UNIT 6 :INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WITH

PYTHON:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the theory and development of computer systems

capable of performing tasks that historically required human intelligence, such as
recognizing speech, making decisions, and identifying patterns. AI is an umbrella
term that encompasses a wide variety of technologies, including machine
learning, deep learning, and natural language processing (NLP).

Although the term is commonly used to describe a range of different technologies in

use today, many disagree on whether these actually constitute artificial intelligence.
Instead, some argue that much of the technology used in the real world today
actually constitutes highly advanced machine learning that is simply a first step
towards true artificial intelligence, or “general artificial intelligence” (GAI).

Some of the most common examples of AI in use today include:

 ChatGPT: Uses large language models (LLMs) to generate text in response to

questions or comments posed to it.
 Google Translate: Uses deep learning algorithms to translate text from one
language to another.
 Netflix: Uses machine learning algorithms to create personalized recommendation
engines for users based on their previous viewing history.
 Tesla: Uses computer vision to power self-driving features on their cars.

Application of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence has many practical applications across various industries
and domains, including:

1. Healthcare – AI is used for medical diagnosis by analyzing medical images

like X-rays and MRIs to identify diseases. For instance, AI systems are being
developed to detect skin cancer from images with high accuracy.
2. Finance – AI helps in credit scoring by analyzing a borrower’s financial
history and other data to predict their creditworthiness. This helps banks
decide whether to approve a loan and at what interest rate.
3. Retail – AI is used for product recommendations by analyzing your past
purchases and browsing behavior to suggest products you might be interested
 in. For example, Amazon uses AI to recommend products to customers on
their website.
4. Manufacturing – AI helps in quality control by inspecting products for
defects. AI systems can be trained to identify even very small defects that
human inspectors might miss.
5. Transportation – AI is used for autonomous vehicles by developing self-
driving cars that can navigate roads without human input. Companies like
Waymo and Tesla are developing self-driving car technology.
6. Customer service – AI-powered chatbots are used to answer customer
questions and provide support. For instance, many banks use chatbots to
answer customer questions about their accounts and transactions.
7. Security – AI is used for facial recognition by identifying people from images
or videos. This technology is used for security purposes, such as identifying
criminals or unauthorized individuals.
8. Marketing – AI is used for targeted advertising by showing ads to people who
are most likely to be interested in the product or service being advertised. For
example, social media companies use AI to target ads to users based on their
interests and demographics.
9. Education – AI is used for personalized learning by tailoring educational
content to the individual needs of each student. For example, AI-powered
tutoring systems can provide students with personalized instruction and
feedback.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed industries, leading to significant
advancements in technology, science, and everyday life. To understand AI better,
we must first recognize that AI can be categorized into different types based on
capabilities and functionalities.
Type 1: Based on Capabilities of AI
 Narrow AI
 General AI
 Super AI
Type 2: Based on the Functionality of AI
 Reactive Machines
 Limited Memory AI
 Theory of Mind
 Self-Aware AI
Types of AI Based on Capabilities
1. Narrow AI (Weak AI)
Narrow AI is designed and trained on a specific task or a narrow range tasks.
These Narrow AI systems are designed and trained for a purpose. These Narrow
systems performs their designated tasks but mainly lack in the ability to
generalize tasks.
Examples:
 Voice assistants like Siri or Alexa that understand specific commands.
 Facial recognition software used in security systems.
 Recommendation engines used by platforms like Netflix or Amazon.
Despite being highly efficient at specific tasks, Narrow AI lacks the ability to
function beyond its predefined scope. These systems do not possess
understanding or awareness.
2. General AI (Strong AI)
General AI refers to AI systems that have human intelligence and abilities to
perform various tasks. Systems have capability to understand, learn and apply
across a wide range of tasks that are similar to how a human can adapt to various
tasks.
While General AI remains a theoretical concept, researchers aim to develop AI
systems that can perform any intellectual task a human can. It requires the
machine to have consciousness, self-awareness, and the ability to make
independent decisions, which is not yet achievable.
Potential Applications:
 Robots that can learn new skills and adapt to unforeseen challenges in real-
time.
 AI systems that could autonomously diagnose and solve complex medical
issues across various specializations.
3. Superintelligence (Super AI)
Super AI surpasses intelligence of human in solving-problem, creativity, and
overall abilities. Super AI develops emotions, desires, need and beliefs of their
own. They are able to make decisions of their own and solve problem of its own.
Such AI would not only be able to complete tasks better than humans but also
understand and interpret emotions and respond in a human-like manner.
While Super AI remains speculative, it could revolutionize industries, scientific
research, and problem-solving, possibly leading to unprecedented advancements.
However, it also raises ethical concerns regarding control and regulation.
Types of Artificial Intelligence Based on Functionalities
AI can also be classified into four types based on how the systems function. This
classification is more commonly used to distinguish AI systems in practical
applications.
1. Reactive Machines
Reactive machines are the most basic form of AI. They operate purely based on
the present data and do not store any previous experiences or learn from past
actions. These systems respond to specific inputs with fixed outputs and are
unable to adapt.
Examples:
 IBM’s Deep Blue, which defeated the world chess champion Garry Kasparov
in 1997. It could identify the pieces on the board and make predictions but
could not store any memories or learn from past games.
 Google’s AlphaGo, which played the board game Go using a similar
approach of pattern recognition without learning from previous games.
2. Limited Memory in AI
Limited Memory AI can learn from past data to improve future responses. Most
modern AI applications fall under this category. These systems use historical data
to make decisions and predictions but do not have long-term memory. Machine
learning models, particularly in autonomous systems and robotics, often rely on
limited memory to perform better.
Examples:
 Self-driving cars: They observe the road, traffic signs, and movement of
nearby cars, and make decisions based on past experiences and current
conditions.
 Chatbots that can remember recent conversations to improve the flow and
relevance of replies.
3. Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI aims to understand human emotions, beliefs, intentions, and
desires. While this type of AI remains in development, it would allow machines
to engage in more sophisticated interactions by perceiving emotions and adjusting
behavior accordingly.
Potential Applications:
 Human-robot interaction where AI could detect emotions and adjust its
responses to empathize with humans.
 Collaborative robots that work alongside humans in fields like healthcare,
adapting their tasks based on the needs of the patients.
4. Self-Awareness AI
Self-Aware AI is an advanced stage of AI that possesses self-consciousness and
awareness. This type of AI would have the ability to not only understand and
react to emotions but also have its own consciousness, similar to human
awareness.
While we are far from achieving self-aware AI, it remains the ultimate goal for
AI development. It opens philosophical debates about consciousness, identity,
and the rights of AI systems if they ever reach this level.
Potential Applications:
 Fully autonomous systems that can make moral and ethical decisions.
 AI systems that can independently pursue goals based on their understanding
of the world around them.

Hardware Requirements for Artificial Intelligence

Hardware Components of AI
Artificial Intelligence workloads are usually computationally expensive. The
complexity of working, training deep learning models, processing large data sets,
and performing inference operations necessitates hardware capable of performing
the tasks properly, Here is a list of the necessary key hardware components for
AI:
Central Processing Units (CPUs)
 Feature: CPUs are programmable processors that can perform any task
depending on the program loaded into them. Function in AI: It is used to
process serial jobs and for system-level control in the domain of AI.
 Use-Case: Even though CPUs are not the best at executing deep learning
workloads, simpler AI tasks, data preprocessing, or controlling other hardware
components, it is still used.
Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)
 Role: GPUs are very good at performing tasks in parallel, which is a very
important aspect of training neural networks. Its architecture will, therefore,
 be fit to perform many calculations concurrently, being well-suited for the
enormous matrix operations ubiquitous in deep learning.
 Use Case: AI has seen wide adoption in the training of deep learning models,
image and video processing, and execution of complicated simulations. The
most widely adopted kind of GPU among AI researchers is one enabled for
CUDA by NVIDIA.
Tensor Processing Units (TPUs)
 Role: TPUs are custom-developed hardware by Google for the specific
purpose of accelerating AI workloads. They are optimized for tensor
operations, which are used in many AI models and form the core basis for
deep learning.
 Use Case: TPUs are widely applied in cloud services by Google for training
and inference on deep-learning models at large scale, they bring immense
performance improvement over GPUs in some artificial intelligence
workloads.
Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
 Function: FPGAs are flexible hardware used to implement the most suitable
algorithmic specifics of a certain AI task in order to achieve a balanced view
between performance and adaptability.
 Use case: FPGAs are used in AI real-time applications where low latency is
required, such as in the autonomous vehicles and high-frequency trading
systems.
Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
 Role: ASICs—application-specific integrated circuits—are chips that are
custom-made for a particular application. In AI, they bring up maximal
efficiency and performance to do what is required out of a certain task but
come at quite a high cost in developing and time.
 Use case: ASICs find applications in scenarios where the AI task is well
defined and does not require hardware flexibility; for example, large data
centers or embedded AI systems.
Memory and Storage
 Role: By the very nature of AI workloads, too much memory (RAM) is
specifically required to store and hold data during computation, particularly
for large-scale datasets and models. Fast storage solutions, for instance,
NVMe SSDs, would be integral in data fetching and handling processes.
 Use Case: In this context, high memory capacity is needed to train models of
high complexity; fast storage is necessary to store and handle large datasets.
Networking
 Role: High-speed networking forms the backbone for effective
communication of varied nodes within a cluster or among edge devices and
cloud servers, which becomes critical for all distributed AI systems.
 Use Case: Networking is one of the most fundamental dimensions of cloud-
based AI platforms and distributed computing environments, where data and
computation are shared with others.

Future Trends in AI Hardware

AI is maturing, but at the same time, hardware to power AI is also going through
a transmutation. A few emergent trends defining the future of AI hardware are
pushing the innovation envelope in terms of performance, efficiency, and access.
Here's a look at some of the key trends:
Quantum Computing
 Overview: Quantum computing is a radical change in computing, allowing
the processing of information via quantum mechanics ways far beyond the
capabilities of classical computers. Quantum computers can perform complex
calculations at speeds exponentially faster than today's supercomputers.
 AI Effects: Quantum Computing can really change the entire field of AI.
Solving problems that are intractable today in such areas as optimizing
complex systems, drug discovery, and cryptography could be solved by
quantum computing. It might give a breakthrough in the AI algorithm and,
most importantly, enhance the training speed of deep learning models.
 Current Status: Quantum computing is still in the experimental phase, and
companies like IBM, Google, and D-Wave are pushing it through; it should be
commercially available in the coming years.
Edge AI
 Overview: Edge AI means doing AI algorithm processing on the local device
instead of having to communicate and be processed in a central cloud server.
This trend is driven by the need for low latency, real-time processing, and data
privacy.
 Impact on AI: Edge AI moves processing toward the source of data,
decreasing latency, conserving bandwidth, and enhancing data privacy. This is
particularly beneficial for applications like autonomous vehicles, smart cities,
and industrial IoT.
 Hardware Implications: The development of AI chips tailor-made for the
edge and power-efficient—NVIDIA's Jetson, Google's Edge TPU—are
boosting accelerated edge AI adoption.
Neuromorphic
 Overview: Neuromorphic computing takes inspiration from human brain
architecture. It includes hardware design with the intention of reaching the
most efficient, adaptive AI systems through the emulation of neuron-synapse
behavior.
 Impact on AI: Neuromorphic chips could enable faster, more energy-efficient
AI systems that can learn in real time. This could lead to advances in
robotics, natural language processing, and many other AI applications that
have conventionally needed cognitive capabilities.
 Recent Developments: Companies like Intel and IBM are into the
development of neuromorphic chips, including Intel's Loihi, that push the
boundaries of what can be done with AI, especially in terms of power
efficiency and real-time processing.
Energy-Efficient AI
 Overview: Workloads for AI grow in size, and so does the demand for
hardware to go along with it at an energy-efficient level. Investments are being
pumped into the development of chips and systems that will execute at high
performance yet minimize power consumption.
 Impact on AI: Sustainably deploying AI, in data centers and edge devices,
highly depends on the availability of energy-efficient AI hardware. Reducing
energy consumption, thus making AI more accessible and scalable, will
further scale and broaden the use of AI.
 Innovations: Developments in this include AI accelerators, with Google's
TPU and Apple's Neural Engine optimized for performance and energy
efficiency. Nonetheless, there is also a great interest in new materials and
architectures that may lead to even less power usage.
AI Hardware for Cloud Computing Overview
 Cloud providers are investing in AI-optimized hardware due to increasing
demand for ever-larger and more complex AI applications. This investment
spreads to GPUs, TPUs, FPGAs, and custom-designed AI chips for the cloud.
 Resulting impact of AI: Availability of AI hardware in cloud environments
democratizes the provision of such a powerful resource, making it available
for any organization to train and deploy artificial intelligence models at scale.
The capability provides AI—application availability across multiple cloud-
based services.
 Trends: The major cloud providers—AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft
Azure—are perpetually refreshing their AI hardware portfolios, including
purpose-built, custom silicon.
Software tool
Software tool is particularly a set of computer programs which are used by the
software developers to create, maintain or debug other applications. Software
development tools are tools that the programmers practice to develop other
software applications. Software development tools can be things like interpreters
that work directly with code, but they can also be tools that help to make the lives
of developers simpler and easier.

Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is an open source code editor which is a fast, lightweight
coding tool which can run seamlessly on various different platforms such
as Linux, macOS and Windows. Visual studio code is used by the software
developers as this tool supports multiple programming languages. Visual Studio
Code (VS Code) continues to evolve with exciting new features in its latest
updates. The July 2024 release, version 1.92, introduces enhanced support for
Python environments, improved TypeScript 5.5 integration, and advanced
debugging tools for JavaScript. Additionally, the GitHub Copilot AI has been
refined for better inline chat and code suggestions, making development even
more intuitive. Updates also include support for custom glyphs in the terminal,
new visualization tools in the Source Control view, and numerous improvements
for Java and Maven project management
Features:
 Visual studio code consists of code editing tools such as auto indentation,
bracket matching and syntax highlighting.
 VS code consists of plenty of customizations for the workplaces and
integrations.
 VS code is also used for built-in code debugging.
Git
Git is particularly a version control system for the software development which
ensures the software developers they can revert back to the specific past versions
of their work to see the records of the works which are completed and also allows
for the streamlined collaboration by permitting the changes which are changed by
multiple people. The latest trends in using Git as a software development tool
show that it remains a crucial part of modern development workflows. GitHub, a
major platform utilizing Git, continues to provide robust project
management, collaboration, and code review capabilities. Developers
appreciate its seamless integration with various CI/CD tools and its ability to
support distributed teams effectively. As of 2024, Git's popularity is reinforced by
its extensive use in version control and its pivotal role in supporting agile
development practices and automation
Features:
 Git helps in tracking the history, and also supports non-linear development.
 Git supports collaboration, branching is easy in git and it is easily scalable.
 Git also creates backups and it is a free open source.
Jenkins
Jenkins is a high regarded open source automation server which helps the
software developers to become fast and efficient while improving the quality and
reducing the errors. Jenkins is popularly known for his scalability, flexibility and
customization, it also automates software development in many ways. Jenkins
continues to be a dominant player in the CI/CD landscape, widely adopted for
automating parts of the software development process. As of
2023, Jenkins maintains a strong presence with over 1 million active users and
more than 200,000 active installations globally, executing millions of jobs daily.
The platform's robust plugin ecosystem and support from major industry sponsors
like CloudBees and the Continuous Delivery Foundation underscore its
widespread usage.
Features:
 Jenkins is easy to install and configure and it is a continuous integration and
continuous delivery tool.
 Jenkins helps in automating, building, testing and deployment in the
development environments.
 Reporting is another important feature of Jenkins.

Jira
Jira is a type of work management tool which supports the Agile
methodology such as Scrum, Kanban. Jira is used by a large number of software
developers and also allows them for bug tracking, issue tracking and agile project
management. Jira tool offers multiple features like sprints for Scrum
management and other agile boards like Kanban. Jira, a popular project
management tool, has introduced several new features in 2024 to enhance team
collaboration and efficiency. Key updates include AI-powered automation, which
simplifies the creation of automation rules using natural language, and goal
tracking features to help teams stay focused and aligned. Additionally, new
visualization options and integrations with Confluence and Loom are designed to
improve asynchronous collaboration across different geographies and time zones.
These enhancements aim to streamline workflows and support the growing need
for remote and hybrid work solutions
Features:
 Jira consists of a drag and drop feature and also allows commenting on the
tickets.
 Jira also consists of features like sprint completion visualization and reports.
 Jira integrates with the CI/CD tools.

Docker
Docker is one of the most famous and powerful platforms which helps the
software developers in building, sharing and running the software applications.
Docker platform features the powerful UIs, APIs, CLIs and the security
applications which are made to simplify the process of the software development
cycle. Docker continues to be a pivotal tool in the software development
landscape, with significant updates and enhancements in 2024. The introduction
of Docker Desktop 4.27 has brought synchronized file shares and
enhanced cloud-based build capabilities, enabling teams to leverage shared
caching for faster builds. Additionally, Docker has expanded its security and
compliance features through Docker Scout, which helps teams proactively
identify and resolve vulnerabilities . The integration of AI and machine learning
technologies, such as the GenAI Stack and Docker AI, promises to boost
developer productivity by providing automated, context-specific guidance
Features:
 Docker composes on building the unique applications for the code review
purpose.
 Docker integrates with tools such as GitHub and Vs Code.
 With the help of Docker Hub sharing the container images becomes easy.
GitHub
GitHub is a cloud based software development tool which enables the software
developers to share and review the code and also manages software development
projects. GitHub is a tool which is popular due to its extensive community
support and the integration with the Git’s version control functionality. GitHub
continues to be a leading platform for developers worldwide, with over 20.5
million new users in 2022 alone, and a significant user base in the United States,
China, and India. Recent updates include enhanced features in GitHub
Copilot, such as improved AI models for better code suggestions and real-time
security vulnerability prevention. GitHub has also introduced new metrics for
better clarity in user activity and improved the sign-up process for a smoother
user experience. These updates reflect GitHub's commitment to improving
developer tools and maintaining high engagement across its global community
Features:
 GitHub consists of any type of software programming project and also allows
the software developers to host documents directly from the repositories.
 GitHub also consists of command palette navigation control which enables the
automation and command running capability and advanced search.
 It also consists of iteration support which deletes repetition and mistakes.

SonarQube
SonarQube is an open source developmental platform which is developed by
Sonar Source for continuous inspections of the quality of the code to perform
automatic reviews with static analysis of the code quality and to detect if the
code consists of any bugs or errors. SonarQube is also used in increasing the
development skills of the software developers. SonarQube has recently released
version 10.5, which introduces several new features and improvements. The
latest update includes support for Java 21, C++23, and TypeScript 5.4,
enhancing its language capabilities. Additionally, the secrets detection analysis
has been optimized for faster and deeper scans, and support for Kubernetes and
Helm Charts has been expanded. The update also simplifies project onboarding
for monorepos, GitHub, GitLab, Maven, and GitHub .
Features:
 SonarQube provides a powerful secret detection tool which provides detailed
solutions for detecting the secrets in the code.
 SonarQube also prevents secrets from leaking out and becomes a secret
security breach.
Slack
Slack is a cloud based software development tool which was developed
by Slack Technologies and it is currently owned by Salesforce. Slack developers
tools enables developers to easily develop the platform by easily pulling
developers tools and the documentation into the Slack without leaving the Slack
workspace. Slack continues to be a vital tool for
workplace communication and collaboration, especially with its recent updates.
The platform now boasts over 38 million daily active users and is utilized by
more than 750,000 organizations globally.
Features:
 Slack organizes the conversions into the channels where everyone comes
together in a place.
 Slack offers efficient communications, integrations, video calls, security and
many more other features.

Kubernetes
Kubernetes is a famous open source tool which is used in automating operational
tasks of container management. Kubernetes also consists of built-in commands
for deploying the applications. With the help of Kubernetes software developers
create and deploy the cloud native software fastly and easily. According to the
2024 Kubernetes Benchmark Report, usage analysis of over 330,000
workloads shows a significant increase in efficiency and reliability, with many
organizations adopting automated tools to identify and fix misconfigurations.
This ongoing development and adoption highlight Kubernetes' pivotal role in
modern cloud-native environments.
Features:
 Kubernetes consist of auto scaling and lifecycle management types of features.
 Kubernetes provides scalability, availability and self healing capabilities.

Postman
Postman is one of the famous software development tools which is particularly
used for APIs testing. With the help of Post software developers can easily
develop, test, share the document APIs. Postman is a type of simple Graphic user
interface for sending and viewing the HTTP requests and the responses. Postman,
a leading collaboration platform for API development, recently
introduced several updates and features with its v11 release. These include
advanced AI-powered capabilities to enhance API collaboration and
development, along with new workspace themes and improved Partner
Workspaces for both Professional and Enterprise plans. The platform now
supports over 30 million developers globally, reflecting its significant impact on
the API development community. Additionally, Postman’s Private API Network
and API monetization insights highlight its continued evolution as a critical tool
for modern software development
Features:
 Postman consists of multiple built in libraries and it also consists of Postman
API.
 Code generation, test automation, end to end testing are some of Postman's
features.
AI WITH PYTHON DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an essential part of our lives,

revolutionizing various industries and enhancing the way we interact with
technology.

Python provides a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks specifically

designed for AI development, making it easier than ever to implement AI
algorithms and models. Combining the simplicity and readability of the Python
language with the capabilities of AI, developers can create sophisticated systems
that can learn from data, recognize patterns, and make informed decisions.

Using Python for AI programming allows developers to leverage popular libraries

such as TensorFlow, Keras, and PyTorch, which provide powerful tools for deep
learning and neural network development. These libraries, along with others like
scikit-learn and NLTK, enable developers to implement and train complex models
for various AI tasks such as image recognition, natural language processing, and
recommendation systems.

PYTHON AI TOOLS

Using Python in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning has become
increasingly popular due to the language’s simplicity and versatility. Python
provides a wide range of powerful tools and libraries that facilitate the
development of AI systems.

1. TENSORFLOW

TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning library that provides a flexible

framework for building and training various AI models. It offers a high-level API
that allows developers to easily construct neural networks and perform complex
computations for tasks such as image recognition, natural language processing, and
more.

2. SCIKIT-LEARN

scikit-learn is a Python library that offers a wide range of tools for data mining,
analysis, and machine learning. It provides easy-to-use interfaces for tasks such as
classification, regression, clustering, and dimensionality reduction. scikit-learn also
includes a comprehensive set of algorithms and utilities that can be used to solve
various AI problems.

These are just a few examples of the many Python AI tools available. Python’s
extensive ecosystem and community support make it an ideal choice for
developing intelligent systems with AI capabilities.