2025 IL App (4th) 241245

NOS. 4-24-1245, 4-24-1250

IN THE APPELLATE COURT FILED

October 30, 2025
Carla Bender
OF ILLINOIS
4th District Appellate
Court, IL
FOURTH DISTRICT

WENDY CLARK, ) Appeal from the

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Jo Daviess County
THE CITY OF GALENA, an Illinois Municipal ) No. 22MR3
Corporation; TRUE NORTH QUALITY HOMES, LLC, )
an Illinois Limited Liability Company; and BIEN VIE, ) Honorable
LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability Company, ) John D. Hay,
Defendants-Appellants. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE GRISCHOW delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Lannerd and Vancil concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In 2023, plaintiff, Wendy Clark, filed an amended complaint challenging zoning

decisions made by defendant, the City of Galena (City). The complaint alleged various statutory

and constitutional violations occurred in zoning decisions made by the City with respect to the

rezoning of property and preliminary approval of a planned unit development (PUD) on land

owned by defendants, True North Quality Homes, LLC, and Bien Vie, LLC (collectively,

Developer). The trial court ruled against plaintiff on all but one count, ruling in favor of plaintiff

on count VIII, a claim of a violation of procedural due process. The City and the Developer both

appealed, arguing the court erred in finding a violation of procedural due process. The appeals

were consolidated. We reverse the trial court’s ruling on that issue.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 Plaintiff’s 11-count amended complaint sought declaratory and injunctive relief

regarding a planned development zoning decision made by the City. Plaintiff alleged a number

of statutory and constitutional violations by the City, including violations of substantive due

process, violations of the City’s zoning ordinance, impermissible spot and contract zoning, and,

relevant to this appeal, violations of procedural due process. Count VIII of the amended

complaint alleged the City conducted a series of public hearings wherein plaintiff and others

were not offered or permitted the right to cross-examine witnesses and were thus denied

procedural due process.

¶4 By agreement, the matter proceeded to trial on counts I through X. Count XI of

the amended complaint, which alleged a claim of prospective nuisance against the Developer,

was not included in the agreed bench trial and is not at issue in this appeal. The trial evidence

was presented by agreement and stipulation, consisting of 26 exhibits, along with the exhibits

attached to the amended complaint. There were no witnesses called. The following facts are

derived from those exhibits.

¶5 In January 2022, an application for approval of a preliminary PUD plan was

submitted on behalf of the Developer to the City, detailing plans to develop a resort called The

Parker on approximately 80 acres of property owned by the Developer. The overall objectives of

the project were to rehabilitate the historic Marine Hospital, develop new buildings and rental

cottages, and create a vineyard, winery, gardens, and walking paths. The project involved five

parcels of land. Three parcels were within city limits and zoned as limited agricultural. Two

parcels were located outside of city limits, but upon annexation, they would default to limited

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agricultural. The Developer sought annexation and rezoning from limited agricultural to a PUD,

with an underlying district of planned commercial.

¶6 Pursuant to the Galena Municipal Code, the zoning board of appeals conducted a

public hearing on February 9, 2022, to consider the request for preliminary approval of the PUD

and the attendant rezoning. Everyone who wanted to speak at the public hearing was sworn in by

a city attorney. The chairperson outlined the format of the meeting:

“Just so everyone knows, the applicant will go first in the public hearing. Then the

board can ask questions of him. And then after that those in favor will speak.

Questions will be asked. And then people in opposition will speak. And then the

applicant also has a right to come back and answer any of those questions we may

have, all right? And then after that, we’ll close the public hearing. I just ask that

you state your name for the record and your address.”

¶7 At the public hearing, which lasted almost four hours, the applicant, on behalf of

the Developer, addressed the zoning board first, and he was followed by proponents of the

project. Members of the zoning board asked questions about the details of the project. Those in

opposition to the project were then invited to speak. Plaintiff spoke first in opposition to the

project. She argued the project was not in accordance with the City’s land use and

comprehensive plans, and she detailed several concerns with approving the commercial project

next to residential homes. Those concerns included increased traffic, which impacted safety

concerns, including the availability of emergency services; increased light and noise; impacted

water and sewer services; and increased runoff and flooding. Plaintiff was not limited in her time

to speak, and the zoning board did not have any questions for plaintiff. Several other neighbors

and interested parties also spoke in opposition to the project. After the testimony of those

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opposing the application, the Developer spoke again, addressing some of the issues raised in the

comments from the opponents. The Developer clarified that the fire chief, the police chief, and

emergency medical services had been consulted regarding the project. Also, addressing concerns

about the utilities necessary for the project, the Developer noted the facilities plan for water and

sewer had been updated since the comprehensive plan was last updated in 2003. The opposition

was invited to respond in rebuttal, and plaintiff was the only speaker.

¶8 The zoning board then closed the public hearing and considered each element of

the approval criteria for a zoning code amendment and rezoning contained in section 154.920(C)

of the City’s Code of Ordinances (Galena Municipal Code § 154.920(C) (adopted Apr. 11,

2005)). The final vote of the zoning board on whether to send a positive recommendation to the

city council to approve the proposed preliminary PUD plan, annexation, and related rezoning

was 3 to 2 in favor of recommending the application and rezoning. As four votes in favor were

required to send a positive recommendation to the city council, the zoning board did not send

any recommendation to the city council.

¶9 The matter then proceeded to the city council for final action on February 28,

2022. Several citizens, including plaintiff, spoke in opposition to the application. Each member

of the city council confirmed they had reviewed the application and the record from the zoning

board public hearing. Since a petition protesting the rezoning had been filed, a vote of two-thirds

of the city council was required to adopt a motion to approve the preliminary PUD plan and

rezoning application (id. § 154.920(D)(2)). Each council member addressed each element of the

approval criteria for zoning amendments and rezoning (id. § 154.920(C)). Then, each council

member addressed the community benefit elements required to approve a preliminary PUD plan

(id. § 154.923(a)). Ultimately, the city council voted to approve the request for preliminary

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approval and rezoning to a PUD. Thereafter, annexation and rezoning ordinances were enacted.

City of Galena Ordinance Nos. O.22.11 (approved May 23, 2022) (annexing property into the

City), and O.22.12 (approved May 23, 2022) (amending the zoning map from limited agriculture

to PUD).

¶ 10 Several months later, the Developer sought to amend the preliminary PUD plan to

include the annexation of additional property and related changes. The same procedures were

followed before the zoning board. The hearing on November 9, 2022, began with statements by

the Developer and others in support of the amendment, and members of the zoning board asked

questions of the proponents. Then opponents of the amendment were allowed to speak, and

plaintiff was the first speaker. Members of the zoning board asked questions of the speakers, and

the speakers were allowed to answer. Plaintiff participated in responding to one of the questions.

The Developer then gave a rebuttal to the opposition testimony and was also questioned by

members of the zoning board. Plaintiff spoke again in rebuttal. After considering each of the

approval criteria for zoning amendments and rezoning, the zoning board voted to recommend

approval of the amendment to the city council.

¶ 11 At the city council’s public hearing on November 14, 2022, which lasted almost

five hours, several people, including plaintiff and a realtor, spoke in opposition to the

amendment. Plaintiff spoke again in rebuttal. The city council voted to approve the amendment

to the preliminary PUD plan and annex the additional property into the PUD plan. City of Galena

Ordinance Nos. O.22.24 (approved Nov. 29, 2022) (authorizing the execution of the first

amendment to the annexation agreement); O.22.27 (approved Nov. 29, 2022) (annexing the

additional property into the City); O.22.28 (approved Nov. 29, 2022) (amending the zoning map

to include the additional property in the PUD).

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¶ 12 Following the stipulated bench trial, the trial court issued a ruling in favor of the

City on counts I through VII, IX, and X. The court determined plaintiff did not prove by clear

and convincing evidence a violation of substantive due process. However, the court ruled in

favor of plaintiff on count VIII, which alleged violations of procedural due process in the

hearings on the PUD application and the PUD amendment. The court ruled that plaintiff was an

interested party whose property rights were at issue, so she must be afforded the due process

rights normally granted to individuals whose property rights are at stake. The court held that

plaintiff proved by clear and convincing evidence that the City violated her constitutional

procedural due process rights when she was not afforded the opportunity to cross-examine

adverse witnesses. On the basis of the procedural due process violation, the court declared void

all of the zoning amendments, enactments, or ordinances that resulted from the zoning board

hearings on February 9 and November 9, 2022.

¶ 13 The Developer and the City filed motions to reconsider the ruling in favor of

plaintiff on count VIII. They also challenged the relief granted by the trial court, arguing that,

even if the judgment in favor of plaintiff stands, voiding annexation decisions and ordinances

was not sought by plaintiff and was not warranted. The motions to reconsider were granted in

part and denied in part. The court rejected the arguments made by the Developer and the City

that People ex rel. Klaeren v. Village of Lisle, 202 Ill. 2d 164 (2002), was no longer good law

and, as the result of the passage of subsequent legislation, a rational basis test only mandated that

plaintiff be afforded notice and an opportunity to be heard to satisfy procedural due process. The

court held that although the subsequent legislation changed the type of review, it did not affect

the constitutional procedural due process rights of the parties and did not nullify the precedent

established in Klaeren that a party with an affected property interest has the right to cross-

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examine adverse witnesses at a public hearing for a special use request. Thus, the court denied

that part of the motions to reconsider. The court granted the motions in part, though, with respect

to the relief granted. It agreed it was error to order the vacation of the City’s annexation

ordinances because that remedy exceeded the relief sought by plaintiff. In addition, criteria for

annexation are separate and distinct from the zoning issues and procedural due process issues

considered by the court. Thus, the court vacated the portion of its prior order declaring the

annexation ordinance and the amendment to the annexation ordinance void.

¶ 14 The trial court made a finding pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a)

(eff. Mar. 8, 2016) that there was no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal. The City and the

Developer both appealed the judgment in favor of plaintiff on count VIII of the amended

complaint.

¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 16 The sole issue raised on appeal before this court concerns the trial court’s

judgment in favor of plaintiff on her claim that, in the process of approving the preliminary PUD

plan and related rezoning ordinances, the City deprived plaintiff of her procedural due process

rights when she was not afforded the right to cross-examine the Developer at the zoning board

meetings.

¶ 17 A. Judicial Review of Zoning Decisions

¶ 18 Generally, municipal bodies act in a legislative capacity when they conduct

zoning hearings and make zoning decisions. Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 182. Judicial review of those

legislative actions is not subject to principles of administrative review, and review is limited to

determining whether the actions are constitutional as a matter of substantive and procedural due

process. Conaghan v. City of Harvard, 2016 IL App (2d) 151034, ¶ 53; see City of Chicago

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Heights v. Living Word Outreach Full Gospel Church & Ministries, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 1, 14 (2001)

(A legislative body’s decision made in a legislative capacity “is reviewed for arbitrariness as a

matter of substantive due process under the six-part test set forth in La Salle National Bank v.

County of Cook, 12 Ill. 2d 40 (1957).”). In this context, compliance with zoning ordinance

criteria is merely a factor to consider in determining whether the decision was arbitrary and

unreasonable. City of Chicago Heights, 196 Ill. 2d at 14.

¶ 19 Traditionally, courts have recognized a distinction between those legislative

actions that involve general facts and are for the purpose of promulgating policy-type decisions

and actions that are administrative or quasi-judicial, which are based on adjudicated disputed

facts and affect a small number of persons. Millineum Maintenance Management, Inc. v. County

of Lake, 384 Ill. App. 3d 638, 641 (2008). When municipalities act in this administrative or

quasi-judicial capacity, their actions are subject to principles of administrative review. Id. at 642.

Under general principles of administrative review, courts review all questions of law and fact

presented by the administrative record before the court. Id. at 641; 735 ILCS 5/3-110 (West

2022). The decision of the municipality “may be reviewed to determine whether the decision was

made in compliance with any criteria listed in the zoning ordinance.” City of Chicago Heights,

196 Ill. 2d at 13-14. A trial court may reverse the administrative decision only where it

determines (1) the agency’s findings of fact were against the manifest weight of the evidence;

(2) based on a de novo review, the agency made a mistake of law; or (3) the agency’s application

of the facts to the law the agency is charged with administering was clearly erroneous. Millineum

Maintenance Management, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 641-42.

¶ 20 Recognizing this dichotomy, in Klaeren, the Illinois Supreme Court concluded

that when municipalities conduct zoning hearings that concern special use permits, they are

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acting in an administrative or quasi-judicial capacity and the resulting decisions are subject to

administrative review. Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 183.

¶ 21 In response to Klaeren, the legislature enacted Public Act 94-1027 (eff. July 14,

2006), which added, inter alia, section 11-13-25 to the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/11-

13-25 (West 2006)). Millineum Maintenance Management, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 644 (discussing

the similar section 5-12012.1 added to the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-12012.1 (West 2006) by

the same public act). Section 11-13-25 of the Municipal Code states:

“(a) Any decision by the corporate authorities of any municipality, home

rule or non-home rule, in regard to any petition or application for a special use,

variance, rezoning, or other amendment to a zoning ordinance shall be subject to

de novo judicial review as a legislative decision, regardless of whether the process

in relation thereto is considered administrative for other purposes. Any action

seeking the judicial review of such a decision shall be commenced not later than

90 days after the date of the decision.

(b) The principles of substantive and procedural due process apply at all

stages of the decision-making and review of all zoning decisions.” 65 ILCS 5/11-

13-25 (West 2022).

¶ 22 The plain language of section 11-13-25 of the Municipal Code, along with the

legislative history of Public Act 94-1027, demonstrates the legislature’s intent was to nullify the

effect of Klaeren with respect to all county or municipal decisions on the types of zoning matters

listed in the statute, so that all those matters would receive judicial review as indicated in the

statute instead of as indicated in Klaeren. See Millineum Maintenance Management, 384 Ill.

App. 3d at 647 (interpreting similar provision of the Counties Code); see also Dunlap v. Village

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of Schaumburg, 394 Ill. App. 3d 629, 642 (2009) (stating an amendment to section 11-13-25(a)

of the Municipal Code was to clarify that when such challenges are properly made, the decisions

are to be reviewed under the standards for legislative rather than administrative action). So, while

between two types of judicial review, administrative or legislative, the supreme court had chosen

administrative review for zoning decisions involving special use permits, the legislature dictated

that certain zoning decisions should instead be given a legislative type of review. Millineum

Maintenance Management, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 652. The intent was to narrow the range of judicial

inquiries into municipal zoning decisions. Conaghan, 2016 IL App (2d) 151034, ¶ 53.

¶ 23 Section 11-13-25 of the Municipal Code directs the court’s review of a

municipality’s decision on a special use, variance, rezoning, or other amendment to a zoning

ordinance, limiting a court’s review to “de novo review as a legislative decision.” 65 ILCS 5/11-

13-25(a) (West 2022). The specified review allows the court to look beyond the administrative

record, but limits review of “the (now) ‘legislative’ zoning decision” for constitutional

violations. Conaghan, 2016 IL App (2d) 151034, ¶ 53. A trial de novo, without giving any

deference to an administrative agency’s decision, would be unconstitutional because it invites the

judiciary to perform executive functions. Millineum Maintenance Management, 384 Ill. App. 3d

at 652-53; see Conaghan, 2016 IL App (2d) 151034, ¶ 53 (“[C]onstitutional constraints on the

zoning power are always appropriate for judicial consideration, but judicial review in other

respects may be limited by the legislature.”).

¶ 24 We agree with this interpretation of the statutory language, and we hold that

section 11-13-25 of the Municipal Code directs the type of judicial review of the listed zoning

decisions but does not shield those decisions from the constitutional requirements of due process.

See 65 ILCS 5/11-13-25(b) (West 2022) (“The principles of substantive and procedural due

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process apply at all stages of the decision-making and review of all zoning decisions.”); see also

Millineum Maintenance Management, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 654-55 (holding section 5-12012.1 of

the Counties Code limits only the mode of direct judicial review over the listed zoning decisions,

not the application of due process to any of those zoning decisions). This comports with

principles of separation of powers, as the legislature lacks the power to “[usurp] the court’s

inherent power to interpret the law even if the court does not have the power to conduct direct

judicial review.” Millineum Maintenance Management, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 649.

¶ 25 Thus, as the proceedings before the City’s zoning board regarding the preliminary

PUD approval and rezoning concerned special use permits, they were essentially administrative

in nature, and plaintiff was entitled to the amount of procedural due process that is required in

proceedings when property rights are at stake. See Passalino v. City of Zion, 237 Ill. 2d 118, 124

(2010) (holding a plaintiff’s entitlement to procedural due process arises when a property interest

is affected); see also Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 182 (holding the amount of procedural due process is

dependent on nature of proceeding). The court below ruled in favor of plaintiff, concluding

plaintiff proved by clear and convincing evidence that the City violated plaintiff’s constitutional

procedural due process rights. As the trial below was a stipulated bench trial and the trial court

merely reviewed documentary evidence, we review that decision de novo. Cleeton v. SIU

Healthcare, Inc., 2023 IL 128651, ¶ 26; see People v. Cardona, 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 15 (holding

that a procedural due process claim presents a legal question that is also subject to de novo

review).

¶ 26 B. Procedural Due Process

¶ 27 “It is a constitutional right that no State may deprive a person of life, liberty, or

property without due process of law.” Balmoral Racing Club, Inc. v. Illinois Racing Board, 151

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Ill. 2d 367, 405 (1992); U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2. The due process

analysis starts with a determination of whether there is a protectable interest in life, liberty, or

property at issue. Balmoral Racing Club, 151 Ill. 2d at 405. “[P]rocedural due process governs

the methods by which the state may deprive an individual of a protected interest.” People ex rel.

Klaeren v. Village of Lisle, 316 Ill. App. 3d 770, 777 (2000), aff’d, 202 Ill. 2d 164 (2002). The

process that is constitutionally required is a flexible concept, dependent on the demands of the

particular situation. Kopf v. Kelly, 2024 IL 127464, ¶ 82. The basic tenets of due process are

adequate notice of the proposed government action and a meaningful opportunity to be heard.

Cardona, 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 15.

¶ 28 In evaluating a procedural due process claim, courts should consider and balance

the familiar factors under Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976): (1) the private interest that

will be affected; (2) the risk that the procedures used will result in an erroneous deprivation of

the private interest and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural

safeguards; and (3) the government’s interest, including any additional burdens that additional or

substitute procedural requirement would entail. Lyon v. Department of Children & Family

Services, 209 Ill. 2d 264, 277 (2004) (citing Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335). A zoning ordinance is

presumed to be valid, and a plaintiff bears the burden of overcoming this presumption by clear

and convincing evidence. La Salle National Bank of Chicago, 12 Ill. 2d at 46 (1957). Within this

context, we must evaluate the validity of the zoning ordinance in this case.

¶ 29 1. First Mathews Factor

¶ 30 With respect to the first factor, there is no dispute that plaintiff has a private

property interest that would be affected by the PUD and rezoning, making her an interested

landowner entitled to due process. See Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 188 (finding abutting landowners

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to a proposed annexation, special use, and rezoning petition were interested parties entitled to

due process). Although plaintiff’s property was not rezoned pursuant to any of the ordinances,

plaintiff’s property directly abuts the PUD, and the evidence supports a finding that her use and

enjoyment of her property will be greatly affected by the PUD.

¶ 31 2. Second Mathews Factor

¶ 32 The second Mathews factor requires an evaluation of the procedures used by the

City, the risk that those procedures resulted in an erroneous deprivation of plaintiff’s private

interest, and the probable value of any additional procedural safeguards the City could have

imposed. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335. In this case, in accordance with city ordinances, the zoning

board held a hearing for the purpose of making a recommendation to the city council on the

application for a preliminary PUD plan. See Galena Municipal Code § 154.902(C)(3) (adopted

April 11, 2005) (defining powers and duties of the zoning board of appeals). The PUD

application requested annexation of additional properties into the city and the rezoning of all the

properties from limited agriculture to a PUD, with an underlying district of planned commercial.

The PUD application requested five exceptions from the planned commercial zoning district, all

specifically allowed as special uses under the city’s zoning ordinance, which were ultimately

incorporated into the rezoned PUD district. The five exceptions were: (1) a 50,000 square foot

building (exceeding the 25,000 square foot maximum); (2) a hotel/motel; (3) outdoor dining

terraces exceeding 15% of interior areas; (4) terrace areas for outdoor entertainment; and (5) an

outdoor pool. The PUD application alleged the development would conform to the goals of the

City’s comprehensive plan and would provide amenities in excess of those required for the

underlying planned commercial district.

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¶ 33 Pursuant to the Galena Municipal Code, the zoning board conducted a public

hearing to consider the request for preliminary approval of the PUD and the attendant rezoning.

At the public hearing, proponents and opponents of the project were allowed to speak and

members of the zoning board asked questions about the details of the project. Plaintiff spoke in

opposition to the project. Her time to speak was not limited, and she raised a number of concerns

about the project, although she did not attempt to ask any specific questions of the Developer.

When the Developer was then allowed to respond, it addressed some of the concerns raised by

the opponents. For example, in response to plaintiff’s concerns about increased traffic and its

impact on emergency services, the Developer noted the fire chief, the police chief, and

emergency medical services had been consulted regarding the plan. In response to plaintiff’s

concern about the impact of construction on water and sewer services, the Developer noted the

facilities plan for water and sewer in the area had been updated and expanded since the

comprehensive plan was last updated in 2003. Plaintiff had the opportunity to speak in rebuttal,

acknowledging the Developer had consulted with emergency services but pointing out the

Developer did not address how to address the impact of the increased traffic. Also, plaintiff

acknowledged water and sewer services could be provided to the property, but those services

would require increased infrastructure to be maintained by the City. At the close of the public

hearing, the members of the zoning board proceeded to consider all the evidence and comments

applicable to each individual element of the approval criteria for a zoning code amendment or a

rezoning. The members of the zoning board were unable to make a positive recommendation of

the project to the city council due to insufficient votes.

¶ 34 The matter was then brought to the city council for final action, without any

recommendation from the zoning board. Plaintiff again had an opportunity to speak in opposition

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to the proposal. The members of the city council confirmed they had each reviewed the record

from the zoning board’s public hearing, and each council member addressed the evidence

applicable to each rezoning element (see Galena Code of Ordinances § 154.920(C) (adopted

April 11, 2005)). Then, each council member addressed the community benefit elements

required to approve a PUD (see id. § 154.923(a)). Ultimately, the city council approved the

request for preliminary approval and rezoning to a PUD. See id. § 154.920(D) (“the City Council

shall take final action” on decisions proposing zoning code amendments and rezoning); id.

§ 154.923(C)(3) (“[T]he City Council shall approve, conditionally approve, or deny all

applications for a preliminary development plan and, at its discretion, the accompanying

PUD/TND rezoning ordinance.”).

¶ 35 The same procedures were followed before the zoning board and the city council

in consideration of the Developer’s proposed amendment to the preliminary PUD plan and

request to annex additional property into the City and the PUD. Plaintiff again had the

opportunity to speak at the zoning board hearing, initially and in rebuttal, and she also spoke in

opposition to the project at the city council meeting. Again, the city council voted to approve the

amendments to the PUD and the City’s zoning map.

¶ 36 Relying on Klaeren, plaintiff argues, and the trial court found, the above

procedure deprived her of procedural due process because she was not offered the opportunity to

cross-examine the proponents of the project during the zoning board’s public hearings. The trial

court found Klaeren was determinative because, although the PUD application was not a per se

special use request, it concerned special use requests. Thus, the failure to allow plaintiff to cross-

examine adverse witnesses was a denial of procedural due process. As concluded above, we

agree the precedent of Klaeren with respect to a plaintiff’s right to due process in zoning matters

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was not overruled by the subsequent legislation. However, we disagree with the trial court’s

rather mechanical application of Klaeren and instead evaluate the actual process received by

plaintiff in light of the risk that the procedures used resulted in an erroneous deprivation of

plaintiff’s private interest and the probable value cross-examination would have provided. See

Kopf, 2024 IL 127464, ¶ 82 (“[N]ot all situations calling for procedural safeguards call for the

same kind of procedure.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

¶ 37 Based on the process afforded in this case, we conclude there was little risk the

procedures used would result in an erroneous deprivation of plaintiff’s private property interest.

Plaintiff had an unlimited opportunity to pose questions regarding, among other things, the

sufficiency of fire and emergency response services, and those concerns were addressed by the

Developer. This court acknowledges there is value in direct questioning of the Developer but

finds there is little probable value of such additional questioning in this case. See Black’s Law

Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) (stating, in the definition of “cross-examination,” that “[t]he purpose

of cross-examination is to discredit a witness before the factfinder in any of several ways, as by

bringing out contradictions and improbabilities in earlier testimony, by suggesting doubts to the

witness, and by trapping the witness into admissions that weaken the testimony”).

¶ 38 In evaluating the procedures used by the City and the risk of an erroneous

deprivation of plaintiff’s private property interest, we also consider plaintiff’s failure to request

the opportunity to cross-examine any witnesses at any of the various hearings important. See

Lapp v. Village of Winnetka, 359 Ill. App. 3d 152, 165 (2005) (finding fairness standard of

procedural due process was met where, inter alia, the record did not indicate the plaintiffs

requested cross-examination on a report addendum or that such a request would have been

futile). As the trial court acknowledged, plaintiff never attempted to ask questions or requested to

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be permitted to cross-examine any witnesses at the public hearings, and the City never denied

such a request. The public hearing instructions from the zoning board’s chairperson in this case

were general instructions and were not of an unequivocal nature. Cf. Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 178-

79 (finding unequivocal, specific directions for the proceeding made an objection futile). We

find plaintiff’s assertion that an objection would have been futile is not supported by the record.

Unlike the process in Klaeren¸ where the parties’ comments were limited to two minutes and the

public was advised “ ‘there [would] be no attempt at [the] hearing to answer any question raised

by the audience [members]’ and that [the board] would not consider any procedural objections

raised by the public,” those restrictions were not present in this case. Id. As noted above, plaintiff

had an unrestricted amount of time to state her objections to the project and suggest doubts

regarding the presentation by the Developer. Notably, plaintiff never indicated what further

information she was prevented from presenting to the zoning board and the City by the

procedures used. See Erickson v. Knox County Wind Farm LLC, 2024 IL App (4th) 230726,

¶ 93 (concluding a hearing officer’s refusal to continue the hearing for plaintiffs to provide

additional witnesses did not deprive plaintiffs of procedural due process when plaintiffs were

given the chance to present witnesses and did not demonstrate how the absence of the additional

testimony denied them due process).

¶ 39 3. Third Mathews Factor

¶ 40 The last Mathews factor is the City’s interest and the impact of any additional

procedural requirements. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335. As noted in its ordinances, the City has

determined that PUDs are advantageous to the City under certain circumstances. Galena

Municipal Code § 154.923(A) (adopted Apr. 11, 2005). A PUD zoning district specifically

“applies to mixed-use and unique single-use projects” and should be used “only when long-term

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community benefits *** will be derived.” Id. § 154.301(A). PUD zoning requires the city council

to consider specific benefits to the city that would support the PUD zoning, such as more

efficient infrastructure, a greater quality and quantity of public and/or private open space, and

innovative designs. Id. When approving the PUD, the city council “shall determine the allowed

uses” and “list uses that are authorized by right or by special use permit.” Id. § 154.301(C)(1),

(2). Thus, the City’s approval of the preliminary PUD application, which included the special use

requests as of right, considered and balanced the special uses against other factors in the

ordinance.

¶ 41 It is the role of the zoning board to hear and recommend to the city council

requests for approval of PUDs and rezoning, but the city council is tasked with making the final

decision. Id. §§ 154.901, 154.902(C). Following the proscribed process, the city council

determined—based on all the evidence presented to the zoning board, the comments made

directly to the city council, and the criteria detailed in the applicable ordinances—that the PUD

would result in long-term community benefits and rezoning was consistent with the code and

zoning map. See id. §§ 154.920(A), 154.923(A). The process was thorough and allowed an

interchange of evidence and opinions regarding the project. The City has an interest in an

efficient process. See Piasa Armory, LLC v. Raoul, 2025 IL 130539, ¶ 25 (finding the state has

an interest in resolving disputes in an efficient and less costly manner). Proactively offering

cross-examination of the Developer, without a request by plaintiff, would impose an additional

burden for little benefit under the specific facts of this case.

¶ 42 4. Balancing the Mathews Factors

¶ 43 After balancing the above Mathews factors, we conclude the City “ ‘met the

fundamental requirements of due process—the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and

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in a meaningful manner.’ ” Piasa Armory, LLC, 2025 IL 130539, ¶ 15 (quoting In re Robert S.,

213 Ill. 2d 30, 49 (2004)). In this case, the record indicates plaintiff had a full “opportunity to

test, explain, or refute” the evidence presented by the proponents. But cf. Balmoral Racing Club,

151 Ill. 2d at 410 (holding there was no hearing for due process purposes when a party did not

know the evidence presented against its interest, so it was not given an opportunity to test,

explain, or refute the evidence). Based on the above analysis, we conclude plaintiff failed to meet

her burden of proving a violation of procedural due process by clear and convincing evidence.

¶ 44 C. Forfeiture

¶ 45 The City also argues plaintiff waived or forfeited her claim that she was entitled

to cross-examine the Developer at the hearings by failing to object. We note the City used the

terms forfeiture and waiver interchangeably in its brief. However, there is a distinction. While

the Klaeren court used the term “waiver” in its analysis of the plaintiff’s failure to object to the

lack of cross-examination at the hearing, when a plaintiff fails to act, it is more accurately termed

a “forfeiture.” See Davis v. Yenchko, 2024 IL 129751, ¶ 14 n.2. As noted in our evaluation of

the process afforded in this case, plaintiff never attempted to ask questions of the Developer and

never requested to cross-examine any witnesses. Assuming, arguendo, a formal procedure was

required that included cross-examination, it follows that a formal objection would have been

required to preserve the error. See Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 178 (“[F]ormal objections go hand in

hand with formal proceedings.”). Plaintiff asserts no objection was required because such an act

would have been futile. But, as we concluded above, plaintiff’s assertion that an objection would

have been futile is not supported by the record. Accordingly, although we determined that

plaintiff’s procedural due process rights were not violated in this case when she was not afforded

the opportunity to cross-examine the Developer, assuming, arguendo, cross-examination was

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required to satisfy procedural due process, we conclude plaintiff forfeited the issue by failing to

object at the hearing.

¶ 46 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 47 For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff

on count VIII and reverse the order declaring void the approval of the preliminary PUD

application, the amendment to the preliminary PUD plan, and the related rezoning ordinances.

The ordinances amending the City’s zoning map (City of Galena Ordinance Nos. O.22.11

(approved May 23, 2022) and City of Galena Ordinance No. O.22.28 (approved Nov. 29, 2022))

are hereby reinstated.

¶ 48 Reversed.

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 Clark v. City of Galena, 2025 IL App (4th) 241245

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jo Daviess County, No. 2022-
MR-0003; the Hon. John D. Hay, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys David Feller Hyde, of Law Office of David Hyde, Ltd., of

for Chicago, for appellants True North Quality Homes, LLC, and
Appellant: Bien Vie, LLC.

No brief filed for other appellant.

Attorneys Erik E. Carlson and Darron M. Burke, of Barrick Switzer Long

for Balsley & Van Evera, LLP, of Rockford, for appellee.
Appellee:

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