CRIMSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Pokhara University
Devinagar, Butwal-13
Lab Report on: CPU
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Name: Name :
Roll No: Signature:
Date:
Faculty: BCA – I
Lab Report :
Introduction to Hardware Workshop on the
System Case: Assembling and Disassembling
Components
Introduction: In this Workshop Students were
introduced to the Fundamental hardware components
of a system case. The workshop provided hands-on
experience in disassembling and assembling these
components. Students gained an Practical
understanding of how hardware components function
and interconnect within the system case.
Objectives:
Understanding System Case Hardware Components:
Participants worked with various hardware
components inside the system case to familiarize
themselves with their functions.
Disassembly Process: Participants were guided
through the systematic disassembly of the system
case, with a focus on proper handling and safety
precautions.
Assembly Process: Participants learned how to
safely reconnect cables and reassemble hardware
components, gaining practical, hands-on
experience.
Fig: Mother Board
MotherBoard :
The motherboard is like the central hub of a
computer, connecting all the important parts
and making sure they work together. The
first version, called the planar board, was
created by IBM engineer Patty McHugh and
was used in the 1981 IBM Personal
Computer. It allows you to add different
devices like storage, memory, and
input/output peripherals. Knowing how a
motherboard works is important if you want
to build, upgrade, or fix a computer.
Fig: RAM(Random Access Memory) and Its Dynamic
Types.
RAM(Random Access Memory) :
RAM is one of the most important
components of a computer system. It is a
type of volatile memory, meaning all stored
data is lost when the power is turned off.
Acting as temporary storage, RAM holds
data and instructions that the CPU needs to
access quickly while performing tasks, which
is why it is often called the “working
memory” of the computer.
If there is an issue with the RAM, the
computer may fail to display anything on the
screen. The CPU first checks the cache
memory for data, and if it is not found there,
it searches the RAM before looking into
other storage devices. RAM is the most
actively used memory in a computer and is
much faster than SSDs or hard drives.
In short, RAM plays a crucial role in
determining a computer’s speed and
performance. More RAM allows for better
multitasking, faster application loading, and
overall smoother operation. It is also easy to
install and generally more affordable than
other storage devices.
Fig:
SATA Cable (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
SATA Cable (Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment) :
A SATA cable is a data cable that is used to connect
storage devices, such as hard drives (HDDs), solid-state
drives (SSDs), and optical drives (CD/DVD/Blu-ray
drives), to the motherboard. SATA cables are thinner
and more flexible than their older PATA (Parallel ATA)
counterparts. It is only used to transmit data between
the drive and motherboard.
It provides a high-speed connection. The speeds can
range from 1.5 Gb/s in SATA I to 6 Gb/s in SATA III.
Fig: Heat Sink
Fig: CPU Cooler
Heat Sink :
A heat sink is a component designed to absorb and
disperse heat from electronic devices, preventing
them from overheating. It is usually made from
materials like aluminum or copper, which have high
thermal conductivity to improve heat dissipation. By
efficiently transferring heat away, a heat sink helps
keep electronic components at a safe temperature,
ensuring stable performance and longevity.
CPU Cooler :
A CPU cooler is a crucial component in a computer
system designed to maintain the CPU at an optimal
temperature by dissipating the heat it generates
during operation. It consists of Air Coolers and Liquid
Coolers. Air Coolers consist heatsinks and one or more
fans where heatsinks absorbs heat from the CPU and
fan blow the hot air away. And Liquid Coolers use
liquid to transfer the heat away from the CPU and they
are complex to install and have a high cost than the Air
coolers. Basically, it is required to remove the excess
heat produced by computer components within
permissible operating temperature limits.
Fig: Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
Hard Disk Drive :
A hard disk consists of flat, circular platters made of
aluminum and coated with a magnetic material, where
data is stored by changing the magnetic orientation on
these platters. It is a type of storage device used in
computers to read and write data using magnetic disks.
Hard disks offer higher storage capacities, typically
ranging from 250GB to 1TB or more, and are
classified as non-volatile memory, meaning they retain
data even when the power is off. However, since HDDs
have moving parts, they are more susceptible to
physical damage from shocks or drops compared to
SSDs. Despite this, HDDs are generally more
affordable per gigabyte, making them a cost-effective
choice for users who require large storage but do not
need the fastest data access speeds.
Fig: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
Fig: CPU Chips :
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) :
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is a
standard used to connect various hardware components,
such as expansion cards, to a computer’s motherboard.
It enables devices like graphics cards, network cards,
sound cards, and storage controllers to communicate
with the computer's central processing unit (CPU).
Modern systems primarily use PCIe (PCI Express)
slots, which offer higher bandwidth and faster data
transfer speeds. PCIe is commonly used for GPUs,
NVMe SSDs, and high-speed network cards,
providing better performance compared to older PCI
standards.
CPU Chip :
CPU chip is the "brain" of a computer, responsible for
executing instructions and processing data. A CPU chip
contains multiple cores, each of which can handle
different tasks simultaneously, enhancing the overall
performance of the [Link] have small amounts
of very fast memory, called cache (L1, L2, and
sometimes L3), built directly into the chip that is used
to store frequently accessed data and instructions,
helping the CPU process tasks more efficiently.
Fig: Power Supply
Power Supply :
A Power Supply Unit (PSU) is an essential component of a
computer, responsible for converting electrical power from a
wall outlet into the appropriate voltage required by the
system's components. It supplies power to the motherboard,
CPU, GPU, storage drives, and other peripherals, ensuring
stable and efficient operation.
1. PS/2 Ports
Older ports traditionally used for connecting keyboards
and mice. While largely phased out in favor of USB,
some motherboards still include PS/2 ports for legacy
hardware support.
2. DisplayPort
Similar to HDMI, used for connecting monitors and
displays. DisplayPort can carry video and audio signals
and is often used in professional environments due to
its ability to support higher resolutions and refresh
rates, especially with DisplayPort 1.4 and DisplayPort
2.0.
3. VGA (Video Graphics Array)
An older video output standard used to connect
displays. While still found on legacy systems, VGA is
being replaced by HDMI, DisplayPort, and DVI due to its
lower resolution and analog signal transmission.
4. Audio Jacks (3.5mm)
Used for connecting audio devices like headphones,
microphones, or speakers. Most motherboards have
color-coded 3.5mm jacks for headphones,
microphones, and line-in/line-out connections.
5. Ethernet Port (RJ45)
Used for wired networking. The Ethernet port allows
the computer to connect to local area networks (LANs)
or the internet via a physical network cable. It’s a
standard for stable, high-speed internet access
6. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia
Interface)
Used for transmitting high-definition video and audio
from the computer to external displays, such as
monitors, TVs, or projectors. Modern GPUs and some
CPUs have integrated HDMI outputs for video output.
7. SATA (Serial ATA) Ports
These are used for connecting internal storage devices
like hard drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs) to
the motherboard. SATA III is the most common
interface, offering data transfer speeds of up to 6Gbps.
Conclusion :
This workshop has given us a clearer and deeper
understanding of the System Case and Desktop.
We had the opportunity to learn in a friendly
environment with our tutor and gained valuable
hands-on experience in assembling and
disassembling a System Case.
