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Load Frequency Control

The document discusses the control of active and reactive power in power systems, emphasizing the importance of maintaining frequency for the proper operation of induction and synchronous motors. It outlines the different control mechanisms, including generating unit controls, system generation control, and transmission controls, as well as the basic generator control loops involving Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) and Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC). Additionally, it covers the objectives of load frequency control and the dynamics involved in maintaining a constant frequency in power systems.

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30 views64 pages

Load Frequency Control

The document discusses the control of active and reactive power in power systems, emphasizing the importance of maintaining frequency for the proper operation of induction and synchronous motors. It outlines the different control mechanisms, including generating unit controls, system generation control, and transmission controls, as well as the basic generator control loops involving Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) and Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC). Additionally, it covers the objectives of load frequency control and the dynamics involved in maintaining a constant frequency in power systems.

Uploaded by

vishalchetri32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Control of Active and Reactive

Power
By

Dr [Link]
Professor
EE Department, NIT SILCHAR
Introduction to Active Power control

• For satisfactory operation of PS, the frequency should remain nearly


constant.
• Close control of frequency ensures constancy
consistency of the speed of
induction motors and synchronous motors.
• The constancy
consistency of speed of the motors is important for satisfactory
performance of plants, since the plant’s auxiliaries are mainly driven
by induction motors.
• Considerable drop in frequency leads to high magnetizing current in
IM, and transformers
• For electric clocks and some other purposes require accurate
maintenance of synchronous time which is proportional to the
integral of frequency.
• Thus, it is required to regulate not only frequency but also it’s
integral.
• The frequency of a system depends on the active power balance.
• As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in
active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the
system by a change in frequency.
Control of Frequency and Power
There are three controls

➢Generating unit controls includes Prime Mover Control

(PMC) and Excitation System Controls (ESC)

➢System Generation Control: is to balance the total generation

against system load and losses so that desired frequency and

power interchanges (tie lines) is maintained.

➢Transmission Controls includes Power & Voltage controlled

devices such SVCs, Sync Condensers, switched capacitor and

reactors, Tap changing transformer (TCT), phase shifting

transformer (PST), HVDC transmission control

Fig.1 Subsystems of power system and associated controls


Basic generator control loop
There are two major control loops
1. Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loop: It controls the terminal Voltage(V). V is continuously sensed,
rectified, and smoothed. The DC signal proportional to |V|.
2. Automatic load frequency control (ALFC) loop: It regulates the output (MW) and frequency
(speed).There are two control loops under ALFC,-- Fast primary loop (PL) , and slow secondary loop (SL).

PL response to a frequency signal via speed governor


and control the valves/gates flow is regulated for
matching MW balance.
SL- maintains the fine adjustment of frequency and
maintains the proper MW interchange.

Fig. 2 Combined control of synchronous generator with AVR


and ALFC loops.
Basic generator control loop [2]

Fig. 3. The ALFC and AVR control loops of a synchronous


generator with primary and secondary ALFC loops
Cross coupling between AVR and ALFC
➢In true sense ALFC & AVR loops are non interacting, Cross coupling does not
exist and can some time troublesome.

➢The control actions in the AVR loop affect the magnitude of generator EMF.

➢As the internal EMF determines the magnitude of real power,

➢Thus, the changes in AVR loops must felt in ALFC

➢Accordingly, some studies are available on combined control of voltage and


frequency.

10/21/2024 National Institute of Technology, Silchar 7


Large signal analysis (LSA) and small signal analysis (SSA)

➢ When effects of major disturbances are concerned, LSA is perfomed.

➢ In LSA generator voltage and power may undergo sudden changes in magnitude that may approach 100%
of normal values. LSA lead to differential equation are of non linear type.

➢ In LSA system variables like f, δ, |V| represents the actual frequency, power angle, and voltage magnitude.

➢ SSA: When variables excursions are relatively small typically at almost a few % of nominal values. SSA
lead to differential equations are of linear type.

➢ In SSA, we use symbols like Δf, Δ δ, Δ|V| etc.. represents the deviations of frequency, power angle, voltage
magnitudes

10/21/2024 National Institute of Technology, Silchar 8


Objectives Load Frequency Control

➢To maintain isochronous system frequency.

➢To maintain schedule tie-line power flow.

➢To maintain economics of generation between available units in the power


system. This is economic dispatch problem and considered as a subset of
power frequency control.

10/21/2024 National Institute of Technology, Silchar 9


Continued.,

➢Under normal steady state (SS) condition, the frequency is unique (50Hz) for the system.

➢In any physical system, one can move from one SS to another SS through dynamics or
transition or transient process.

➢However, from equilibrium 50Hz, the SS frequency is achieved through a process of


transition or dynamics.

➢This dynamics are guess by deviation (Overshoots & undershoots, and settling time).

➢In Power system, irrespective of any load change, we want to maintain frequency constant
at 50Hz by appropriate governor control action.

➢Governor has two controls-- Primary control and secondary control.

10/21/2024 National Institute of Technology, Silchar 10


Speed Governing System

10/21/2024 National Institute of Technology, Silchar 11


Closing of ALFC Loop
Fundamentals of speed governing system
Hence,
Fundamentals of Automatic generation control
AGC in Isolated power system
The concept of Control area
AGC in interconnected system

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