Lecture Outline:

What is Java? (15-20 minutes)

● Overview:
○ Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by
Sun Microsystems in 1995 and now owned by Oracle Corporation.
○ It's designed to be platform-independent and follows the "Write Once, Run
Anywhere" philosophy due to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
● History of Java:
○ Initially developed as Oak by James Gosling and Mike Sheridan in 1991.
○ It was later renamed Java after Java coffee (from Indonesia).
○ Java's key features: Object-oriented, Simple, Portable, Distributed
computing, and Secure.
● Why Learn Java?:
○ Widely Used: In enterprise systems, Android apps, web development,
embedded systems, and large-scale distributed applications.
○ Platform Independence: Java code runs on any system with the JVM
installed.
○ Community Support: Massive developer community, well-documented
resources, and extensive libraries.

Key Concepts in Java (20-25 minutes)

● Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

○ Java is an object-oriented language, meaning it follows the four core
principles of OOP:
■ Encapsulation: Bundling data (variables) and methods that operate
on the data into a single unit or class.
■ Inheritance: The ability to create new classes based on existing ones,
inheriting their properties and behaviors.
■ Polymorphism: The ability of one method or class to take many
forms (overloading and overriding).
■ Abstraction: Hiding implementation details and showing only the
necessary functionality to the user.

Basic Java Syntax and Structure (20-25 minutes)

● Java Program Structure:

○ A basic Java program consists of:
■ Class Declaration: Java programs are written inside classes.
 ■ Main Method: The entry point of any Java application. The signature
is public static void main(String[] args).
■ Statements and Expressions: Instructions executed by the program.

Writing a Basic Program:

java
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public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

●
○ Explanation of the code:
■ public class HelloWorld: Declares a public class named
HelloWorld.
■ public static void main(String[] args): The entry point of
the program.
■ System.out.println("Hello, World!");: Prints "Hello,
World!" to the console.

Key Language Features (20-25 minutes)

● Variables, Data Types, and Literals:

○ Java has several primitive data types:
■ Integers: int, long
■ Floating point: float, double
■ Character: char
■ Boolean: boolean
○ Type Conversion and Casting:
■ Implicit (automatic) and explicit (manual) conversion between data
types.

Example:
java
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int a = 10;
double b = a; // Implicit conversion from int to double
int c = (int) b; // Explicit conversion (casting) from double to int

■
● Operators:
○ Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
 ○ Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
○ Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
○ Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
○ Assignment Operator: =, +=, -=, etc.
○ Operator Precedence: The order in which operators are evaluated (e.g.,
multiplication has higher precedence than addition).
● Control Statements:
○ Selection Statements:
■ if, if-else, switch
○ Iteration Statements:
■ for, while, do-while
○ Jump Statements:
■ break, continue, return

Java Object Model (15-20 minutes)

● Classes and Objects:

○ Class: A blueprint for creating objects (instances). It defines properties
(fields) and behaviors (methods).
○ Object: An instance of a class.

Example:
java
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class Person {
String name;
int age;

void speak() {
System.out.println("Hello, my name is " + name);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Person person1 = new Person();
person1.name = "John";
person1.age = 30;
person1.speak();
}
}

●
 ○ Declaring Objects: Use new to create objects.
○ Assigning Object References: Objects are stored as references, not values.

Constructors: Special methods used to initialize objects. The constructor has the same
name as the class.
java
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class Person {
String name;
int age;

Person(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}

●
● Access Modifiers: Control access to classes and their members.
○ public, private, protected, and default (no modifier).

Conclusion of Unit 5 (5-10 minutes)

● Summary:
○ Java is a powerful, object-oriented language widely used in building
enterprise applications, web services, and mobile apps.
○ The basics include understanding variables, data types, control flow, and how
to structure Java programs using classes and objects.
○ This unit has provided a foundation in Java syntax, which will be built upon in
upcoming units focusing on advanced concepts such as inheritance,
interfaces, exception handling, and database connectivity.

Key Takeaways from Zeroth Lecture:

● Java's foundational principles: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and platform

independence.
● Basic Java syntax: Structure of a Java program, class declaration, and the main
method.
● Core Java features: Variables, data types, operators, and control flow statements.
● Introduction to classes and objects: How to declare and instantiate objects, and
the importance of constructors and access modifiers.
Next Steps for Students:

● Install JDK (Java Development Kit) and IDE (e.g., IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse) for Java
development.
● Familiarize yourself with the basic syntax and try writing simple programs (e.g., Hello
World, basic arithmetic calculations).
● Prepare for the next class on Working with Classes, Objects, and Inheritance.

These notes should help students gain a solid understanding of Java’s basic syntax and
OOP principles, setting the stage for deeper exploration of Java’s more advanced features in
future units.