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Computer Programming - Basic Syntax

Learn more

Lets start with a little coding, which will really make you a computer programmer. We are going to
write a single-line computer program to write Hello, World! on your screen. Lets see how it can be
written using different programming languages.

Hello World Program in C

Try the following example using our online compiler option available at Online Programming
Compilers.

For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a Try it option in our website code
sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online compiler.

Try to change the content inside printf(), i.e., type anything in place of Hello World! and then check its
result. It just prints whatever you keep inside the two double quotes.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
/* printf() function to write Hello, World! */
printf( "Hello, World!" );
} Ever wish resources could just
manage themselves?
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which produces the following result −

Hello, World!

This little Hello World program will help us understand various basic concepts related to C
Programming.

Program Entry Point

For now, just forget about the #include <stdio.h> statement, but keep a note that you have to put this
statement at the top of a C program.

Every C program starts with main(), which is called the main function, and then it is followed by a left
curly brace. The rest of the program instruction is written in between and finally a right curly brace
ends the program.

The coding part inside these two curly braces is called the program body. The left curly brace can be
in the same line as main(){ or in the next line like it has been mentioned in the above program.

Functions

Functions are small units of programs and they are used to carry out a specific task. For example, the
above program makes use of two functions: main() and printf(). Here, the function main() provides
the entry point for the program execution and the other function printf() is being used to print an
information on the computer screen.

You can write your own functions which we will see in a separate chapter, but C programming itself
provides various built-in functions like main(), printf(), etc., which we can use in our programs based
on our requirement.

Some of the programming languages use the word sub-routine instead of function, but their
functionality is more or less the same.

Comments

A C program can have statements enclosed inside /*.....*/. Such statements are called comments and
these comments are used to make the programs user friendly and easy to understand. The good thing
about comments is that they are completely ignored by compilers and interpreters. So you can use
whatever language you want to write your comments.

Whitespaces

When we write a program using any programming language, we use various printable characters to
prepare programming statements. These printable characters are a, b, c,......z, A, B, C,.....Z, 1, 2,
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3,...... 0, !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, ), -, _, +, =, \, |, {, }, [, ], :, ;, <, >, ?, /, \, ~. `. ", '. Hope I'm not missing any
printable characters from your keyboard.

Apart from these characters, there are some characters which we use very frequently but they are
invisible in your program and these characters are spaces, tabs (\t), new lines(\n). These characters
are called whitespaces.

These three important whitespace characters are common in all the programming languages and they
remain invisible in your text document −

Whitespace Explanation Representation

New Line To create a new line \n

Tab To create a tab. \t

Space To create a space. empty space

A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and a C
compiler totally ignores it. Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks, tabs, newline
characters, and comments. So you can write printf("Hello, World!" ); as shown below. Here all the
created spaces around "Hello, World!" are useless and the compiler will ignore them at the time of
compilation.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

/* printf() function to write Hello, World! */

printf( "Hello, World!" );

which produces the following result −

Hello, World!

If we make all these whitespace characters visible, then the above program will look like this and you
will not be able to compile it −
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#include <stdio.h>\n
\n
int main()\n
{
\n
\t/* printf() function to write Hello, World! */
\n
\tprintf(\t"Hello, World!"\t);\n
\n
}\n

Semicolons

Every individual statement in a C Program must be ended with a semicolon (;), for example, if you
want to write "Hello, World!" twice, then it will be written as follows −

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
/* printf() function to write Hello, World! */
printf( "Hello, World!\n" );
printf( "Hello, World!" );
}

This program will produce the following result −

Hello, World!
Hello, World!

Here, we are using a new line character \n in the first printf() function to create a new line. Let us see
what happens if we do not use this new line character −

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
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/* printf() function to write Hello, World! */

printf( "Hello, World!" );
printf( "Hello, World!" );
}

This program will produce the following result −

Hello, World! Hello, World!

We will learn identifiers and keywords in next few chapters.

Program Explanation

Let us understand how the above C program works. First of all, the above program is converted into a
binary format using C compiler. So lets put this code in test.c file and compile it as follows −

$gcc test.c -o demo

If there is any grammatical error (Syntax errors in computer terminologies), then we fix it before
converting it into binary format. If everything goes fine, then it produces a binary file called demo.
Finally, we execute the produced binary demo as follows −

$./demo

which produces the following result −

Hello, World!

Here, when we execute the binary a.out file, the computer enters inside the program starting from
main() and encounters a printf() statement. Keep a note that the line inside /*....*/ is a comment and it
is filtered at the time of compilation. So printf() function instructs the computer to print the given line
at the computer screen. Finally, it encounters a right curly brace which indicates the end of main()
function and exits the program.
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Syntax Error

If you do not follow the rules defined by the programing language, then at the time of compilation, you
will get syntax errors and the program will not be compiled. From syntax point of view, even a single
dot or comma or a single semicolon matters and you should take care of such small syntax as well. In
the following example, we have skipped a semicolon, let's try to compile the program −

#include <stdio.h>

main() {
printf("Hello, World!")
}

This program will produce the following result −

main.c: In function 'main':

main.c:7:1: error: expected ';' before '}' token
}
^

So the bottom-line is that if you are not following proper syntax defined by the programming language
in your program, then you will get syntax errors. Before attempting another compilation, you will need
to fix them and then proceed.

Hello World Program in Java

Following is the equivalent program written in Java. This program will also produce the same result
Hello, World!.

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String []args) {
/* println() function to write Hello, World! */
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
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}
}

which produces the following result −

Hello, World!

Read more: Java - Hello World Program

Hello World Program in Python

Following is the equivalent program written in Python. This program will also produce the same result
Hello, World!.

# print function to write Hello, World! */

print ("Hello, World!")

which produces the following result −

Hello, World!

Read more: Python - Hello World Program

Hope you noted that for C and Java examples, first we are compiling the programs and then executing
the produced binaries, but in Python program, we are directly executing it. As we explained in the
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previous chapter, Python is an interpreted language and it does not need an intermediate step called
compilation.

Python does not require a semicolon (;) to terminate a statement, rather a new line always means
termination of the statement.

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