Photosynthesis

Living organisms need energy to preform their metabolic functions

Living organisms are independent
Main source of energy is sun
Ultimate energy source

Energy from the sun in forms of light and heat = radiant energy
Cannot use radiant energy directly; need to convert into another form
Process of converting radiant energy to chemical energy
Requirements for photosynthesis
1. Sunlight
2. Water
3. Carbon dioxide
Sunlight- green pigment called chlorophyll absorbs energy
Water- absorbed by roots
Carbon dioxide- absorbed from atmosphere through tiny holes called
stomata

Plants change (convert) sugars to other chemical compounds

• Stores energy as sugar or starch

• Leaves
• Fruit (apples)
• Tubers (potato)
• Specialised roots (carrots)

➢ Starch shows that photosynthesis happened

➢ Iodine: brown to blue/black
Micro-organisms
Micro- means ridiculously small
Organisms refers to living things
Some micro-organisms are not visible to the naked eye, and we are unable
to see them

Microscope and hand lens

Prokaryotic
• Do not have a nucleus
• Do not have cellular bodies
• Genetic material is not encased

Eukaryotic
• Have a nucleus
• Have a cellular body
• Genetic material is enclosed in nucleus

Viruses 🦠
• Non-living
• Need host to replicate
• Outside is a protein capsule
• Inside have RNA or DNA (nucleic acid)
• Symmetrical in shape
• Ridiculously small (10-220nm)
• Distributed by food, contact or vectors
• Can infest bacteria (bacteriophage)
Bacteria
• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Holds DNA but no nucleus
• Some live in colonies
• Surrounded by a cell wall
• Many have a flagellum or cilia
• Found everywhere on earth
• Size: 1- sum or even smaller

Shapes of bacteria
• Bacilli- rod
• Cocci- round
• Spirilla- spiral

Autotrophic
• Photo autotrophic
• Chemo autotrophic

Heterotrophic
• Some species are anaerobic (do not need oxygen to survive)
Scaling
Micrograph = photograph of object/organism viewed under a microscope
Organism is magnified
Conventions of units

• 1cm = 1mm
• 1 mm = 1000um (micrometer)
• 1 um = 1000nm (nano meter)

Structure of an atoms
- 3 major subatomic particles
- Proton = positive p+
- Neutron = neutral n*
- Electron = negative e-
- Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus
- Electrons orbit around the nucleus

• Neutrons and protons make up the mass of the atom

• Atoms are neutral overall

- Atomic number = Number of protons/ electrons

- Mass number = the total mass of atom
- Mass number = Protons + Neutrons

Pure substances and mixtures

Pure substances - only one type of atom or molecule
Element - all atoms are identical

Compounds- all molecules are identical

Properties of pure substances

Phase: solid, liquid and gas at room temperature

Conductivity: conductivity of electricity

Solubility: soluble or insoluble in water
Density: float or sink in water

Melting point: temperature of the melting or freezing

Boiling point: temperature of boiling or condensing

Compounds
- Consists of 2 or more different atoms which are bonded together by
a chemical reaction
- Molecules are the smallest particles of compounds

Chemical Reactions
- Elements react and bind together in specific ratios
- Eg. Hydrogen and oxygen = 2:1
- Chemical formula for a compound must show how many atoms are
in the molecule
Breaking down compounds
- Elements cannot be broken down
- Compounds can be broken down into elements
- Chemical reactions and energy are needed to break down
compounds
- Decomposition reaction

Different energy
- Heat = thermolysis
- Electricity = electrolysis
- Light = photolysis
Electrolyte (a solution which conducts electricity)
Electrical energy to chemical energy

A positive and negative electrode are placed in the electrolyte

Positive – anode
Negative – cathode

Particles of Matter
1. Made of tiny particles
2. Constant movement (Kinetic energy)
3. Space between the particles
4. Forces exist between particles
Tiny Particles
• Microscopic
• Atom or molecules

Constant Movement
• Move faster when heated
• Move slower when cooler

Space
• Space exists between particles
• Space is empty not even air

Force
• Particles are attracted to each other
• Strong attraction = close together
• Weak attraction = farther apart
• Create arrangements

Solids
• Very little energy
• Vibrate in their own position
• Small spaces in between
• Strong forces of attraction
• From a crystal lattice
• Cannot be compressed
Liquid

• Some energy
• Move to a certain degree disorderly manner
• Small spaces in between
• Moderate forces of repletion
• Not arranged in a certain pattern
• Take the shape of their container

Gases
• Lots of energy
• Fast – collide with a disorderly manner
• Large spaces in between
• Strong forces
• Not arranged – fill the space of container
• Can be compressed

Change of Phase
• Changing the amount of energy the particles have
• Energy affects their movement, forces, and spaces between them
• Heating = more energy
• Cooling = less energy
• Stronger attraction forces = higher boiling point
Density

Mass + Volume
Mass: Measure of the amount of matter an object is made of

• Grams (g) or kilograms (kg)

Volume: Amount of space an object occupies

• Litres (l) or millilitres (ml)

• Cubic centimetres (cm) cubic millimetres (mm)
• Amount of mass in a given volume of matter
• Decide how compact the matter is

How close the atoms or molecules are to each other

All substances have density including liquids, solids, and gases
Gas: Greater the kinetic energy = greater volume = less energy
Therefor, cold air is more dense than warm air
Liquid: the more dissolved solids in the solution = more dense

Freezing water = less kinetic energy therefore more dense

Solids: are denser than liquids or gases
However – ice is less dense than water

D = m (g) * V (cm ) 3

Density = amount of matter per unit volume

Expansion and contraction of materials

- Matter consists of particles

- Particles have energy
- Particles are in constant movement
- Spaces occur between particles

Expansion
- Applying heat
- Increases kinetic energy
- Particles move further apart
- Expand
- Enough kinetic energy can cause phase change

Contraction
- Applying cold
- Decrease kinetic energy
- Particles move closer together
- Contract
- Too little kinetic energy can cause a phase change

Pressure
• Gas pressure – force created by gas particles hitting the walls of
their container
• More collisions- with the walls in the certain amount of time =
greater the pressure
 Chemical reactions
Process the transforms a set of chemicals substances (compounds/
elements) into a new product
Elements react to form new substances with new properties
Reactants arrow Products

Bonds: the forces that hold atoms together

Breaking bonds: energy is needed
Forming bonds: energy is released

How to know if chemical reactions take place…

1. Heat is released
2. Bubbles
3. Smell
4. Colour change
5. Sound
6. Change of state

Useful chemical reactions

• Neutralisation of Stomach Acid
Hydrochloric acid + magnesium hydroxide > magnesium chloride + water

• Burning of fuels

Octane (petrol) + oxygen > Caron dioxide + water

• Rusting

Iron+ oxygen > Iron oxide