Detailed Computer Hardware
Architecture
Exploring Components, Evolution, Advancements, and
Latest Developments
memory Components history Evolution trending_up Advancements new_releases Latest Tech
Overview of Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture: The end-to-end structure of a
computer system that determines how components interact to
process data.
devices_other Main Components
memory CPU storage Memory (RAM/ROM)
sd_storage Storage (HDD/SSD) input Input/Output Devices
router System Bus developer_board Motherboard
sync How Components Work Together
arrow_forward Data flows via system bus arrow_forward CPU processes instructions
arrow_forward Memory stores active data arrow_forward Storage retains data long-term
arrow_forward I/O enables user interaction
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU: The brain of the computer that executes instructions and
processes data.
memory CPU Components
Control
settings Unit calculate ALU storage Registers
Performs High-speed
Manages and
arithmetic and temporary storage
coordinates all
logical operations
operations
trending_up Key Advancements
speed Increased clock speeds
grain Reduced transistor sizes (Moore's Law)
bolt Improved power efficiency
history CPU Evolution
developer_board Integration of specialized cores memory Larger cache memory
1970s-1990s 2000s-2010s 2020s-Present
Single-core Multi-core designs Advanced multi-core
smart_toy AI and machine learning acceleration
processors with AI acceleration
Memory Systems
memory Primary Memory
Directly accessible by CPU
sd_card RAM (Volatile) lock ROM (Non-volatile)
speed Cache (L1, L2, L3)
storage Secondary Memory
Long-term data storage
computer HDD sd_card SSD album Optical usb Flash
trending_up Key Advancements
add_circle Increased capacity speed Faster access times
history Memory Evolution
battery_charging_full Lower power consumption grain Miniaturization
1950s-1960s 1970s-1990s 2000s-Present
Magnetic Core DRAM & SRAM Flash & DDR
security Improved reliability bolt 3D stacking technology
Memory
Storage Devices
storage Hard Disk Drives (HDDs)
Magnetic platters with read/write heads
monetization_on Cost-effective sd_storage High capacity speed Mechanical parts
sd_card Solid State Drives (SSDs)
Flash memory chips with no moving parts
bolt Faster speeds battery_charging_full Energy efficient security More durable
compare HDD vs SSD Comparison new_releases Emerging Storage Technologies
SSD: 5-20x faster flash_on NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory) view_in_ar 3D NAND Technology
speed read/write battery_charging_full SSD: Lower power usage
memory Intel Optane Memory cloud Cloud Storage Integration
SSD: Better shock
monetization_on HDD: Lower cost per GB security resistance grain Shingled Magnetic Recording developer_board Storage Class Memory
Motherboard and Chipset
Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all
computer components and facilitates communication
between them.
developer_board Key Components
Chipset BIOS/UEFI
memory settings
Northbridge/Southbridge Firmware that initializes
or Platform Controller hardware
Hub
Expansion Slots RAM Slots
view_week sd_card
PCIe, AGP for add-on DIMM slots for memory
cards modules
Power Connectors I/O Connectors
power usb
Supply power to For peripherals and
components storage
trending_up Key Advancements
history Motherboard Evolution speed Increased bus speeds battery_charging_full Better power management
1980s-1990s 2000s-2010s 2020s-Present aspect_ratio Smaller form factors speaker Integrated audio/network
Limited integration, Integrated Highly integrated,
separate controller components, compact form factors
settings_ethernet High-speed interfaces straighten Improved thermal design
cards standardization
Input/Output Systems
input Input Devices
What
Allow users to enter data into the computer Software Next?
keyboard Keyboard mouse Mouse scanner Scanner mic Microphone Input and Central
Output Processing Network
camera_alt Camera Devices Unit
output Output Devices Main Secondary
Memory Memory
Present processed information to users
monitor Monitor print Printer speaker Speakers
projector Projector
trending_up Key Advancements
settings_ethernet I/O Interfaces & Controllers speed Higher data transfer rates add_circle Plug-and-play functionality
USB (Universal Serial wifi Wireless connectivity sports_esports Gaming-specific interfaces
usb Bus) flash_on Thunderbolt
security Enhanced security protocols
Wireless (Bluetooth, Wi-
wifi Fi) hd HDMI/DisplayPort touch_app Touch and gesture recognition
Graphics Processing
GPU: Specialized processor designed to rapidly manipulate
and alter memory to accelerate creation of images, videos,
and animations for display.
memory GPU Architecture
grid_on Thousands of cores sync Parallel processing
memory Dedicated VRAM developer_board Specialized units
category Key Applications & Advancements
sports_esports Gaming movie Video rendering science Scientific computing
smart_toy AI & machine learning flare Ray tracing
history GPU Evolution
view_in_ar 3D visualization integration_instructions CPU-GPU integration
1980s-1990s 2000s-2010s 2020s-Present
Simple display Discrete graphics AI & ray tracing
speed Real-time rendering
adapters cards
Latest Developments and Future Trends
new_releases Recent Innovations
SSD-GPU Integration Advanced NVMe SSDs
memory sd_card
ASUS Dual GeForce RTX Samsung 990 EVO with
4060 Ti with M.2 NVMe enhanced performance
slot
Next-Gen GPUs Advanced CPUs
sports_esports developer_board
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 40 AMD's new Zen 4
Super Series processors and RX 7600
XT GPU
warning Key Challenges
bolt Power Consumption whatshot Heat Dissipation
trending_up Emerging Technologies
Neuromorphic security Security Vulnerabilities
blur_circular Quantum Computing psychology Computing
memory Physical Limits of Miniaturization
wifi 6G Technology biotech Biohybrid Hardware monetization_on Cost of Advanced Technologies eco Environmental Impact
