Po Leung Kuk Tong Nai Kan Junior Secondary College Lesson Notes (F.

1)
Unit 2

Name: Answers (shown in red) Keywords (shown in blue or green) Date: 2021 – 2022

Water 水
2.1 The water cycle 水循環 (refer to Book 1A p.79–95)

• Water can exist in three physical states (物態), including (1) solid (ice), (2) liquid (water) and
(3) gas (water vapour or steam). 水以三種物態存於地球：固態（冰） 、液態 （水）、
或氣態（水汽或蒸汽） 。

• Upon heating or cooling, water can change from one state to another through absorbing or
releasing energy. 把水加熱或冷卻，水的物態會發生變化，並會吸收或釋出能量。

• Change in states in water 水的物態變化：

Change in Taking place at Absorbing or

Process
states fixed temperature? releasing energy?
過程
物態變化 在特定温度下發生？ 吸收或釋出能量？
(4) Melting (熔化)
from solid to Temperature: 0 °C, known as (6) absorbing
liquid 固體 (5) melting point energy
轉變成液體 温度：0 °C，稱為熔點 吸收能量

(7) Freezing (凝固)

from liquid Temperature: 0 °C, known as
(9) releasing energy
to solid 液體 (8) freezing point
釋出能量
轉變成固體 温度：0 °C，稱為凝固點

(10) Boiling (沸騰)

Temperature: 100 °C, known
(12) absorbing
from liquid as (11) boiling point
energy 吸收能量
to gas 液體 温度：100 °C，稱為沸點
轉變成氣體
Absorbing energy
(13) Evaporation (蒸發) ✘
吸收能量
(14) Condensation (凝結)
from gas to
Releasing energy
liquid 氣體
釋出能量
轉變成液體

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

• Under which conditions will the filter paper dry faster? Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate boxes.
在以下情況中哪張濾紙較快乾透？在適當的空格內填上「✓」。
(20) Airflow 空氣流通的程度
(a) (b)

(21) Temperature 溫度
(a) (b)

(22) Humidity 濕度
(a) (b)
dry cobalt chloride paper 氧化鈷試紙
dry cobalt chloride paper 氧化鈷試紙
cling film
保鮮膜

warm water 溫水 warm water 溫水

(23) Surface area exposed 暴露的面積

(a) (b)

• The rate of evaporation increases when

在以下情況，水的蒸發速率會增加：
• the temperature is (24) higher. 温度較高
• the humidity is (25) lower. 濕度較低
• there is (26) more airflow. 空氣流通的程度較大
• the surface area exposed is (27) larger. 暴露的面積較大

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

2.2 Dissolving 溶解 (refer to Book 1A p.96–107)

• When a substance dissolves in a liquid, a (1) solution is formed. The substance that dissolves is called
a (2) solute. The liquid in which the substance dissolves is called a (3) solvent. 物質在液體中溶解形
成溶液，溶於液體中的物質稱為溶質，而溶解物質的液體則稱為溶劑。

• Identify the solvent, solute and solution in the following example 寫出以下例子中的溶劑、

溶質和溶液。

sugar 糖

sugar
water solution
水
水 糖溶液
糖溶液

Solvent 溶劑 Solute 溶質 Solution 溶液

(4) Water (5) Sugar (6) Sugar solution

• Water is often called a (7) universal solvent as it can dissolve many different substances. These
substances are (8) soluble in water. 水被稱為通用溶劑，因為它能溶解很多物質。這些物質
都是可溶於水的物質。
• Some substances do not dissolve in water. They are (9) insoluble in water. 水並不能溶解所有物
質，有些物質是不可溶於水的。

• Under which conditions will copper(II) sulphate dissolve faster? Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate boxes.
在以下情況中硫酸銅(II)較快溶解？在適當的空格內填上「✓」。
(10) Surface area of solute 溶質的表面積
(a) (b)

硫酸銅(II)晶體 硫酸銅(II)粉末
copper(II) copper(II)
sulphate sulphate
crystal powder ✓

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

(11) Temperature of solvent 溶質的溫度

(a) (b)

熱水 自來水
hot water tap water
✓

(12) With or without stirring 有否攪拌

攪拌
(a) (b) stirring

• The rate of dissolving increases when 在以下情況，溶解速率會增加：

• the solution is (13) stirred. 溶液被攪拌。
• the temperature of the solvent is (14) higher. 溶劑的温度愈高。
• the surface area of the solute is (15) larger. 溶質的表面積愈大。

• Different substances have different solubilities in water (same amount).

在相同分量的水中，不同的物質各有不同的溶解度。

2.3 Water purification 水的淨化 (refer to Book 1A p.108–124)

• Natural water contains many kinds of (1) impurities, which include soluble impurities, insoluble
impurities and (2) microorganisms. 天然水含有不同種類的雜質，有些是可溶的，有些則是不可
溶的，和微生物。
• (3) Amoeba and (4) E. coli are two microorganisms often found in natural water. 變形蟲和大腸桿菌
都是天然水中常見的微生物。

Amoeba 變形蟲 (×500) E. coli 大腸桿菌 (×15 000)

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

• Some microorganisms are harmful to us and may cause diarrhoeal diseases and other diseases.
有些微生物對人體是有害的，它們可引致腹瀉，亦可引致其他疾病。
• We have to remove impurities in natural water to make it suitable for drinking. 天然水必須先
除去雜質，才適宜飲用。
• Methods of water purification 把水淨化的方法：
• (5) Sedimentation 沉積法
• (6) Filtration 過濾法
• (7) Distillation 蒸餾法
• Sedimentation can remove large and heavy insoluble impurities from water. These impurities sink to
the bottom of the container and form a layer of (8) sediment. 沉積法可除去水中較大和較重的不可
溶雜質。較大和較重的不可溶雜質會沉在容器的底部，形成一層沉積物。

sediment
沉積物

• Filtration can remove insoluble impurities in water. 過濾法可除去水中不可溶的雜質。

• (9) Filter columns and (10) filter papers are commonly used filters in the laboratory.
過濾柱和濾紙都是實驗室中常用的過濾器。
• The impurities which cannot pass through the filter paper and remain on it are called (11) residue. |The
liquid that passes through is called (12) filtrate. 被濾紙隔開的雜質稱為殘餘物，而穿過濾紙流出
來的液體則稱為濾液。
漏斗
funnel

沙 sand filter
paper 濾紙

砂礫 gravel funnel
漏斗架
holder
卵石 pebbles

• using a filter paper 使用濾紙

• using a filter column 使用過濾柱

• Distillation can remove insoluble impurities, (13) soluble impurities and (14) microorganisms in
water. 蒸餾法能除去水中不可溶的雜質、可溶的雜質和微生物。

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

• Purifying sea water by distillation:

利用蒸餾法把海水淨化：
The steam then condenses
back to (16) water. 蒸汽
Water boils and changes to
溫度計 冷卻凝結成水。
(15) steam. Microorganisms thermometer
in water are killed by the high
P 冷凝管
temperature. 水沸騰成蒸汽，
condenser
高温殺死水中的微生物。
The water collected is
海水 called (17) distilled
sea water Q water. 收集所得的
水稱為蒸餾水。
anti-bumping
granule
防沸騰小粒

2.4 Further treatment of drinking water 食水的進一步處理

(refer to Book 1A p.124–127)

• We can kill the microorganisms in water by adding (1) chlorine. This process is called (2)
chlorination. 在水中加入氯可殺死水中大部分的微生物，這方法稱為加氯消毒法。
➢ Usage: water treatment plants and swimming pools
用途：濾水廠及泳池
➢ Disadvantages: (3) toxic and has an (4) irritating smell
壞處：具有毒性而且帶有刺鼻的氣味

• (5) Ozone is also widely used to kill microorganisms in water.

臭氧也廣泛用於殺死水中的微生物。
➢ Usage: water treatment works and swimming pools 用途：濾水廠及泳池
➢ Advantages: not having an irritating smell and more effective than chlorine in killing
microorganisms 好處：不像氯般帶有刺鼻的氣味，而且殺死微生物的能力較氯強

• (6) Ultraviolet light can kill microorganisms present in water. 紫外光能殺死

水中的微生物。
• Usage: portable water purifiers, drinking fountains and aquariums
用途：可攜帶的淨水器、飲水器和水族箱

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

• Adding (7) fluoride to water can help prevent tooth decay. This process is
called (8) fluoridation. 在食水中加入氟化物，有助防止蛀牙，這過程稱
為加氟處理。

2.5 The water treatment process in Hong Kong

香港的食水處理過程(refer to Book 1A p.127–129)

• The fresh water we use in Hong Kong comes from Dongjiang water and rainwater collected in
reservoirs. 香港的淡水供應來自東江和水塘所收集的雨水。
• The water is treated in water treatment works before supplied to the public. 東江水和本地所收集的
雨水，都會先經濾水廠處理，才輸送給市民使用。
• The water treatment process in Hong Kong involves (1) sedimentation and (2) filtration in a much
larger scale. 香港的食水處理過程涉及沉積法和過濾法，規模比實驗中所見的大得多。
• Key steps in water treatment 食水處理過程的一些主要步驟：
(a) (3) Alum is added to the water and mixed in a rapid mixing chamber. This makes insoluble
impurities in water (4) stick together. 把明礬加入水中，並在快速攪拌室加以攪拌，使懸浮
在水中的不可溶雜質黏附在一起。
(b) Fluoride is added to water to help prevent tooth decay. 在水中加入幫助防止蛀牙的氟化物。
(c) Water is filtered through screens to remove large objects. 水先經隔網過濾，除去較大雜物。
(d) The water is filtered through layers of sands and gravel in a filtration tank. The remaining small
and suspended insoluble impurities are removed. 水流入過濾池。過濾池內有多層幼沙和砂礫，
可除去水中細小及懸浮的不可溶雜質。
(e) Chlorine is added to kill microorganisms. 加入氯以殺死水中的微生物。
(f) The water passes into a sedimentation tank where insoluble impurities sink. The sediment is
collected and removed. 水流入沉積池中，不可溶的雜質在池內沉積。沉積物會被收集和棄
置。

Correct order: (5) (c) → (6) (a) → (7) (f) → (8) (d) → (9) (e) → (10) (b)
正確次序：

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 Lesson Notes
明礬 alum 快速攪拌室 Unit 2
沉積池 過濾池
rapid mixing chamber sedimentation tank filtration tank

layers of
fine sands
water and gravel
sediment
水 screens 幼沙層及砂礫層
污泥 sludge 沉積物
隔網
污泥處理
sludge
disposal

氯
氟化物
fluoride chlorine
泵房
清水池
供給市民 pumping clean water
public use station chamber

2.6 Water conservation and pollution 節約用水與水質污染

(refer to Book 1A p.129–139)
• Water covers about (1) 70 % of the Earth’s surface, but only about (2) 3 % is fresh water. 水覆蓋了地
球表面多達 70%，但只有約 3 %是淡水。
• Only about 0.4 % of the fresh water on Earth is in rivers and lakes. 只有約 0.4%的淡水是在河流或
湖泊中。
• Water is a precious resource. We should (3) conserve it. 水是一種珍貴的資源，我們應節約用水。
• Some ways to conserve water 一些節約用水的方法：
• Take a short (4) shower instead of a bath or a long shower. 洗澡時以淋浴代替浸浴，並縮短淋
浴時間。
• Run the washing machine only when you have a (5) full load. 儲滿一機衣物才洗衣，從而減少
耗水量。
• Wash dishes in a (6) basin rather than under running water. 不要長開水龍頭洗碗。
• Use water saving devices such as a washing machine with the Grade 1 (7) efficiency label.
選用用水效益高的裝置，如屬於級別 1 的洗衣機。
• Repair any dripping tape as soon as possible. 儘快修理滴漏的水龍頭。
• Save water used to wash fruit and vegetables for watering your (8) plants. 重用清洗過蔬果的水
來灌溉盆栽。

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

• Turn off the tap instead of letting the water run while brushing your teeth. 刷牙時不要讓水龍頭
長開。

• Human activities produce various kinds of (9) pollutants. 人類活動製造了許多不同種類的污染

物。
• The pollutants may cause (10) water pollution, if they are discharged directly into rivers, lakes or seas.
假如污染物直接棄置在河流、湖泊或海洋，便會造成水質污染。
• Common causes of water pollution 水質污染的常見原因：

Discharging waste water Littering and dumping of (12) oil spill accidents
directly 直接排放污水 (11) solid waste 亂拋固體垃圾 泄漏原油意外

• Sources of waste water and pollutants produced: Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate boxes.
污水來源和所含的污染物：在適當的空格內填上「✓」。.

Homes Restaurants Farms Factories

家居 食肆 農場 工廠
(13) Animal waste 禽畜排泄物   ✓ 
(14) Cooking oil 食用廢油  ✓  
(15) Detergents 清潔劑 ✓ ✓  
(16) Fertilizers 肥料   ✓ 
(17) Food waste 食物殘渣 ✓   
(18) Human waste 人類排泄物 ✓   
(19) Pesticides 殺蟲劑   ✓ 
(20) Toxic chemicals (e.g. heavy
metals) 有毒化學品（例如    ✓
重金屬）

• Harmful effects of discharging water directly 直接排放污水帶來的有害影響：

• Human waste, animal waste, detergents and fertilizers promote the growth of algae.
If algae grows rapidly in a short period of time, they use up the (21) oxygen in water.
Aquatic life may die due to suffocation. 人類及禽畜排泄物、清潔劑及肥料能助長

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 Lesson Notes
Unit 2

水中藻類的繁殖。於短時間內大量繁殖的藻類會消耗水中的氧，導致魚類及水中
生物因窒息而死亡。
• Pesticides and toxic chemicals cause harmful effects to nearly all life forms.
殺蟲劑和有毒化學品對絕大部份生物都帶來有害影響。

Harmful effects of solid waste 固體垃圾帶來的有害影響：

• Solid waste can be hazardous to animals. Sea lions and sea turtles
may get (22) trapped in fishing nets. Fish may mistake plastic for
(23) food 固體垃圾對水中動物造成傷害，例如海獅和海龜會
被魚網纏着而無法活動，魚會誤食塑膠垃圾。
• Harmful effects of oil spill 泄漏原油帶來的有害影響：
• Oil floats on water and prevents oxygen from (24) dissolving into sea
water. Fish die from lack of oxygen. 原油在水上飄浮，阻礙空氣中
的氧溶於水，魚兒會因缺氧而窒息死亡。
• Sea birds cannot fly when their feathers are covered with oil. They
also cannot use their feathers to keep warm and may die of cold. 海鳥的羽毛一旦被油污沾滿，
便無法飛行，油污亦令羽毛失去保暖能力，海鳥會因而凍死。
• We have responsibility to reduce water pollution and take necessary actions. 我們有責任盡力減少水
質污染。
• Some ways to help reduce water pollution 控制水質污染的方法：
• Use only the needed amount of detergent for washing. 次只用適當分量的清潔劑
• Dispose of (25) chemical waste properly in laboratories. 依正確步驟處理實驗室的化學廢料
• Take part in a beach (26) clean-up campaign. 參與清潔海灘運動
• Do not throw rubbish into seas and onto beaches. 不要把垃圾拋落海中
• Do not dispose of solid waste in (27) toilets or street drains. 不要把固體廢物倒進坐廁

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