Hello, I am your instructor for this module and I will guide you through
this course.
Before we get started I would like to point out the Notes pane on the left
of the screen where you can read along with the narration. We have
also included some useful Resources that you may want to check out
later.
This course should take around 20 minutes. There are five learning
objectives to cover followed by a short quiz at the end to check your
understanding.
Good luck.
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By the end of this module, you will have an understanding of:
1. What is the wildlife trade?
2. What are the impacts of the illegal wildlife trade?
3. The wildlife trade chain and links to the aviation industry.
4. How wildlife is smuggled by air.
5. The risks posed to the aviation industry by illegal wildlife trade.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1
What is the wildlife trade?
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What is the wildlife trade?
The sale and exchange of wild animals and plant resources whether
living, dead or as parts and derivatives. This may involve buying, selling,
exchange, import, export or re-export
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Why is wildlife traded?
Click on each picture to find out more
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FOOD such as fish and wild meat
BUILDING MATERIALS AND FUEL such as timber, wood, charcoal
HEALTH CARE for traditional and western medicine
Zoos, Exhibitions and Pets
COLLECTORS of items such as live orchids or curios
LUXURY ITEMS such as ivory carvings or animal furs
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Legal and illegal wildlife traded
Click on each picture to find out more
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The legal trade in wildlife is worth hundreds of billions of US Dollars each
year.
The majority of the fish we eat and the wood we use for furniture comes
from the wild.
Most of us use wildlife on a daily basis.
The legal wildlife trade can support local livelihoods and sustainable
development. National and international laws and regulations exist to
help protect endangered species from the illegal trade.
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The illegal wildlife trade includes the illegal harvest and sale of animals
and plants – including timber and fish.
It is estimated that the illegal wildlife trade is worth more than USD 26
billion per year, making it the fourth largest criminal market in the world,
after drugs, counterfeiting and human trafficking.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES 2
What are the impacts of the illegal wildlife trade?
Click on each picture to find out more
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Impacts of the Illegal Wildlife Trade
Environmental Damage
The illegal wildlife trade damages the environment and causes
biodiversity loss
It pushes endangered species closer to extinction
• Depletes natural resources
• Can lead to the introduction of harmful animals and plants
Almost 6,000 rhinos have been killed across Africa since 2008. In 2015
alone, over 1300 were killed by poachers, an increase for the sixth year
in a row.
Around 30,000 African Elephants are killed every year for the illegal ivory
trade.
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Livelihoods
• Impacts the lives of rural people who depend on the environment.
• Affects tourism industry when visitor numbers decline
A number of infectious diseases can be passed from animals to people.
Some have been linked to the trade and consumption of wildlife
including HIV, Ebola, SARS and Bird Flu.
Declines in animal numbers may lead to reduced tourist visitors.
One beach in Malaysia used to attract many tourists eager to see the
Leatherback Turtles. At certain times of year these big marine turtles
would climb out of the sea to lay their eggs on the beach. After the
tourists had left for the day, some people would return to dig up the eggs
and sell them as a delicacy. Over time, the numbers of turtles visiting
the beach began to fall until none returned. Tourist numbers fell too as
they could no longer see this amazing wild spectacle.
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Governance
The illegal wildlife trade fuels corruption and encourages lawlessness. It
poses a risk to national and international security and enriches criminal
syndicates.
Over the past ten years more than 1,000 wildlife rangers are thought to
have been killed in the line of duty. Most were killed by poachers
In 2006, the Tanzanian government lost USD59 million from corruption
in the timber industry.
This would have been enough to build 1,900 schools or provide
mosquito nets for every child in the country.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3
The wildlife trade chain and links to the aviation industry
________________________________________________________________
Very often the markets for illegal wildlife are far away from where the
poaching takes place. Illegal traffickers have to transport items such as
elephant ivory and rhino horn to the consumer, often over very long
distances.
Traffickers often use the same networks and routes as those who move
legitimate items around the world.
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A trade chain at its simplest. Animals or animal products are harvested
by poachers, stored, packed and moved until they reach their final
destination – the end consumer.
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Illegal wildlife traffickers often use the same routes and transport as
everyone else, including cars, buses, trucks and trains.
Items which are sent by air must pass through the airport - this constricts
trade flows into a bottleneck.
With the smugglers’ contraband forced into a single location; an airport
provides excellent opportunities for the detection and interception of
wildlife traffickers.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 4
How wildlife is smuggled by air
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Seizures of illegal wildlife made from airports in the first four months of
2016 included over 8,000 reptiles and more than half a ton of elephant
ivory and rhino horn.
Transport providers, such as airlines are becoming increasingly
vulnerable to exploitation by illegal wildlife traffickers.
Small shipments of live animals or high-value, low weight products may
be hidden on passengers or in carry-on or check-in luggage. Examples
include rhino horns, elephant ivory, birds, turtles, tortoises, other small
(and often young) animals etc.
Larger shipments of live animals or parts and derivatives may be carried
as cargo. Examples include rhino horn, elephant ivory, animal skins,
tortoises, plants etc.
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3 Smuggling method examples:
in check-in luggage, carry-on luggage and as air cargo.
Check-in Luggage
In April 2015, a passenger travelling from Indonesia to Moscow was
caught with 108 exotic animals in her suitcase that weighed 27kg
Carry-on
Hong Kong Customs found 15kg ivory pieces in a tailor-made vest
in a passenger’s hand carry bag in August 2015
Cargo
In May 2016, Customs officers at an airport in Berlin found 625kg
African Elephant ivory in 11 boxes that were about to be shipped to
Viet Nam (declared as wall clocks)
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
The risks posed by the illegal wildlife trade to the aviation industry
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The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the trade
association for the world’s airlines, representing some 260 airlines,
including Etihad Airways. IATA is working with the aviation industry to
support the work of enforcement agencies and others, including CITES
to combat the illegal trade in wildlife.
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The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (known as CITES) aims to ensure that international
trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their
survival. It is an international agreement between governments.
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Click on the button to play the video
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REPUTATIONAL RISK
The media reports seizures of illegal wildlife every day. Sometimes
these reports include details such as the carrier used or even the flight
number.
Customers motivated by responsible practices may decide to boycott
companies that have been implicated in wildlife trafficking.
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ECONOMIC RISK
Government officials are more likely to increase scrutiny of an airline or
route they know that has been used to smuggle wildlife.
This may result in illegal proceedings, more checks and delays for
passengers and cargo causing inconvenience and money.
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LEGAL RISK
Some companies found to have transporting illegal products have been
prosecuted for failing to ensure that what they were carrying was legal.
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SAFETY RISK
There is a risk of injury and disease from smuggled wildlife. In 2015,
passengers on two separate flights were bitten by scorpions that were
loose in the cabin.
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If you encounter wildlife trafficking – report it.
Follow the standard reporting procedures or your company’s
whistleblower policy.
Congratulations, you have reached to the end of this course. Try the
following questions to check your understanding.
Click next to continue. Good luck!
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Loss of biodiversity (record je yang ni buat spare)
