties of your dataset. Each row will define all of the various variables . The variables
includes – name, type, width, decimals, label, values, missing, column, align and measure.

2. Output window: This window is used to show the results that have been output from your data
analysis. Depending on the analysis that you are carrying out this may include the Chart Editor
Window or Pivot Table Window.
3. Syntax window: This window shows the underlying commands that have executed your data
analysis. If you are a confident coder this is where you can amend the code or write your own from
scratch and then run your own custom analysis on your data set.
4. Script window: Scripts can be used to customize operations within a particular stream and they are
saved with that stream. Scripts can be used to specify a particular execution order for the terminal
nodes within a stream. It is mainly used for coding and programming.

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Q.3. Uses of SPSS in business?
 SPSS is used as a data collection tool by researchers. The data entry screen in SPSS looks
much like any other spreadsheet software. We can enter variables and quantitative data and
save the file as a data file. Furthermore, we can organize our data in SPSS by assigning
properties to different variables.
 Once data is collected and entered the data sheet in SPSS, we can create an output file from the
data. For example, we can create frequency distribution of our data to determine whether our
data is normally distributed. The frequency distribution is displayed in an output file.
 The most obvious use for SPSS is to use the software to run statistical tests. SPSS has all of the
most widely used statistical tests built-in to the software. Therefore, we won’t have to do any
mathematical equations by hand.
 SPSS helps to create reports of questionnaire data in the form of graphical presentations which
are ready for publications and reporting.
 SPSS research tool can compare and explore the differences between responses to two or more
questions. It’s very easy to find the difference between to batches of data.
 Using this tool we can make analysis according to the expected research goals and obtain the
gained results.
 SPSS is the powerful tool for data analyzing and it’s also used for SPSS data entry. It’s the
first step in statistical process and it should be very important to input data correctly.

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 EXPERIMENT: 2
To perform the following functions in SPSS:
6. Sorting file
7. Split file
8. Compute
9. Recode
10. Select cases

SORTING FILE

Sorting data allows us to re-organize the data in ascending or descending order with respect to
a specific variable. Same procedures in SPSS require that your data be sorted in a certain way
before the procedure will execute. Using SPSS and Pasw/sorting variables.
One of the functions you will often want to perform in the data view of the data editor
is sorting by variables values to bring those of similar value together. This can be a very useful
when exploring the raw data in your datasheet. There are two ways to do this. One is quite
simple; the other allows sorting on more than one variable.
STEPS

The simple way to sort variable values is to make sure you are looking at the data view tab.
Then scroll to the variable by which you want to sort. Right click on its column heading and a
context menu will appear. At the bottom of the context menu are two sorting options: “sort

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ascending” and “sort descending”. Choosing the first will move the smallest values to the top
of the data set while a descending sort will bring up the largest value. Keep in mind that SPSS
automatically (unlike excel) moves all rows in unison. So you don’t need to worry about cases
becoming misaligned when sorting.
Sometimes it’s useful to sort on multiple variables, which means that SPSS while sort
the data set by the values of the first variable than breaks ties in that sort by sorting on the
values of the second variable and so on. The sorts on multiple variables at once choose “data”
>”sort cases”:
You will get dialog window:
The “sort order” box allows the choice between ascending or descending order once
again. On the left is a list of all the variables in the data set. Choose them the most important
sort first by clicking the variable involved and then the blue arrow and repeat.
Save your data set after sorting to retain it as a default sorting.

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SPLIT FILE
Split file is a SPSS facility to perform any analysis sequence for each group defined by a categorical
split variables. When you turn split file on. It will be active until you turn it off explicity or you
replace the current data set with a different one.
STEPS
The data>split file dialog lets you control this mechanism. To active
 Choose either
 Compare groups: produces single tables including all groups
 Organize output by groups: produces separate tables for each group
 Select a variable region in our example for the group based on field
 Make sure to check sort the file by grouping variables is selected, if you are not certain that the
file is sorted on the grouping variable.

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 After clicking OK, split is activated ( you can see “split file on” in the status line of the SPSS
window) and any procedure you invoke now will be performed. Separately on each group defined
by the grouping variables as long as you do not turn off split file.
If you need to know what is current split variable you will have to open the data> split file
dialog.

COMPUTE

Sometimes you may need to compute a new variable based on existing information (from other
variables) in your data.
For example: you may want to:
 Convert the units of a variable from feet to meters.
 Use a subjects height and weight to compute their BMI.
 Compute a sub scale score from items on a survey
 Apply a competition conditionally so that a new variable is only computed for cases where
certain conditions are meet

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In this tutorial we will discuss how to compute variables in SPSS using numeric expressions, built –in
functions and conditional logic.
To compute a new variable. Click transform > compute variable
The compute variable window will open where you specify how to calculate your new variable

RECODE

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 Sometimes you will want to transform a variable by grouping its categories or values together.
For example: you may want to change a continuous variable into a categorical variable or you may
want to merge the categories of a normal variable. In SPSS this type of transform is called recoding.
In SPSS there are three basic options for recoding variables.
 Recode in different variables
 Recode into same variables
 Do if syntax

Recoding into a different variable transforms an original variable into a new variable. That is the
changes do not overwrite the original variable, they are instead applied to a copy of the original
variable under a new name.
STEPS
To recode into different variables click transform >recode into different variables
The recode into different variables window will appear. The left column lists all of the variables in
your data set. Select the variables you wish to recode by clicking it. Click the arrow in the center to
move the selected variable to the center text box.

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SELECT CASES
Data files are not always organized to meet specific users need. For example: users may wish
to select specific subjects or split the data file into separate groups for analysis. If you have two or
more subjects groups in your data and you want to analyze each subject independently you want to
analyze each subject you can use the select case option.
STEPS
 Open the part1.sav data file provided in your computer. Make sure you are on data view
 Click the data menu, and then click select cases. The select cases dialog box opens. Select the
if condition is satisfied option
 Click the if button. The select cases: if dialog box opens. Select the gender variables in the left
box, and then click the transfer arrow button to move it to the right box. Click the = button and
then click the 1 button. Because the symbol 1 represents formals according to our value levels
we are telling SPSS to select only female participants.
 Click the continue button to return to the select cases dialog box. Click the OK button to return
to the data view. All males will be excluded from the statistical analysis.
 Run an analysis. Note the crossed out participants in the data file. Those represent all the male
participants.
 To undo the select cases open the select cases box and click the reset button.

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 Experiment no. 3
GRAPHS

23
A bar chart is type of graph that displays statistical data. When you make a bar chart in SPSS, the X-
ais is a categorical variable and the Y-ais represents summary statistics such as means, sums or counts.
Bar charts are accessed in SPSS through the legacy dialog command or through the chart builder.
How to make bar chart in SPSS:
STEPS
 open the file you want to work within SPSS or type the data into a new worksheet
 click “graphs” then click “legacy dialog” and then click bar to open the bar charts dialog box
 click on an image for the type of bar graphs you want (simple clustered, or stacked) and then
click the appropriate radio button tell SPSS what type of data is your variables list
 click on radio button in the bar represents area top choose what you would like the bars to
represent
 click a variable in the left hand window in the defined simple bar popup window and then
transfer those variables by clicking the appropriate center arrow

GRAPH
We use different types of graphs are as follows:
1. Pie charts

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2. Bar charts
3. Histograms
1. Pie charts

IBM SPSS statistics is software specifically designed for statistics especially in social science. The
software is capable of creating a large number of graphs types with large varieties of options.
Unlike simpler programs like MS excel, SPSS gives you a lot of options for creating pie char
STEPS
 Go to the analyze and select descriptive then frequencies
 Click “graphs” click “legacy dialog” then click pie
 Click a radio button to tell SPSS what kind of data you have in the data sheet.
Summary for groups of cases. Summary of separate variables of value of
individual cases. Click defines, after you have made your selection.
 Choose which variable you want the chart to represent. Click a variable name in
the left window and then click the top arrow to move it into the slices represent
“box”.
 Choose other variable you want the chart to represent. Click a variable name in
the left window and then click the top arrow to move it into the slices represent
“box”.
 Choose other customs options
 Click OK

2. Bar charts

25
A bar chart is a type of graph that displays statistical data. When you make a bar chart in SPSS the
Axis is on categorical variable and the Axis represents summary statistics such as means. Sums or
counts. Bar charts are accessed in SPSS through the legacy dialog command or through the chart
builder
STEPS
 Open the file you want to work with SPSS or type the data into a new worksheet.
 Click graphs then click legacy dialog and then click bar to open the bar charts dialog box
 Click on an image for the types of bar graphs you want (simple, clustered or staged) and
then click the appropriate radio button.
 Click a radio button in the bars represent area.
 Click a variable in the left hand window

3. Histogram charts
A histogram is useful tool for graphically displaying a set of data. It looks similar to a
frequency distribution table but with a histogram data is separated into bins (widths) instead of
frequencies (where individual entries and counted)
STEPS
 Click graphs then mouse over legacy dialog and then click histogram
 Pick one variable from the left dialog box and then click the center arrow to move your
selection to the variable box.

26
 Click OK. SPSS may take a moment to run the graph utility. You may see a blank
screen with the words “running graphs” at the bottom right while SPSS performs the
necessary calculations.

27
 EXPERIMENTAL NO 4:
Cross tabs, frequency and measure of central tendency
Cross tabs in SPSS in just another name for contingency table which summaries the relationship
between differential variables of categorical data cross tabs can help you show the proportion of cases
in sub groups. The basic cross tabs in SPSS commands gives you count by default. (In other words
you will get a frequency distribution table with counts)
In order for cross tabs to be useful and produce the information you normally see in a
contingency table you will need to specify row percents or column percents
STEPS
 Type your data into a SPSS worksheet
 Click “analyze” then have over “descriptive statistics” and then click “cross tabs”
 Select one variable in the left window
 Check which percentages you want to see ( rows and column)
 Click “continue” and then click OK. The cross tab windows will appear

28
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A frequency distribution table can give you an idea in a glance. They are commonly introduced in
elementary statistics and AP statistics although you may have encountered them in basic math classes.
Frequencies form the foundation of further study in statistics like probabilities and distribution table.
They take second in create in SPSS once you have entered your data into your worksheet. SPSS uses
the frequency command to populate frequency table.
STEPS
 Type your data into an SPSS worksheet
 Click analyze then mouse over descriptive statistics then click frequencies.
 Select one or more variables in the left column of the frequencies, popup window.
 Click the display frequency table check box and then click OK.

Measure of central tendency

The most common measure of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the median and the mode.
A central tendency can be calculated or a mathematical distribution such as the normal
distribution.
Mean: sum of all values / total no of values
Median: middle value/ whom data I arranged in order.
Mode: observation that occurs most of the timer.
To calculate measure of central tendency
1 Click the open button on data editor toolbar.

29
 2 In the open data dialog box, navigate to the location where you saved the data file, select the part
of file and click open button.
3 Click the analyze menu, gets a descriptive statistics and then go to measure of central tendency.
4 Go to the statistics button and then to central tenancy and select mean, median, mode.
5 In case of dispersion, select standard variable, skewness etc.
6 click on continue button.
7 you will get tables and desired results.

We interpret from table that

1 Number of females in Punjab more than number of males.
2 Number of makes in H.P are much larger than that of females.
3 There is no male from Haryana.

Gender * State Crosstabulation

Count
State Total
Punjab HP Haryana Others
Male 1 10 0 7 18
Gender
Female 3 1 3 2 9
Total 4 11 3 9 27

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 RESULT FOR FREQUENCY
We obtained a frequency table for gender and category in the output

Category
Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent
Gen 24 88.9 88.9 88.9
Valid OBC 3 11.1 11.1 100.0
Total 27 100.0 100.0

Gender
Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent
Male 18 66.7 66.7 66.7
Valid Female 9 33.3 33.3 100.0
Total 27 100.0 100.0

Number or frequency of males in the class is more than female. And we can see from the table that
frequency of general students is more than other categories.
RESULT FOR MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
We obtained a statistics table in the output for height, graduation marks and weight which includes
mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, skewness , standard error of skewness, kurtosis
standard error of kurtosis, range.

Statistics
HeightinInch Grad.Marks WeightinKG

Valid 27 27 27
N
Missing 0 0 0

Mean 5.504 50.7400 59.3704

Median 5.600 60.0000 59.0000

Mode 5.7 7.60a 65.00

Std. Deviation .2653 27.64636 8.59852

Variance .070 764.321 73.934

Skewness -.337 -.858 -.261

Std. Error of Skewness .448 .448 .448

Kurtosis -1.208 -.880 -.450

Std. Error of Kurtosis .872 .872 .872

Range .8 81.90 35.00

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

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Experiment 5 : Correlation
The bivariate correlation measures the strength and direction of linear relationship between pairs of
continuous variables. The bivariate Pearson correlation only reveals association among continuous
variables. It doesn’t provide any interference about causation no matter how large the correlation
coefficient is. It produces a sample correlation coefficient (Ȣ) which measures the relation between
pairs of variables.

FORMULA :
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Type data in SPSS worksheet.
Step 2: Click on “Analyze” then Click on correlate.
Step 3: Click on “Bivariate”.
You’ll get bivariate correlation dialogue box.
Step 4: Pick the variables you want to correlate , drag them to variable

Step 5: Then Click on OK.

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NOTE: The default coefficient is pearson if you want the spearman coefficient or others check its box.

DEGREE OF CORRELATION

A. Perfect positive or negative (Ȣ) = ±1

B. Absence of correlation (Ȣ) =0
C. High degree of positive or negative = ±0.75 to 1.00
D. Moderate degree of positive or negative = ± 0.25 to 0.75
E. Low degree of positive or negative = 0 to ±0.25

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 EXPERIMENT 6
Regression is a statistical technique of modelling the average relationship between two or more
variables in general sense, regression analysis means the estimation or prediction of the unknown
values of one variable from the known value of the other variables. SPSS provides the facility to know
average relationship between two or more variables. In this we will focus only on simple regression –
linear regression involving only two variables: a dependent and independent variable.

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Type data in SPSS worksheet
Step 2: Click on “Analyze” and the Click on regression
Step 3: Click on linear
You’ll get linear dialogue box.
Step 4: Add your dependent variable to the dependent field
Add your independent variable to the independent field
Step 5: Click on “Statistics” , tick “Estimates” and model fit and R.squared change.
Step 6: Click on continue
Step 7: Click on OK
Step 8: Interpret your outcomes.

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 EXPERIMENT 7
As we know analysis of correlation of two or more variables is usually called correlation when it is not
possible to measure the perfect qualities due to absence of numerical facts, ranking figures are used.
These numbers ranks rather than actual observation give the coefficient of rank correlation.
This method was developed by the British Physcholgist chories edropid speramn in 1904 Formula

Procedure
Step. 1 Enter the data in SPSS worksheet
Step 2. Click on analyisxz then click on cometate
Step3.Click on Bioraiate
You will get bivariate correlation dialog box
Step 4. Select the variable that you want to get correlation
Step 5. Click on Pearson box to deselect D

Step.6. Click on the spearman box to select

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36
 EXPERIMENT 8
1-Test is small test developed by govel in 1908 it is used to analysis or test whether urean of the twi
group is same or different 1. Test is in on analysis of two population mean through the use statistically
examination a t-test with two sample is commonly used with small sample since testing the normal
distribution are not known.
Significant level The degree of significant with which we accept or reject a perfection hypothesis
Degree of freedom The numbers of value in that the final calculation that are free to vary
n- 1
TEST

Parametric Non- Parametric

Population mean population variable

One sample Two sample

T- test
Z-test
Independent sample Paried sample
T- test T-test
Z-test
T= X-µ Where X = sample mean
s/√n µ= Population mean
s = Size

One Sample t test

One sample t-test has only one sample test whether sample mean is equal to specified value or not
The one sample t test determines whether the sample means is staisticallly different form a known or
hypothized popultioion mean it is a paramtric test

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Procedure
Step 1. Enter the data in spss worksheet
Step 2 .Click on Analyze tehn click on compare mean
Step 3 . Click on smaple on one smaple t test
Youwill get one sample t test dialog box
Step 4 . select the variable thayt you want to test and drag them to test variable box
Step 5 . Click on option in confidence ineterval proceduire box use / input confidence interval default

Step6 .Excute cases analysis by analysis

Step7. Click on continue
Step 8. Click ok and interpret you output

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39
40
 Experiment 9
The following represents the marks of students of two sections A and B. Is there any evidence that
there is a difference between the marks of students (30) from two different sections here?
H₀ : There is no significance difference between the marks of students of two different sections.
H₁ : There is significance difference between the marks of students of two different sections.
Independent Sample T- test
The Independent Sample t-test also called the two sample t-test. It is an inferential statistical test that
determines whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated
groups. The Independent Sample t-test is a parametric test.

rocedure

Step 1 : Enter the data in worksheet that you want to test.

Step 2 : Click on “Analyze” then click on compare

mean.

Step 3 : Click on Independent Sample t-test.

You’ll get a dialogue box.
Step 4 : Select the variable that you want to test and drag them to test variable test.
Step 5 : In grouping variable box drag the variable you divided into groups.

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Step 6 : Click “Define group” you will get a window having Group 1 and Group 2. Enter the value that
you have specified in value. For this example (1 for section A, 2 for section B)
Step 7 : Click on continue. If you want to change confidence interval percentage then click on option.
And change it.

Step 8 : Click on continue and then click on OK. Then interpret your calculated result.

NOTE : For making interpretation.

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 If the value of p (i.e. Sig. (2-tailed) > 0.05 ) , then Null hypothesis is accepted. Otherwise,
rejected.

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 Experiment 10
A clinic provides a program to help their clients to loss weight and ask a consumer agency to
investigate the effectiveness of program. The agency takes a sample of 15 people when each person in
the sample before the program begin and 3 months later after completing the program. Determine
whether the program is effective or not.
Here,
H₀ : There is no significance difference between weights before starting a program and after program
i.e., the program was not effective.
H₁ : There is significance difference between weights before starting a program and after program i.e.,
the program was effective.
THEORY
Paired Sample T-test
The paired sample t-test compares two means that are from the same individual object or related units.
The two means typically represents two different times (i.e. before experiment and after experiment)
or two different but related conditions or units.
The purpose of the test is to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the mean difference
paired observation on a particular outcome is significantly different from zero.

t=

where,
D̄ = sample mean
µ = population mean
S = standard deviation
n = sample size
PROCEDURE
Step 1 : Enter the data in SPSS worksheet that you want to test.

Step 2 : Click on “Analyze”. Then click on compare mean.

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Step 3 : Click on paired – sample t test.
You will get paired – sample t test.
NOTE : As you have specified before test and after test variable.
Step 4 : In paired variables ; drag 1st variable (i.e. before test) in variable 1 and another variable (i.e.
after test) in variable 2.

NOTE : Pair column represents the numbers of paired sample t tests to run. You may choose to run
multiple paired sample t tests simultaneously by selecting multiple sets of matched variables.
Step 5 : Click on Option and change confidence interval percentage if required.

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Step 6 : Click on Continue and then click on OK. Interpret the results.

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