CS 412 Intro.

to Data Mining
Chapter 1. Introduction
Jiawei Han, Computer Science, Univ. Illinois at Urbana -Champaign, 2017

1
August 28, 2017 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 2
August 28, 2017 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 2
 Data and Information Systems (DAIS)

 Database Systems

Kevin Chang
 Data Mining
Aditya
Parameswaran
Jiawei Han

 Text Information Systems

 Networks Hari
ChengXiang
Sundaram
Zhai
3
 Data and Information Systems
(DAIS:) Course Structures at CS/UIUC
 Coverage: Database, data mining, text information systems, Web and
bioinformatics
 Data mining
 Intro. to data warehousing and mining (CS412)
 Data mining: Principles and algorithms (CS512)
 Database Systems:
 Intro. to database systems (CS411)
 Advanced database systems (CS511)
 Text information systems
 Text information system (CS410)
 Advanced text information systems (CS510)
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 CS 412. Course Page & Class Schedule
 Textbook
 Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber and Jian Pei, Data
Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed),
Morgan Kaufmann, 2011
 Class Homepage:
[Link]
 Bookmark on course schedule page
 Class Schedule: 9:30-10:45 am Tues./Thurs.@1404
SC
 Office hours: 10:45-11:30am Tues./Thurs. @2132
SC
 Lecture media: recorded; but class attendance is
critical
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 CS 412. Fall 2017. Teach Assistants

Dongming Lei Carl Yang Yu Shi Chao Zhang Shi Zhi

(Online Session)

 TA office hours: 4-5pm (Mon.), 11-12pm (Wed.)@0207SC. Additional hours before

due date will be announced at Piazza
 Wait list (No wait list at this time, keep attending class, see if there is space
available or there is overflow section opening)
 If you cannot register but still desperately want to get in, please sign on when
there is “potential opening”: Explain why you have to take the course This Fall!
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 CS 412. Course Work and Grading
 Assignments, Programming Assignments, and Exams
 Written Assignments: 15% (three homework assignments expected)
 Programming assignments: 20% (two programming assignments expected)
 Midterm exam: 30%
 Final exam: 35%
 For students taking 4th credit (TA will provide concrete instructions on the 4th
credit project)
 For students registering 4 credits: 25%. The overall scores will be scaled
proportionally
 Need help and/or discussions?
 Sign on: Piazza ([Link]
 Check your homework/exam scores:
 Compass
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 Help Needed: LifeNet—A Structured Network-Based
Knowledge Exploration and Analytics System for Life Sciences
 What we are doing? MDC1 CCR4
Kawasaki
Disease May treat
Aspirin
Type Path
May prevent Drug

 A scalable system that transforms biomedical papers into a Co- Physical

Genetic
Interaction
Breast
Cancer Type Path
NSAID

expression
knowledge graph & supports various search/analytics functions Interaction
Associated
with
Disease

Neoplasms
RAP2A

 What we already have?

Breast Neoplasms
Pathway BRCA1
May treat May treat
Gene
BRAF May treat

 A working prototype system & an ACL demo paper Target

Drug

Disease
Tafinlar CBDCA CDDP

 What we are looking for?

 Students with expertise on HTML/CSS & JavaScript
 Experiences on web frameworks and databases
 System design experience will be a big plus
 What you will gain?
 Hourly pay ($12-$15 per hour, 6-20 hours per week)
 Possible research publications & a good thesis topic
Send us your resume if interested: Jiaming Shen (mickeysjm@[Link])
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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
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 Why Data Mining?
 The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes
 Data collection and data availability
 Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web, computerized society
 Major sources of abundant data
 Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …
 Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, …
 Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
 We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
 “Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—Automated analysis of
massive data sets

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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
11
 What Is Data Mining?
 Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)
 Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously unknown and
potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data
 Data mining: a misnomer?
 Alternative names
 Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge extraction,
data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data dredging, information
harvesting, business intelligence, etc.
 Watch out: Is everything “data mining”?
 Simple search and query processing
 (Deductive) expert systems
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 Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
 This is a view from typical database systems
and data warehousing communities Pattern Evaluation

 Data mining plays an essential role in the

knowledge discovery process Data Mining

Task-relevant Data

Data Warehouse Selection

Data Cleaning

Data Integration

13 Databases
 Example: A Web Mining Framework
 Web mining usually involves
 Data cleaning
 Data integration from multiple sources
 Warehousing the data
 Data cube construction
 Data selection for data mining
 Data mining
 Presentation of the mining results
 Patterns and knowledge to be used or stored into knowledge-base
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 Data Mining in Business Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Decision
Making

Data Presentation Business

Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst

Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting

Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses

DBA
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
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 KDD Process: A View from ML and Statistics

Input Data Data Pre- Data Post-

Processing Mining Processing

Data integration Pattern discovery Pattern evaluation

Classification Pattern selection
Normalization
Clustering Pattern interpretation
Feature selection
Outlier analysis
Dimension reduction Pattern visualization
…………

 This is a view from typical machine learning and statistics communities

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 Data Mining vs. Data Exploration
 Which view do you prefer?
 KDD vs. ML/Stat. vs. Business Intelligence
 Depending on the data, applications, and your focus

 Data Mining vs. Data Exploration

 Business intelligence view
 Warehouse, data cube, reporting but not much mining
 Business objects vs. data mining tools
 Supply chain example: mining vs. OLAP vs. presentation tools
 Data presentation vs. data exploration

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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
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 Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 Data to be mined
 Database data (extended-relational, object-oriented, heterogeneous), data warehouse,
transactional data, stream, spatiotemporal, time-series, sequence, text and web, multi-
media, graphs & social and information networks
 Knowledge to be mined (or: Data mining functions)
 Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, trend/deviation,
outlier analysis, …
 Descriptive vs. predictive data mining
 Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels
 Techniques utilized
 Data-intensive, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics, pattern recognition,
visualization, high-performance, etc.
 Applications adapted
 Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining, stock market analysis,
19 text mining, Web mining, etc.
 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
20
 Data Mining: On What Kinds of Data?
 Database-oriented data sets and applications
 Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
 Object-relational databases, Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Advanced data sets and advanced applications
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences)
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and information networks
 Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
 Multimedia database
 Text databases
 The World-Wide Web
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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
22
 Data Mining Functions: (1) Generalization
 Information integration and data warehouse construction
 Data cleaning, transformation, integration, and
multidimensional data model
 Data cube technology
 Scalable methods for computing (i.e., materializing)
multidimensional aggregates
 OLAP (online analytical processing)
 Multidimensional concept description: Characterization
and discrimination
 Generalize, summarize, and contrast data
characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet region
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 Data Mining Functions: (2) Pattern Discovery
 Frequent patterns (or frequent itemsets)
 What items are frequently purchased together in your Walmart?
 Association and Correlation Analysis

 A typical association rule

 Diaper  Beer [0.5%, 75%] (support, confidence)
 Are strongly associated items also strongly correlated?
 How to mine such patterns and rules efficiently in large datasets?
 How to use such patterns for classification, clustering, and other applications?
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 Data Mining Functions: (3) Classification
 Classification and label prediction
 Construct models (functions) based on some training examples
 Describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction
 Ex. 1. Classify countries based on (climate)
 Ex. 2. Classify cars based on (gas mileage)
 Predict some unknown class labels
 Typical methods
 Decision trees, naïve Bayesian classification, support vector machines, neural
networks, rule-based classification, pattern-based classification, logistic
regression, …
 Typical applications:
 Credit card fraud detection, direct marketing, classifying stars, diseases, web-
pages, …
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 Data Mining Functions: (4) Cluster Analysis
 Unsupervised learning (i.e., Class label is
unknown)
 Group data to form new categories (i.e.,
clusters), e.g., cluster houses to find
distribution patterns
 Principle: Maximizing intra-class similarity
& minimizing interclass similarity
 Many methods and applications

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 Data Mining Functions: (5) Outlier Analysis
 Outlier analysis
 Outlier: A data object that does not comply with the
general behavior of the data
 Noise or exception?―One person’s garbage could be
another person’s treasure
 Methods: by product of clustering or regression analysis, …
 Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis

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 Data Mining Functions: (6) Time and Ordering:
Sequential Pattern, Trend and Evolution Analysis
 Sequence, trend and evolution analysis
 Trend, time-series, and deviation analysis
 e.g., regression and value prediction
 Sequential pattern mining
 e.g., buy digital camera, then buy large memory cards
 Periodicity analysis
 Motifs and biological sequence analysis
 Approximate and consecutive motifs
 Similarity-based analysis
 Mining data streams
 Ordered, time-varying, potentially infinite, data streams

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 Data Mining Functions: (7) Structure and
Network Analysis
 Graph mining
 Finding frequent subgraphs (e.g., chemical compounds), trees (XML),
substructures (web fragments)
 Information network analysis
 Social networks: actors (objects, nodes) and relationships (edges)
 e.g., author networks in CS, terrorist networks
 Multiple heterogeneous networks
 A person could be multiple information networks: friends, family, classmates, …
 Links carry a lot of semantic information: Link mining
 Web mining
 Web is a big information network: from PageRank to Google
 Analysis of Web information networks
 Web community discovery, opinion mining, usage mining, …
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 Evaluation of Knowledge
 Are all mined knowledge interesting?
 One can mine tremendous amount of “patterns”
 Some may fit only certain dimension space (time, location, …)
 Some may not be representative, may be transient, …
 Evaluation of mined knowledge → directly mine only interesting knowledge?
 Descriptive vs. predictive
 Coverage
 Typicality vs. novelty
 Accuracy
 Timeliness

30
 …
 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
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 Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines

Machine Pattern
Statistics
Learning Recognition

Applications Data Mining Visualization

Database High-Performance
Algorithm
Technology Computing

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 Why Confluence of Multiple Disciplines?
 Tremendous amount of data
 Algorithms must be scalable to handle big data
 High-dimensionality of data
 Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
 High complexity of data
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
 Structure data, graphs, social and information networks
 Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
 Software programs, scientific simulations
 New and sophisticated applications

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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
34
 Applications of Data Mining
 Web page analysis: classification, clustering, ranking
 Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
 Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
 Biological and medical data analysis
 Data mining and software engineering
 Data mining and text analysis
 Data mining and social and information network analysis
 Built-in (invisible data mining) functions in Google, MS, Yahoo!, Linked, Facebook, …
 Major dedicated data mining systems/tools
 SAS, MS SQL-Server Analysis Manager, Oracle Data Mining Tools)
35
 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
36
 Major Issues in Data Mining (1)
 Mining Methodology
 Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
 Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
 Data mining: An interdisciplinary effort
 Boosting the power of discovery in a networked environment
 Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
 Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided mining
 User Interaction
 Interactive mining
 Incorporation of background knowledge
 Presentation and visualization of data mining results
37
 Major Issues in Data Mining (2)
 Efficiency and Scalability
 Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
 Parallel, distributed, stream, and incremental mining methods
 Diversity of data types
 Handling complex types of data
 Mining dynamic, networked, and global data repositories
 Data mining and society
 Social impacts of data mining
 Privacy-preserving data mining
 Invisible data mining
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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
39
 A Brief History of Data Mining Society
 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley, 1991)
 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-
Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases and
Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
 Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
 ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
 More conferences on data mining
 PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM (2001),
WSDM (2008), etc.
 ACM Transactions on KDD (2007)
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 Conferences and Journals on Data Mining
KDD Conferences  Other related conferences
 ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge  DB conferences: ACM SIGMOD,

Discovery in Databases and Data VLDB, ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, …

Mining (KDD)  Web and IR conferences: WWW,

 SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM) SIGIR, WSDM

 (IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data Mining (ICDM)  ML conferences: ICML, NIPS

 PR conferences: CVPR,
 European Conf. on Machine Learning
and Principles and practices of  Journals
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining  Data Mining and Knowledge

(ECML-PKDD) Discovery (DAMI or DMKD)

 Pacific-Asia Conf. on Knowledge  IEEE Trans. On Knowledge and Data

Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD) Eng. (TKDE)

 Int. Conf. on Web Search and Data  KDD Explorations

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Mining (WSDM)  ACM Trans. on KDD
 Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer, Google
 Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD)
 Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc.
 Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD
 Database systems (SIGMOD)
 Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA
 Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc.
 AI & Machine Learning
 Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc.
 Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems, IEEE-PAMI, etc.
 Web and IR
 Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc.
 Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems,
 Statistics
 Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc.
 Journals: Annals of statistics, etc.
 Visualization
 Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc.
 Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.
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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
 What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
43
 Summary
 Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from massive amount
of data
 A natural evolution of science and information technology, in great demand, with
wide applications
 A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data selection,
transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation
 Mining can be performed in a variety of data
 Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination, association,
classification, clustering, trend and outlier analysis, etc.
 Data mining technologies and applications
 Major issues in data mining
44
 Recommended Reference Books
 Charu C. Aggarwal, Data Mining: The Textbook, Springer, 2015
 E. Alpaydin. Introduction to Machine Learning, 2nd ed., MIT Press, 2011
 R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000
 U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001
 J. Han, M. Kamber, and J. Pei, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 3rd ed. ,
2011
 T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference,
and Prediction, 2nd ed., Springer, 2009
 T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997
 P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005 (2nd ed. 2016)
 I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java
Implementations, Morgan Kaufmann, 2nd ed. 2005
 Mohammed J. Zaki and Wagner Meira Jr., Data Mining and Analysis: Fundamental Concepts and
Algorithms 2014
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