CS Fundamentals

Core CS Fundamentals (OS, CN, DBMS, SDLC & Agile)

Sec on A – Opera ng System (OS) Concepts

# Ques on Short Answer

Interface between user and hardware managing processes, memory, and
1 What is an Opera ng System?
les.
Process management, Memory management, File system, I/O control,
2 What are the main func ons of OS?
Security.

3 Di erence between process and thread Process = independent unit; Thread = lightweight subtask of a process.

4 What is a process control block (PCB)? Data structure storing process info (PID, state, registers).

5 What is context switching? Saving one process state and loading another — for mul tasking.

6 Explain CPU scheduling algorithms FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round Robin.

7 What is deadlock? Two processes wai ng inde nitely for each other’s resource.
8 Condi ons for deadlock Mutual exclusion, Hold & wait, No preemp on, Circular wait.
9 How to prevent deadlock? Break any of the four condi ons.
Paging divides memory into xed-size blocks; segmenta on uses variable
10 What is paging and segmenta on?
logical units.

Sec on B – Computer Networks (CN)

# Ques on Short Answer

11 What is computer networking? Interconnec on of devices to share data and resources.

OSI – 7 layers; TCP/IP – 4 layers (Applica on, Transport, Internet, Network
12 OSI vs TCP/IP layers
Access).
13 What is IP address? Unique iden er for devices (IPv4 – 32-bit, IPv6 – 128-bit).
14 What is DNS? Domain Name System – resolves domain names to IP addresses.

15 Di erence between TCP and UDP TCP – reliable, connec on-oriented; UDP – faster, connec onless.

16 What is HTTP? HyperText Transfer Protocol – client-server communica on (port 80).

17 HTTPS vs HTTP HTTPS adds encryp on using SSL/TLS (port 443).
Architecture using HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) for resource
18 What is REST API?
opera ons.

19 What are GET and POST di erences? GET sends data via URL; POST sends in body (secure).

20 Example of network layer protocol IP, ICMP, ARP.

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 CS Fundamentals

Sec on C – DBMS Theory

# Ques on Short Answer

21 What is DBMS? So ware to manage data using structured queries.

DBMS o ers security, concurrency, integrity; le system
22 DBMS vs File System
doesn’t.
23 What is a transac on? A logical unit of work ensuring ACID proper es.
24 What are ACID proper es? Atomicity, Consistency, Isola on, Durability.
25 What is concurrency control? Mechanism to handle simultaneous transac ons safely.
26 What is normaliza on? Organizing data to minimize redundancy.
27 What is denormaliza on? Combining tables for faster read performance.
28 What is indexing? Data structure to speed up retrieval.
29 What is a view? Virtual table derived from query result.
What is di erence between inner join and outer
30 Inner = common records; Outer = includes unmatched ones.
join?

Sec on D – SDLC & So ware Engineering Concepts

# Ques on Short Answer

31 What is SDLC? So ware Development Life Cycle – process of building so ware.

32 Stages of SDLC Requirement → Design → Implementa on → Tes ng → Deployment → Maintenance.

33 What is Waterfall model? Sequen al SDLC model – next stage starts a er comple on of previous.
34 Limita on of Waterfall No feedback loop → in exible to changes.

35 What is Agile methodology? Itera ve approach with small deliverables and client feedback.

36 Scrum roles Product Owner, Scrum Master, Development Team.

37 What is a sprint? Time-boxed development itera on (2–4 weeks).
38 What is DevOps? Combines development + opera ons for con nuous delivery.

39 What are Agile ceremonies? Daily Stand-up, Sprint Planning, Sprint Review, Retrospec ve.

40 What is CI/CD? Con nuous Integra on & Con nuous Deployment pipeline.

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 CS Fundamentals

Sec on E – So ware Tes ng & Quality Assurance

# Ques on Short Answer

41 What is so ware tes ng? Process of valida ng that so ware meets requirements.

42 Types of tes ng Unit, Integra on, System, Acceptance, Regression.

43 White-box vs Black-box tes ng White-box → internal logic; Black-box → func onality only.

44 What is Unit Tes ng? Tes ng smallest code unit (usually a func on/class).

45 What is Integra on Tes ng? Tes ng interac on between modules.

46 What is Regression Tes ng? Ensuring new changes don’t break exis ng features.

47 What is Automa on Tes ng? Using tools like Selenium, JUnit to execute tests automa cally.

48 What is a Test Case? Document specifying input, expected output, and result.

49 What is UAT? User Acceptance Tes ng – valida ng business needs.

50 What is Defect Lifecycle? New → Assigned → Fixed → Retested → Closed.

Sec on F – Agile + DevOps Integra on

# Ques on Short Answer

Focus on individuals, collabora on, working so ware, customer
51 What is Agile Manifesto?
response.
52 Agile vs Tradi onal SDLC Agile = itera ve & adap ve; SDLC = sequen al.
53 What is version control system? Tracks code changes (Git).
54 Git vs GitHub Git = local VCS; GitHub = cloud hos ng for repositories.
55 What is a branch in Git? Isolated workspace for feature development.
56 Git merge vs rebase Merge adds commit; Rebase integrates history.
57 What is Docker? Containeriza on pla orm to isolate apps.
58 Jenkins purpose Automate build/test/deploy.
Con nuous Deployment vs Con nuous
59 Deployment = automa c release; Delivery = manual trigger.
Delivery
60 Why Agile preferred in IT? Flexibility, faster delivery, customer collabora on.

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 CS Fundamentals

Sec on G – Integra on & Real Scenarios

# Ques on Answer / Hint

61 How OS and DBMS interact in applica ons? OS manages resources; DBMS handles data persistence.

62 Why REST API over tradi onal communica on? Lightweight, stateless, scalable.
63 How Agile + DevOps improve project delivery? Con nuous tes ng, feedback & integra on.
64 Example of concurrency problem in DBMS Two users upda ng same record simultaneously.
65 How can network delay a ect API performance? Causes latency; op mize via caching or pagina on.
66 Why use transac ons in banking systems? To ensure atomic fund transfer.
67 How does version control t in Agile? Enables collabora on and rollback safety.
68 What are microservices? Independent deployable units connected via APIs.
69 How does caching help performance? Reduces DB hits, faster response.
70 What is container orchestra on? Managing containers via tools like Kubernetes.

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