S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.

Part A

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 1

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 1. Write a C program to Display “Hello, World!” & to Add Two Numbers, Explaining
the Structure of a C Program */

#include <stdio.h>
#include<onio.h>

void main()
{
int num1, num2, sum;
clrscr();
printf("Hello, World!\n");
num1 = 5;
num2 = 10;
sum = num1 + num2;
printf("The sum of %d and %d is: %d\n", num1, num2, sum);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Hello World
The sum of 5 and 10 is: 15

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 2

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 2. Write a C program to Demonstrate the Use of Keywords, Identifiers, Constants,
Variables, Declare and Initialize Different Datatypes, and Define Symbolic Constants
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define PI 3.14159
void main()
{

int radius = 5;
float circumference;
char grade = 'A';
double area;
clrscr();
circumference = 2 * PI * radius;
area = PI * radius * radius;
printf("Radius of the circle: %d\n", radius);
printf("Circumference of the circle: %.2f\n", circumference);
printf("Area of the circle: %.2f\n", area);
printf("Grade: %c\n", grade);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Radius of the circle: 5

Circumference of the circle: 31.42
Area of the circle: 78.54
Grade: A

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 3

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 3. Write a C Program to Read and Display an Integer, a Float, and a Character Using
printf and scanf, and to Demonstrate the Use of Different Control Strings and Escape
Sequences */

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int iVar;
float flVar;
char cVar;
char sVar[50]; // Array of characters (string)
clrscr();
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &iVar);

printf("Enter a float: ");

scanf("%f", &fVar);

printf("Enter a character: ");

scanf(" %c", &cVar);

printf("Enter a string (without spaces): ");

scanf("%s", sVar);

printf("\nYou entered the integer: %d\n", iVar); // %d for integers

printf("You entered the float: %.2f\n", fVar); // %.2f for two decimal places in float
printf("You entered the character: %c\n", cVar); // %c for characters
printf("You entered the string: %s\n", sVar); // %s for strings

// Escape sequences demonstration

printf("\n--- Escape Sequences ---\n");

printf("New line: This is one line,\n and this is the next line.\n");

// Tab (\t)
printf("Tab space: Here is\ta tab space.\n");

// Backslash (\\)
printf("Backslash: Displaying a backslash: \\\n");

// Double quotes (\")

printf("Double quotes: Displaying \"double quotes\" inside a string.\n");

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 4

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// Backspace (\b)
printf("Backspace: Text\b\b\bThis removes the last few characters.\n");

// Carriage return (\r)

printf("Carriage return: This will overwrite text.\rOVERWRITE\n");

// Alert (Bell) (\a)

printf("Alert/Bell: You will hear a sound\a (if the terminal supports it).\n");
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
}

OUTPUT:

Enter an integer: 42
Enter a float: 3.14
Enter a character: A
Enter a string (without spaces): Hello

You entered the integer: 42

You entered the float: 3.14
You entered the character: A
You entered the string: Hello

--- Escape Sequences ---

New line: This is one line,
and this is the next line.
Tab space: Here is a tab space.
Backslash: Displaying a backslash: \
Double quotes: Displaying "double quotes" inside a string.
Backspace: Text This removes the last few characters.
Carriage return: This will overwrite text.
OVERWRITE
Alert/Bell: You will hear a sound (if the terminal supports it).

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 5

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 4. Write a C Program to Read and Display a Single Character Using getchar and
putchar, and Read and Display a String Using gets and puts */

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
char str[100];
clrscr();

printf("Enter a single character: ");

ch = getchar();
printf("You entered: ");
putchar(ch);
printf("\n");

// Clearing the input buffer after getchar

getchar(); // This is necessary to consume the newline left by getchar()

printf("Enter a string: ");

gets(str);

printf("You entered: ");

puts(str);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter a single character: A

You entered: A
Enter a string: SGT Degree College, Ballari.
You entered: SGT Degree College, Ballari.

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 6

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/*5. Write a C program to perform basic arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /, %) and
demonstrate the use of assignment, increment, and decrement operators. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b;
clrscr();
printf("Enter two integers (a and b): ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

// Basic arithmetic operations

printf("\n--- Arithmetic Operations ---\n");
printf("Sum (a + b) = %d\n", a + b);
printf("Difference (a - b) = %d\n", a - b);
printf("Product (a * b) = %d\n", a * b);
printf("Quotient (a / b) = %d\n", a / b);
printf("Remainder (a %% b) = %d\n", a % b); // Note: %% prints %
// Assignment, increment, and decrement operators
printf("\n--- Increment and Decrement Operations ---\n");
a++;
printf("a after increment (a++): %d\n", a);
b--;
printf("b after decrement (b--): %d\n", b);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter two integers (a and b): 10 3

--- Arithmetic Operations ---

Sum (a + b) = 13
Difference (a - b) = 7
Product (a * b) = 30
Quotient (a / b) = 3
Remainder (a % b) = 1

--- Increment and Decrement Operations ---

a after increment (a++): 11
b after decrement (b--): 2

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 7

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 6. Write a C program to demonstrate the use of relational and logical operators.

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b;
clrscr();
printf("Enter two integers (a and b): ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

// Relational Operators
printf("\n--- Relational Operators ---\n");
printf("Is a equal to b? (a == b): %d\n", a == b);
printf("Is a not equal to b? (a != b): %d\n", a != b);
printf("Is a greater than b? (a > b): %d\n", a > b);
printf("Is a less than b? (a < b): %d\n", a < b);
printf("Is a greater than or equal to b? (a >= b): %d\n", a >= b); to
printf("Is a less than or equal to b? (a <= b): %d\n", a <= b);

// Logical Operators
int x = 1, y = 0; // Example values for logical operations
printf("\n--- Logical Operators ---\n");
printf("Logical AND (x && y): %d\n", x && y);
printf("Logical OR (x || y): %d\n", x || y);
printf("Logical NOT (!x): %d\n", !x);
printf("Logical NOT (!y): %d\n", !y);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter two integers (a and b): 5 3

--- Relational Operators ---

Is a equal to b? (a == b): 0
Is a not equal to b? (a != b): 1
Is a greater than b? (a > b): 1
Is a less than b? (a < b): 0
Is a greater than or equal to b? (a >= b): 1
Is a less than or equal to b? (a <= b): 0

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 8

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
--- Logical Operators ---
Logical AND (x && y): 0
Logical OR (x || y): 1
Logical NOT (!x): 0
Logical NOT (!y): 1

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 9

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 7. Write a C program to demonstrate the use of bitwise and conditional (ternary)
operators. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b,max;
clrscr();
printf("Enter two integers (a and b): ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

printf("\n--- Bitwise Operators ---\n");

printf("Bitwise AND (a & b): %d\n", a & b); // AND
printf("Bitwise OR (a | b): %d\n", a | b); // OR
printf("Bitwise XOR (a ^ b): %d\n", a ^ b); // XOR
printf("Bitwise NOT (~a): %d\n", ~a); // NOT (1's complement of a)
printf("Left Shift (a << 1): %d\n", a << 1); // Left shift by 1 bit
printf("Right Shift (a >> 1): %d\n", a >> 1); // Right shift by 1 bit

printf("\n--- Conditional (Ternary) Operator ---\n");

max = (a > b) ? a : b; // Conditional operator to find the maximum value
printf("The greater number between a and b is: %d\n", max);
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
}

OUTPUT:

Enter two integers (a and b): 6 3

--- Bitwise Operators ---

Bitwise AND (a & b): 2
Bitwise OR (a | b): 7
Bitwise XOR (a ^ b): 5
Bitwise NOT (~a): -7
Left Shift (a << 1): 12
Right Shift (a >> 1): 3

--- Conditional (Ternary) Operator ---

The greater number between a and b is: 6

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 10

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 8. Write a C program to find the largest of three numbers using if-else statements.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{

int a, b, c;
clrscr();
printf("Enter three integers (a, b, c): ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

if (a >= b && a >= c)

{
printf("The largest number is: %d\n", a);
}
else if (b >= a && b >= c)
{
printf("The largest number is: %d\n", b);
}
else
{
printf("The largest number is: %d\n", c);
}
getch();

OUTPUT:

Enter three integers (a, b, c): 5 9 3

The largest number is: 9

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 11

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 9. Write a C program to classify a student's grade based on marks using nested if-else
and else-if ladder. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int marks;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the marks obtained (0-100): ");
scanf("%d", &marks);

if (marks < 0 || marks > 100)

{
printf("Invalid marks! Please enter marks between 0 and 100.\n");
}
else if (marks >= 75)
{
printf("Grade: Distinction\n");
}
else if (marks >= 60)
{
printf("Grade: First Class\n");
}
else if (marks >= 50)
{
printf("Grade: Second Class\n");
}
else if (marks >= 32)
{
printf("Grade: Pass\n");
}
else
{
printf("Grade: Fail\n");
}
getch();
}

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 12

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
OUTPUT:

Run1
Enter the marks obtained (0-100): 82
Grade: Distinction

Run2
Enter the marks obtained (0-100): 62
Grade: First Class

Run3
Enter the marks obtained (0-100): 55
Grade: Second Class

Run4
Enter the marks obtained (0-100): 40
Grade: Pass

Run5
Enter the marks obtained (0-100): 30
Grade: Fail

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 13

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 10. Write a C program to print the day of the week using switch-case statements.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int day;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number (1-7) to represent the day of the week: ");
scanf("%d", &day);

switch (day)
{
case 1: printf("Sunday\n");
break;
case 2: printf("Monday\n");
break;
case 3: printf("Tuesday\n");
break;
case 4: printf("Wednesday\n");
break;
case 5: printf("Thursday\n");
break;
case 6: printf("Friday\n");
break;
case 7: printf("Saturday\n");
break;
default:
printf("Invalid input! Please enter a number between 1 and 7.\n");
break;
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
Run1
Enter a number (1-7) to represent the day of the week: 3
Tuesday
Run2
Enter a number (1-7) to represent the day of the week: 6
Friday
Run3
Enter a number (1-7) to represent the day of the week: 9
Invalid input! Please enter a number between 1 and 7

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 14

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.

Part B

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 15

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 1. Write a C program to print the first 10 natural numbers using a while loop.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i = 1;
clrscr();
printf("The first 10 natural numbers are:\n");
while (i <= 10)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

The first 10 natural numbers are:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 16

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 2. Write a C program to print the factorial of a number using a do- while loop.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num, i = 1;
unsigned long factorial = 1;
clrscr();

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

if (num < 0)
{
printf("Factorial of a negative number doesn't exist.\n");
}
else
{
do
{
factorial *= i;
i++;
} while (i <= num);

printf("Factorial of %d = %lu\n", num, factorial);

}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Run1
Enter a positive integer: 5
Factorial of 5 = 120

Run2
Enter a positive integer: 7
Factorial of 7 = 5040

Run3
Enter a positive integer: -5
Factorial of a negative number doesn't exist.

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 17

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 3. Write a C program to generate the Fibonacci series using a for loop.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, first = 0, second = 1, next;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of terms in the Fibonacci series: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n <= 0)
{
printf("Please enter a positive number\n");
}
else
{
printf("Fibonacci series: %d %d ", first, second);

for (i = 3; i <= n; i++)

{
next = first + second;
printf("%d ", next);
first = second;
second = next;
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Run1
Enter the number of terms in the Fibonacci series: 5
Fibonacci series: 0 1 1 2 3

Run2
Enter the number of terms in the Fibonacci series: 8
Fibonacci series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13

Run3
Enter the number of terms in the Fibonacci series: -7
Please enter a positive number.

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 18

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 4. Write a C program to print a multiplication table using nested loops.

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j;
clrscr();
printf(“Multipliction table from 1 to 5\n”);
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= 10; j++)
{
printf("%d x %d = %d\t", i, j, i * j);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT :

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 19

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 5. Write a C program to read and display elements of a one-dimensional array.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i;
int array[100]; // Declare an array of size 100
clrscr();

printf("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

// Read elements of the array

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf("Element %d: ", i + 1);
scanf("%d", &array[i]);
}

printf("The elements of the array are:\n");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf("%d ", array[i]);
}
printf("\n");
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the number of elements in the array: 5

Enter 5 elements:
Element 1: 10
Element 2: 20
Element 3: 30
Element 4: 40
Element 5: 50
The elements of the array are:
10 20 30 40 50

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 20

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 6. Write a C program to read and display elements of a two-dimensional array.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, rows, cols;
int array[10][10];// Declare a two-dimensional array
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of rows: ");
scanf("%d", &rows);
printf("Enter the number of columns: ");
scanf("%d", &cols);

// Read elements of the array

printf("Enter the elements of the array:\n");
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++)
{
printf("Element [%d][%d]: ", i + 1, j + 1);
scanf("%d", &array[i][j]);
}
}
// Display elements of the array
printf("The elements of the array are:\n");
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++)
{
printf("%d\t", array[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 21

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
OUTPUT :

Enter the number of rows: 3

Enter the number of columns: 4
Enter the elements of the array:
Element [1][1]: 1
Element [1][2]: 2
Element [1][3]: 3
Element [1][4]: 4
Element [2][1]: 5
Element [2][2]: 6
Element [2][3]: 7
Element [2][4]: 8
Element [3][1]: 9
Element [3][2]: 10
Element [3][3]: 11
Element [3][4]: 12

The elements of the array are:

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 22

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 7. Write a C program to find the sum and average of elements in an array.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, array[100];
float sum = 0.0, average;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf("Element %d: ", i + 1);
scanf("%d", &array[i]);
sum = sum + array[i]; // Calculate sum
}
average = sum / n;
printf("Sum of the elements: %.2f\n", sum);
printf("Average of the elements: %.2f\n", average);
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
return 0;
}

OUTPUT :

Enter the number of elements in the array: 5

Enter 5 elements:
Element 1: 10
Element 2: 20
Element 3: 30
Element 4: 40
Element 5: 50
Sum of the elements: 150.00
Average of the elements: 30.00

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 23

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 8. Write a C program to demonstrate the use of string handling functions (strlen,
strcmp, strcpy, strcat). */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
clrscr();

printf("Enter the first string: ");

scanf("%s", str1); // Reads the first string (without spaces)
printf("Enter the second string: ");
scanf("%s", str2); // Reads the second string (without spaces)

// 1. Length of str1
printf("Length of first string: %u\n", strlen(str1));

// 2. Compare strings
if (strcmp(str1, str2) == 0)
{
printf("Strings are equal.\n");
}
else
{
printf("Strings are different.\n");
}
// 3. Concatenate str1 and str2
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("After concatenation, first string: %s\n", str1);

// 4. Copy str1 to str2

strcpy(str2, str1);// string 1 will overwrite on string2
printf("After copying, first string: %s\n", str2);
getch();
}
OUTPUT :
Enter the first string: Good
Enter the second string: Morning
Length of first string: 4
Strings are different.
After concatenation, first string: Good Morning
After copying, first string: Morning

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 24

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 9. Write a C program to find the square of a number using a user-defined function.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

// User-defined function to calculate square

int square(int num)
{
return num * num;
}

void main()
{
int number, result;
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output

// Input a number from the user

printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &number);

// Call the square function

result = square(number);

// Output the result

printf("The square of %d is %d\n", number, result);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter a number: 5
The square of 5 is 25

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 25

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 10. Write a C program to calculate the sum of two numbers using a function with
parameters and return type. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

// Function to calculate the sum of two numbers

int sum(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}

void main()
{
int num1, num2, result;
clrscr();

// Input two numbers from the user

printf("Enter the first and second number: ");
scanf("%d%d", &num1, &num2);

// Call the sum function and store the result

result = sum(num1, num2);

// Output the result

printf("The sum of %d and %d is %d\n", num1, num2, result);
getch();

OUTPUT:

Enter the first number: 10

Enter the second number: 20
The sum of 10 and 20 is 30

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 26

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 11. Write a C program to display a message using a function without parameters and
return type. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

// Function without parameters and return type

void displayMessage()
{
printf("Hello, welcome to C programming!\n");
}

void main()
{
clrscr();
displayMessage();
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Hello, welcome to C programming!

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 27

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 12. Write a C program to declare and initialize pointers and access the value and
address of variables using pointers. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int num = 10; // Declare and initialize an integer variable
int *ptr; // Declare a pointer to an integer
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output

ptr = &num; // Initialize the pointer with the address of num

// Access and display the value and address using the variable
printf("Value of num: %d\n", num);
printf("Address of num: %u\n", &num);

// Access and display the value and address using the pointer
printf("Value using pointer: %d\n", *ptr); // Dereferencing pointer
printf("Address using pointer: %u\n", ptr); // Pointer stores the address
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
}

OUTPUT:

Value of num: 10
Address of num: 65524 // Address may vary
Value using pointer: 10
Address using pointer: 65524 // Address matches with &num

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 28

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// 13. Write a program to demonstrate the relationship between pointers and arrays.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Declare and initialize an array
int *ptr = arr, i; // Pointer pointing to the first element of the array
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output
// Access array elements using the pointer
printf("Accessing array elements using pointer arithmetic:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("Element at index %d: %d\n", i, *(ptr + i)); // Pointer arithmetic
}
// Access the same elements using array indexing
printf("\nAccessing array elements using array indexing:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("Element at index %d: %d\n", i, arr[i]);
}
// Display addresses of array elements
printf("\nAddresses of array elements:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("Address of arr[%d]: %p\n", i, (ptr + i)); // Address of each element
}
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt

}
OUTPUT :
Accessing array elements using pointer arithmetic:
Element at index 0: 10
Element at index 1: 20
Element at index 2: 30
Element at index 3: 40
Element at index 4: 50

Accessing array elements using array indexing:

Element at index 0: 10
Element at index 1: 20
Element at index 2: 30
Element at index 3: 40
Element at index 4: 50

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 29

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
Addresses of array elements:
Address of arr[0]: 65516 // Address may vary
Address of arr[1]: 65518
Address of arr[2]: 65520
Address of arr[3]: 65522
Address of arr[4]: 65524

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 30

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 14. Write a program to perform pointer arithmetic (increment, decrement, addition,
subtraction). */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int *ptr = arr; // Pointer to the first element of the array
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output

// Initial pointer value

printf("Value at ptr: %d\n", *ptr);

// Pointer increment
ptr++;
printf("After increment: %d\n", *ptr);

// Pointer decrement
ptr--;
printf("After decrement: %d\n", *ptr);

// Pointer addition
ptr = ptr + 2;
printf("After adding 2: %d\n", *ptr);

// Pointer subtraction
ptr = ptr - 1;
printf("After subtracting 1: %d\n", *ptr);
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
}

OUTPUT:

Value at ptr: 10
After increment: 20
After decrement: 10
After adding 2: 30
After subtracting 1: 20

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 31

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 15. Write a C program to define a structure for a student (roll number, name, marks)
and demonstrate initialization and access of structure members. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

// Define a structure for a student

struct Student
{
int rollNumber;
char name[50];
float marks;
};

void main()
{
// Declare and initialize a student structure
struct Student student1 = {1001, "Raja", 85.5};
clrscr();

// Access and display structure members

printf("Student Details:\n");
printf("Roll Number: %d\n", student1.rollNumber);
printf("Name: %s\n", student1.name);
printf("Marks: %.2f\n", student1.marks);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Student Details:
Roll Number: 1001
Name: Raja
Marks: 85.50

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 32

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 16. Write a C program to create an array of structures for students and display their
details. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

// Define a structure for a student

struct Student
{
int rollNumber;
char name[50];
float marks;
};
void dummy(float *a)
{
float b=*a; //perform some floating access
dummy(&b); // calling a floating point function
}
void main()
{
struct Student s[5]; // Declare an array of 5 students
int i;
clrscr();

for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{
printf("Enter details for student %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Roll Number: ");
scanf("%d", &s[i].rollNumber);
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", s[i].name);
printf("Marks: ");
scanf("%f", &s[i].marks);
}
// Display student details
printf("\nStudent Details:\n");
printf("\nRollno\tname\tMarks\n");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
printf("%d\t%s\t%.2f\n", s[i].rollNumber,s[i].name,s[i].marks);
}
getch();
}

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 33

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
OUTPUT:

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 34

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 17. Write a C program to demonstrate embedded structures (structure within a
structure). */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct Address
{
char city[30];
char state[30];
};

// Define a structure for Student that includes Address

struct Student
{
int rollNumber;
char name[50];
struct Address addr; // Embedded structure
};

void main()
{
struct Student student; // Declare a student structure
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output
// Input student details
printf("Enter Roll Number: ");
scanf("%d", &student.rollNumber);
printf("Enter Name: ");
scanf("%s", student.name); // Read name
// Input address details
printf("Enter City: ");
scanf("%s", student.addr.city); // Read city
printf("Enter State: ");
scanf("%s", student.addr.state); // Read state
// Display student details
printf("\nStudent Details:\n");
printf("Roll Number: %d\n", student.rollNumber);
printf("Name: %s\n", student.name);
printf("Address: %s, %s\n", student.addr.city, student.addr.state);
getch();
}

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 35

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
OUTPUT:

Enter Roll Number: 101

Enter Name: Ajay
Enter City: Ballari
Enter State: Karnataka

Student Details:
Roll Number: 101
Name: Ajay
Address: Ballari, Karnataka

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 36

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 18. Write a C program to define a union for different data types (int, float, char) and
demonstrate initialization and access of union members. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

// Define a union for different data types

union Data
{
int intValue;
float floatValue;
char charValue;
};

int main()
{
union Data data; // Declare a union variable
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output

// Assign and display int value

data.intValue = 10;
printf("Int Value: %d\n", data.intValue);

// Assign and display float value

data.floatValue = 15.5;
printf("Float Value: %.2f\n", data.floatValue);

// Assign and display char value

data.charValue = 'A';
printf("Char Value: %c\n", data.charValue);

// Show that only the last assigned member is valid

printf("\nAfter assigning char value:\n");
printf("Int Value: %d\n", data.intValue); // Undefined behavior
printf("Float Value: %.2f\n", data.floatValue); // Undefined behavior
printf("Char Value: %c\n", data.charValue);
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
return 0;
}

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 37

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
OUTPUT:

Int Value: 10
Float Value: 15.50
Char Value: A

After assigning char value:

Int Value: 1667457870
Float Value: 0.00
Char Value: A

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 38

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 19. Write a C program to show the memory usage difference between structures and
unions. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
// Define a structure
struct Student
{
int rollNumber;
float marks;
char grade;
};

// Define a union
union StudentUnion
{
int rollNumber;
float marks;
char grade;
};

int main()
{
// Create instances of structure and union
struct Student student;
union StudentUnion studentUnion;
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output

// Display the size of structure and union

printf("Size of Structure: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(student));
printf("Size of Union: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(studentUnion));
getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Size of Structure: 12 bytes

Size of Union: 4 bytes

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 39

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
/* 20. Write a C Program to Create, Open, Read, Write, and Close a File, and Handle
Errors During File Operations. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *file;
char filename[] = "example.txt"; // Name of the file
char writeData[] = "Hello, this is a test file.\n"; // Data to write into the file
char readData[100]; // Buffer to store the data read from the file
clrscr(); //to clear the previous output

// Part 1: Creating/Opening the file for writing

file = fopen(filename, "w");
if (file == NULL)
{
perror("Error opening file for writing");
return 1;
}

// Writing data to the file

if (fputs(writeData, file) == EOF)
{
perror("Error writing to file");
fclose(file);
return 1;
}
fclose(file); // Close the file after writing

// Part 2: Opening the file for reading

file = fopen(filename, "r");
if (file == NULL)
{
perror("Error opening file for reading");
return 1;
}

// Reading and displaying the content of the file

printf("Data read from the file:\n");
while (fgets(readData, sizeof(readData), file) != NULL)
{
printf("%s", readData);
}

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 40

 S.G.T DEGREE COLLEGE, BALLARI.
// Checking for read error
if (ferror(file))
{
perror("Error reading from file");
}

fclose(file); // Close the file after reading

getch(); //to display the output on command prompt
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Data read from the file:

Hello, this is a test file.

Department of Computer Science, B.C.A 1st Sem ,C programming Lab Page 41