Course Description:

The Basic Computer Skills course is designed to provide students with essential knowledge
and hands-on experience to effectively use computers in various personal and professional
contexts. The course covers fundamental concepts, tools, and skills required to navigate the
digital landscape and use technology efficiently.
Course Objectives:
By the end of this course, students should be able to:
1. Understand the basic components of a computer system and their functions.
2. Navigate and manage files and folders on both Windows and macOS operating
systems.
3. Utilize common productivity software for word processing, spreadsheets, and
presentations.
4. Browse the internet safely, search for information, and evaluate online sources.
5. Communicate effectively using email and online collaboration tools.
6. Maintain digital security and privacy best practices.
7. Troubleshoot common software and hardware issues.
8. Gain awareness of emerging technologies and trends in the digital world.
Course Outline:

Day 1-2: Introduction to Computers and Operating Systems

1. Understanding computer hardware and software
2. Differentiating between software and hardware
3. Introduction to operating systems (Windows and mac OS)
4. Navigating the file system: folders, files, and file extensions
5. Managing files and folders: creating, moving, renaming, deleting Day 3-4:

Productivity Software

1. Introduction to Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) and alternatives

2. Word processing basics: formatting text, creating documents
3. Spreadsheet fundamentals: data entry, basic formulas, simple charts
4. Creating effective presentations: slides, text, images, and transitions

Day5-6: Internet Skills

1. Browsing the internet using web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari)
2. Effective searching techniques and using search engines
3. Evaluating online sources for credibility and reliability
4. Introduction to online security and avoiding phishing scams

Day7- 8: Communication and Collaboration Tools

1. Sending and receiving emails: composing, replying, forwarding
2. Organizing emails into folders and using labels/tags
 3. Introduction to cloud storage and file sharing (Google Drive, Dropbox)
4. Collaborative tools for group projects and remote work (Google Docs, Microsoft
Teams)

Day 9-10: Digital Security and Privacy

1. Importance of strong passwords and password management tools
2. Recognizing and avoiding malware: viruses, spyware, ransom ware
3. Protecting personal information online: privacy settings and best practices
4. Two-factor authentication (2FA) and its significance

Day 11-12: Troubleshooting and Future Trends

1. Common software issues and basic troubleshooting steps
2. Basic hardware troubleshooting: dealing with slow performance, connectivity issues
3. Exploring emerging technologies: artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT),
block chain
4. Reflecting on digital skills acquired and strategies for continuous learning Assessment
and Grading:

• Weekly assignments: 40%

• Mid-term practical exam: 20%
• Final project (creating a document, spreadsheet, and presentation): 20%
• Class participation and engagement: 10%
• Final exam (multiple-choice and practical): 10%
Please note that this is a basic outline and can be adapted to suit the specific needs and pace
of the students. The goal is to provide them with a strong foundation in using computers
effectively and preparing them for more advanced topics in the digital world.
 CONTENT
Computer hardware and Software
Computer hardware and software are the fundamental components of any computer system.
Understanding the distinction between hardware and software, as well as their respective
roles, is essential for anyone looking to effectively use and interact with computers.
Computer Hardware:
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. These
components work together to process data and execute instructions. Here are some key
hardware components:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
Executes instructions of a computer program.
Performs arithmetic, logical operations, and controls data flow.

2. Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory):

Temporary storage used to hold data and programs that are actively being used.
Faster to access than long-term storage (hard drives, SSDs).
Contents are lost when the computer is powered off.

3. Storage Devices:
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives (SSDs) store data and programs for the
long term.
HDDs use spinning disks, while SSDs use flash memory for faster access.
Stores the operating system, software applications, and user files.

4. Input Devices:
Devices used to input data and commands into the computer.
Examples include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and microphones.

5. Output Devices:
Devices that display or output processed data to the user.
Examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones.
 6. Motherboard:
Main circuit board that connects and allows communication between all hardware
components.
Contains the CPU, memory slots, connectors, and expansion slots.
Computer Software:
Computer software refers to the set of instructions and programs that control the operation of
a computer and enable it to perform various tasks. Software can be categorized into two main
types:

1. System Software:
Operating System (OS): Manages hardware resources, provides user interfaces, and controls
system processes. Examples include Windows, mac OS, and Linux.
Device Drivers: Software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware
devices like printers and graphics cards.

2. Application Software:
Programs designed to perform specific tasks for users.
Includes word processors, web browsers, photo editors, video players, and more.
Users interact directly with application software to accomplish their goals.

Interaction between Hardware and Software:

Computer hardware and software work together to provide functionality. Software
instructions are executed by the CPU, which processes data stored in memory and retrieves
data from storage devices. The operating system manages the hardware resources and
provides an interface through which users interact with both system and application software.

Importance of Understanding Hardware and Software:

Understanding computer hardware and software helps users troubleshoot issues, make
informed decisions when purchasing or upgrading hardware, and effectively use various
software applications. It is essential for both personal use and professional roles that involve
working with computers and technology.

Differentiating between Hardware and Software

Software and hardware are two fundamental components of any computer system, each
serving distinct roles in the functionality and operation of computers. Understanding the
differences between software and hardware is crucial for anyone interacting with or studying
computers.
Hardware:

Definition: Hardware refers to the physical, tangible components of a computer system that
you can see, touch, and manipulate. These components work together to process data and
execute instructions.

Key Characteristics:

 Physical Presence: Hardware components are physical objects that you can
physically touch and interact with.
 Tangible and Visible: Hardware is often visible and includes components such as the
central processing unit (CPU), memory modules, storage drives, keyboards, and
monitors.
 Permanent Components: Hardware components are typically fixed and unchanging.
Upgrading hardware involves physically replacing components.

Examples: CPU, memory (RAM), hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD), keyboard,
mouse, monitor, printer.

SOFTWARE:

Definition: Software refers to the intangible set of instructions, programs, and data that tell
the computer what to do. It's a collection of code that directs the hardware to perform specific
tasks.

Key Characteristics:

 Intangibility: Software doesn't have a physical presence; it exists as digital data and
code.
 Non-Physical: Software is not something you can touch or interact with physically.
Instead, you interact with its effects and interfaces.
 Dynamic and Changeable: Software can be easily updated and modified through
updates and patches, without requiring physical changes to the computer.

Examples: Operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux), web browsers, word processors,
games, photo editing programs.

Distinguishing Factors:

 Nature: Hardware is the physical infrastructure of the computer system, while

software is the set of instructions that govern the computer's operations.
 Interaction: Hardware is interacted with directly (e.g., typing on a keyboard, viewing
content on a screen), while software is interacted with through the user interface it
provides (e.g., clicking icons on a desktop, using software applications).
 Upgradability: Hardware upgrades involve replacing physical components (e.g.,
upgrading RAM or replacing a hard drive). Software upgrades involve installing new
versions or patches to improve functionality or security.
  Persistence: Hardware components exist as long as they are not physically removed
or damaged. Software is loaded into memory when the computer is powered on and is
lost when the computer is turned off.
 Modification: Hardware cannot be easily modified or customized without replacing
components. Software can be customized and modified through programming or
configuration changes.
In summary, the key distinction between hardware and software lies in their physicality and
functionality. Hardware comprises the physical components that make up a computer system,
while software encompasses the intangible instructions and programs that govern how those
hardware components operate to perform various tasks. Both hardware and software are
essential for the overall functionality of a computer system.

Booting
Booting is basically the process of starting the computer. When the CPU is first switched
on it has nothing inside the Memory. In order to start the Computer, load the Operating
System into the Main Memory and then Computer is ready to take commands from the
User. Learn the types of booting.
What happens in the Process of Booting?
Booting happens when you start the computer. This happens when we turned ON the
power or the computer restarts. The system BIOS (Basic Input/output System) makes the
peripheral devices active. Further, it requires that the boot device loads the operating
system into the main memory.
Boot Devices
Booting can be done either through hardware (pressing the start button) or by giving
software commands. Therefore, a boot device is a device that loads the operating system.
Moreover, it contains the instructions and files which start the computer. Examples are
the hard drive, floppy disk drive, CD drive, etc. Among them, the hard drive is the most
used one.
There are two types of booting:
Cold Booting
A cold boot is also called a hard boot. It is the process when we first start the computer. In
other words, when the computer is started from its initial state by pressing the power
button it is called cold boot. The instructions are read from the ROM and the operating
system is loaded in the main memory.
Warm Booting
Warm Boot is also called soft boot. It refers to when we restart the computer. Here, the
computer does not start from the initial state. When the system gets stuck sometimes it is
required to restart it while it is ON. Therefore, in this condition the warm boot takes
place. Restart button or CTRL+ALT+DELETE keys are used for warm boot.
Steps of Booting
We can describe the boot process in six steps:
1. The Startup
 It is the first step that involves switching the power ON. It supplies electricity to the main
components like BIOS and processor.
2. BIOS: Power On Self-Test It is an initial test performed by the BIOS. Further, this
test performs an initial check on the input/output devices, computer’s main memory, disk
drives, etc. Moreover, if any error occurs, the system produces a beep sound.
3. Loading of OS
In this step, the operating system is loaded into the main memory. The operating system
starts working and executes all the initial files and instructions.
4. System Configuration
In this step, the drivers are loaded into the main memory. Drivers are programs that help
in the functioning of the peripheral devices.
5. Loading System Utilities
System utilities are basic functioning programs, for example, volume control, antivirus,
etc. In this step, system utilities are loaded into the memory.
6. User Authentication
If any password has been set up in the computer system, the system checks for user
authentication. Once the user enters the login Id and password correctly the system finally
starts.

Introduction to Operating Systems (Windows and macOS)

An operating system (OS) is a crucial piece of software that serves as the backbone of a
computer, managing hardware resources, providing user interfaces, and enabling the
execution of software applications. Windows and macOS are two of the most widely used
operating systems, each with its own features, user interfaces, and functionalities.

Windows Operating System:

Description: Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft. It is one of

the most prevalent and recognizable operating systems in the world, used on a wide range of
devices from desktop computers to laptops and tablets.

Key Features:

1. Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows provides a user-friendly GUI with icons,
windows, menus, and a taskbar for easy navigation and multitasking.
2. Software Compatibility: Windows supports a vast array of software applications,
making it suitable for both business and personal use.
3. Hardware Diversity: Windows is designed to work with a wide range of hardware
configurations from various manufacturers.
4. File Management: Windows Explorer allows users to manage files and folders
efficiently, providing functions like copying, moving, renaming, and searching.
5. Customizability: Users can customize the look and feel of Windows through themes,
wallpapers, and settings.
Mac OS Operating System:

Description: mac OS is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. specifically for its line
of Macintosh computers. Known for its sleek design and user-friendly interface, macOS is
popular among creative professionals and enthusiasts.

Key Features:

1. Aesthetic Design: mac OS is known for its clean and elegant design, providing a
visually pleasing and cohesive user experience.
2. Integration with Apple Ecosystem: mac OS seamlessly integrates with other Apple
devices and services, such as iPhones, iPads, and iCloud.
3. Optimized for Creativity: mac OS includes software like Garage Band, iMovie, and
Final Cut Pro for creative tasks like music composition and video editing.
4. Unix-Based Core: mac OS has a Unix-based foundation, which provides robust
security and stability while also allowing for advanced command-line capabilities.
5. Time Machine: mac OS includes Time Machine, a backup utility that allows users to
easily restore their system and files to previous states.

Common Aspects of Windows and mac OS:

• Multitasking: Both Windows and macOS support multitasking, allowing users to run
multiple applications simultaneously and switch between them.
• Software Updates: Both operating systems receive regular updates to improve
security, stability, and features.
• Networking: Windows and macOS support network connectivity for internet access,
file sharing, and printer sharing.
• Security: Both operating systems offer security features such as user accounts,
permissions, firewalls, and built-in antivirus tools.
• User Support: Windows and macOS offer user support through official
documentation, online communities, and customer support services.

Choosing an Operating System:

The choice between Windows and macOS often depends on factors like personal preference,
software compatibility, hardware requirements, and the ecosystem of devices you're already
using. Both operating systems have their strengths and are suited to different use cases, so
understanding their features and capabilities is essential when making a decision.
In conclusion, operating systems like Windows and macOS are the foundation of modern
computing, providing the interface and management tools that allow users to interact with
their computers and run applications efficiently.
Navigating the File System: Folders, Files, and File Extensions
Navigating the file system is a fundamental skill that allows users to organize and manage
their digital files efficiently. Understanding how folders, files, and file extensions work
together is essential for finding, organizing, and working with your documents, images,
videos, and other types of files.

File System Basics:

A file system is a hierarchical structure used to organize and store files and directories
(folders) on a computer's storage devices. Here's an overview of the key elements:

Folders (Directories): Folders are containers that hold files and other folders. They provide
a way to organize and categorize files, making it easier to locate and manage them. Folders
can be nested within other folders, creating a hierarchical structure.
Files: Files contain data, whether it's a document, image, video, program, or any other type
of content. Files are stored within folders and are named to provide information about their
content.

File Path: A file path is the route that helps you locate a file within the file system. It
consists of the names of all the folders you need to navigate through to reach the desired file.

File Extensions:
A file extension is a suffix added to the end of a file name, separated by a dot. It helps
identify the type of file and the program that can open it. For example, in the file name
"document.txt," ".txt" is the file extension, indicating that the file is a text document. Here are
some common file extensions and their meanings:

• .txt: Text document

• .doc or .docx: Microsoft Word document
• .pdf: Portable Document Format
• .jpg or .jpeg: JPEG image
• .png: Portable Network Graphics image
• .mp4: MPEG-4 video file
• .exe: Executable program
• .zip: Compressed archive

Navigating the File System:

• Opening Folders: To navigate through folders, you usually double-click on them.

Each time you open a folder, it displays its contents, which can include subfolders and
files.
• Moving Back and Forth: Most file explorers have back and forward buttons that allow
you to move between recently visited folders.
 • Creating Folders: You can create new folders to organize your files better. Right-click
in the file explorer and select "New Folder."
• Copying and Moving Files: You can copy or move files from one folder to another.
Right-click the file, select "Copy" or "Cut," navigate to the destination folder, and
right-click to "Paste."
• Renaming Files and Folders: Right-click a file or folder, select "Rename," and type in
the new name.
• Searching for Files: File explorers have search functions that help you find files by
name, content, or other criteria.
• Understanding Icons: File and folder icons often provide visual clues about their type.
For instance, a folder icon typically looks like a folder, while different icons represent
various file types.

Importance:
Navigating the file system is a foundational skill for effectively managing your digital
documents and media. It helps you keep your files organized, find what you need quickly,
and avoid confusion or clutter. Whether you're a student, professional, or casual computer
user, understanding how to navigate and organize your files efficiently is essential for
productive digital workflows.

Managing Files and Folders: Creating, Moving, Renaming, Deleting

Efficiently managing files and folders is essential for keeping your digital documents
organized and easily accessible. Learning how to create, move, rename, and delete files and
folders helps you maintain a structured and clutter-free environment on your computer.

Creating Files and Folders:

Creating Folders:
• Right-click in the file explorer or on the desktop.
• Select "New" and then "Folder."
• Give the folder a descriptive name and press Enter.

Creating Files:
• Open the folder where you want to create the file.
• Right-click, select "New," and choose the desired file type (e.g., Text Document,
Word Document, etc.).
• Rename the file by clicking its name and typing a new one.

Moving and Copying Files and Folders:

Moving Files/Folders:
• Select the file/folder you want to move.
 Right-click and choose "Cut."  Navigate
to the destination folder.
 • Right-click and choose "Paste."
Copying Files/Folders:

• Select the file/folder you want to copy.

 Right-click and choose "Copy." 
Navigate to the destination folder.
• Right-click and choose "Paste."

Renaming Files and Folders:

Renaming Files:
• Right-click the file you want to rename.
• Select "Rename."
• Type the new name and press Enter.

Renaming Folders:
• Right-click the folder you want to rename.
• Select "Rename."
• Type the new name and press Enter.

Deleting Files and Folders:

Deleting Files:
• Select the file you want to delete.
• Press the Delete key on your keyboard.
 Confirm the deletion when prompted.
Deleting Folders:
• Right-click the folder you want to delete.
• Select "Delete."
• Confirm the deletion when prompted.

Important Points:
 Backup: Always be cautious when deleting files or folders, especially if they contain
important data. Regularly backup your important files to prevent accidental loss.
 Recycle Bin (Windows) or Trash (mac OS): Deleted files and folders are often
moved to the Recycle Bin (Windows) or Trash (mac OS) before being permanently
deleted. You can recover them from these locations until they are emptied.
 Organize Regularly: Regularly go through your files and folders to remove
unnecessary items, keeping your digital space organized and efficient.
 Keyboard Shortcuts: Many file operations have keyboard shortcuts (e.g., Ctrl + X
for Cut, Ctrl + V for Paste) that can speed up your workflow.
 Undo: Some actions can be undone using the Undo command (Ctrl + Z or Command
+ Z). Use this option if you realize you made a mistake.
Managing files and folders effectively streamlines your work process and prevents digital
clutter. Whether you're organizing personal files or professional documents, these skills are
vital for maintaining a well-structured digital environment.