LECTURE 7: SPATIAL STRATEGY
FORMULATION
CLUP PREPARATION PROCESS
STAGE 1:
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
ECOLOGICAL PROFILING
GIS MAPPING
LAND SUPPLY-DEMAND ANALYSIS
NET AVAILABLE AREA FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT
DEFINITION OF ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
VISIONING WORKSHOP
STAGE 2:
DEVELOPMENT VISION
CONCEPTUALIZATION
ALTERNATIVE SPATIAL
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
OPTION EVALUATION
OPTION EVALUATION
WORKSHOP
SELECTION OF
PREFERRED
DEVELOPMENT
OPTION
STAGE 3: LAND USE PLAN
LAND USE PLAN
PREPARATION
LAND AND WATER USE POLICIES
ZONING PLAN & ORDINANCE
PREPARATION OF PROGRAMS AND
PROJECTS
ALTERNATIVE SPATIAL STRATEGIES
FORMULATION
• Once the urban development constraints analyses have been performed, the
LGU would have a number of choices to address the problems/issues in the
planning area.
• Several sections/parcels of the city/municipality may be intrinsically suited for
several uses, e.g., forest protection, forest production, agriculture, recreation,
housing, etc. while other parcels may be less suitable for other uses
• The generation of alternatives in the planning process is an attempt to respond
to the question of choices by presenting a series of options/alternatives to the
members of the communities in the planning area.
ALTERNATIVE SPATIAL STRATEGIES
FORMULATION
• The generation of options/alternatives is vital to ensuring that sound decisions are made
about the desired spatial form and direction and intensity of resource conservation and
development in the planning area.
• Its importance stems from the nature of planning as a decision-making process devoted
to the exercise of society’s responsible choice in the face of conflicting claims about
what that choice should be.
• The act of choice implies the existence of options/alternatives, and because good
decisions cannot come from poor alternatives, the deliberate generation of sound
options becomes an essential element in a responsible decision-making process
ALTERNATIVE SPATIAL STRATEGIES
FORMULATION
• The Dilemna
− Often, public planners spend very little time generating alternative policy options, at times
presenting decision-makers with only few poorly differentiated alternatives borrowed from
other planning models/frameworks.
− Planners devote greatest amount of decision-making resources to the development of a
single solution rather than a variety of well-spaced policy options even when severe problems
indicated a different approach is required.
− When a single proposal is wrong, no amount of further refinement will make it right.
− No matter how adequate a single solution might be, there might always be a better that could
be exposed by a thorough and deliberate generation exercise.
ALTERNATIVE SPATIAL STRATEGIES
FORMULATION
• Generation of alternatives/options involved the formulation of conceptual
schemes that would link planning decisions to actions and then actions to
impacts in the landscape
• Activities involved in the generation of Options/Alternatives
a) Search - entails the identification of existing solutions/prototypes/models
“to be taken of the shelf” (no need to re-invent the wheel).
b) Design – involves innovation and creative response to develop new
combinations or applications of ideas and principles
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
Generation of Alternative Spatial
Development Options
➢ Spatial strategies generation is the process whereby various forms or
patterns of distributing the future population over the town’s territory
are explored.
➢ Spatial strategies are the creative combination of the built and the unbuilt
environment to support the generic goals of physical development.
➢ Spatial strategies are the organizing concepts for the proper location of
space-using activities to ensure sustainable environment for human
habitat.
➢ The “form works” to shape the built environment and to preserve the
unbuilt one
➢ Considers the presence of development constraints resulting form the land
supply analysis.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
Generation of Alternative Spatial
Development Options
➢ For any given city/municipality, there could be several spatial
patterns that could be adopted ranging from extreme
concentrations to extreme dispersion and anything in between.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
➢ Designing Alternative Urban Forms
✓ This activity demands the ability to see reality in the abstract, to
recognize trends and patterns and to discern their implications,
positive or negative, for the future.
✓ The planner should have a formal education in planning or at
least a familiarity with planning literature. Often, an outsider’s
perspective is sought at this stage of the process.
✓ In general, two scenarios are considered: the base plan or “do
nothing” and the development scenarios.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ The Base Plan or “Do Nothing” Scenario
o The base plan is the logical extension of past and current trends if no major
intervention by the government is introduced to the area other than those
already on-going, programmed or committed.
o The principal question that this exercise seeks to answer is “What is the
likely shape of the town/city in the future, given the present pattern and
trends of growth?” Is this growth pattern generally constraint-free, at least in
physical/ environmental terms?
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ The Base Plan or “Do Nothing” Scenario Building
1) Analyze the existing spatial pattern from the General Land Use Map.
Pay special attention to the following points:.
a) Identify major settlements and examine closely their
distribution in space. By the size of the built-up areas, is there
a distinct hierarchy? Can the urban center (poblacion) be
distinguished from the rural settlements (barangay/barrios)?
Are there other built up areas that are as large as or larger than
the poblacion? What factors contributed to the growth of
these barangays
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ The Base Plan or “Do Nothing” Scenario Building
b) Examine the road network from the Base Map, Topographic Map, or
Infrastructure and Utilities Map, whichever is available. How does
this network relate to the settlement pattern?
c) Determine the direction of spontaneous growth. This can be done
visually by comparing an older map with a more recent one. What is
the general growth trend? Is there greater concentration or
dispersion? Did the growth entail mere enlargement of the built up
areas, or are there new built up areas forming? Indicate growth
direction schematically by the use of arrows or other appropriate
symbols
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ The Base Plan or “Do Nothing” Scenario Building
2) Check also whether the urban expansion areas are within the
existing urban services envelope, i.e. the areas being served by
piped water distribution systems; areas covered by electric power
services; areas within solid waste and waste water collection
systems; areas with telephone lines available; and so on. If the
urban expansion areas were not covered by these utilities, would
extension of the services be physically feasible? If not, consider
alternatives.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ The Base Plan or “Do Nothing” Scenario Building
In the absence of time-series maps, the time series population
figures can be used. The information on tempo of urbanization can
indicate whether there is a general trend towards concentration or
dispersion. Clue: A positive trend towards urbanization leads to
more concentration of development. The opposite tendency leads
to greater dispersion.
3) Check the direction of spontaneous growth against the identified
physical and policy constraints to urban expansion as determined in
land supply analysis. If the direction of growth is toward constrained or
protected areas, then consider alternatives .
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ Alternatives to the Base Plan
a) Assess existing built up area and areas for potential urban
expansion – land supply-demand assessment.
b) Make generalized schemes of the possible urban forms suggested
by the various density assumptions by taking into consideration the
outcome of the sieve analysis.
- concentrated form
- dispersed form
- or a combination of the two
✓ Urban Forms Stereotypes *
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
c) growth strategy adopted by the LGU in pursuit of maximizing its
role assigned to it by, or it has volunteered to play in the province
or region
- Where will be your production areas and what infrastructure support will
be needed to fully realize this particular strategy?
- Where will the future urban population be concentrated and what
services and utilities will be needed to serve the existing and proposed
urban areas?
- How will you enable residents to benefit from the urban services?
- What areas and resources ought to be protected to maintain
environmental integrity and sustainable development?
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
Characterization of the Urban Form
➢ Innovate – create variations and combinations of these
stereotype urban forms.
➢ Give names that are more reflective of the local situation,
more ingenious and easy to remember. – Examples of
Alternative Spatial Development Strategies
➢ In characterizing the urban forms generated, answer at least
two questions:
a) What does it take to realize this urban form? and
b) What are the implications to the town/city if this urban
form is realized? – Characterization Matrix
➢ Consolidate the characterization of all the alternatives into a
comparative performance matrix.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
Evaluation & Selection of Alternative Spatial Strategies
➢ The purpose of technical evaluation is to provide a sound
basis for making rational choice.
➢ Evaluation is primarily the planner’s task. Selection is the
prerogative of political officials and the citizens at large.
➢ But both evaluation and selection can be undertaken
through a broad participatory process with a properly
designed methodology.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
➢ Evaluation Methods
✓ Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) – Nathaniel Lichfield
1) Define the alternative spatial strategies which are under consideration.
2) Estimate the cost of the programs and projects, that is, the value of the
capital investments and operating resources required to realize each
alternative strategy.
3) Define the benefits from the investment, and put a value to these benefits
by methods appropriate to their nature. To avoid inflating the benefits,
exclude those which would emerge even without the investment.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
4) Distinguish between real benefits and costs from those that are
transfers. Real benefits and costs are those resulting in gain or loss to
the community as a whole. Transfers are those gains or losses to some
sections of the community but which will be cancelled out by
corresponding gains and losses to other sections.
5) Relate real benefits to costs by an appropriate criterion (e.g. rate of
return) which needs to be carefully selected according to the
circumstances, to indicate the course which shows the best value for
money.
✓ CBA Matrix
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ Criticisms about the CBA.
1) The calculation of costs and benefits in monetary terms may be too
long, complicated, and expensive.
2) It does not accommodate intangible benefits nor indirect costs of
related projects.
3) It does not give room for uncertainties in implementation.
4) It is suitable for the evaluation of single projects with simple
objectives.
5) It does not lend itself to participatory processes and is confined to
technical evaluations only.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ Planning Balance Sheet (PBS) – N. Lichfield
• Present not only the tangible costs and benefits but also the intangible and
unmeasured costs and benefits for different affected groups.
• Divides the affected groups into producers/operators and consumers/users.
• Not necessary to express all costs and benefits in money terms. However, it is
necessary to reduce benefits and costs into some common units to permit
aggregation for producers and consumers separately and comparison of
alternatives.
✓ PBS Matrix
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
✓ Goal Achievement Matrix (GAM) – Morris Hill
1) The explicit formulation of a set of objectives. If objectives are
already given, say, a vision statement, these should be broken down
into measurable indicators which will serve as evaluation criteria.
2) The ranking or rating of alternative strategies against each individual
objective.
3) The weighting of objectives for their relative importance to particular
sections of the community.
4) The combining of scores to obtain relative measures of goals
achievement for each alternative.
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
• Highly participatory – it allows various sectors of the community to
express their bias through the weighting of each objective
according to their perception of its relative importance to their
sector.
• Involves the rating of each alternative according to its perceived
contribution to the achievement of each objective.
✓ GAM Procedures
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
Preparation of the Structure Plan
➢ The Structure Plan is the map that provides the visual outline or
shape of the overall physical and development framework of the
city/municipality based on the preferred spatial development
strategy.
➢ The Structure Map shall contain the general location of
development areas, areas for conservation, proposed major
infrastructure projects, direction of urban expansion, circulation
system, growth areas/nodes for production purposes or with
development roles, agri-industrial sites, agricultural development,
tourism areas, and other special development areas.
SAMPLE STRUCTURE PLAN
SPATIAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
SAMPLE STRUCTURE PLAN
Cotabato City
Structure Plan
SAMPLE
STRUCTURE
PLAN
(Navotas)
SAMPLE
STRUCTURE
PLAN (Iriga
City)
SAMPLE
STRUCTURE PLAN
(Malay, Aklan)
SAMPLE
STRUCTURE PLAN
(Boracay Island)
