Infosys Reasoning Ability Notes

1. Logical Reasoning Overview

Reasoning Ability tests your analytical and logical thinking skills. The Infosys exam includes
around 15 questions in 25 minutes, covering puzzles, arrangements, series, and logic-based
problems. You must practice interpreting complex statements and deriving conclusions.

2. Key Topics & Concepts

A. Seating Arrangement & Puzzles

 Linear Arrangement: People sitting in a row facing north/south. Practice problems

like:
o "A sits third to the left of B."
o "C is at one end."
 Circular Arrangement: People seated around a circle, facing inward/outward.
 Square/Rectangular Arrangement: Similar to circular but with corners and sides.
 Complex Puzzles: Combination of attributes — age, color, profession, etc.

Tips:

 Draw diagrams quickly.

 Mark fixed positions first.
 Eliminate impossible cases.

B. Syllogisms

 Deals with logical statements like:

o All A are B.
o Some B are C.
o No C are D.
 You must find which conclusions logically follow.

Methods:

1. Venn Diagram Approach: Draw overlapping circles to visualize.

2. Elimination Approach: Check if the conclusion is true in all possible cases.

Example:
Statements:

 All roses are flowers.

 Some flowers are red.
Conclusions:

 Some roses are red. (✗ — can’t be sure)

 All roses are flowers. (✓ — given)

C. Coding-Decoding

Find logic behind how words or numbers are coded.

Types:

1. Letter Coding: Each letter replaced by another letter following a pattern.

o Example: CAT → DBU (each letter shifted by +1)
2. Number Coding: Words replaced by numbers.
o Example: SUN = 19 21 14 → 541 (sum of digits)
3. Substitution Coding: One word replaced by another.
o Example: “Sky” means “blue”, “Water” means “clear”, etc.

Tips: Identify consistent shifts, reverse alphabets, or letter positions.

D. Series (Number / Letter / Mixed)

Identify the next term or missing term in the pattern.

Examples:

 2, 4, 8, 16, ? → 32 (×2 pattern)

 A, C, F, J, ? → O (positions +2, +3, +4...)

Common Patterns:

 Arithmetic/Geometric progression
 Alternating series
 Difference patterns
 Alphabet shifts

E. Blood Relations

Questions involve family relations.

Types:

1. Direct: “A is the son of B.”

 2. Coded: “P + Q means P is the father of Q.”

Tips:

 Draw a family tree.

 Note gender-specific words.
 Be careful with words like “brother-in-law”, “maternal”, etc.

F. Direction Sense

Determine direction or distance from statements.

Example:
A walks 5 km north, turns right and walks 3 km. Find final direction from start.

Tips:

 Assume top as North.

 Draw movements step-by-step.
 Use Pythagoras theorem for shortest distance.

G. Data Sufficiency

Given statements — decide if they are enough to answer a question.

Example:
Q: What is John’s age?

1. John is 5 years older than Mary.

2. Mary is 20 years old.

→ Both statements together are sufficient.

Answer Options:

1. Only statement I alone is sufficient.

2. Only statement II alone is sufficient.
3. Both together are sufficient.
4. Neither is sufficient.

H. Analytical Reasoning (Statements & Conclusions)

Analyze given statements and identify correct conclusions.

Example:
Statements:

 All pencils are pens.

 No pen is eraser.

Conclusions:

1. No pencil is eraser. (✓)

2. Some pens are pencils. (✓)

I. Clocks & Calendars

 Clocks:
o Angle between hands formula: |30H − (11/2)M|
o Coincide every 65 5Ú11 minutes.
 Calendars:
o Use odd days concept.
o Leap year = 2 odd days, normal year = 1 odd day.

J. Non-Verbal Reasoning / Visual Reasoning

Includes pattern recognition, figure series, mirror images, and paper folding.

Tips:

 Focus on symmetry, rotation, number of elements.

 Eliminate visually dissimilar options.
Infosys Technical Ability Notes
1. Overview

The Technical Ability section in the Infosys recruitment exam evaluates your understanding
of core programming and computer science fundamentals. This section includes 10–15
multiple choice questions to be solved in around 25–30 minutes.

It primarily covers C, C++, Java, Data Structures, Algorithms, Database Management,

and basic Computer Networks concepts.

2. Key Topics & Concepts

A. Programming Fundamentals (C/C++/Java)

 Data Types & Variables – integer, float, double, char, boolean, etc.
 Operators – arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, increment/decrement.
 Control Structures – if, else, switch, loops (for, while, do-while).
 Functions & Scope – function definition, call by value/reference, recursion.
 Arrays & Strings – declaration, traversal, manipulation.
 Pointers (in C/C++) – pointer arithmetic, memory allocation (malloc, free).
 OOP Concepts (in Java/C++) – classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism,
abstraction, encapsulation.
 Exception Handling (Java) – try, catch, throw, throws, finally.
 File Handling – reading/writing data from files.

Example Questions:

1. Output-based C programs (loops, recursion, pointers).

2. Predict the output or identify errors.
3. Time complexity of small code snippets.

B. Data Structures

 Arrays – insertion, deletion, traversal.

 Linked Lists – singly, doubly, circular.
 Stacks & Queues – implementation using arrays or linked lists.
 Trees – binary tree, BST, traversals (inorder, preorder, postorder).
 Graphs – representation (adjacency matrix/list), BFS, DFS.
 Hashing – hash functions, collisions, chaining.
 Sorting & Searching – bubble, selection, insertion, merge, quick sort; linear/binary
search.

Key Formulae:
  Binary Search Time Complexity: O(log n)
 Quick Sort: Avg O(n log n), Worst O(n²)
 Stack operations: push(), pop(), peek().

C. Algorithms & Complexity

 Time and Space Complexity Analysis.

 Big O Notation.
 Common Algorithms:
o Searching and Sorting.
o Greedy Algorithms (e.g., Activity Selection, Kruskal’s, Prim’s).
o Dynamic Programming (e.g., Fibonacci, Knapsack).

Examples:

 Find the time complexity of nested loops.

 Identify efficient algorithms for given tasks.

D. Database Management Systems (DBMS)

 Data Models: Hierarchical, Network, Relational.

 Normalization: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF.
 SQL Queries: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, GROUP BY, HAVING,
JOIN.
 Keys: Primary, Foreign, Candidate, Composite.
 Transactions & ACID Properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
 Joins: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL.

Sample Question:

 Query to fetch employees earning more than average salary.

 SELECT name FROM employee WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM
employee);

E. Operating Systems

 Process & Thread Concepts – multitasking, context switching.

 Memory Management – paging, segmentation.
 Scheduling Algorithms – FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, Priority.
 Deadlocks – conditions, prevention, avoidance.
 File System Basics.

Key Formula:

 Turnaround Time = Completion Time − Arrival Time.

F. Computer Networks

 OSI Layers (7 layers): Physical → Application.

 TCP/IP Model: 4 layers.
 IP Addressing: IPv4, IPv6, subnet masks.
 Protocols: TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS.
 Difference between TCP & UDP.

Example:

 TCP – Connection-oriented, reliable.

 UDP – Connectionless, faster but less reliable.

G. Software Engineering

 SDLC Phases: Requirement → Design → Coding → Testing → Maintenance.

 Models: Waterfall, Agile, Spiral.
 Testing Types: Unit, Integration, System, Acceptance.
 Version Control Concepts.

H. Pseudo Code / Output Prediction

Infosys often asks output-based or pseudo code questions.

Tips:

 Focus on loops, recursion, operator precedence.

 Understand syntax of C/Java-like pseudo code.
 Trace manually step-by-step.

Example:

int x = 5, y = 10;
while(x < y) {
x += 2;
y -= 2;
}
print(x);

Output: 9
Infosys Verbal Ability Notes
1. Overview

The Verbal Ability section of the Infosys Recruitment Exam evaluates your proficiency in
English grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, and sentence correction.
Typically, there are 20–25 questions to be solved within 20–25 minutes.

This section tests both your understanding of language and your ability to identify
grammatical and logical errors quickly.

2. Key Topics & Concepts

A. Grammar and Sentence Correction

This is one of the most important areas in the Infosys exam.

Focus Areas:

 Subject–Verb Agreement
 Tenses (Past, Present, Future)
 Prepositions (in, on, at, by, with, etc.)
 Articles (a, an, the)
 Modifiers (adjectives and adverbs)
 Active and Passive Voice
 Direct and Indirect Speech
 Parallelism and Consistency

Example:

 Incorrect: She don’t like coffee.

 Correct: She doesn’t like coffee.

Tip: Always read the full sentence — sometimes both grammar and logic determine the right
answer.

B. Reading Comprehension

You’ll get 1–2 passages, each followed by 4–5 questions.

Question Types:

 Main idea of the passage

 Tone or attitude of the author
 Inference-based questions
  Vocabulary in context
 Fact-based questions

Tips:

1. Skim for the main idea before diving into details.

2. Highlight keywords and transition words (however, therefore, although).
3. Don’t assume anything not stated in the passage.

Example:
Question: What is the author’s primary concern in the passage?
Options: (a) To criticize, (b) To explain, (c) To argue, (d) To compare

C. Error Spotting / Sentence Improvement

Identify parts of a sentence with grammatical or structural mistakes.

Example:

 He has completed the project yesterday.

→ Error: Wrong tense (has completed + yesterday).
→ Correct: He completed the project yesterday.

Common Error Areas:

 Wrong use of verb tense

 Incorrect prepositions
 Articles missing
 Singular/plural mismatch

D. Fill in the Blanks (Vocabulary / Grammar-based)

Fill in missing words based on grammar and context.

Types:

1. Vocabulary-based:
o Example: She was known for her ____ behavior.
(a) arrogant (b) polite (c) reckless (d) hasty
→ Correct: (b) polite
2. Grammar-based:
o Example: If I ____ rich, I would travel the world.
(a) was (b) were (c) am (d) will be
→ Correct: (b) were (subjunctive mood)

Tip: Read the full sentence to ensure logical and grammatical consistency.
E. Synonyms and Antonyms

Test your vocabulary depth.

Example:

 Synonym of Diligent → Hardworking

 Antonym of Generous → Stingy

Tips:

 Learn 5–10 new words daily.

 Focus on high-frequency exam words: benevolent, candid, obscure, lucid, prudent,
mitigate.

F. Para Jumbles (Sentence Rearrangement)

Sentences are jumbled; you must arrange them in logical order.

Steps to Solve:

1. Find the introductory sentence (often general statement).

2. Identify connectors (however, therefore, then, meanwhile, etc.).
3. Look for chronological order or cause-effect relationships.
4. The concluding sentence summarizes or closes the idea.

Example:

 P: The teacher entered the class.

Q: The students stood up.
R: She asked them to sit down.
S: They wished her good morning.
Correct Order: P → Q → S → R

G. Sentence Completion

You need to choose the most suitable way to complete a sentence logically.

Example:

 Although it was raining heavily, _____

(a) we decided to go out.
(b) we did not go out.
(c) the match was canceled.
 (d) it was sunny.
→ Correct: (a) we decided to go out.

Tip: Look for contrast words like although, despite, however to understand tone.

H. Vocabulary Usage & Idioms

Common idioms and phrases used in everyday English.

Examples:

 Break the ice → Start a conversation.

 Hit the sack → Go to sleep.
 Once in a blue moon → Very rarely.
 Cut corners → Do something poorly to save time or money.
Infosys Pseudocode Notes
1. Overview

The Pseudocode section in the Infosys recruitment exam assesses your ability to understand
logic, analyze algorithms, and predict output based on a given pseudo-program. It focuses on
logical reasoning combined with programming knowledge.

You’ll encounter 10–15 questions in around 30 minutes, often derived from C, C++, or
Java-like syntax.

2. Key Concepts

A. Basics of Pseudocode

Pseudocode is a simplified, human-readable version of code that describes the logic of a

program without strict syntax.

Example:

START
SET sum = 0
FOR i = 1 TO 5
sum = sum + i
PRINT sum
END

Output: 15 (sum of 1 to 5)

Tips:

 Focus on understanding logic, not syntax.

 Pay attention to indentation and loop structure.

B. Variables & Data Types

Variables store values that may change during execution.

Example:

SET a = 5
SET b = 10
SET c = a + b
PRINT c

Output: 15
Key Points:

 Understand initialization and scope.

 Common data types: INTEGER, FLOAT, STRING, BOOLEAN.

C. Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, % (modulus)

2. Relational Operators: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
3. Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT
4. Assignment Operator: =

Example:

IF (a % 2 == 0) THEN
PRINT "Even"
ELSE
PRINT "Odd"
END IF

D. Conditional Statements (Decision Making)

Used to control the flow based on conditions.

Example:

IF score >= 90 THEN

PRINT "Excellent"
ELSE IF score >= 60 THEN
PRINT "Good"
ELSE
PRINT "Fail"
END IF

Tips:

 Evaluate conditions step-by-step.

 Check nested IF structures carefully.

E. Loops and Iterations

Used for repetition of logic.

FOR Loop Example:

FOR i = 1 TO 5
PRINT i
END FOR
Output: 1 2 3 4 5

WHILE Loop Example:

SET i = 1
WHILE i <= 3
PRINT i
i = i + 1
END WHILE

Output: 1 2 3

DO-WHILE Loop Example:

SET x = 1
DO
PRINT x
x = x + 1
WHILE x < 3

Output: 1 2

F. Arrays & Strings

Used to store multiple values in a single variable.

Array Example:

SET arr = [2, 4, 6]

FOR i = 0 TO 2
sum = sum + arr[i]
END FOR
PRINT sum

Output: 12

String Example:

SET str = "INFOSYS"

PRINT LENGTH(str)

Output: 7

G. Functions & Procedures

Functions group reusable logic.

Example:
FUNCTION add(x, y)
RETURN x + y
END FUNCTION

PRINT add(5, 3)

Output: 8

Tips:

 Identify parameters and return values.

 Trace the flow of function calls carefully.

H. Recursion

Function calling itself until a base condition is met.

Example:

FUNCTION fact(n)
IF n == 0 THEN
RETURN 1
ELSE
RETURN n * fact(n - 1)
END IF
END FUNCTION

PRINT fact(4)

Output: 24

I. Nested Loops

Loops inside another loop.

Example:

FOR i = 1 TO 2
FOR j = 1 TO 3
PRINT i, j
END FOR
END FOR

Output:
11
12
13
21
22
23

J. Common Patterns & Logic Questions

1. Swapping:

SET a = 5, b = 10
SET temp = a
SET a = b
SET b = temp

Output: a = 10, b = 5

2. Reversing a Number:

SET num = 123, rev = 0

WHILE num > 0
digit = num % 10
rev = rev * 10 + digit
num = num / 10
END WHILE
PRINT rev

Output: 321

3. Prime Check:

SET n = 7, flag = 1
FOR i = 2 TO n/2
IF n % i == 0 THEN
flag = 0
BREAK
END IF
END FOR
IF flag == 1 THEN
PRINT "Prime"
ELSE
PRINT "Not Prime"
END IF

Output: Prime

K. Time and Space Complexity (Basics)

 Constant time: O(1)

 Linear: O(n)
 Quadratic: O(n²)
 Logarithmic: O(log n)
Example:
Nested loops → O(n²)
Infosys Numerical Puzzles Notes
1. Overview

The Numerical Puzzles section in the Infosys recruitment exam tests your logical thinking,
pattern recognition, and problem-solving skills with numbers. These puzzles evaluate your
ability to think critically under pressure.

Expect around 10–15 questions, often requiring reasoning rather than heavy calculations.

2. Key Topics

A. Number Series

Identify patterns among numbers.

Examples:

1. 2, 4, 8, 16, ? → Multiply by 2 → 32
2. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ? → Perfect squares → 36
3. 3, 6, 9, 15, 24, ? → +3, +3, +6, +9 → 39

Tips:

 Look for differences, ratios, squares, cubes.

 Watch for alternating or combined patterns.

B. Missing Number Puzzles (Matrix Patterns)

Numbers are arranged in boxes or grids. You need to find the missing number.

Example:

246
369
48?

Pattern: multiply the first column by 2 → 12

Tips:

 Check rows and columns for arithmetic or geometric rules.

 Verify with both horizontal and vertical logic.
C. Arithmetic and Logical Reasoning Puzzles

Questions involve logical conditions using numbers.

Example:
Find the two-digit number which is twice the sum of its digits.
Let the number = 10x + y
Equation: 10x + y = 2(x + y)
→ 8x = y
Try x = 1 → y = 8 → Answer: 18

D. Cryptarithmetic Puzzles

Letters represent unique digits. You must decode them.

Example:

SEND
+ MORE
------
MONEY

Here, each letter = unique digit.

Typical logic leads to: 9567 + 1085 = 10652

Tips:

 Start from the rightmost digit.

 Carry-over is important.
 Unique digits per letter.

E. Age Problems

Focus on age relationships between people.

Example:
A is twice as old as B. After 10 years, A will be 4 years older than twice B’s age. Find their
current ages.
Let B = x → A = 2x
After 10 years: 2x + 10 = 2(x + 10) + 4 → 2x + 10 = 2x + 24 → Contradiction → Check
logic again.
Instead, try different relation: If A’s age = 2B’s now, and in 10 years difference remains,
solve step by step.

Tips:
  Define variables for each person.
 Translate words to equations carefully.

F. Clock and Calendar Puzzles

Focus on time-based or day-based reasoning.

Clock Example:
Angle between hour and minute hand:
Formula: |(30×H) – (11/2×M)|
At 3:30 → |(90 – 165)| = 75°

Calendar Example:
If Jan 1, 2023 is Sunday, what day will be Jan 1, 2024?
→ 2023 is not a leap year → 365 days → +1 day → Monday.

G. Ratio and Proportion Puzzles

Logic-based questions using ratios.

Example:
A and B share money in ratio 3:5. If total = 400 → A = 150, B = 250.

Trick: When total or one part is missing, use unitary method.

H. Speed, Distance, and Time Puzzles

Often phrased as logical puzzles.

Example:
A train covers 240 km in 3 hours. What’s the speed?
Speed = Distance / Time = 80 km/h

Puzzle Variation:
If speed increases by 25%, time decreases by 20% approximately.

I. Coding and Decoding (Number Form)

Find pattern in encoded numbers.

Example:
If CAT = 24, BAT = 23, then RAT = ?
C=3, A=1, T=20 → 3+1+20=24 → R=18, A=1, T=20 → 39

J. Mathematical Logic Series (Tricky Patterns)

Example:
5, 10, 20, 40, ? → ×2 pattern → 80
1, 2, 6, 24, 120 → factorial pattern → 720

Tips:

 Try multiplication, addition, difference, or factorial.

K. Puzzle Word Problems (Logical Math)

Example:
A shopkeeper doubles the price, then gives 50% discount. Profit/Loss?
→ Let price = 100, doubled = 200, after 50% off → 100 → No gain/loss.

Another Example:
If 5 cats catch 5 rats in 5 minutes, how many rats can 100 cats catch in 100 minutes?
→ Work rate method: 1 cat catches 1 rat in 5 mins → 100 cats catch 100 rats in 5 mins → In
100 mins = 2000 rats.
Infosys English Grammar Notes
1. Overview

The English Grammar section in the Infosys recruitment exam tests your command of basic
grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. You’ll be evaluated on correctness, clarity, and
comprehension.

Typically, there are 15–20 questions in this section, covering error spotting, sentence
correction, and vocabulary-based questions.

2. Key Grammar Topics

A. Parts of Speech

1. Noun: Names of people, places, or things. → Ravi, City, Book

2. Pronoun: Replaces a noun. → He, She, It, They
3. Verb: Shows action or state. → Run, Is, Have
4. Adjective: Describes a noun. → Beautiful, Tall, Intelligent
5. Adverb: Modifies a verb/adjective. → Quickly, Very, Gently
6. Preposition: Shows relation. → In, On, At, Between
7. Conjunction: Joins words/clauses. → And, But, Or, Although
8. Interjection: Expresses emotion. → Wow!, Oh!, Alas!

B. Tenses

1. Present Tense:
o Simple: I eat.
o Continuous: I am eating.
o Perfect: I have eaten.
2. Past Tense:
o Simple: I ate.
o Continuous: I was eating.
o Perfect: I had eaten.
3. Future Tense:
o Simple: I will eat.
o Continuous: I will be eating.
o Perfect: I will have eaten.

Tip: Watch for consistency in tenses within a sentence.

C. Subject-Verb Agreement
  Singular subject → singular verb; plural subject → plural verb.
o He runs fast. ✅
o They run fast. ✅
 Words like each, everyone, somebody take singular verbs.
 Each of the boys is ready. ✅

D. Articles (a, an, the)

 A/An → indefinite articles used for general things.

o A car, An apple
 The → definite article for specific nouns.
o The car we bought yesterday.

Rules:

 Use an before vowel sounds (an hour, an honest man).

 Don’t use articles before proper nouns (India, John).

E. Prepositions

 In – months, years, enclosed spaces → in July, in 2024, in the room

 On – days, dates, surfaces → on Monday, on 1st Jan, on the table
 At – specific time or place → at 5 PM, at home

Common Errors:

 Incorrect: He is good in English ❌

 Correct: He is good at English ✅

F. Active and Passive Voice

 Active: Subject performs action. → Ravi wrote a letter.

 Passive: Subject receives action. → A letter was written by Ravi.

Formation:

Active: Subject + Verb + Object

Passive: Object + was/were + Past Participle + by + Subject

G. Direct and Indirect Speech

Convert statements between direct and reported forms.

Example:

 Direct: He said, “I am tired.”

 Indirect: He said that he was tired.

Rules:

1. Change tense back one step (present → past).

2. Change pronouns and time words accordingly.
o today → that day, tomorrow → next day.

H. Degrees of Comparison

Used to compare qualities.

1. Positive: tall
2. Comparative: taller
3. Superlative: tallest

Example:

 Rohan is taller than Raj.

 Rohan is the tallest boy in class.

I. Concord and Parallelism

Ensure all parts of a sentence have the same grammatical form.

Example:

 Incorrect: She likes singing, to dance, and painting. ❌

 Correct: She likes singing, dancing, and painting. ✅

J. Modals and Auxiliary Verbs

Used to show ability, permission, or obligation.

 Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Shall, Should, Will, Would.

Examples:

 You must study hard.

 Can I come in?
K. Conditionals (If Clauses)

1. Zero Conditional: (facts)

o If you heat water, it boils.
2. First Conditional: (real future)
o If it rains, I will stay home.
3. Second Conditional: (unreal present)
o If I were rich, I would travel the world.
4. Third Conditional: (unreal past)
o If I had studied, I would have passed.

L. Question Tags

Used to confirm or clarify statements.

 You’re coming, aren’t you?

 She isn’t here, is she?

Rule: Positive statement → negative tag, and vice versa.

M. Commonly Confused Words

Word 1 Word 2 Example

Affect Effect The weather affects mood. The effect was bad.
Their There Their house is over there.
Its It’s It’s raining today. The dog wagged its tail.
Then Than He is taller than me. Finish it, then go.

N. Phrasal Verbs and Idioms

 Break down – stop working

 Call off – cancel
 Look after – take care of
 Turn up – arrive

Idioms:

 A piece of cake – very easy

 Once in a blue moon – rare
 Hit the books – study hard
O. Sentence Correction & Error Spotting

Common areas tested:

 Wrong tense or article

 Misplaced prepositions
 Incorrect subject-verb agreement
 Redundant words

Example:
Incorrect: He don’t like mangoes. ❌
Correct: He doesn’t like mangoes. ✅
Infosys English Writing Notes
1. Overview

The English Writing section in the Infosys recruitment exam evaluates your written
communication, clarity of thought, grammar, and organization of ideas. Typically, this
section involves essay writing or email writing tasks.

You’ll have to write 150–200 words in 20–30 minutes, and your score depends on structure,
grammar, coherence, and vocabulary.

2. Key Writing Types

A. Essay Writing

Essays are short compositions on given topics such as technology, environment, or social
issues.

Format:

1. Introduction (2–3 lines): Define the topic and give a general idea.
2. Body (6–8 lines): Present arguments, facts, or opinions.
3. Conclusion (2–3 lines): Summarize and give your viewpoint.

Example Topic: "Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment"

Sample Essay:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized industries by automating repetitive tasks. While
it increases efficiency, it also raises concerns about job displacement. However, AI also
creates opportunities in new domains like data science and robotics. Instead of fearing AI,
individuals should focus on upskilling. In conclusion, AI is not a threat but a tool to enhance
productivity and innovation.

Tips:

 Keep sentences short and clear.

 Avoid spelling and grammatical mistakes.
 Use transition words (However, Moreover, Therefore).
 Stay on topic.

B. Email Writing

You may be asked to write a formal email in a professional tone.

Format:
To: [email@[Link]]
Subject: [Clear and Concise Subject Line]

Dear [Recipient’s Name],

[Introduction – State the purpose of the email.]

[Body – Provide details, reasons, or explanations.]
[Conclusion – Summarize and request action if needed.]

Regards,
[Your Full Name]

Example:

To: hr@[Link]
Subject: Request for Clarification on Interview Schedule

Dear HR Team,

I am writing to confirm the date and time of my interview scheduled for

this week. Kindly let me know if any additional documents are required for
verification.

Thank you for your assistance.

Regards,
Praneeth Sai

Tips:

 Maintain a polite tone.

 Avoid contractions (use “do not” instead of “don’t”).
 Keep the subject line short.

3. Structure and Coherence

A good essay or email must have logical flow:

1. Introduction: Captures attention and introduces the topic.

2. Body: Each paragraph should cover one idea.
3. Conclusion: Summarizes your opinion or findings.

Transitions to use:

 Adding points: Moreover, Furthermore, In addition.

 Contrast: However, On the other hand, Although.
 Conclusion: Therefore, In conclusion, To summarize.

4. Grammar and Style Tips

  Avoid slang or informal language.
 Use active voice more often.
 Maintain consistent tense.
 Check for subject-verb agreement.
 Use simple yet effective vocabulary.

Example:

 Instead of: “The results which were achieved by the team were excellent.”
 Write: “The team achieved excellent results.”

5. Vocabulary for Essays

Category Words & Phrases

Opinion In my opinion, I believe that, It seems to me that
Addition Moreover, Furthermore, In addition to
Contrast However, On the contrary, Nevertheless
Cause & Effect Because, Therefore, As a result
Conclusion In conclusion, To sum up, Finally

6. Common Essay Topics

1. Digital India Initiative

2. Social Media and Youth
3. Impact of COVID-19 on Education
4. Importance of Teamwork
5. Cybersecurity Awareness
6. Artificial Intelligence and the Future
7. Climate Change and Sustainability
8. Remote Work Culture

Practice Idea: Write 1 essay per day on these topics.

7. Evaluation Criteria

Infosys evaluates essays and emails based on:

Criteria Description
Relevance Sticking to the topic and question
Grammar Proper use of tenses, punctuation, articles
Coherence Logical flow of ideas
Structure Clear intro, body, conclusion
Vocabulary Use of varied and appropriate words
Tip: A well-structured, simple essay scores better than a complex but unclear one.

8. Practice Exercise

Write an essay on: "The Importance of Soft Skills in Modern Workplaces"

Checklist:

 150–180 words
 3 paragraphs (Intro, Body, Conclusion)
 100% grammatical accuracy