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Data Link Layer Notes

The document discusses key concepts of the Data Link Layer, including flow and error control techniques, framing methods, and various protocols such as HDLC and Ethernet. It highlights the differences between Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA in terms of transmission and throughput. Additionally, it outlines the functions and frame structures associated with HDLC.

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12 views1 page

Data Link Layer Notes

The document discusses key concepts of the Data Link Layer, including flow and error control techniques, framing methods, and various protocols such as HDLC and Ethernet. It highlights the differences between Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA in terms of transmission and throughput. Additionally, it outlines the functions and frame structures associated with HDLC.

Uploaded by

varshithau.cs.nc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data Link Layer Concepts

1. Flow Control and Error Control


Flow Control: Prevents the sender from overwhelming the receiver by regulating transmission
speed. Techniques include Stop-and-Wait, Sliding Window, and Credit-based control.
Error Control: Ensures correctness of data using error detection and correction. Methods include
ARQ (Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Go-Back-N, Selective Repeat) and FEC (Forward Error Correction).
Common detection methods: Parity, Checksums, CRC.

2. Framing, Bit Stuffing and Byte Stuffing


Framing: Divides continuous bit streams into frames. Methods: Fixed-length, Length-field,
Delimiters (flags), Coding violations.
Byte Stuffing: Used in byte-oriented protocols. Special bytes (FLAG, ESC) are escaped. Example:
PPP uses 0x7E as flag, 0x7D as escape.
Bit Stuffing: Used in bit-oriented protocols like HDLC. After five consecutive 1s, a 0 is inserted.
Receiver removes stuffed 0s.

3. Data Link Layer Protocol


Functions: Framing, Physical addressing, Flow control, Error control, Access control (MAC),
Sequencing, Multiplexing.
Examples: Ethernet (802.3), PPP, HDLC, Frame Relay, Token Ring, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi).

4. HDLC Protocol
HDLC: High-Level Data Link Control is a bit-oriented ISO standard. Uses bit stuffing, CRC, and
supports reliable transfer.
Frame Structure: Flag | Address | Control | Information | FCS | Flag
Frame Types: I-frames (data), S-frames (ACK/control), U-frames (management).
Modes: Normal Response Mode (NRM), Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM), Asynchronous
Response Mode (ARM).

5. Difference Between ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA


• Pure ALOHA: Transmit anytime; vulnerable period = 2T; max throughput ≈ 18.4%.
• Slotted ALOHA: Transmit only at slot boundaries; vulnerable period = T; max throughput ≈
36.8%.
• Slotted ALOHA requires synchronization, Pure ALOHA does not.
• Slotted ALOHA doubles throughput compared to Pure ALOHA.

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