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Computer Vision
Class 10 Notes
Published on: 19/02/2025 by
CBSEskilleducation

Computer Vision Class 10 Notes – The

CBSE has changed the syllabus of Std. X.
The new notes are made based on the
new syllabus and based on the New
CBSE textbook. All the important
Information are taken from the Artificial
Intelligence Class X Textbook Based on
CBSE Board Pattern.

Contents [ show ]

Computer Vision Class

10 Notes
Introduction to
Computer Vision
Computer vision is a field of artificial
intelligence (AI). AI enables computers to
think, and computer vision enables AI to
see, observe and make sense of visual
data(like images & videos). Computer
vision enables computers and systems to
extract useful information from digital
photos, videos, and other visual inputs and
to execute actions or make
recommendations based on that
information.

Difference between
computer vision and
image prcessing?

Image
Computer Vision
Processing

Computer vision Image

deals with extracting processing is
information from the mainly focused
input images or on processing
videos to infer the raw input
meaningful images to
information and enhance them
understanding them or preparing
to predict the visual them to do
input other tasks

Image
Computer Vision is a Processing is a
superset of Image subset of
Processing. Computer
Vision

Examples-
Rescaling
Examples – Object
image,
detection, Hand
Correcting
writing recognition
brightness,
etc.
Changing
tones, etc.

How the computer vision

work?

Computer vision analyzes visual data

using complex algorithms. The computer
vision algorithm broke the images into
pixels and processed them using a
machine learning technique and compared
them with the dataset to find the pattern or
objects.

Applications of Computer
Vision

In the 1970s, computer vision as a

concept was first introduced. Everyone
was excited by the new uses for computer
vision. However, a considerable
technological advance in recent years has
elevated computer vision to the top of
many companies’ priority lists. Let’s
examine a few of them:

Facial Recognition – Security

being the most important
application involves use of
Computer Vision for facial
recognition. It can be either guest
recognition or log maintenance of
the visitors.
Face Filters – Modern-day apps
like Instagram and Snapchat have
face filter applications, which
capture the face using a camera
and a computer vision algorithm
that is able to identify the facial
dynamics of the person.
Google’s Search by Image –
Google has an interesting feature of
getting search results through an
image. Computer vision takes the
input image from the users,
compares it with the database of
images, and gives us the search
result.
Computer Vision in Retail –
Retailers can use Computer Vision
techniques to track customers’
movements through stores, analyze
navigational routes and detect
walking patterns.
Self-Driving Cars – Computer
vision is the fundamental
technology behind developing
autonomous vehicles. Most leading
car manufacturers in the world are
investing money in artificial
intelligence for developing on-road
versions of hands-free technology.
Medical Imaging – Computer
vision supported physicians. The
medical image is used to read and
convert 2D scan images into
interactive 3D models that enable
medical professionals to gain a
detailed understanding of a
patient’s health condition.
Google Translate App – If anyone
wants to read signs in a foreign
language, point your phone’s
camera at the words and let the
Google Translate app tell you what
it means in your preferred language
almost instantly.

Understanding Computer
Vision Concepts

1. Computer Vision Tasks

The various applications of Computer

Vision are based on a certain number of
tasks which are performed to get certain
information from the input image which
can be directly used for prediction or forms
the base for further analysis. The tasks
used in a computer vision application are:

Step 1: Classification – Image

Classification problem is the task of
assigning an input image one label
from a fixed set of categories. This
is one of the core problems in CV
that, despite its simplicity, has a
large variety of practical
applications.
Step 2: Classification +
Localisation – This is the task
which involves both processes of
identifying what object is present in
the image and at the same time
identifying at what location that
object is present in that image. It is
used only for single objects.
Step 3: Object Detection – Object
detection is the process of finding
instances of real-world objects such
as faces, bicycles, and buildings in
images or videos. Object detection
algorithms typically use extracted
features and learning algorithms to
recognize instances of an object
category. It is commonly used in
applications such as image retrieval
and automated vehicle parking
systems.
Step 4: Instance Segmentation –
Instance Segmentation is the
process of detecting instances of
the objects, giving them a category
and then giving each pixel a label
on the basis of that. A segmentation
algorithm takes an image as input
and outputs a collection of regions
(or segments).

2. Basics of Images-Pixel,
Resolution, Pixel value,
grayscale and RGB images

1. Basics of Pixels

The word “pixel” means a picture element.

Every photograph, in digital form, is made
up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of
information that make up a picture. Usually
round or square, they are typically
arranged in a 2-dimensional grid.

In the image above, one portion has been

magnified many times over so that you
can see its individual composition in
pixels.

2. Resolution

The number of pixels in an image is

sometimes called the resolution. When the
term is used to describe pixel count, one
convention is to express resolution as the
width by the height, for example a monitor
resolution of 1280×1024. This means
there are 1280 pixels from one side to the
other, and 1024 from top to bottom.

3. Pixel value

Each of the pixels that represents an

image stored inside a computer has a
pixel value which describes how bright that
pixel is, and/or what colour it should be.
The most common pixel format is the byte
image, where this number is stored as an
8-bit integer giving a range of possible
values from 0 to 255. Typically, zero is to
be taken as no colour or black and 255 is
taken to be full colour or white.

4. Grayscale Images

A grayscale image is a digital image that

contains only shades of black, gray, and
white. In a grayscale image, the highest,
darkest shade is black, which has a zero
value of pixels, and the lightest possible
shade is white, which has 255 values of
pixels.

Let us look at an image to understand

about grayscale images.

Here is an example of a grayscale image.

as you check, the value of pixels is within
the range of 0 255.The computers store
the images we see in the form of these
numbers.

5. RGB Images

All the images that we see around are

coloured images. These images are made
up of three primary colours Red, Green
and Blue.

Understanding
Convolution operator

The convolution operator is a

mathematical operation that combines two
functions or signals to create a third. This
convolution operation is used in image
processing and digital signal processing.
Convolution provides a way of `multiplying
together’ two arrays of numbers, generally
of different sizes, but of the same
dimensionality, to produce a third array of
numbers of the same dimensionality.

An (image) convolution is simply an

element-wise multiplication of image
arrays and another array called the kernel
followed by sum.

As you can see here,

I = Image Array
K = Kernel Array
I * K = Resulting array after performing the
convolution operator

Note: The Kernel is passed over the

whole image to get the resulting array after
convolution.

What is a Kernel?

A kernel is a matrix that transforms data

into a higher-dimensional space to solve
non-linear problems, or you can say that a
kernel is a matrix that is slid across the
image and multiplied with the input such
that the output is enhanced in a certain
desirable manner. Each kernel has a
different value for the kinds of effects that
we want to apply to an image.

Convolution is a common tool used

for image editing.
It is an element wise multiplication
of an image and a kernel to get the
desired output.
In computer vision application, it is
used in Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) to extract image
features.

In Image processing, we use the

convolution operation to extract the
features from the images which can le
later used for further processing especially
in Convolution Neural Network (CNN).

Let’s try

In this section we will try performing the

convolution operator on paper to
understand how it works.

Step 1: Let’s apply the kernel to the top-

left 3×3 patch:

Step 2: Applying the Kernel

(−1×150) + (0×0) + (−1×255) + (0×100) +

(−1×179) + (0×25) + (−1×155) + (0×146) +
(−1×13)
= − 150 + 0 − 255 + 0 − 179 + 0 − 155 + 0
− 13
= − 752

The answer is -752 before min-max

normalization

Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN)

A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is

a Deep Learning algorithm which can take
in an input image, assign importance
(learnable weights and biases) to various
aspects/objects in the image and be able
to differentiate one from the other.

The process of deploying a CNN is as

follows:

In the above diagram, we give an input

image, which is then processed through a
CNN and then gives prediction on the
basis of the label given in the particular
dataset.

The different layers of a Convolutional

Neural Network (CNN) is as follows:

A convolutional neural network consists of

the following layers:

Convolution Layer
Rectified linear Unit (ReLU)
Pooling Layer
Fully Connected Layer

Convolution Layer – A convolutional

layer is the first layer and the main building
block of CNN that extracts features from
images. In the convolution layer, there are
several kernels that are used to produce
several features. The output of this layer is
called the feature map. A feature map is
also called the activation map. We can use
these terms interchangeably.

There’s several uses we derive from the

feature map:

We reduce the image size so that it

can be processed more efficiently.
We only focus on the features of
the image that can help us in
processing the image further.

Images shown here are the property of individual

organisations and are used here for reference purpose
only.

Rectified Linear Unit Function – After

we get the feature map, it is then passed
onto the ReLU layer. This layer simply
gets rid of all the negative numbers in the
feature map and lets the positive number
stay as it is.

If we see the two graphs side by side, the

one on the left is a linear graph. This
graph when passed through the ReLU
layer, gives the one on the right. The
ReLU graph starts with a horizontal
straight line and then increases linearly as
it reaches a positive number.

Why do we pass the feature map to the

ReLU layer?

As shown in the above convolved image,

there is a smooth grey gradient change
from black to white. After applying the
ReLu function, we can see a more abrupt
change in color which makes the edges
more obvious which acts as a better
feature for the further layers in a CNN as it
enhances the activation layer.

Pooling Layer – Similar to the

Convolutional Layer, the Pooling layer is
responsible for reducing the spatial size of
the Convolved Feature while still retaining
the important features.

There are two types of pooling which can

be performed on an image.

Max Pooling: Max Pooling returns

the maximum value from the portion
of the image covered by the Kernel.
Average Pooling: Max Pooling
returns the maximum value from
the portion of the image covered by
the Kernel.

The pooling layer is an important layer in

the CNN as it performs a series of tasks
which are as follows:

Makes the image smaller and more

manageable
Makes the image more resistant to
small transformations, distortions
and translations in the input image.

Fully Connected Layer – The final layer

in the CNN is the Fully Connected Layer
(FCP). The objective of a fully connected
layer is to take the results of the
convolution/pooling process and use them
to classify the image into a label (in a
simple classification example). For
example, if the image is of a cat, features
representing things like whiskers or fur
should have high probabilities for the label
“cat”.

No-Code AI Tools

Introduction to Lobe

Lobe.ai is an Auto-ML tool, which means

that it is a no-code AI tool, It works with
image classification and allows a set of
images with labels and will automatically
find the most optimal model to classify the
images.

Introduction to Teachable
Machine

Teachable Machine is an AI, Machine

Learning, and Deep Learning tool that was
developed by Google in 2017. It runs on
top of tensorflow.js which was also
developed by the same company. It is a
web-based tool that allows training of a
model based on different images, audio, or
poses given as input through webcam or
pictures.

Orange Data Mining Tool

Orange is an open-source software of

machine learning that helps to design
based on a no-code or low-code
framework. With the help of Orange
software, you can design the data
visualization, predictive modeling, and
analysis of the data. The orange tool is
easy to use and has a drag-and-drop
interface, basically used in education,
research, business, etc.

https://orangedatamining.com/download

Computer Vision: Use

Case Walkthrough using
Orange Data tool

Computer Vision project to build a real-

world Classification Model: Coral
Bleaching

What is the first step of AI

project cycle?

Step-1 Problem scoping

Coral bleaching happens when

corals lose their vibrant colors and
turn white.
But there’s a lot more to it than that.
The leading cause of coral
bleaching is climate change.
Coral bleaching matters because
once these corals die, reefs rarely
come back.
With few corals surviving, they
struggle to reproduce, and entire
reef ecosystems, on which people
and wildlife depend, deteriorate.
Detecting bleaching of coral reefs at
an early stage can prevent the
world from disasters.

Discussions

Do you think such projects help you

inculcate awareness about global
problems and think about building
solutions to overcome them?
Coral Bleaching will fall under which
SDG? Give your comments

What comes after Problem

Scoping?

Step-2 Data Acquisition

This dataset was created for the

research and experimental
purposes of a manuscript titled
“Bag of Features (BoF) Based
Deep Learning Framework for
Bleached Corals Detection”.

Step 2: Upload Dataset

What is the next step after

Data Acquisition?

Step 3: Explore Dataset

What is the next step after

Data Exploration?

Step 4: Build Model

After model building, next

step is?

Step 5: Evaluate Model

Step 6: Prediction

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