2016/10/26

Satellite System Engineering

Satellite System Engineering

Prof Dr Shufan Wu
Chinese Academy of Science (CAS)
Shanghai Engineering Centre for Microsatellite
Haike Road 99, Shanghai, China
Email: [email protected]

2016.10.24, Thailand 1

Lecture Outline
Satellite System Engineering:
– Concepts and Principles
– Requirements
– Timeline and Modes
– Budgets and Margin
– Options & Trade-offs, " "
Satellite Subsystems
– AOCS
– Power System
– Communication
– OBDH
– Mechanical Configuration, " "

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Satellite System Engineering

Satellite System Engineering

-- Concepts & Principles

Prof Dr Shufan Wu
Chinese Academy of Science (CAS)
Shanghai Engineering Centre for Microsatellite
Haike Road 99, Shanghai, China
Email: [email protected]

2016.10.24, Thailand 3

System & Mission

• System
<< A set of functional elements organized to satisfy
user needs >> (IEEE P1220)
• Mission
<< Specific task, duty or function defined to be
accomplished by a system >> (EN 13701:2001)

• Requirement
<< Need or expectation that is stated, generally
implied or obligatory >> [ISO 9000:2000]
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System Engineering
• Formal definition
<< The interdisciplinary approach governing the total
technical effort required to transform a requirement
into a system solution >> (ECSS E-ST-10C)
• Practical definition
The “technical management” of a product design and
development

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Space Mission - System Engineering areas

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Role Model
Character Role Requirements
User The ultimate receiver of the Specifies objectives,
mission or service output user needs and
requirements of the
mission or service
Procure and provide the output
“Customer”/ of mission or service either Specifies mission or
Sponsor directly to the User or to an service requirements
intermediate Service Provider

System Develops and builds for the Prepares system

Developer Customer the system that and lower-level
performs the mission or technical
provides the service specifications

Operator Prepares
Operates the system on
operational
behalf of the user or the
specifications
customer
2016.10.24, Thailand

Role Model - examples

System User Customer/ System Operator
Sponsor Developer
Home Construction Parents/
Kids Parents
swimming pool company House staff
Railway System Passenger Railway Train and Railway
Company railway builders company
Interplanetary Scientists ESA Industrial ESA
Probe Contractor(s)

ATV ISS
ESA EADS CNES
Astronauts

For simple systems often user=customer

For complex system the user may not have sufficient expertise/gain to procure the
system
For very complex system there are even other layer(s) between User and Customer
Between the different roles there are normally formal arrangements
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Space Missions
Operational Research
Use Linked to provision of a service (e.g. Linked to the achievement of a
comms, navigation, meteorology, scientific or technological goal
military)
Timeliness Key requirement: Near real time data Best effort
shall be guaranteed
Availability Only short gaps allowed Requirement based on minimum
loss of data
Performance Based on Service Level Agreement Directly derived from the
(SLA) linked sometimes to business achievement of the objectives
cases
Sustainability Continuity required for many years One-shot or incremental
(replacement, maintenance,
obsolescence issues)
Ground Operational Network (complex and as FTP and internet data
Infrastructure critical as the Space Segment) dissemination, science centres
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Space System
Space Segment
Spacecraft/Platform Payload Ground Segment Launcher
(incl. Operations )

The system composed of The set of instruments The set of activities to

one or more elements that that achieve the (science) operate the spacecraft
carries and provides all the objectives of the mission and the payload from
required services to the Earth
payload

The system design shall find the optimal combination of the elements above to achieve the
given mission objectives
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Space System breakdown (ECSS)

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Product TreeEXOMARS SYSTEM

(Baseline Scenario)

Space Segment Soyuz Launcher and Ground Segment

Launch Services

Spacecraft Composite NASA MRO ESA Ground Stations & Mission NASA Ground Stations &
Communication Subnet Operations Commumication Subnet

Carrier Module Descent Module Composite Mission Operations Centre (MOC)

(ESOC)

Rover Operations Centre (ROC)

DM + Mars Terrain Simulator

EDLS Science Data Archiving

and Dissemination
SES (ESAC)

GEP P/L

Rover Module

Rover Vehicle
External
Interfaces Use precise definitions for
Drill & SPDS

Pasteur P/L Instruments

each element !
It defines what the System is made of and where the interfaces with external
systems are.
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Detailed mission/spacecraft breakdown

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System Development Life Cycle

3. Qualification (verification that the
1. Conceptual design system design fulfils the specified 4. Production
and requirements 2. Design
requirements with a margin)
definition

7.Disposal 6. Utilisation/Operation 5. Customer Acceptance

(check that the product is
in agreement with the
qualified design, is free
from workmanship
defects and acceptable
for use)

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Space Mission phases

System
Formulation Requirement
of System Review
Requirements Preliminary
Design
Review
Phase 0: Conceptual design Phases A&B: Detailed design

Critical Design Review

Qualification Review

Flight Acceptance Review

Phase C/D: Procurement, Phase E: Launch and operations

Integration and Testing
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Space Mission phases - 2

Phase Definition Duration Main Events

Phase 0 Identification of 1-2 months Issue of Mission Requirement Document

mission requirements

Phase A Feasibility 1 year Issue of Mission Assessment Report

Phase B Preliminary Design 1 year Freezing of System Requirements

(System Requirement Review)
Key design checkpoint (PDR)

Phase C Detailed Design 6 months-1 year Critical Design Review

Phase D Qualification and 3-7 years Models Testing, Qualification Review,

Production Hardware building and Assembly, Flight
Acceptance Review

Phase E Launch and Many years Launch, Spacecraft Commissioning,

Utilisation Nominal Operations, Contingencies

Phase F Disposal Few days De-orbit

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Disposal – the ESA policy

• All ESA Space Vehicle including Satellites, Launchers
and Inhabited Vehicles shall be disposed of
• At the end of life they shall be out of “Protected regions”
(LEO up to 2000 km and GEO +/-15 deg, +/- 200 km)
• Either moved to non-protected regions or re-entered
into Earth atmosphere for break-up and burning
• Uncontrolled re-entry not allowed if casualty risk > 10-4
(the case of ATV and possibly Envisat)
• If drift to non-protected regions or re-entry do not
happen naturally, additional propellant onboard needs
to be accounted for
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Space Mission: Steps & Iterations

1. Definition of mission objectives, requirements and
constraints

2. Definition of mission options Mission

Phases A
3. System level analysis of mission options and B

4. Definition of mission baseline

5.Detailed design and cost of mission baseline

Iterate Compliance to
NO requirements ?
YES
A large number of iterations is normally
required before freezing the mission
concept
Receive financial go
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Space Mission: Steps & Iterations - 2

Consolidated mission design

Mission
Mission elements Detailed definition of Payload Phases C
testing operations after launch instruments and D
interfaces
consolidation

Iterate NO Design confirmed ? YES

Iterations at this stage shall be Launch

minimised: high cost impact
Mission operations
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System Engineer specific tasks - 1

Early phases of a project (Phase 0 to phase A):
1. Translation of customer requirements in mission/system technical
requirements
2. Definition of mission/system options in compliance with the technical
requirements
3. Interface to mission analysis (ESOC)
4. Options trade and definition of mission baseline
5. Overall design consistency
6. System harmonisation and optimisation (sensitivity analyses)
7. System budgets and design Margins management
8. Preliminary definition of interfaces (launcher, payload)

This course will concentrate on the system engineer’s tasks in the early
design phases

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System Engineer specific tasks - 2

Detailed design phases of a project (Phase A to
phase B/early C):
• Flow-down of requirements to subsystems
• Interface to mission analysis (ESOC)
• Overall design consistency and budgets
• Management of design margins
• System harmonisation and optimisation
• Definition of development process
• Support to operations definition
• Management of interfaces
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System Engineer specific tasks - 3

Development phases of a project (Phase C to phase

E):
• Traceability of requirements
• Support to AIV and Product Assurance in
procurement, assembly and verification
• Overall design consistency and budgets
• Management of design margins
• Support to operations definition
• Management of interfaces

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