in,Projections and Traces of Straight Lines

Hence, which is true according to the co-ordinate geometry.

Sin =
T.L.
and Sin = T.L.
roblem 9: The length of the top view af a straight line AB parallelto the V.P., and
LAlined at 40° to H.P., is 60 mm. Its end A is 10 mm above H.P., and 25 mm infront of V.P.
raw the projections and determine the true length of the ine AB (Fig. 2.32).
Solution :Mark the position of theend point Aof a straight line AB in top view and front view
as a and a' (see fig 2.32)
Since the straight line AB is parallel to the V.P., therefore its top view will be parallel to xy
ine and front view will show its true length and true inclination with the H.P.
First draw the top view ab equal to 60 mm and parallel to xy line.
From a', draw a straight line making an angle of 40 withxyline and cutting the projector
drawn through b to b.Then a b' represents the front view and also the true-length of the straight
line AB. LOCUS OF b n
true
e

FRONT
AssoVIEW
t e
24 12J
G

10 24
to nie
25
m. Lm
LOCUS OF b b be
TOP VIEW Fig.2.33
(1) TRUE LENGTH (T.L.)=41 MM
RESULTS: (2) TRUE INCLINATIONWITH H.P, (O)=20°
Fig. 2.32 (3) TRUE INCLINATION WITH V.P. (0)=200
Aroblem 10 :The end point Aof a straight line AB=36 mm long, is 12 mm away from
H.P.,and V.P., and another point Bis 24 mm away from H.P., and V.P., respectively. Draw
the top view and frontview of the straight line AB and determine the true inclinat+on with
H.P.,and V.P., respectively [Fig. 2.33].
Solution : Draw the top view andfront view of the end point Aof a straight line AB as a and
a' respectively 12 mm away from the xy line on both sides.
Drawthe locuslines mm'and nn´at a distance of 24 mm on either sides of the xy line. With
a'as centre and radius equal to 36 mm, draw an arc to intersect the locus line nn´atb, .Join a b
Then the inclination '0 with the line ab,' is the required true inclination with H.P.
Similarly mark the point b, taking a as centre and radius equal to 36 mm. Join ab,. Then the
inclination '%of the line ab, is the required true inclination with the V.P.
Now in order to draw the top view, rotate the line ab, to ab witha as centre.
Join ab. Then ab is the required top view of the straight line AB.
Similarly, draw the front view a'b'by rotating the line ab,' to a'b'. Then a'b is the required
front view.
4.40
Prbctons and Traces of Straight Line
Note: The pointsb andb 'of thestraight line should always lie on the same vertical projecto Proje
through the point B in its inclined position.
Problem 11: A and B are two points in space. The point A is in the V.P., and 24 mn
above the H.P. Point B is in the H.P. and 36 mm from the V.P. The point A is 54 mm away
from B. Draw the top view and front view of the straight line AB and also determine the
true inclinations 8 and of the ine with the H.P. and the V.P. respectively [Fig 2.34J.
n

24
FRONT VIab2EW =54 LOCUS
V.P.
OF B
b
H.P.

36 ab =54
TOP VIEW

m -m
Fig. 2.34 b b. Sf ite
Solution: Since the point Alies in the V.P. and 24 mm above H.P. mark the top view on xroie
line and the front viewa', 24 mm above xy line.
Now, draw the locus line mm' parallelto and 36 mm below the xy line. With aas centre angy lir
radius equal to 54 mm, drawan arc to cut the line m m'at b,.Join ab,and project b, tob,. Then
ab, anda'b,'give the top view and front view of the line AB whenit is parallel to the H.P.(and angle
represents its true inclination with the V.P.
Similarly, with a' as centre and radius equal to 54mm,draw an arc cutting the xyline at b
Join a b,'. Then a'b,'a' and ab, represent the front view and top view of the lines AB when itk
parallel to the V.P., and angle represents its inclination with the H.P. Now keeping the end a fixed
rotate the line, ab, to the po_ition b. Join ab. Project bvertically upward to meet the xy line at bR
Join a'b'.
Then a b anda'b'are the required top view and front view of the straight line AB and 9anHP:
ogive its true inclinations with the H.P. andV.P. respectively.
Problem 12:The top view ab and the front view a'b'of a straight line AB are given
fig2.35(0). Findthe true length of the straight line AB and also its true inclinations with H.!
and V.P. (Fig 2.35].
Solution : Draw the given top view ab and front view a'b'of a straight line AB as shown in f
2.35 (i).
Keeping a fixed rotate a'b' to a position ab, thus making it parallel to xy line. Project b,
b, on the locus of b. Join ab, which gives the true length of line ABand angleis the true inclinati
with V.P. The magnitude of comes out to be 20°.
Similarly, turn ab to a position ab, and project b, to b,' on the locus of b'. Join a'b,. Then
b,' is the true length of AB and is the true inclination with the H.P. The magnitude of 0js 24 roje
oin
ith
 nt Lin
Projections and Traces of Straight Lines
ojec
awe
ne th b bi

2.34 FRONT VIEW

F R O N T V I F W

T.Ldb

V.P.
X
60 -y
b
b2 HP.
T O P V I E W

T O P V I E W

T.L= ab2

b,

() Fig 2.35 (ü)

LProblem 13:The top view of astraight line AB72 mm long, measures 62.4 mm while length
ifits front view is 49.2 mm. Its end A is inthe V.P., and 12 mm above the H.P. Draw the
on Srojections of the straight line and determine its inclinations with H.P. and V.P. (Fig 2.36].
Solution: Since the end A lies in the V.P. and 12 mm above H.P., mark the top view a on
e ary line and the front view a´ 12 mm above xy line.
The b LOCUSOF B b
ang QRRONTVIEW49.) 72\mm
n
VIEW
RONTVe

at b.
en it
fixe b2
at bP 124 492
b2 V
P
62:4
b;
0 ar
HP: HP

ven
hH.

ninf
m

tb," m -m
nati
Fig 2.36 b2 LiocUS OF. B
RESULTS: INCLINATION WNITH H.P., =300
hen INCLINATION WITH V.P., =470 Fig. 2.37
s 24 Draw ab, equal to 62.4 mm on xyline, as the end Ais in the V.P. From b,, draw avertical upward
rojector. With a' as centre and radius equal to 72 mm, drawan arc cutting the projector at b,'.
Oin a b,. Measure the inclination a'b', with xy line which aives the angle 0 i.e.,true inclination
vith H.P.
 4.42 Projections and Traces of Straight Lin

From b.'. draw the locus line nn' parallel to xy line. With a´as centre and radius equal toth
front view length 49.2 mm, draw an arccutting nn'at b'. Join a'b.From b', draw averticaldownwar
projector. With a as centre and ab, as radius, draw an arc thereby cutting the vertical project
through b' at b. Join ab which is the required top view.
Toobtain the inclination with V.P., rotate the front view a'b' to the position a b,'parallelt
x y line. From b,, draw a vertical downward projector to meet the locus lines mm´ drawn throug
bat b,. join ab,. Measure the inclination with ab, with xy line which gives the angle .
The inclination with H.P.(0) and V.P. (0) are 30° and 47° respectively.
Problem 14:Astraight the AB 70 mm long has its front viewab´inclined at 45°toth
H.P. The point Ais inthe V.P., and 20 mm above xy line.The length of the front view is 3
mm. Draw the top view of the line and find its truc inclination to H.P. and V.P. (Fig. 2.37
Solut.on:Mark the top view a of the end point A on x y line and its front view as a ,20 m
above xy line.
Through a', draw the front view a'b' equal to 35 mm and at an angle 45°
to the H.P. Fro
and 70 mm as radius, dra
b', draw the locus line n n' of b' parallelto x v line. Witha' as centre
an arc cutting the locus nn' at b,' which gives the front view
of the line parallel to V.P. Measu
makes with the H.P.
the angle 0. This is the required inclination which the line
From b', draw a vertic
Now, rotate the front view a'b´ to the position a'b,'parallel to x y line.
downward projector and with a as centre and 70 mm as
radius, draw an arc thereby cutting t
parallel to H.P. Measure the angle
projectorat b,. Join ab, which gives the top view of the line
This is the required inclination with the V.P.
the 2.37.
Finally, obtain the position of top view a b as shown in
Problem 15. A straight line A B, 70 mm long has its end A is
H.P. and end B is V
(Fig.2.38 ].
The line is inclined at 45° to H.P. and 40° to V.P. Draw its projections
Solution : For its solution, see fig. 2.38 which is itself explanatory.

T.L=70

V . P .

AD
viev
and

in fic

front
B
proje
A, b, =LENGTH OF FRONTV Xy lin
H.P
TOP VIEW 40 m
Fig. 2.38 A, b =LENGTH OF
Problem 16: The projectors of two points A and B in space are 60mm apart. A
mm in front of V.P., and 20 mm above H.P. Bis 25 mm infrontof V.P. and 45 mm abover
Athird point Cis 34 mm from Aand 65 mm from Band is in H.P. Draw the projectio e
the lines AC and BC and measure the distance of C from the V.P. [Fig. 2.39).
 LINes

Pro
b b
-n'

a'

X
a'

-m

b
Fig. 2.27
STRAIGHT LINE
2.4. TRUE LENGTH AND TRUE INCLINATIONS OF A
to one plane and paralle
It has been explained already that when a straight line is inclined
will show its true length. But ir..
to the other, its projections on the plane to which it is parallel to
case when a line is inclined to both the reference planes, its true length is neither shown in
view nor in front view. plan
projections ol4raus
Similarly,when a line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, itsinclined to bot
when a line is
the plane to which it is parallel willgive the true inclination, but in front view.
the planes its true inclinations can neither be shown in top view nor
INCLINATIONS OF A
2.5. METHODS FORDETERMINING THE/TRUE LENGTH AND TRUE
STRAIGHT LINE
inclinations of oroj
The following methods are employed to determine the true length and true Derp
straight line when the line is inclined to both the reference planes;
auxi
1. Rotation method. para
2. Auxiliary plane method.
he s
3. Co-ordinate geometry methods.
1. Rotation method: To determine the true length and true inclinations of a stright line whe
becomes parallH.P.
its projections are given, rotate either the top view or front view of the line so that it th
toone of the two reference planes H.P., of V.P., respectiyely and then complete the rest of
figure in the same way as explained already.
auxil
(0) Rotation of top view : In fig 2.28, ab and a'b' represent the top view and front view
straight line AB. Keeping the end a fixed, rotate the top view ab to the position ab, parallel to xand
auxil
line.
Fromb, draw a vertical projector to cutthe locus ofb' at b,'. Join a'b,'. Then a'b,'represenont
the true length of the line AB and angle 0 is the true inclination with H.P.
(ii) Rotation of front view:In fig 2.29, a b and a'b' represent the top view and front vie
of the line AB. Keeping the end a' fixed, rotate the front view ab' to the position ab', parallel
xy line. Fromb,, draw avertical projector to cut the locus of bat b, Join ab, Then ab, represesr
straic
the true length of the line AB. the s
ne Projections and Traces of Straight Lines
4.37

m bi -m
FRONTVIEW
FRONT VIEW

V.P.

Y
bo |boy
TOR VIEW H.P,
TOP VIEW
b,

Fig. 2.28 Fig. 2.29

alle
2. Auxiliary plane method : It has been explained that if a straight line is parallel to any of
t irthe reference planes. the projection on that plane give the true length. When the straight line is
not paralleltoany of the reference planes, it will not show its true length in either of the reference
planes. In such cases, an auxiliary plane is taken parallel to the straight line and the projection thus
Odrawn on that plane will showthe true length of the straight line.
ot The assumed auxiliary planes carn be either:
(0) Perpendicular to the H.P., i.e., the auxiliary vertical plane (A.V.P.)or,
A (ii) Perpendicular to the V.P., i.e., the auxiliary inclined plane (A.I.P.).
If the auxiliary plane is perpendicular to the H.P., and parallel to the inclined line, the
oftprojection obtained will be the auxiliary front view and|willshow the true length of the line. If it is
perpendicular to the V.P., and parallel to the inclined line, the projections obtained will be the
auxiliary top view and willshow the true length of the line. Hence, the auxiliary line must be placed
parallel to the top view or front view of the line.
The relationship between the principalprojection and the auxiliary projection must be exactly
the same as those existing between the principal projection i.e.,top view and front view.
he The distance between the principal projections (top view and front view) from the xy line i.e.,
all H.P., and V.P., will bear the same relationship between the auxiliary projection.
th 2.6. PROJECTIONS ONAUXIL0ARY VERTICAL AND AUXILIARY INCLINED PLANE
In fig. 2.30 (i), ab and a'b' are the top view and front view of straight line AB. To obtain an
wauxiliary front view, arrange an auxiliary vertical plane a,b parallel to the front view a'b', Then a'a',
oX and b'b, perpendiculars to a'b' and cut off a',a',-a,a andb',b,=b,b. Join a,'b, which gives the
auxilary front view and is equal to the true length of thestraight line. The inclination '0'auxiliary
ent ont view a',b', with a' b', line gives the true inclinatjon of the line AB with the H.P.
Similarly to obtain an auxiliary top view, arrange an auxiliary plane a,b,parallel to the top view
iel ab of the straight line AB (see fig. 2.30 (i)]
el Then draw perpendiculars at each end of the top view and cut off a,a,=a,a'andb,b,=bb'.Join
ert a,D,which gives the auxiliary top view of the straight line AB and is equal to the true length of the
Sraight line. The inclination of the auxiliary top view a,b, with a,b, ives the true inclination of
the straight line AB with V.P.