1
Because / Because of
Because must always be followed by a clause . A clause standing alone is a complete
sentence.
Because of is followed by a noun or noun phrase .
Clause = Subject + verb
Phrase = only a group of words having no subject & finite verb.
...because + subject + verb
There + verb + subject
Sumon was worried because it had started to rain.
…because of + noun / noun phrase
Sumon was worried because of the rain.
Exercise 33: Because/ Because of
1.It was difficult to deliver the letter ---the sender had written the wrong address on the
envelope.
2.We decided to leave early ---the party was boring.
3.Rescue attempts were temporarily halted ---the bad weather.
4.They visited their friends often---they enjoyed their company.
5.Paul cannot go to the football game ---his grades.
6.Marcella was awarded a scholarship ---her superior scholastic ability.
7.Nobody ventured outdoors ---the hurricane warnings.
8.We plan to spend our vacation in the mountains---the air is purer there.
9.We have to drive around the bay ---the bridge was destroyed in the storm.
10.The chickens have died---the intense heat.
2
So that
Clauses showing purpose are followed by the conjunction so that. After so that is a result
clause with both a subject and a verb. The time of the result clause must be future in relation
to the time of the purpose clause.
Subject + verb + so that + subject + verb
Pulok is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
Cause and effect (so , such)
The following constructions are used to indicate a cause and effect relationship.
Subject+verb +so + adj/adv + that + subject + verb
Joy ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
The rules for clauses including the intensive modifiers are :
Subject +verb +so +many/few+PN+that +subject + verb
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
Subject +verb+so+much/little+non-count noun +that+subject+verb
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Subject+verb+such+a+adj+SCN+that…
Or
Subject+verb+so+adj+a+SCN+that…
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
3
Subject+verb+such+adj+PCN/non-count noun +that+subject+verb
She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.----
Exercise 34: so/such
1.The sun shone ---brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses.
2.Dean was --- a powerful swimmer that he always won the races.
3.There were --- few students registered that the class was cancelled.
4.We had---good a time at the party that we hated to leave.
5.We had ---wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.
6.The benefit was ---great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it.
7.It was---a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.
8.Jane looked ---sick that the nurse told her to go home.
9.Those were---difficult assignments that we spent two weeks finishing them.
10.Ray called at ---an early hour that we weren’t awake yet.
11.The book looked ---interesting that he decided to read it.
12.He worked---carefully that it took him a long time to complete the project.
13.We stayed in the sun for---a long time that we became sunburned.
14.There were ---many people on the bus that we decided to walk.
15.The program was ---entertaining that nobody wanted to miss it.
